{"slug":"LIT7755CommEnoch","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","title":"Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:13Z","cost_usd":0.002043},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","work_id":"LIT7755CommEnoch","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"},"stats":{"passages":3,"english_words":554,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":17,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":3,"work_notes":5,"external_links":4,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT7755CommEnoch","abstract":"This anonymous Geʿez commentary treats Chapter 76 of 1 Enoch as a self-contained unit on celestial and calendrical lore. It interprets the four winds, twelve portals, and seasons as signs of divine order, reflecting a dualistic cosmology where natural forces act as agents of divine will. The commentary is preserved only in Ethiopic manuscripts, likely copied in monastic settings alongside the broader Enochic corpus. It is not canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition but attests to the enduring authority of 1 Enoch in that church's exegetical and liturgical heritage. The work is undated, with composition often placed between the 5th and 7th centuries CE based on linguistic and theological parallels, though this remains uncertain.","historical_context":"The commentary is preserved only in Geʿez within the Ethiopic Enochic corpus, a collection that includes 1 Enoch and related texts. It likely circulated in monastic scriptoria of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, where 1 Enoch held canonical status until the 20th century. The work is anonymous and undated; scholarly estimates place its composition between the 5th and 7th centuries CE, based on linguistic features and theological parallels with other Ethiopic commentaries, but this dating is tentative. The commentary reflects a tradition of interpreting Enochic cosmology as a model of divine order, a theme common in Second Temple apocalyptic literature. Its transmission alongside 1 Enoch manuscripts suggests it served as a pedagogical or liturgical aid for monks. The commentary does not engage with the Aramaic fragments of 1 Enoch, indicating a reliance on the Geʿez translation. Its relationship to other Enochic commentaries is not addressed in the source edition.","significance":"This commentary is significant as a rare witness to the exegetical tradition surrounding 1 Enoch in Ethiopian Christianity, demonstrating how Enochic cosmology was interpreted as a sign of divine order. It provides insight into monastic education and liturgical practice, and its dualistic cosmology connects to broader themes in Second Temple apocalyptic literature. The work also highlights the enduring authority of 1 Enoch in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, even outside the canonical boundaries.","timeline":[{"date":"5th–7th c. (uncertain)","event":"Probable composition of the commentary based on linguistic and theological parallels."},{"date":"4th–6th c.","event":"Translation of 1 Enoch into Geʿez, likely from Aramaic or Greek, forming the basis for the commentary."},{"date":"15th–16th c.","event":"Earliest extant Ethiopic manuscripts of 1 Enoch, which may include the commentary."},{"date":"20th c.","event":"1 Enoch removed from the Ethiopian Orthodox canon, but the commentary remains a historical artifact."},{"date":"Undated","event":"The commentary copied in monastic settings alongside 1 Enoch manuscripts."}],"relations":[{"work":"1 Enoch","relation":"The commentary interprets Chapter 76 of 1 Enoch, focusing on celestial and calendrical lore.","key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"},{"work":"Ethiopic Enochic corpus","relation":"The commentary is preserved only in Geʿez within this corpus, likely copied alongside 1 Enoch manuscripts.","key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"},{"work":"Second Temple apocalyptic literature","relation":"The dualistic cosmology in the commentary reflects themes common in this literature.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition","relation":"The commentary attests to the enduring authority of 1 Enoch in this tradition, though it is not canonical.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:1 Enoch","label":"1 Enoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Enoch","reason":"The commentary interprets Chapter 76 of 1 Enoch, providing context for the work."},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"The commentary circulated in monastic settings of this church."},{"key":"wikipedia:Geʽez","label":"Geʽez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez","reason":"The commentary is preserved only in Geʽez, the liturgical language of the Ethiopian church."},{"key":"wikipedia:Second Temple period","label":"Second Temple period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_period","reason":"The dualistic cosmology in the commentary reflects themes from this period."}],"cautions":["The commentary is undated; composition between the 5th and 7th centuries CE is uncertain and based on limited linguistic and theological parallels.","The work is anonymous, and its authorship cannot be determined.","The source edition provides no critical apparatus or variant readings, limiting analysis of textual transmission.","The commentary's relationship to other Enochic commentaries or to the Aramaic fragments of 1 Enoch is not addressed."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.00051,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:32:02Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT7755CommEnoch","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":3,"translated":3,"commentary_passages":3,"commentary_units":17,"english_words":554,"source_letters":1531,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commentary treats Enoch 76 as a unit on celestial and calendrical lore, interpreting the four winds, portals, and seasons as signs of divine order.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Preserved only in Geʿez within the broader Enochic corpus; the commentary likely circulated in monastic settings, copied alongside 1 Enoch manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"source edition: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is anonymous and undated; its composition is often placed between the 5th and 7th centuries CE based on linguistic and theological parallels, but this remains uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commentary is not canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition but reflects the enduring authority of 1 Enoch in that church’s exegetical and liturgical heritage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"source edition: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The source edition provides no critical apparatus or variant readings; the commentary’s relationship to other Enochic commentaries or to the Aramaic fragments is not addressed.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 3 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":3},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch":{"label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"},"ed:LIT7755CommEnoch":{"label":"source edition: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"This part follows chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch with some minor deviations and omissions.\n\nይቤ፡ ሄኖክ፡ በእንተ፡ ነገረ፡ ነ ፋሳት፡ ርኢኩ፡ ዐሥሩ፡ ወክልኤ፡ ሐዋሕወ፡ ርሕዋተ፡ ለኲሎሙ፡ ነፋሳተ፡ እለ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ይወፅኡ፡ ነፋሳተ፡ ወይነፍሱ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር። ሠለስቱ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ርሕዋት፡ በገጸ፡ ሰማይ። ወሠለስቱ፡ በምዕራብ፡ ወሠለስቱ፡ በየማነ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወሠለስቱ፡ በፀጋም፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ቀዳምያተ፡ እለ፡ መንገለ፡ መስዕ፡ ወሠለስቱ፡ በድኅረ፡ እሉ፡ በፀጋም፡ ለመንገለ፡ አዜብ። ወሠለስቱ፡ በዐረብ፡ ለአርባዕቱ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ነፋ ሳተ፡ በረከት፡ ወሰላም፡ ወእምእልኩ፡ እማንቱ፡ ይወፅኡ፡ ነፋሳተ፡ መቅሠፍት፡ ሶበ፡ ይትፌነዉ፡ ይደመስስዋ፡ ለኲላ፡ ምድር፡ ወማይ፡ ዘዲቤሃ፡ ወኵሉ፡ እለ፡ የሐድሩ፡ ዲቤሃ። ወኲሉ፡ ዘሀሎ፡ ውስተ፡ ማይ፡ ወዲበ፡ የብስ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ቀዳማይ፡ ነፋስ፡ እምእልክቱ፡ ኃዋሕው፡ ዘስሙ፡ ጽባሓይ፡ በቀዳሚት፡ ኅኆት፡ ኆኀት፡ እንተ፡ መንገለ፡ ጽባሕ፡ ወታጸንን፡ ለአዜብ፡ ይወፅእ፡ እምኔሃ፡\nድምሳሴ፡ የብስ፡ ወሞቀ፡ ወኀጒል፡ ወበክልእቱ፡ ኆኅት። ወእማእከላዪት፡ ይወፅእ፡ ርትዕ፡ ወይወፅእ፡ እምኔሃ፡ ዝናም፡ ወፍሬ፡ ወሰላም፡ ወጠል። ወበሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ እንተ፡ መንገለ፡ መስዕ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ቊር፡ ወየብስ። ወእምድኅረ፡ እሉ፡ ነፋሳት፡ በመንገለ፡ አዜብ፡\nይወፅእ፡ በሠለስቱ፡ ኆኅት፡ ቀዳማይ፡ በቀዳማይ፡ ኆኅት፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ እንተ፡ ታጸንን፡ መንገለ፡ ምስራቅ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ነፋሳተ፡ ሞቅ።","english":"He said: Enoch, concerning the matter of the winds: I saw twelve openings of the firmament for all the winds, from which winds issue forth and blow upon the earth. Three of them are openings on the face of the sky, and three in the west, and three on the right side of the sky, and three on the left. Three are the first ones, which are toward the east, and three after these on the left toward the north, and three in the west for the four. From among them issues a wind of blessing and peace, and from among those issue winds of destruction when they are loosed; they destroy all the earth and the water upon it, and all who dwell upon it, and everything that is in the water and on dry land. The first wind issues from among these openings, whose name is East Wind, in the first gate, a gate that is toward the east and borders the north. From it issues heat, dryness, and hail. And in the second gate, from the middle, issues a moderate wind, and from it issue rain, fruit, peace, and dew. And in the third gate, which is toward the east, issues cold and dryness. And after these winds, toward the north, issues from three gates: the first, from the first gate among them, which borders the direction of the east, issues a hot wind.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ይቤ፡ ሄኖክ፡ በእንተ፡ ነገረ፡ ነፋሳት፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a formulaic attribution to Enoch, marking it as a first-person vision report within the commentary framework.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሐዋሕወ፡ ርሕዋተ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሐዋሕወ ርሕዋተ (ḥawāḥwa rəḥwāta) means 'openings of the firmament,' a key cosmological concept in Enochic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዐሥሩ፡ ወክልኤ፡ ሐዋሕወ፡ ርሕዋተ፡","severity":"info","text":"The twelve openings correspond to 1 Enoch 76:1-4, where Enoch describes twelve gates for the winds, a passage foundational to Ethiopic cosmology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ነፋሳተ፡ መቅሠፍት፡","severity":"info","text":"The distinction between winds of blessing and winds of destruction reflects a dualistic cosmology common in Second Temple apocalyptic literature, where natural forces are agents of divine will.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ጽባሓይ፡","severity":"info","text":"The naming of the east wind as ጽባሓይ (ṣəbbāḥāy) parallels 1 Enoch 76:5-7, where each wind is associated with specific gates and effects on earth.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ለአርባዕቱ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'three in the west for the four' is ambiguous; it may reflect a textual corruption or a variant tradition about the distribution of wind gates.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'three in the west for the four' (ሠለስቱ፡ በዐረብ፡ ለአርባዕቱ፡) is unclear; it may indicate a scribal error or a different enumeration of wind gates."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወበኆኅት፡ እንተ፡ ኀቤሃ፡ ማእከላዪት፡ ይወፅእ፡ እምኔሃ፡ መዐዛ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወጠል፡ ወዝናም፡ ወሰላም፡ ወሕይወት። ወበሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡\nእንተ፡ መንገለ፡ ምዕራብ፡ ይወጽእ፡ እምኔሃ፡ ጠል፡ ወዝናም፡ ወአናኲዕ፡ ወድምሳሴ። ወእምድኅረ፡ እሉ፡ ነፋስ፡ ዘምንገለ፡ ዘመንገለ፡ መስዕ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ባሕር፡ ወዘወፅአ፡ እምሠብዐቱ፡ ኆኅት፡\nእንተ፡ መንገለ፡ ምስራቅ፡ መንገለ፡ አዜብ፡ ይወፅእ፡ እምኔሃ፡ ጠል፡ ወዝናም፡ ኣናኳዕ፡ ወድምሳሴ። ወእማእከላዪት፡ ኆኅት፡ ርትዕ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ሕይወት፡ ዝናም፡ ጠል፡ ወሰላም። ወበሣልስት፡ ኆኅት፡ እንተ፡ መንገለ፡ ምዕራብ፡ እንተ፡ ታጸንን፡ ለመስዕ፡ ይወፅእ፡ እምኔሃ፡\nጊሜ፡ ወአስሐትያ፡ ወሐመዳ፡ ወዝናም፤ ወጠል፡ ወኣናኳዕ። ወእምድኅረ፡ እሉ፡ ኣርባዕቱ፡ ነፋሳት፡ እለ፡ መንገለ፡ ምዕራብ፡ ቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ እንት፡ መንገለ፡ መስዕ። ወእምኔሆሙ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ጠል፡ ወኣስሐትያ፡ ወቊር፡ ወሐመዳ፡ ደደክ፡ ወእምነ፡ ኆኅት፡\nማእከላይ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ጠል፡ ወዝናም፡ ወሰላም፡ ወበረከት፡ ወበደኃሪት፡ ኆኅት፡ እንተ፡ መንገለ፡ አዜብ፡ ይወፅእ፡ እምኔሃ፡ የብስ፡ ወድምሳሴ፡ ወወዕይ፡ ወዋዕይ፡ ወኀጒል። ወተፈጸሙ፡ ዐሥሩ፡ ወክልኤ፡ ኀዋኅው።","english":"And in the opening that is toward the middle, there issues from it good wind, dew, rain, peace, and life. And in the third opening, that which is toward the west, there issues from it dew, rain, cold, and hail. And after these, the wind that is from the direction of the south, whose name is Baḥr, and that which issues from the seven openings that are toward the east, toward the north, there issues from it dew, rain, cold, and hail. And from the middle opening, good issues life, rain, dew, and peace. And in the third opening, that which is toward the west, which is opposite the south, there issues from it heat, pestilence, fever, and rain, and dew, and cold. And after these, the four winds that are toward the west: the first opening, which is toward the south, and from them issues dew, pestilence, cold, and fever, and hail. And from the middle opening issues dew, rain, peace, and blessing. And in the last opening, that which is toward the north, there issues from it dryness, hail, storm, tempest, and snow. And the twelve openings are completed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the systematic description of the twelve openings of the firmament, each associated with specific winds and their effects, following the pattern established in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ባሕር","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Baḥr' (ባሕር) is a proper name for a wind from the south, likely derived from the Arabic or Geʿez word for 'sea', reflecting the maritime origin of this wind.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The middle opening toward the west is described as issuing beneficial elements: good wind, dew, rain, peace, and life, contrasting with the harmful winds from other directions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The third opening toward the west, opposite the south, produces destructive phenomena: heat, pestilence, fever, rain, dew, and cold, indicating a mix of beneficial and harmful effects.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The last opening toward the north yields dryness, hail, storm, tempest, and snow, emphasizing the harsh and cold nature of northern winds.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with the statement that the twelve openings are completed, marking the end of this section of the commentary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact number and arrangement of the openings described in the Geʿez text may differ slightly from the English draft, particularly in the enumeration of the western and southern openings."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"This part is a summary which groups the winds according to their characteristics.\n\nወእምእሉ፡ ዐሥሩ፡ ወክልኤ፡ ኃዋኅው፡ ነፋስ፡ እሉ፡ ይነፍኁ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር፡ አሐቲ፡ እንተ፡ ፍና፡ ጽባሕ፡ እምሠላስ፡ ኃዋሕወ፡ ነፋስ፡ ማእከላዪት፡ ትነፍሕ፡ ጠል፡ ወበረከት፡ ዝናም፡ ወሰላም። ወከማሁ፡ ማእከላዪት፡ ዘመ ንገለ፡ ዐረብ፡ ትነፍሕ፡ ጠል፡ ወበረከት፡\nዝናም፡ ወሰላም። ወከማሁ፡ ዘመንገለ፡ መስዕ፡ ማእከላዪት፡ ኆኀት፡ ትነፍሕ፡ ጠል፡ ወበረከት፡ ዝናም፡ ወሰላም። ወከማሁ፡ ዘመንገለ፡ አዜብ፡ ማእከላዪት፡ ኆኀት፡ ትነፍሕ፡ ጠል፡ ወበረከት፡ ዝናም፡ ወሰላም። ዘእንበለ፡ እሉ፡ አርባዕቱ፡ አልቦ፡ ሠናየ፡ እምዐሥሩ፡ ወክልኤ፡\nኃዋኀወ፡ ነፋስ፡ ወካልኣንሰ፡ ሰመንቱ፡ ይነፍሑ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ለመቅሠፍት፡ ወለድምሳሴ፡ ወለአናኳዕ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ሠናየ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ እስከ፡ ዓለም።","english":"And from these twelve winds, the winds that blow upon the earth: one, that of the east, from three winds, the middle one blows dew and blessing, rain and peace. And likewise, the middle one that is toward the west blows dew and blessing, rain and peace. And likewise, that which is toward the south, the middle one of the north, blows dew and blessing, rain and peace. And likewise, that which is toward the north, the middle one of the north, blows dew and blessing, rain and peace. Apart from these four, there is no good among the twelve winds. And the other eight blow upon the earth for calamity, for destruction, and for desolation, and there is no good from them until the world.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a summary that groups the twelve winds into four beneficial and eight destructive ones, mirroring the preceding detailed descriptions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኃዋኅው ነፋስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase ኃዋኅው ነፋስ (ḥāwaḫw nafās) means 'winds' and is used here to refer to the twelve winds enumerated in the preceding chapter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The classification of winds into beneficial and harmful groups reflects a common ancient Near Eastern cosmological schema, also found in Jewish apocalyptic literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text repeats 'middle one of the north' for both south and north directions, which may be a scribal error or a deliberate emphasis on symmetry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of four good winds and eight bad ones parallels the structure in 1 Enoch 76, where the twelve openings produce winds with distinct effects.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7755CommEnoch","label":"betmas: Commentary on Chapter 76 of the Book of Enoch","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7755CommEnoch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text's repetition of 'middle one of the north' for both south and north directions is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error or an intentional rhetorical device."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}