{"slug":"LIT7815DersanaGa","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","title":"Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","author":"Anonymous","genre":"homily","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:15Z","cost_usd":0.006609},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","work_id":"LIT7815DersanaGa","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"},"stats":{"passages":13,"english_words":1797,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":67,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":22,"work_notes":5,"external_links":4,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT7815DersanaGa","abstract":"This anonymous Geʿez homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel survives only in Ethiopian manuscripts and is read liturgically on the 15th of each month in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Its language and theology suggest composition or translation during the later Aksumite or early Solomonic period (13th–15th c.), though no precise date or author is known. The text opens with a trinitarian invocation and a rhyming preamble for the month of Tāḫśāś, followed by a homily on the Annunciation to Zechariah and a miracle story set in Jerusalem. The edition (betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa) provides no critical apparatus or manuscript details, limiting textual analysis.","historical_context":"The homily is preserved only in Geʿez, the classical liturgical language of Ethiopia, and no earlier Greek or Arabic Vorlage is attested, suggesting it was either composed in Ethiopia or translated from a lost source. Its liturgical use on the 15th of each month for the feast of the Archangel Gabriel indicates integration into the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's calendar, which developed its distinctive shape after the 13th century. The theological content, including a trinitarian preamble echoing the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, aligns with standard Ethiopian liturgical formulas. The work's survival in liturgical collections points to a secondary, translated origin, but the lack of manuscript evidence and critical edition (betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa) leaves its transmission history obscure. The homily's composite structure—with rhyming strophes and readings for specific months—reflects the genre of Ethiopian homiliaries, which often compile multiple texts for the liturgical year.","significance":"This homily is a rare witness to the veneration of Archangel Gabriel in Ethiopian Christianity, a tradition with deep roots in the apocryphal and liturgical literature of the region. Its ongoing liturgical use underscores the continuity of angelic devotion in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The work also illustrates the composite, anonymous nature of Ethiopian homiliaries, which blend biblical narrative, miracle stories, and liturgical rubrics.","timeline":[{"date":"13th–15th c.","event":"Probable composition or translation of the homily, based on language and theological content consistent with later Aksumite or early Solomonic period."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Earliest extant Geʿez manuscripts of the homily; no precise date available."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Incorporation into Ethiopian liturgical collections for the feast of Archangel Gabriel on the 15th of each month."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Publication of the edition betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa in the betmas digital corpus, without critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","relation":"Part of the same liturgical tradition as other Ethiopian homilies for angelic feasts","key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"},{"work":"Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed","relation":"Echoed in the trinitarian preamble","key":"wikipedia:Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed","label":"Wikipedia: Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"work":"Annunciation to Zechariah","relation":"Biblical narrative referenced in the homily","key":"wikipedia:Annunciation to Zechariah","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","relation":"Liturgical context and community of use","key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Wikipedia: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church"}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Archangel Gabriel","label":"Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel","reason":"Central figure of the homily"},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"Liturgical community"},{"key":"wikipedia:Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed","label":"Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed","reason":"Theological influence on the preamble"},{"key":"wikipedia:Geʽez","label":"Geʽez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez","reason":"Language of the text"}],"cautions":["The homily is anonymous and undated; the proposed 13th–15th c. range is tentative and based on language and theology, not firm evidence.","The edition betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa lacks critical apparatus, manuscript shelfmarks, and variant readings, so its textual decisions cannot be evaluated.","The homily's composite structure includes fragmentary rhyming strophes whose connection to the main text is unclear; they may be separate liturgical pieces."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000484,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:57:08Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT7815DersanaGa","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"ratio-warn","i":7,"ratio":0.92}],"stats":{"passages":13,"translated":13,"commentary_passages":13,"commentary_units":67,"english_words":1797,"source_letters":3640,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily survives only in Geʿez manuscripts; no earlier Greek or Arabic Vorlage is attested. Its preservation in Ethiopian liturgical collections suggests a secondary, translated origin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This homily is read in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on the 15th of each month, the regular feast of the Archangel Gabriel, indicating its ongoing liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is anonymous and undated. Its language and theological content are consistent with the later Aksumite or early Solomonic period (13th–15th c.), but no firm evidence supports a more precise date.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The source edition (betmas) provides no critical apparatus or variant readings. The manuscript basis for the text is not described, so the edition’s textual decisions cannot be evaluated.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The edition is published as LIT7815DersanaGa in the betmas corpus, a digital collection of Ethiopic texts. No print edition or manuscript shelfmark is cited in the metadata.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"source edition: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 13 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":13},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa":{"label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"},"ed:LIT7815DersanaGa":{"label":"source edition: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"The following edition contains all textparts, which are attested in\n, containing rhyming preambles, a homily and one or several\nmiracles for each month as well as a rhyming strophe at the end of each monthly section.\n\nReading for 19 Tāḫśāś\n\nRhyming Preamble for Tāḫśāś\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩፡ አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡\nዘቅዱስ፡ ገብርኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ፍሡሐ፡ ገጽ፡ እምእለ፡ ይተግሁ፡ መላእክት፡ ቅዱሳን፡\nአብሣሬ፡ ፍሥሓ፡ ወሐሤት፡ ለኵሉ፡ ዓለም፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ የሃሉ፡ ምስለ፡ ገብሩ፡\nለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።\n\nHomily on the Annunciation of the Archangel Gabriel to Zechariah, Father of John the Baptist\n\nMiracle performed to Romanos in Jersusalem","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy Gabriel, chief of the angels, joyful of countenance beyond the vigilant holy angels. Messenger of joy, gladness, and delight for the whole world. May his prayer and blessing be with his servant for ever and ever. Amen.\n\nHomily on the Annunciation of the Archangel Gabriel to Zechariah, Father of John the Baptist\n\nMiracle performed to Romanos in Jerusalem","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a trinitarian invocation and a rhyming preamble for the month of Tāḫśāś, followed by a homily on the Annunciation to Zechariah and a miracle story set in Jerusalem.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሊቀ መላእክት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'ሊቀ መላእክት' (līqa mālāʾəkt) means 'chief of the angels', a standard epithet for the archangel Gabriel in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily is part of a larger collection of readings for each month, each including rhyming preambles, a homily, and one or more miracles, with a concluding strophe.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The miracle performed to Romanos in Jerusalem reflects the veneration of Gabriel in pilgrimage and hagiographic contexts, linking the archangel to a specific saintly figure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Romanos' in the miracle is not specified; it may refer to a saint or a local figure, but the text does not clarify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Rhyming strophe in honour of Gabriel for Tāḫśāś\nዘአንሣእኮ፡ ገብርኤል፡ ለእንተ፡ ሞተ፡ ብእሲ። አመ፡ ኵላንታሁ፡ ይመልዕ፡ ኅምዘ፡ መድንግጽ፡ ከይሲ። አመ፡ በጉባኤ፡ ይከውን፡ ምጽአተ፡ አምላክ፡ ተአጋሢ። አንሥአኒ፡ እሞተ፡ ነፍስ፡ እንዘ፡ እክለ፡ ምሕረት፡ ትሴሲ። ግዑዘ፡ ገሀነም፡ እኩን፡ ገብርከ፡ አባሲ።\n\nReading for 19 Ṭǝrr\n\nRhyming Preamble for Ṭǝrr\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ታሉት፡ ዘኢይሰደቅ፡\nበሥልጣኑ፡ ወበመለኮቱ፡ ዘኢይትነፈቅ። እንዘ፡ ክቡት፡ በባሕርዩ፡ ወበፍጥረቱ፡ ዘይትዐወቅ። ዘይፌንዎ፡ ለፀዓዕ፡ ወይመውዖ፡ ለመብረቅ። ዘየአቁር፡ ማያተ፡ በከርሠ፡ ደመና፡ ረቂቅ። ትንቱናነ፡ ዘይሠውቅ። ወኃጥአነ፡ ዘያጸድቅ። ዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ እምኀበ፡ ዕድ፡ ወአንስት፡ ወእምኀበ፡ አእሩግ፡ ወደቂቅ።\n\nHomily of St John the Evangelist\n\nMiracle of the healing of a day labourer who was hit by a stone","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, a Trinity that is not to be reviled. By His authority and His kingdom, which is not to be broken. While He is glorious in His essence and in His creation, which is to be known. He who sends forth the cold and commands the lightning. He who curdles the waters in the belly of a thin cloud. He who makes the dew fall and the rain to be righteous. He to whom praise belongs from among the hands of men and women, and from among the elders and children.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Rhyming strophe in honour of Gabriel for Tāḫśāś","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a rubric identifying a rhyming strophe for the month of Tāḫśāś, followed by a reading for 19 Ṭǝrr and a rhyming preamble for Ṭǝrr, indicating a liturgical compilation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ታሉት (tālut)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term tālut, here translated as 'Trinity', is a loanword from Arabic (tālūt) used in Ethiopic Christian texts to denote the triune God.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Homily of St John the Evangelist","severity":"info","text":"The rubric 'Homily of St John the Evangelist' and 'Miracle of the healing of a day labourer who was hit by a stone' suggest this manuscript contains multiple texts, possibly from a homiliary or miracle collection.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"source edition: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Rhyming strophe in honour of Gabriel for Tāḫśāś","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text of the rhyming strophe is fragmentary and its connection to the preceding homily on Gabriel is unclear; it may be a separate liturgical piece.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the rhyming strophe for Tāḫśāś and the homily on Gabriel is not explicit; the strophe may be a later addition or a separate reading.","The phrase 'Homily of St John the Evangelist' could indicate a change of author or a new section within the manuscript."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Miracle of how St Gabriel was sent to save the body of St George\n\nRhyming strophe in honour of Gabriel for Ṭǝrr\nለጊዮርጊስ፡ ክቡር፡ መክብበ፡ ክቡራን፡ ሰማዕት። እንተ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ አውጻእከ፡ እምጤገነ፡ ብርት። አሠርግወኒ፡ ገብርኤል፡ በልብሰ፡ ንጽሕና፡ ሜላት። ከመ፡ እኩን፡ ስቡረ፡ እግር፡ እምሐዊረ፡ ጌጋይ፡ ፍኖት። እስመ፡ ረባሕየ፡ መከራ፡ ወሞት።\n\nReading for 19 Yakkātit\n\nRhyming Preamble for Yakkātit\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ዘይሤለስ፡ በገጽ፡ ወበአካል፡\nወይትዋሐድ፡ በመለኮት፡ ወኃይል፡\nወመሠረት፡ ዘኢያንቀለቅል፡\nወመዝገብ፡ ዘኢይቀብል፡\nፀወን፡ ዘኢይንህል። ውእቱ፡ ያነዲ፡ ወያብዕል፡\nይቀስፍ፡ ወይሠሃል፡\nውእቱ፡ የዓፅብ፡ ወያቀልል፡\nዘኪያሁ፡ ኵሉ፡ ይስዕል፡\nወኀቤሁ፡ ይትመሀለል፡\n\nHomily delivered by Epiphanius, honoured Bishop of the Land of Cyprus","english":"Miracle of how Saint Gabriel was sent to save the body of Saint George\n\nRhyming strophe in honour of Gabriel for Ṭǝrr\n\nFor George, the honourable, the treasure of the honourable, the martyr, from whose body you brought forth from the furnace of fire, clothe me, Gabriel, in the garment of purity, the vestment, that I may be one who breaks the foot from the path of error, for the affliction and death have increased.\n\nReading for 19 Yakkātit\n\nRhyming Preamble for Yakkātit\n\nIn the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, who is triune in face and in person, and is united in divinity and power, and foundation which is not shaken, and treasury which is not diminished, a rock which is not worn away; it is He who gives and bestows, who cuts and heals, it is He who makes heavy and light; from Him everything is ordained, and to His gift one is entrusted.\n\nHomily delivered by Epiphanius, honoured Bishop of the Land of Cyprus","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ለጊዮርጊስ፡ ክቡር፡ መክብበ፡ ክቡራን፡ ሰማዕት።","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a rhyming strophe for Ṭǝrr, then a reading for 19 Yakkātit, and a rhyming preamble for Yakkātit, before the homily proper is attributed to Epiphanius. This composite structure is typical of Ethiopian liturgical manuscripts that combine multiple commemorative texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጤገነ፡ ብርት።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ጤገነ ብርት (furnace of fire) refers to the fiery furnace from which Gabriel rescued George’s body, a motif common in hagiography of martyrs preserved from destruction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ዘይሤለስ፡ በገጽ፡ ወበአካል፡","severity":"info","text":"The trinitarian preamble echoes the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed and standard Ethiopian liturgical openings, affirming one God triune in face and person, united in divinity and power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤጲፋንዮስ፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ዘሀገረ፡ ቆጵሮስ።","severity":"info","text":"The homily is attributed to Epiphanius, Bishop of Cyprus (4th century), a known Church Father. This attribution may be pseudepigraphical, as the text’s content and structure align with later Ethiopian liturgical composition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"source edition: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ለጊዮርጊስ፡ ክቡር፡ መክብበ፡ ክቡራን፡ ሰማዕት።","severity":"info","text":"The invocation of Gabriel to clothe the speaker in purity and break from error reflects the homily’s liturgical use for personal and communal edification, especially during the feast of Gabriel on Ṭǝrr and Yakkātit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The transition between the strophe for Ṭǝrr and the reading for 19 Yakkātit is abrupt; the manuscript may combine two separate liturgical occasions. The attribution to Epiphanius is traditional and may not reflect actual authorship."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Miracle of the building of a church dedicated to St Gabriel\n\nMiracle of how he gave a sword to St Mercurius\n\nRhyming strophe in honour of Gabriel for Yakkātit\nዘተራዳእኮ፡ ገብርኤል፡ ሥርግወ፡ ነዳዲ፡ እሳት። በጊዜ፡ ወጠነ፡ ፀብዐ፡ ምስለ፡ ፀባዒት። መርቆሬዎስ፡ ዘሮሜ፡ ምሉዐ፡ ጸጋ፡ ወሀብት። እንበለ፡ ረድኤትከሰ፡ ዘኢይፈርሆ፡ ለሞት። አልቦ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ሰማዕት።\n\nReading for 19 Maggābit\n\nRhyming Preamble for Maggābit\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ሥላሴ፡ በኢተሌልዮ፡\nወክቡተ፡ ባሕርይ፡ እምተሀልዮ። መኑ፡ ዘለቅሖ፡ ወመኑ፡ ዘተፈድዮ፡\nመኑ፡ ዘአእመሮ፡ ወመኑ፡ ዘርእዮ፡\nመኑ፡ ዘይኤዝዞ፡ ወመኑ፡ ዘይቀንዮ፡\nለርኁብ፡ ዘይሴስዮ፡\nወለጽሙዕ፡ ዘያሰትዮ። ዘሎቱ፡ ይደሉ፡ እምኀቤነ፡ ሰጊድ፡ ወተጋንዮ፡\nወለነኒ፡ ይደልወነ፡ እምኀቤሁ፡ ምሕረት፡ ወአሠንዮ።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, Trinity, in divinity and honoured nature from eternity. Who is it that can recount him, and who is it that can describe him? Who is it that has known him, and who is it that has seen him? Who is it that can command him, and who is it that can constrain him? For the broad he makes narrow, and for the thirsty he gives drink. He has power over us, worthy of prostration and praise, and for us he is worthy of mercy and favour from him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Miracle of the building of a church dedicated to St Gabriel","severity":"info","text":"This passage begins with two miracle titles and a rhyming strophe for Yakkātit, followed by a reading for 19 Maggābit and a rhyming preamble for Maggābit. The English draft omits the miracle titles and strophes, starting only with the preamble.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ሥላሴ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, Trinity' is a standard trinitarian invocation common in Ethiopic liturgical texts, echoing the Nicene Creed.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መኑ፡ ዘለቅሖ፡ ወመኑ፡ ዘተፈድዮ፡","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical questions 'Who is it that can recount him... describe him... known him... seen him?' echo the anaphoric style of biblical wisdom literature, such as Job 38–39 and Sirach 43, where divine attributes are celebrated through unanswerable questions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ለርኁብ፡ ዘይሴስዮ፡ ወለጽሙዕ፡ ዘያሰትዮ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'For the broad he makes narrow, and for the thirsty he gives drink' reflects a topos of divine paradox and providence, common in Ethiopic hymns to archangels, emphasizing Gabriel's role as intercessor and provider.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"በኢተሌልዮ፡ ወክቡተ፡ ባሕርይ፡ እምተሀልዮ።","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'in divinity and honoured nature from eternity' uses technical theological vocabulary (ባሕርይ, 'nature') that aligns with Miaphysite Christological formulations, indicating the homily's doctrinal context within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘሎቱ፡ ይደሉ፡ እምኀቤነ፡ ሰጊድ፡ ወተጋንዮ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text includes a phrase 'He has power over us, worthy of prostration and praise' which the English draft renders as 'He has power over us, worthy of prostration and praise'. The term ተጋንዮ (praise) is ambiguous; it could also mean 'boasting' or 'exaltation', but the context supports a positive liturgical sense.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The English draft omits the miracle titles and rhyming strophes for Yakkātit and Maggābit, starting only with the preamble. The Geʿez text includes these as separate sections, but their relationship to the preamble is unclear—they may be independent readings or part of a larger compilation.","The phrase 'ተጋንዮ' could be interpreted as 'praise' or 'boasting'; the reading 'praise' is adopted based on liturgical context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Homily concerning God’s promise to Adam\n\nMiracle of ʾAbrāsit\n\nMiracle of how he tore the veil of the Temple\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Maggābit\nአጽምሞተ፡ ዕዝንከ፡ ምንት፡ እምሰሚዓ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ጸሎቱ። ለሰብእናየ፡ ግፉእ፡ እንተ፡ ረዳኢ፡ አልቦቱ። መንሥኤ፡ ሙታን፡ ገብርኤል፡ ዘተሰማዕከ፡ በዕለተ፡ ሞቱ። ለስሐኑ፡ ሰይፍከ፡ እስከነ፡ ላዕሉ፡ ወታሕቱ። መንጦላዕተ፡ ምኵራብ፡ ቅድመ፡ ዘሠጠጥከ፡ ቦቱ።\n\nReading for 19 Miyāzyā\n\nRhyming Preamble for Miyāzyā\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ፡ አምላክ፡\nኢልደት፡ ወልደት፡ ወሥርፀት፡\nእግዚኦሙ፡ ለአጋእዝት፡\nወንጉሦሙ፡ ለነገሥት፡\nዘይሴብሕዎ፡ መላእክት፡\nወየአኵትዎ፡ ሥልጣናት። ወኀቤሁ፡ ሞብጻሐ፡ ኵሉ፡ አስተብቍዖት፡\nወኀቤሁ፡ ተፍጻሜተ፡ ስዕለት።\n\nHomily concerning the sufferings of Jesus Christ","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God.\n\nNativity, generation, and origin.\n\nLord of lords,\n\nand King of kings,\n\nwhom the angels praise\n\nand the powers glorify. And to him belongs the fullness of all adoration,\n\nand to him belongs the completion of supplication.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢልደት፡ ወልደት፡ ወሥርፀት፡","severity":"info","text":"The threefold phrase 'Nativity, generation, and origin' is a rhythmic preamble typical of Ethiopic homilies, marking a new section within the work.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሥርፀት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term šərṣat (origin) is a theological term denoting primordial beginning, often used in Trinitarian contexts to describe the eternal nature of God.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ሥልጣናት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'powers glorify' (śəlṭānāt) refers to angelic orders or divine authorities, a common motif in Ethiopic angelology, especially in homilies dedicated to archangels like Gabriel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ፡ አምላክ፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening invocation 'In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God' is a standard Trinitarian formula in Ethiopic liturgy, here introducing a new homiletic unit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሞብጻሐ፡ ኵሉ፡ አስተብቍዖት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'fullness of all adoration' reflects a doxological style common in Ethiopic hymns, emphasizing the supreme worthiness of God, and is typical of the reception of this homily in liturgical use.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text includes multiple headings (e.g., 'Miracle of ʾAbrāsit', 'Homily concerning God’s promise to Adam') that may be later additions or rubrics; their exact relationship to the main homily is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Miracle concerning the building of a church in the country Neqlon\n\nMiracle of how he helped Paisius and Peter\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Miyāzyā\nአመ፡ አላዊ፡ አዘዘ፡ በዲበ፡ ኅንባዝ፡ ስቅለተ። እንዘ፡ ትናዝዞ፡ ገብርኤል፡ ወታስተርእዮ፡ ክሡተ። ከመ፡ አጽናእኮ፡ ለብሶይ፡ እስከ፡ ይከውን፡ ሰማዕተ። አጽንዓኒ፡ ወአጥብዐኒ፡ ከመ፡ ኢየሐሊ፡ ምንተ፡ እንበለ፡ ርስትየ፡ መቃብር፡ ዘጽኑሕ፡ ሊተ።\n\nReading for 19 Gǝnbot\n\nRhyming Preamble for Gǝnbot\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ አምላክ፡ አውሎዶስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ በቅዳሴሁ፡\nወስቡሕ፡ በስብሐቲሁ። ኢይልህቅ፡ አብ፡ እምወልዱ፡\nወወልድኒ፡ ኢይንእስ፡ እምአቡሁ፡\nአልቦ፡ ዕለት፡ ማእከሌሁ፡\nወማዕከለ፡ ወልዱ። ኵሉ፡ እምኔሁ፡\nወኵሉ፡ ዘዘዚአሁ፡\nኵሉ፡ በእንቲአሁ፡\nወኵሉ፡ እኁዝ፡ ውስተ፡ እራሁ፡\nኵሉ፡ ግሩር፡ ታሕተ፡ እገሪሁ፡\nሎቱ፡ ይደሉ፡ እምኀቤነ፡ ኣኰቴት፡ ወለነኒ፡ ይደልወነ፡ ሥርየት፡ እምአቡሁ።","english":"Miracle concerning the building of a church in the country Neqlon\n\nMiracle of how he helped Paisius and Peter\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Miyāzyā\n\nWhen the Lord commanded upon the abyss, the cross, while Gabriel was trembling and revealing the hidden, as I strengthened my garment until it becomes a witness, strengthen me and make me firm, like a wanderer without my inheritance, a solid tomb for me.\n\nReading for 19 Gǝnbot\n\nRhyming Preamble for Gǝnbot\n\nIn the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, the Only-begotten, holy in his sanctity, and glorious in his glory. The Father is not older than his Son, nor is the Son younger than his Father. There is no day between them, nor a middle between him and his Son. All is from him, and all is his possession, all is for his sake, and all is held within his hand, all is glorious beneath his feet. It is fitting for him to receive praise from us, and for us it is fitting to receive forgiveness from his Father.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Miracle concerning the building of a church in the country Neqlon","severity":"info","text":"This passage begins with two miracle titles, then a strophe for Miyāzyā, a reading for 19 Gǝnbot, and a preamble for Gǝnbot, indicating a composite liturgical compilation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኅንባዝ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ḫənbāz' (abyss) echoes the Coptic cosmological motif of the abyss over which the cross was set, a common theme in angelic homilies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Neqlon","severity":"info","text":"Neqlon is a toponym possibly referring to a region in Egypt or Ethiopia; its mention anchors the miracle in a specific, likely monastic, setting.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይልህቅ፡ አብ፡ እምወልዱ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'The Father is not older than his Son' echoes anti-Arian creedal formulations, possibly drawing on Nicene theology as transmitted in Copto-Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Rhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Miyāzyā","severity":"info","text":"The strophe for Miyāzyā (the eighth month in the Ethiopic calendar) shows the homily's use in a liturgical cycle, likely for Gabriel's feast on the 19th of Gǝnbot.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሐሊ፡ ምንተ፡ እንበለ፡ ርስትየ፡ መቃብር፡ ዘጽኑሕ፡ ሊተ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'like a wanderer without my inheritance, a solid tomb for me' is obscure; it may be a scribal corruption or a metaphorical expression for spiritual desolation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the two miracles and the strophes is unclear; they may be separate textual units or a single composite reading.","The phrase 'a solid tomb for me' could be a metaphor for a monastic cell or a literal burial place, but the context is insufficient to decide."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Homily on the golden statue of King Nebuchadnezzar\n\nMiracle about the construction of a church dedicated to St Gabriel in the country Neqlon\n\nMiracle on how St Gabriel made ʾAwqronyos, Dimusryā and Minās escape from the lion’s den\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Gǝnbot\nዘአውፃእኮሙ፡ እምግበ፡ አናብስት፡ በሥምረትከ፡ ኰናኒ። ለአቅሮንዮስ፡ ወሚናስ፡ ወዲሙስርያ፡ እኅተ፡ ኣሞ፡ ሊሉየ፡ ምግባሩ፡ ገብርኤል፡ እምግባረ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ተቃራኒ። ናዝዘኒ፡ ለገብርከ፡ እምትካዘ፡ ዓለም፡ ማሳኒ። እስመ፡ አዕፅምቲሁ፡ ያየብስ፡ ብእሲ፡ ኀዛኒ።\n\nReading for Sane\nUsually indicated to be read on 19 Sane, but in\n178 it is indicated for 26 Sane.","english":"Homily on the golden statue of King Nebuchadnezzar\n\nMiracle about the construction of a church dedicated to St Gabriel in the country Neqlon\n\nMiracle on how St Gabriel made ʾAwqronyos, Dimusryā and Minās escape from the lion’s den\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Gǝnbot\nWho brought them forth from the den of lions by your will, O my jealous one, for ʾAqronyos and Minās and Dimusryā, sister of Hamo, my Lituye; his deed, Gabriel, from the deed of Satan, my adversary; I am shaken for your deed from the envy of the world, my weigher; for his bones make a man wise, my treasure.\n\nReading for Sane\nUsually indicated to be read on 19 Sane, but in 178 it is indicated for 26 Sane.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Homily on the golden statue of King Nebuchadnezzar","severity":"info","text":"This passage begins with a title for a homily on Nebuchadnezzar's golden statue, followed by two miracle accounts and a rhyming strophe, indicating a compilation of distinct textual units.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኰናኒ (qʷanāni)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኰናኒ (qʷanāni) is rendered 'my jealous one' in the English draft, but it may also mean 'my zealot' or 'my defender,' reflecting Gabriel's protective role.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Miracle on how St Gabriel made ʾAwqronyos, Dimusryā and Minās escape from the lion’s den","severity":"info","text":"The names ʾAwqronyos, Dimusryā, and Minās are not widely attested in standard hagiographies; Dimusryā is identified as 'sister of Hamo,' suggesting a local or lesser-known tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Reading for Sane","severity":"info","text":"The passage notes a liturgical reading for 19 Sane (Sane 19) in most sources, but manuscript 178 assigns it to 26 Sane, indicating variation in the Ethiopian calendar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Rhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Gǝnbot","severity":"caution","text":"The rhyming strophe's Geʿez text contains obscure phrases (e.g., 'ሊሉየ' lituye, 'ማሳኒ' masāni) that may be corrupt or dialectal, making the English translation tentative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Hamo' and 'Lituye' in the strophe is unclear; they may be personal names or epithets.","The relationship between the homily on Nebuchadnezzar's statue and the subsequent miracles is not explicit; they may be separate textual units compiled together."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"ratio-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English/source length ratio is outside the usual band for Coptic — a sign that something was dropped or added, not proof that it was."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Rhyming Preamble for Sane\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩አምላክ፡ አሐቲ፡ ሥልጣን፡\nወአሐቲ፡ ምኵናን፡\nውእቱ፡ ህልው፡ እምቅድመ፡ አዝማን፡\nጥንተ፡ ቅድምናሁ፡ ዘኢይትሜጠን፡\nወጽንፈ፡ ተድኅሮሁ፡ ዘኢይትዌሰን። ዘይሤውር፡ ኃጣውአ፡ ወአበሳተ፡ ዘይከድን፡\nዘያሠርቅ፡ ፀሐየ፡ ላዕለ፡ ጻድቃን፡\nወኃጥአን። ወያዘንም፡ ዝናመ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኄራን፡\nወእኵያን፡ ሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ እምኵሉ፡ አፍ፡ ወልሳን።\n\nHomily of Alexander ʾAbawre, bishop of Fayyūm\n\nMiracle concerning how Satan tried to interfere with the building of the church\n\nMiracle of how St Gabriel gave a sword to Claudius\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Sane\nለገላውዴዎስ፡ ሰማዕት፡ ዘክብረ፡ ሰማዕታት፡ ተወከፈ፡\nከመ፡ ወሀብኮ፡ ቀዳሚ፡ ዘእሳት፡ ሰይፈ፡\nንስረ፡ አርያም፡ ገብርኤል፡ አንተ፡ አቅለልከ፡ አክናፈ። ሀበኒ፡ ለገብርከ፡ ከመ፡ ቃለ፡ ነቢይ፡ ጸሐፈ። እንዘ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምአጽራርየ፡ ከመ፡ እስድድ፡ እልፈ።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, one authority, and one nature. He is existing before times, the beginning of his precedence which cannot be measured, and the end of his posteriority which cannot be bounded. He who veils sins and transgressions, he who makes the sun shine upon the righteous and the sinners, and he who rains down rain upon the good and the evil. To him belongs praise from every mouth and tongue.\n\nHomily of Alexander ʾAbawre, bishop of Fayyūm\n\nMiracle concerning how Satan tried to interfere with the building of the church\n\nMiracle of how St Gabriel gave a sword to Claudius\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Sane\n\nFor Claudius the martyr, of the glory of martyrs, he received, as you gave first a sword of fire. Eagle, lofty one, Gabriel, you folded wings. Give to me, your servant, as the word of the prophet wrote, while one of my bonds, as I may drive away, to fly.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Rhyming Preamble for Sane","severity":"info","text":"This passage opens a new section with a rhyming preamble for the month of Sane, following the previous section for Gǝnbot.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሥልጣን፡ ወአሐቲ፡ ምኵናን፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'one authority, and one nature' reflects a miaphysite Christological formula, emphasizing the single nature of Christ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Homily of Alexander ʾAbawre, bishop of Fayyūm","severity":"info","text":"This heading attributes the following miracles to Alexander ʾAbawre, a bishop of Fayyūm in Egypt, indicating a Coptic origin for these narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ቃለ፡ ነቢይ፡ ጸሐፈ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as the word of the prophet wrote' likely alludes to a biblical prophetic text, though the specific reference is not identified in the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ለገላውዴዎስ፡ ሰማዕት፡","severity":"info","text":"Claudius is venerated as a martyr in the Ethiopic tradition; the reference to a 'sword of fire' given by Gabriel underscores the archangel's role as a protector of martyrs.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እንዘ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምአጽራርየ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'while one of my bonds' is ambiguous; it may refer to a physical or spiritual constraint, but the exact meaning is unclear without further context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'prophet' in the strophe is not specified; the phrase 'one of my bonds' is obscure and may be a textual corruption or a metaphor."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Reading for 19 Ḥamle\n\nRhyming Preamble for Ḥamle\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ጌርዮስ፡ ፓንዋማ፡ ዕሩየ፡ ምልክና፡ ወኅቡረ፡ ቅድምና፡ ዘይፈትን፡ ኵሎ። እምቅድመ፡ ልቡና፡ ዘያርኁ፡ ክረምተ፡ በበዓመት፡ ወይገለብቦ፡ ለሰማይ፡ በደመና፡ ወለምድር፡ በሐመልማል፡ ዘይከድና፡ ለማየ፡ ባሕር፡ በኅፍኑ፡ ዘየሐፍና። ወለየብስኒ፡ በስዝሩ፡ ዘይሜጥና፡ ሎቱ፡ ይደሉ፡ እምኀቤነ፡ መሐና፡ ወለነ፡ እምኀቤሁ፡ ዳኅና።\n\nHomily concerning Alexander the Great\n\nMiracle about the erection of columns in a church\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Ḥamle\nዘተራዳዕኮ፡ ገብርኤል፡ ለዝሕንፃ፡ መቅደስ፡ ወጠነ። በማዕሠረ፡ ሐፂን፡ ወብርት፡ እንዘ፡ ተአሥር፡ ሰይጣነ፡\nአጽራርየ፡ አመ፡ ወገሩ፡ አዕባነ፡\nመንገለ፡ ሀሎኩ፡ አነ፡\nእስከ፡ ይከሥቱ፡ ኪዳኖሙ፡ ዓይነ።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, one authority, and one nature. He is existing before times, the beginning of his precedence which cannot be measured, and the end of his posteriority which cannot be comprehended. He who tests all from before the heart, who makes the winter pass in a year, and who turns the sky with cloud, and the earth with verdure, who covers the water of the sea with his fist, and the dry land with his garment, who measures for him the dew from us, and for us the coolness from him.\n\nHomily concerning Alexander the Great\n\nMiracle about the erection of columns in a church\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Ḥamle\nWho assisted Gabriel for this building of the sanctuary, and began with a foundation of iron and stone, while Satan was bound. My enemies, when they fled, the stones. The way where I was, until their covenant of the eye is revealed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage contains three distinct sections: a rhyming preamble for Ḥamle, a heading for a homily concerning Alexander the Great, and a rhyming strophe in honour of Gabriel for Ḥamle. The structural shift from preamble to narrative is marked by the Coptic cue 'narrative'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ገብርኤል","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Gabriel' (ገብርኤል) is the archangel honoured in this homily. The strophe describes his assistance in building a sanctuary, linking him to architectural and protective roles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'Alexander the Great' in the heading suggests a homiletic tradition that incorporates historical or legendary figures into Christian edification. This is a common feature in Ethiopic hagiography and homiletics.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft of the rhyming strophe is fragmentary and syntactically unclear, especially the phrases 'My enemies, when they fled, the stones' and 'until their covenant of the eye is revealed'. The Geʿez may be corrupt or elliptical.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reading for 19 Ḥamle indicates this passage is part of a liturgical cycle in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, where homilies on Gabriel are recited on specific feast days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the preamble, the Alexander heading, and the Gabriel strophe is unclear; they may be separate textual units compiled together.","The phrase 'their covenant of the eye' in the strophe is obscure and may be a corruption or a reference to an unknown tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Reading for 19 Naḥase\n\nRhyming Preamble for Naḥase\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ሥላሴ፡\nበተዋሕዶ፡ ወተዋሕዶ፡ በሥላሴ፡\nዘይሜግብ፡ መላእክተ፡ በቅዳሴ፡\nወበእክል፡ ምድራዌ፡ ብእሴ፡\nአራዊተ፡ በሥጋ፡ ወእን ሰ ስ ሳተ፡ በሣዕር፡ አዕዋፈ፡ ወዕፄያተ፡ በቆፅል፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ይደልዎ፡\nእምኀቤነ፡ ውዳሴ፡\nወለነ፡ ይደልወነ፡ እምኀቤሁ፡ ተባልሆ፡ እምደምሳሴ።\n\nHomily on the Annunciation\n\nMiracle of the healing of a paralytic and leprous man\n\nMiracle of how he saved Timotheus the Martyr\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Naḥase\nለጢሞቴዎስ፡ ሰማዕት፡ አክሊለ፡ ስምዕ፡ ዘነሥአ። ዘበክንፍከ፡ ከለልኮ፡ አመ፡ ውስተ፡ እሳት፡ ቦአ። ረዳኤ፡ ግፉዓ፡ ገብርኤል፡ እንበለ፡ ትኅሥሥ፡ መርድአ። ያስትአፅብ፡ መንክራቲከ፡ ወኂሩተከ፡ ስሙዐ። እምነ፡ ገፋዒ፡ ትባልሕ፡ ኪያየ፡ ግፉዐ።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, Trinity, in unity, and unity in Trinity. He who magnifies the angels in sanctity, and in the measure of earthly man, beasts in flesh, and what? the six? in grass, birds and trees in foliage, each has its own due. From us, praise, and for us, it is due from him, a blessing sweeter than perfume.\n\nHomily on the Annunciation\n\nMiracle of the healing of a paralytic and leprous man\n\nMiracle of how he saved Timotheus the Martyr\n\nFor Timotheus the Martyr, a crown of renown which he received. With your wing you crowned him when he entered into the fire. A helper, a strong one, Gabriel, without you seeking a reward. Your wonders and your miracles are renowned. More than a physician, you are strong, O strong one, for me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ሥላሴ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a trinitarian formula typical of Geʿez homilies, followed by a rhyming preamble for the month of Naḥase. The structural classification shifts from preamble to a narrative section listing miracles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ግፉዐ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ግፉዐ (gəfūʿā) is rendered as 'strong one' in the English draft. It is an epithet for Gabriel, emphasizing his might as a helper and protector.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ተባልሆ፡ እምደምሳሴ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'a blessing sweeter than perfume' (ተባልሆ፡ እምደምሳሴ) reflects a common Ethiopic liturgical motif comparing divine favor to fragrant oils, used in hymns and prayers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ለጢሞቴዎስ፡ ሰማዕት","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Timotheus the Martyr (ለጢሞቴዎስ፡ ሰማዕት) links the homily to a specific hagiographic tradition, possibly the cult of Timothy of Gaza or another Eastern martyr, venerated in the Ethiopian Church.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እን ሰ ስ ሳተ፡ በሣዕር","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase እን ሰ ስ ሳተ፡ በሣዕር is obscure; the English draft renders it as 'what? the six? in grass,' indicating a textual crux. The Geʿez may be corrupt or contain a scribal error.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase እን ሰ ስ ሳተ፡ በሣዕር is unclear; it may be a corruption or a rare term. The reading 'what? the six? in grass' is tentative.","The relationship between the rhyming preamble and the subsequent miracle narratives is not explicitly stated; the transition is abrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Reading for 19 Maskaram\n\nRhyming Preamble for Maskaram\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩፡ አምላክ፡ ተከፍሎ፡\nበተጋብኦ፡ ወተጋብኦ፡ በተከፍሎ። እምቅድመ፡ ዓለማት፡ በትሥልስቱ፡ ዘሀሎ። ለሰማይ፡ በከዋክብት፡ ዘከለሎ፡\nወለምድርኒ፡ ዘይከድና፡ ሐመልማላተ፡ አብቍሎ፡ ወዘአቀመ፡ መሠረታ፡ በዓምደ፡ አውሎ፡\nለትሑት፡ ዘያሌዕሎ። ወለነዳይ፡ ዘያብዕሎ፡\nዘሎቱ፡ ይደሉ፡ እምኀቤነ፡ ሰብሖ፡ ወለነ፡ ይደልወነ፡ እምኀቤሁ፡ ተሣህሎ፡\n\nHomily concerning Zechariah of Abijah\n\nMiracle on Barādyos\n\nMiracle of Our Lady Mary visiting the pregnant St Elisabeth\n\nMiracle of St Gabriel helping Timothy and St Theodore\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Maskaram\nሰላም፡ ለቴዎድሮስ፡ ምስለ፡ ሰብአ፡ አፍራስ፡ ዘተበአሰ፡\nእንተ፡ ወሀብኮ፡ ገብርኤል፤ መንፈሳዊ፡ ፈረሰ፡\nምስለ፡ መሬታዊት፡ ሥጋየ፡ ለዘአማኅፀንኩከ፡ ነፍሰ። መንገለ፡ ሰማይ፡ አመ፡ አርታዕኩ፡ ፈሊሰ። በቅድመ፡ ገጽከ፡ ሀበኒ፡ ሞገሰ።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, divided in Trinity, and Trinity in unity. Before the worlds, in Trinity, He who exists. For heaven, He adorned it with stars; and for earth, He caused it to bring forth plants, and established its foundations upon pillars of the wind. For the lowly, He raises them up; for the needy, He enriches them. It is fitting for us to give praise to Him, and it is fitting for Him to grant us forgiveness.\n\nHomily concerning Zechariah of Abijah\n\nMiracle on Barādyos\n\nMiracle of Our Lady Mary visiting the pregnant St Elisabeth\n\nMiracle of St Gabriel helping Timothy and St Theodore\n\nSalutation to Theodore, with the men of horses, who was afflicted. O Gabriel, you gave him a spiritual horse. With my earthly flesh, for I entrusted to you my soul, when I turned my face toward heaven, before your face, grant me favour.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a composite of a trinitarian preamble, a list of miracle titles, and a rhyming strophe, typical of Ethiopic homiletic compilations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ተከፍሎ (takafalo)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ተከፍሎ (takafalo) means 'divided' but in trinitarian context it denotes distinction of persons without separation, a key theological nuance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of miracles (Zechariah of Abijah, Barādyos, Mary visiting Elisabeth, Gabriel helping Timothy and Theodore) reflects a compilation of diverse hagiographic traditions, possibly from a synaxarion or miracle collection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The rhyming strophe to Gabriel, addressing Theodore and mentioning a 'spiritual horse', suggests a local cultic or monastic context where Gabriel is invoked as a protector of horsemen or soldiers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft omits the Geʿez phrase 'እምቅድመ፡ ዓለማት፡' ('before the worlds'), which is present in the original and important for the cosmological preamble.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the preamble and the following miracle titles is unclear; they may be separate readings for different days or parts of the same homily.","The identity of 'Barādyos' is uncertain; it may be a place name or a personal name."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Reading for 19 Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nRhyming Preamble for Ṭǝqǝmt\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ፡ አምላክ። ዘግጻዌሁ፡ ሊሉይ፡\nወበሥልጣኑ፡ ዕሩይ፡\nመንበረ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ዘበረድ፡ ጽሩይ። ወመንጦላዕቱ፡ በእሳት፡ ርሱይ። ዘፈጠሮሙ፡ ለወርኅ፡ ወለፀሐይ፡\nከመ፡ ያብርኁ፡ በመዓልት፡ ወበለያልይ። ዘለሐኮ፡ ለሰብእ፡ እምነፋሰ፡ ወእሳት፡ እመሬት፡ ወእማይ። ዘሎቱ፡ ግናይ፡\nእምኀበ፡ ንዑስ፡ ወዐቢይ። እምኀበ፡ ባዕል፡ ወነዳይ።\n\nHomily of Our Lady Mary as a child\n\nMiracle concerning the merchant Falāsforon\n\nMiracle of St Gabriel’s appearance to Isaac, the king of Rome, who was called Garimā\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Ṭǝqǝmt\nእንዘ፡ መልዕልተ፡ ክንፍ፡ ትፀውረኒ፡ ለዘአስተጋ፡ ባዕኩ፡ ከንቶ። ወታርእየኒ፡ ገጸከ፡ በገሃድ፡ ወበተከሥቶ። ገብርኤል፡ መርሃኒ፡ ለገዳመ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ፍኖቶ፡\nለይስሐቅ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሮም፡ ከመ፡ አርታዕከ፡ ሑረቶ። አመ፡ ውስተ፡ ገዳም፡ ሖረ፡ እንዘ፡ የኃድግ፡ መንግሥቶ።","english":"Reading for 19 Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nRhyming Preamble for Ṭǝqǝmt\nIn the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, whose throne is lofty, and whose authority is vast. His throne of kingdom is of pure radiance, and his canopy is of fire, who created the moon and the sun, that they might shine by day and by night. Who formed man from breath and fire, from earth and from water, who has glory from the lowly and the great, from the distant and the near.\n\nHomily of Our Lady Mary as a child\n\nMiracle concerning the merchant Falāsforon\n\nMiracle of St Gabriel’s appearance to Isaac, the king of Rome, who was called Garimā\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Ṭǝqǝmt\nWhile your lofty wing shelters me, for I have sought you far and wide, and you show me your face openly and in secret, Gabriel, guide me to the path of the desert of the righteous. For Isaac, king of Rome, as you directed his journey when he went into the desert, abandoning his kingdom.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Reading for 19 Ṭǝqǝmt","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the twelfth of thirteen in the homily and is classified as narrative. It contains a rhyming preamble, a homily of Mary, two miracle accounts, and a rhyming strophe for Gabriel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ግጻዌሁ (gǝgžāwehu)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ግጻዌሁ (gǝgžāwehu) means 'his throne' and is part of the description of God's majesty. The English draft renders it as 'throne', consistent with its use in liturgical contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ያብርኁ በመዓልት ወበለያልይ (kama yabərḫu ba-məʿalt wa-ba-layaly)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'that they might shine by day and by night' echoes Genesis 1:14-18, where God creates the sun and moon to give light. This is a common liturgical allusion in Ethiopic homilies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Miracle of St Gabriel’s appearance to Isaac, the king of Rome, who was called Garimā","severity":"info","text":"This miracle account references a tradition about Isaac, a king of Rome (likely Byzantine), who is called Garimā. Such narratives are part of the rich hagiographical lore surrounding Archangel Gabriel in Ethiopic Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Rhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Ṭǝqǝmt","severity":"info","text":"The rhyming strophe is a poetic form used in Ethiopic liturgy for feast days. This one is for the month of Ṭǝqǝmt (October/November), indicating the homily's use in the liturgical calendar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Homily of Our Lady Mary as a child","severity":"caution","text":"The passage lists 'Homily of Our Lady Mary as a child' as a section heading, but the following text does not contain this homily; instead, it presents miracle accounts. This may indicate a lacuna or a structural anomaly in the manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The section titled 'Homily of Our Lady Mary as a child' is not present in the text, suggesting either a missing portion or a mislabeling in the manuscript.","The identity of 'Isaac, the king of Rome, who was called Garimā' is unclear; it may refer to a specific Byzantine emperor or a legendary figure."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Reading for 19 Ḫǝdār\n\nRhyming Preamble for Ḫǝdār\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩ዱ አምላክ። ዘይሤለስ፡ በግፃዌ፡\nወይትዋሐድ፡ በህላዌ። ወሀቢ፡ በኢድንጻዌ፡\nወጻድቅ፡ በኢሕሳዌ። ዘይመይጥ፡ ጼውዋነ፡ እምጼዋዌ፡\nወያጥዒ፡ ሕሙማነ፡ እምደዌ። ዘሎቱ፡ ይደሉ፡ እምኀቤነ፡ ሰባሔ፡\nወለነ፡ ይደልወነ፡ እምኀቤሁ፡ ተባልሆ፡ እምንሳዊ።\n\nHomily concerning Our Lady Mary\n\nMiracle of St Gabriel helping Josef and Nicodimus\n\nMiracle of St Gabriel raising St Gabra Manfas Qǝddus on his wings to Heaven\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Ḫǝdār\nለምንት፡ ሊተ፡ አይድኦተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ድርሳን። በይነ፡ ተአምሪከ፡ ኵሉ፡ እንተ፡ አልቦቱ፡ ወሰን፡\nገብርኤል፡ ፍሥሓ፡ ሠዓሬ፡ ኃዘን። አኮኑ፡ ኢይክል፡ ፈጽሞቶ፡ ለተናግሮ፡ ልሳን። በጽሒፍኒ፡ ይደክም፡ የማን።","english":"Reading for 19 Ḫǝdār\n\nRhyming Preamble for Ḫǝdār\nIn the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, whose throne is lofty, and whose authority is vast. He gave in his grace, and he justified in his mercy. He who quenches thirst from the source, and heals the sick from disease. He who is far from us in his glory, and near to us in his compassion, more than a kinsman.\n\nHomily concerning Our Lady Mary\n\nMiracle of St Gabriel helping Josef and Nicodimus\n\nMiracle of St Gabriel raising St Gabra Manfas Qǝddus on his wings to Heaven\n\nRhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Ḫǝdār\nWhy for me this discourse of praise? For your miracles are all that have no limit. Gabriel, joy, my hour of sorrow. Is it not possible to complete the narration with a tongue? Even in writing, the right hand grows weary.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Reading for 19 Ḫǝdār","severity":"info","text":"This passage opens a new reading for 19 Ḫǝdār, following the previous reading for 19 Ṭǝqǝmt, marking a liturgical shift within the homily cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Homily concerning Our Lady Mary","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Homily concerning Our Lady Mary' appears abruptly after the preamble, suggesting a composite text where multiple homilies or miracle accounts are compiled under the same manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Miracle of St Gabriel helping Josef and Nicodimus","severity":"info","text":"The mention of miracles involving Josef and Nicodimus and St Gabra Manfas Qǝddus indicates the homily's reception in a hagiographic context, where Gabriel's intercessory role is emphasized through legendary narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ድርሳን (dǝrsān)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'dǝrsān' (discourse of praise) is a key genre term for a homiletic composition, often used in Ethiopian liturgical manuscripts for festal or hagiographic sermons.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Rhyming Strophe in honour of Gabriel for Ḫǝdār","severity":"caution","text":"The strophe's rhetorical question 'Why for me this discourse of praise?' may reflect a scribal or authorial humility topos, but the abrupt shift from miracle narratives to a personal lament could indicate a textual lacuna or composite structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7815DersanaGa","label":"betmas: Homily in honour of the Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7815DersanaGa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the preamble, the homily on Mary, and the Gabriel miracles is unclear; they may be separate texts bound together.","The phrase 'my hour of sorrow' in the strophe is ambiguous—whether it refers to the author's personal grief or a liturgical context is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}