{"slug":"LIT7841YaBorana","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","title":"The genealogy of the Boranā","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:35:33Z","cost_usd":0.002949},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","work_id":"LIT7841YaBorana","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"},"stats":{"passages":5,"english_words":574,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":26,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":11,"work_notes":4,"external_links":2,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT7841YaBorana","abstract":"The Genealogy of the Boranā is an anonymous Ethiopic text that presents a genealogical narrative of the Boranā, a group whose identity and historical context remain undefined within the work. The sole known witness is the edition betmas:LIT7841YaBorana, with no recorded manuscript tradition or variant readings. The text opens with an incipit typical of Ethiopic origin traditions, tracing the Boranā's origin to a place called Omu Walabu and identifying their clan as Tulemam. The narrative is presented as reported speech, suggesting an oral tradition. The work lacks a date, author, translation, or commentary, making its historical setting highly speculative.","historical_context":"The Genealogy of the Boranā survives only in a modern edition (betmas:LIT7841YaBorana) with no known manuscript witnesses, making its date, place, and community of origin impossible to determine with certainty. The text is written in Geʿez, the classical liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, which suggests a provenance within the Ethiopian or Eritrean Christian tradition, but the work's genre—a genealogical narrative of a group called Boranā—does not align with canonical or hagiographic literature. The mention of Omu Walabu may point to a region in the Horn of Africa, but no secure identification exists. The text's presentation as oral tradition ('as follows, they say') indicates it may have been collected from local lore, possibly in a context where clan genealogies served social or political functions. Without external corroboration, the work's historical context remains speculative, and it may date from any period after the development of Geʿez as a written language (c. 4th century CE) to the early modern era.","significance":"The Genealogy of the Boranā is significant as a rare example of a non-biblical, non-hagiographic Ethiopic genealogical text, offering insight into how certain groups in the Horn of Africa constructed origin narratives. Its reliance on oral tradition and its focus on a specific clan (Tulemam) and place (Omu Walabu) may reflect social structures and historical memories otherwise unattested in written sources. However, its isolated survival and lack of contextual data limit its utility for broader historical reconstruction.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c. (earliest possible)","event":"Geʿez emerges as a written language, enabling composition of texts like this genealogy."},{"date":"undated","event":"Composition of The Genealogy of the Boranā, possibly based on oral tradition."},{"date":"undated","event":"Transmission of the text, likely within a community that preserved clan genealogies."},{"date":"modern","event":"Edition published as betmas:LIT7841YaBorana, without manuscript evidence."}],"relations":[{"work":"Ethiopic origin traditions (e.g., Kebra Nagast)","relation":"Shares genre of genealogical narrative, but Boranā text is non-royal and non-biblical.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Oral traditions of the Horn of Africa","relation":"Text claims to report oral tradition, linking it to ethnographic sources.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Geʿez hagiographies","relation":"Contrasts in genre; hagiographies are well-attested, while this genealogy is unique.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"Edition of The Genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana","reason":"Sole known witness of the work."},{"key":"ed:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"Editorial record for the edition","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana","reason":"Provides metadata for the edition."}],"cautions":["The work is undated; any chronological placement is speculative.","No manuscript tradition exists; the text is known only from a modern edition.","The identity of the Boranā and the location of Omu Walabu are uncertain.","The text's presentation as oral tradition may affect its historical reliability."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000416,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:35:33Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT7841YaBorana","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":5,"translated":5,"commentary_passages":5,"commentary_units":26,"english_words":574,"source_letters":1478,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a genealogy of the Boranā, a group whose identity and historical context are not defined in the text itself.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole known witness is the edition betmas:LIT7841YaBorana; no manuscript tradition or variant readings are recorded.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"No date or author is given in the work or the edition; any dating would be speculative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"source edition: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition provides no translation, commentary, or contextual introduction; the reader must rely solely on the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 5 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":5},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana":{"label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"},"ed:LIT7841YaBorana":{"label":"source edition: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Ya-Boranā tǝwlǝdd ʾǝndazzih naw\nThe following incipit and explicit of the core text by are taken from\naccording to the description by Stefan Strelcyn in\n144–145 . The subdivision in textparts is taken from according to the description by Stefan\nStrelcyn in 207–208 .\n\nበስመ፡ የቦረና፡ ትወልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው። ቦረና፡ የተፈጠረበት፡ አገሩ፡ ኦሙ፡ ወላቡ፡ ይባላል። መጫም፡ ቱለማም። ያንድ፡ አባት፡ ልጆች፡ ናቼው። ነገር፡ ግን፡ ከኦሙ፡ ወላቡ፡ ሲፈጠሩ፡ አፈጣጠራቼው። እንደዚህ፡ ነው፡ ይላሉ። ክርስቲያን፡ ለክርስቲያን፡ አንዱ፡\nክርስቲያን። ሐብታም፡ ከበርቴ፡ ሰው፡ ነበረ፡ የሱን፡ ሴት፡ ልጁን፡ አጯት።","english":"In the name of the Boranā, their genealogy is as follows. The Boranā, the place where they originated, their country is called Omu Walabu. The clan is Tulemam. They are children of one father. The story, however, of how they came into being from Omu Walabu is as follows, they say. A Christian, for a Christian, one Christian. A wealthy man, a man of substance, there was. His daughter, his female child, he gave her in marriage.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በስመ፡ የቦረና፡ ትወልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው።","severity":"info","text":"The incipit 'In the name of the Boranā, their genealogy is as follows' marks the opening of a genealogical narrative, typical of Ethiopic origin traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቦረና፡","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Boranā' refers to a group or clan; the text traces their origin to a place called Omu Walabu and identifies their clan as Tulemam.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦሙ፡ ወላቡ፡","severity":"info","text":"Omu Walabu is presented as the place of origin for the Boranā; this toponym may correspond to a region in the Horn of Africa, but its precise identification remains uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መጫም፡ ቱለማም።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the clan is Tulemam' identifies a subgroup or lineage within the Boranā, suggesting a segmentary social structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እንደዚህ፡ ነው፡ ይላሉ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'as follows, they say' introduces reported speech, indicating that the narrative is presented as oral tradition rather than authorial assertion, which may affect its historical reliability.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the Boranā and the Christian identity of the wealthy man is not explicitly clarified; the text may be fragmentary or elliptical at this point."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"በዚህ፡ እህችን፡ የታጨችቱን፡ ልጁን፡ ሲድር፡ ሰውዬው፡ ገና፡ የሚደረገውን፡ ነገር፡ ሁሉ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ገልጦለት፡ ያውቀው፡ ነበረ፡ ይላሉ፡ ስለዚህ፡ ለሠርግ፡ የመጡትን፡ ስርገኞችን፡ ሁሉ፡ መከራቼው፡ ሲመክራቼውም፡ ልጄን፡ ይዛችሁ፡ ከወጣችሁ፡\nመንገድ፡ ስትኼዱ፡ ከዋርካጥላ፡ አታሳርፏ ት፡ የጋላ፡ ወንዝ፡ የሚባለው፡ ውሐ፡ አለና፡ እሱንም፡\nውሐውን፡ አታጠጧት፡ ብሎ፡ መከራቼው፡ በዚሁ፡ እነዚያ፡\nሰርገኞች ፡ ሙሺራይቱን፡ ልጅ፡ ይዘው፡ ወጥተው፡\nመንገድ ፡ ሲሄዱ፡ ያችን፡ ልጅ፡ ውሐ፡ ጥም፡ ያዛትና፡ የምትሞት፡\nስትሆን፡ ጊዜ፡ አገሩም፡ በረሐ፡ ነውና ፡ በውሐ፡ ጥም፡ ከምትሞት፡\nብለው፡ ያንን፡ የልጅቱ፡ አባት፡ የመካራቼውን፡ ነገር፡ ረስተው፡ ጥሰው፡ ያነን፡ የጋላ፡ ወንዝ፡ የሚባላውን፡\nውሐውን ፡ ቀድተው፡ አጠጧት፡ ከዋርካ፡ ጥላም፡\nአሳረፏት፡\n\nየሰዮ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፡ ሰዮና፡ ሊቃ፡ ወንድማማች፡ ናቼው። እናታቼውም፡ ደዲ፡ ትባላላች፡ ሰዮ፡ ሁለት፡ ይወልዳል፡\nስማቼውም፡ ዱለቾና፡ አከዩ፡ ነው፡ አንገፋው፡ ዱለቾ፡ ነው። ቀጥሎ፡ ገርጄዳ፡ ነው፡ ገርጄና፡ የሞጋሳ፡ ልጁ፡ ነው። ሰዮ፡ አልወለደውም፡ አፊሎ፡\nየጄርጌዳ፡ ሜዲቻ፡ ደለታ፡ ነው። አከዮም፡ ሶስት፡ ልጅ፡ ወልደ፡ አንገፋው፡ አለኩ፡ ቀጥሎ፡ አው፡ ነው፡ ካሱ፡ ቀጥሎ፡ ገላን፡ ነው። ስድስቱ፡ ሰዮ፡ እሚባሉ፡ እነዚህ፡\nናቼው።","english":"In this, our sister, the one who was seized, her son Sidr, the man, everything that was to be done, God revealed to him, he knew it, they say. Therefore, he advised all the wedding guests who had come for the wedding. As he was advising them, \"Take my daughter and when you go out, when you travel the road, do not cross her through Warkāṭla. There is a river called the River of Gallā, and do not let her drink that water,\" he advised them. With this, those wedding guests took the girl Mushirāy and went out. As they traveled the road, thirst for water seized that girl, and when she was about to die, since the country was desert, they, saying \"She will die of thirst for water,\" forgot and violated the matter of the girl's father's advice, and they broke open that river called the River of Gallā and let her drink. They crossed her through the shade of Warkā.\n\nThe genealogy of Seyo is as follows. Seyo and Liqā are brothers. Their mother is called Dedi. Seyo begets two. Their names are Dulecho and Akeyu. The firstborn is Dulecho. Next is Gerjeda. Gerjeda is the son of Mogasa. Seyo did not beget him. Afilo is the son of Gerjeda's Medicha. Akeyu also begets three children. The firstborn is Aleku. Next is Aw. Kasu. Next is Gelan. These six are called Seyo.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage divides into two distinct sections: a narrative about the wedding guests and the river, and a genealogical list for Seyo. The shift is marked by the phrase 'የሰዮ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፡' (The genealogy of Seyo is as follows).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሙሺራይቱን","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ሙሺራይቱን' (Mushirāy) appears as a proper name for the daughter. Its etymology is unclear, possibly a transliteration of a non-Geʿez name, reflecting the Boranā cultural context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"የጋላ፡ ወንዝ","severity":"info","text":"The 'River of Gallā' (የጋላ፡ ወንዝ) and 'Warkāṭla' (ዋርካጥላ) are likely toponyms from the Boranā region, possibly in the Omo River basin of southern Ethiopia. Their exact locations are not identified in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The narrative of the father's divine knowledge and the violation of his advice echoes themes common in Geʿez hagiography, where disobedience leads to transformation. This may explain the Boranā clan's origin as a distinct group.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አንገፋው","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'አንገፋው፡ ዱለቾ፡ ነው።' (the firstborn is Dulecho) is clear, but the subsequent genealogy contains ambiguities: 'አፊሎ፡ የጄርጌዳ፡ ሜዲቻ፡ ደለታ፡ ነው።' (Afilo is the son of Gerjeda's Medicha) may indicate a maternal lineage or a sub-clan, not fully explained.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The genealogical list for Seyo includes six named individuals, but the text notes that Gerjeda is not Seyo's son (ሰዮ፡ አልወለደውም፡), suggesting an adoptive or collateral relationship. This complicates the linear descent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Mushirāy' (the daughter) and her relationship to Sidr is unclear; the text calls her 'our sister' but also 'the one who was seized'.","The genealogy of Seyo includes Gerjeda as 'son of Mogasa' but not of Seyo, leaving the exact kinship ties ambiguous.","The term 'Medicha' (ሜዲቻ) in 'Gerjeda's Medicha' may refer to a place or a maternal line, but is not defined in the source."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"The Boranā from the land of the Omo\nበስመ፡ የቦረና፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤ ቦረና፡ የተፈጠረበት፡ አገሩ፡ ኦሙ፤ ወላቡ፡ ይባላል። መጫም፡ ቱለማም፡ ያንድ፡ አባት፡ ልጆች፡ ናቸው። ነገር፡ ግን፡ ከኦሙ፡ ወላቡ፡ ሲፈጠሩ፡ ኣፈጣጠራተው፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፡ ይላሉ፤ ክርስቲያን፡ ለክርስትያን፡ አንዱ፡\nክርስቲያን፡ ሓብታም፡ ከበርቲ፡ ሰው፡ ነበረ፤ የሱን፡ ሴት፡ ልጁን፡ ኣጯት።\n\nWayṭo\nየወይጦ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nGeda\nየጌደ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው።\n\nČ̣alyā\nየጨልያ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nSibu\nየሲቡ፡ ትውልድ።\n\nSidām\nየሲዳም፡ ጃላ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nLeqā\nየሌቃ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nBonayā\nየቦነያ፡ ትውልድም፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nWayu\nየዋዩ፡ ልጆች፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nMana Matā\nየመነ፡ መታ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nWara\nየወረ፡ ኣቦ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤","english":"The genealogy of the Boranā is thus: The land where Boranā was created is Omo; his birthplace is called Walabu. Maččam and Tulemam are children of one father. But the matter, they say, is that when they were created from Omo Walabu, their creation was thus: A Christian, for a Christian, one Christian was a wealthy, noble man. His daughter, Aǧǧot.\n\nWayṭo\n\nThe genealogy of Wayṭo is thus:\n\nGeda\n\nThe genealogy of Geda is thus:\n\nČ̣alyā\n\nThe genealogy of Č̣alyā is thus:\n\nSibu\n\nThe genealogy of Sibu.\n\nSidām\n\nThe genealogy of Sidām Jāla is thus:\n\nLeqā\n\nThe genealogy of Leqā is thus:\n\nBonayā\n\nThe genealogy of Bonayā is thus:\n\nWayu\n\nThe genealogy of the children of Wayu is thus:\n\nMana Matā\n\nThe genealogy of Mana Matā is thus:\n\nWara\n\nThe genealogy of Wara Abbo is thus:","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"የቦረና፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a genealogical list of the Boranā and related groups, each introduced by a formulaic heading (e.g., 'The genealogy of X is thus'). This structure is typical of oral-derived lineage records in the region.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦሙ፡ ወላቡ","severity":"info","text":"Omo and Walabu are place names in southwestern Ethiopia, associated with the Omo River region. The text locates Boranā's origin in this area, consistent with the oral traditions of the Borana people.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ክርስቲያን፡ ሓብታም፡ ከበርቲ፡ ሰው","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Christian, wealthy, noble man' (ክርስቲያን፡ ሓብታም፡ ከበርቲ፡ ሰው) introduces a narrative element within the genealogy, possibly a founding figure. The terms ሓብታም (wealthy) and ከበርቲ (noble) are Geʿez loanwords in Amharic.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"የወይጦ፡ ትውልድ","severity":"info","text":"The list includes groups such as Wayṭo, Geda, and Č̣alyā, which are known as subgroups or clans within the broader Borana and Oromo cultural sphere. This suggests the text functions as a communal identity record.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኣጯት","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Aǧǧot' (ኣጯት) appears abruptly at the end of the narrative fragment. Its relation to the preceding genealogy is unclear; it may be a personal name or a toponym. The text breaks off here, leaving the narrative incomplete.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the initial narrative (about the Christian nobleman and his daughter Aǧǧot) and the subsequent genealogical list is not explicit; the list may be a separate section or a continuation.","The names Maččam and Tulemam are introduced as 'children of one father' but their connection to Boranā is not clarified.","The text switches from Amharic to a list format without transition, possibly indicating a compilation of multiple oral sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Mana Manyā\nየመነ፡ ምኛ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nLālu\nየላሉ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nBonyā\nየቦንያ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nḤaru\nየሐሩ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nNono\nየኖኖ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፡\n\nTulamā\nየቱለማ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nLiqā\nየሊቃ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፤\n\nSayu\nየሰዩ፡ ትውልድ፡ እንደዚህ፡ ነው፡\n\nYa-Boranā ḥagaru Horr Walābu naw\nThe following incipit of an addition by is taken from\naccording to the catalogue description in\n145 . The subdivision in chapters and the incipits for each chapter are taken from\naccording to the description by Stefan Strelcyn in\n208 .\n\nየቦረና፡ ሐገሩ፡ ሆር፡ ወላቡ፡ ነው፡ መጫና፡ ቱለማ፡ ወንድማማች፡ ናቸው፡ አባታቸው፡ ቦረን፡ ይባላል፡","english":"The genealogy of Mana Manyā is thus:\n\nThe genealogy of Lālu is thus:\n\nThe genealogy of Bonyā is thus:\n\nThe genealogy of Ḥaru is thus:\n\nThe genealogy of Nono is thus:\n\nThe genealogy of Tulamā is thus:\n\nThe genealogy of Liqā is thus:\n\nThe genealogy of Sayu is thus:\n\nThe land of Boranā is Horr, Walābu. Maččam and Tulemam are brothers. Their father is called Boran.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage consists of a series of eight formulaic genealogical entries for Mana Manyā, Lālu, Bonyā, Ḥaru, Nono, Tulamā, Liqā, and Sayu, each introduced by the same phrase.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ትውልድ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ትውልድ (təwləd) means 'genealogy' or 'generation', here used formulaically to introduce each lineage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The concluding sentence identifies Boranā's land as Horr Walābu and states that Maččam and Tulemam are brothers whose father is Boran, linking this passage to the preceding narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The English draft includes an editorial note indicating that the incipit and chapter subdivisions derive from a catalogue description by Stefan Strelcyn, suggesting a complex manuscript transmission.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"source edition: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":["Strelcyn"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text includes an editorial insertion in English referencing a catalogue description and page numbers, which is not part of the original manuscript and may confuse readers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the eight named figures (Mana Manyā, Lālu, etc.) and the Boranā lineage is not explicitly stated; they may be sub-lineages or alternative names.","The English draft renders 'Maččam' and 'Tulemam' as 'Maččam' and 'Tulemam', but the Geʿez has 'መጫና' (Mäč̣č̣a) and 'ቱለማ' (Tulämä), with slight orthographic variation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Horr Walābu\nየቦረና፡ ሐገሩ፡ ሆር፡ ወላቡ፡ ነው፡ መጫና፡ ቱለማ፡\nወንድ ፡ ማማች፡ ናቼው፡\n\nWayṭo\nየወይጦ፡ ትውልድ። ባማርኛ፡ ወይጦ፡ በጋልኛ፡ ዋታ፡ የተባለው፡ ከ፬ቱ፡ የቱለማ፡ ለጆች፡ አንድ፡ ነው፡\n\nMaččā\nየመጫ፡ ትውልድ። የመጫ፡ ትውልድ፡ አንጋፋው፡ አባ፡ ነው፡","english":"Horr Walābu\n\nThe land of the Boranā is Horr Walābu. Maččā Tulamā is the father of the male line.\n\nWayṭo\n\nThe genealogy of Wayṭo: in the Bamar language, Wayṭo; in the Gal language, he who is called Wāta. He is one of the four sons of Tulamā.\n\nMaččā\n\nThe genealogy of Maččā: the genealogy of Maččā is the first father.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"የቦረና፡ ሐገሩ፡ ሆር፡ ወላቡ፡ ነው፡ መጫና፡ ቱለማ፡ ወንድ ፡ ማማች፡ ናታው፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the genealogical series by identifying the land of the Boranā and stating that Maččā Tulamā is the father of the male line, providing a structural closure to the preceding list of genealogies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይጦ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Wayṭo' is identified as a name for one of the four sons of Tulamā, with a gloss in the Bamar language and an alternative name 'Wāta' in the Gal language, indicating multilingual naming practices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ባማርኛ፡ ወይጦ፡ በጋልኛ፡ ዋታ፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Bamar and Gal languages suggests the text originates from a region where these languages are spoken, likely in the Horn of Africa, reflecting the multilingual context of the Boranā people.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"የመጫ፡ ትውልድ፡ አንጋፋው፡ አባ፡ ነው፡","severity":"info","text":"The genealogy of Maččā is described as 'the first father', indicating that Maččā is considered the progenitor of this lineage, establishing a chronological starting point for the Boranā genealogy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"የመጫ፡ ትውልድ፡ የመጫ፡ ትውልድ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the genealogy of Maččā' is repeated twice in the Geʿez, which may indicate a scribal duplication or emphasis; the English draft condenses it to a single instance, but the repetition could be intentional for rhetorical effect.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7841YaBorana","label":"betmas: The genealogy of the Boranā","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7841YaBorana"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the land Horr Walābu and the preceding genealogies is not explicitly stated; it may be the homeland of the Boranā or a specific territory of Maččā Tulamā.","The identity of the 'four sons of Tulamā' is not fully enumerated in this passage; only Wayṭo is named, leaving the other three unspecified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}