{"slug":"LIT7447AbrTarWA","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","title":"Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:14Z","cost_usd":0.004432},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","work_id":"LIT7447AbrTarWA","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"},"stats":{"passages":11,"english_words":901,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":55,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":21,"work_notes":4,"external_links":2,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT7447AbrTarWA","abstract":"The Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension) is an anonymous Ethiopic Christian historical chronicle that condenses a longer original attributed to Giyorgis Walda ʾAmid. The work presents a schematic creation account, a Septuagint-based chronology from Adam to the patriarchs, and a series of biblical and post-biblical events. Its single manuscript witness (betmas) lacks a critical apparatus, leaving the abridgment process and relation to the full recension unclear. The text is not attested in liturgical or canonical use, and its dating remains uncertain, though it likely postdates the original composition.","historical_context":"The Tārika Walda ʾAmid belongs to the Ethiopic Christian chronographic tradition, which flourished in the medieval period (13th–17th centuries) within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The original work, attributed to Giyorgis Walda ʾAmid, was likely composed in Geʿez, the classical liturgical language of Ethiopia. The β-recension, an abridgment, probably emerged later, but no firm terminus ante quem exists. The single manuscript witness (betmas) suggests limited circulation. The text's cosmological schema (eight things, four elements, seven in the firmament) reflects extra-biblical traditions common in Ethiopic chronography, such as the Book of Jubilees or the Ethiopic Book of Enoch. The anomalous lifespan of Henos (1090 years) may indicate scribal error or a variant tradition. The work's transmission is poorly documented, and its relation to other Ethiopic chronicles (e.g., the Kebra Nagast) remains unexplored.","significance":"The β-recension of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid provides insight into the abridgment practices of Ethiopic Christian scribes and the reception of chronographic traditions. Its unique cosmological details and variant biblical chronology (e.g., Henos's lifespan) offer a window into local exegetical traditions. The work's anonymity and uncertain dating highlight the challenges of studying Ethiopic manuscript culture, where authorship and textual history are often obscure.","timeline":[{"date":"13th–17th c.","event":"Probable period of composition for the original Tārika Walda ʾAmid within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church."},{"date":"undated","event":"Creation of the β-recension (abridged version), likely after the original."},{"date":"undated","event":"Copying of the single known manuscript witness (betmas)."},{"date":"undated","event":"No firm terminus ante quem established for the β-recension."}],"relations":[{"work":"Tārika Walda ʾAmid (α-recension)","relation":"Fuller version from which the β-recension is abridged","key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"},{"work":"Kebra Nagast","relation":"Another Ethiopic chronicle with similar chronographic interests","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic Book of Enoch","relation":"Shares extra-biblical cosmological schemata","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Book of Jubilees","relation":"Parallel tradition of expanded biblical chronology","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"Edition of the β-recension","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA","reason":"Primary source for the abridged version"},{"key":"ed:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"Edition record","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA","reason":"Bibliographic reference for the edition"}],"cautions":["The dating of the β-recension is uncertain; no firm terminus ante quem is established.","The work is anonymous; attribution to Giyorgis Walda ʾAmid applies only to the original, not the abridgment.","The single manuscript witness (betmas) limits knowledge of textual variation and transmission.","The anomalous lifespan of Henos (1090 years) may be a scribal error or reflect an unattested variant tradition."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000441,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:42:33Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT7447AbrTarWA","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"ratio-warn","i":3,"ratio":1.525}],"stats":{"passages":11,"translated":11,"commentary_passages":11,"commentary_units":55,"english_words":312,"source_letters":564,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This is the β-recension of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid, an abridged version. The source edition (betmas) is based on a single manuscript witness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is anonymous and its dating is uncertain. The β-recension likely postdates the original composition, but no firm terminus ante quem is established.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Tārika Walda ʾAmid is known in Ethiopic Christian tradition as a historical chronicle, but its liturgical or canonical use is not attested in the cited sources.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings from other manuscripts. The abridgment process and its relation to the full recension remain unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 11 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":11},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA":{"label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"The following textparts and division is taken from and\n.\n\nAttribution to the author by the translator. በስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መሐሪ፡ ወመስተሣህል። ንጽሕፍ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ታሪክ፡ ዘአስተጋብአ፡\nጊዮርጊስ፡ ወልደ፡ አሚድ ።\n\nSummary on the creation\nይቤ፡ ከመ፡ ቃለ፡ ኦሪት፡ በዕለተ፡ እሑድ፡ ፈጠረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ፰ ስውራተ፡ ፬ ነቢብ፡ ወ፯ በአርምሞ። ወበዕለተ፡ ሳብዕት፡ አዕረፈ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምኵሉ፡ ግብሩ።\n\nThe pre-Islamic history from to .\n\n1st Generation - Adam\nወወለዶ፡ አዳም፡ ቃያልሃ፡ ወአቤልሃ፡\nወሞተ፡ አዳም፡ በ፱፻ወ፴ ዓመት።\n\n2nd Generation - Seth\nወበመዋዕሊሁ፡ ሴት። ሐይወ፡ ፪፻ወ፭ ዓመተ፡ ወወለዶ፡ ለሄኖስ።\n\n3rd Generation - Enosh\nሂ አ ኖ፡ መገቦሙ፡ ለሕዝቡ፡ ወኮበ፡ ኮኖ፡ ፻፱፻፡ ወወለዶ፡ ለቃይናን፡","english":"In the name of the merciful and compassionate God, we write the book of the history which Giyorgis Walda ʾAmid compiled.\n\nHe says, according to the word of the Torah, on the day of Sunday the Lord created eight things, four elements, and seven in the firmament. And on the day of Sabbath the Lord rested from all his work.\n\nAnd Adam begot Qayalha and ʾAbelha. And Adam died at 930 years.\n\nAnd in the days of Seth, he lived 205 years, and he begot Henos.\n\nHenos taught his people, and he lived 1090 years, and he begot Qaynan.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መሐሪ፡ ወመስተሣህል። ንጽሕፍ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ታሪክ፡ ዘአስተጋብአ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ወልደ፡ አሚድ ።","severity":"info","text":"The opening formula attributes the compilation to Giyorgis Walda ʾAmid, establishing the work as a compiled history rather than an original composition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በዕለተ፡ እሑድ፡ ፈጠረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ፰ ስውራተ፡ ፬ ነቢብ፡ ወ፯ በአርምሞ።","severity":"info","text":"The summary of creation (eight things, four elements, seven in the firmament) reflects a cosmological schema common in Ethiopic Christian chronography, not directly from the biblical account.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃለ፡ ኦሪት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'word of the Torah' signals that the creation account is presented as derived from the Pentateuch, though the specific enumeration (eight things, etc.) is extra-biblical.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሞተ፡ አዳም፡ በ፱፻ወ፴ ዓመት።","severity":"info","text":"Adam's death at 930 years follows the Septuagint-based chronology (Gen 5:5 LXX), standard in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃያልሃ፡ ወአቤልሃ፡","severity":"info","text":"The names 'Qayalha' and 'ʾAbelha' are Ethiopic forms of Cain and Abel; the suffix -ha may reflect a possessive or dual ending, but the exact reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሂ አ ኖ፡ መገቦሙ፡ ለሕዝቡ፡ ወኮበ፡ ኮኖ፡ ፻፱፻፡","severity":"caution","text":"The lifespan of Henos (Enosh) is given as 1090 years, which is anomalous; the standard Septuagint figure is 905 years. This may be a scribal error or a variant tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The name 'Qayalha' for Cain is unusual; the standard Ethiopic form is ቃየል (Qayel). The suffix -ha may be a scribal addition or a variant.","The lifespan of Henos (1090 years) conflicts with the Septuagint (905 years) and may be a corruption or a different textual tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"4th Generation - Kenan\n፬። ቃይናን፡ ሐ ሕ ይወ፡ ፻ወ፸፡ ዓ፡ ወወለዶ፡ ለመላልኢል፡\n\n5th Generation - Mahalalel\nመላልኤል፡፷፭፻ ሐ ሕ ይወ፡ ፻ወ፷ወ፭፡ ዓ፡ ወወለዶ፡ ለያሬድ።\n\n6th Generation - Jared\nያሬድ፡ ፯ ሐ ሕ ይወ። ፻፷ወ፭። ዓመ፡ ወ ወለዶ፡\nለሂኖስ።\n\n7th Generation - Enoch\nሂኖክ ፯ መገቦሙ፡ ለሕዝቡ፡ ወባም፻፷፭ ዓ።\n\n8th Generation - Methuselah\nማቱሳላ ፰ ሐ ሕ ይወ፡ ፻፹ወ፪ ዓ፡ ወወልዶ፡ ለላሚኅ።\n\n9th Generation - Lamech\nባሚህ፱ ሐ ሕ ይወ፡ ፻፹ወ፪ ዓ፡ ወወልዶ። ወወልዶ፡ ለኖኅ፡\n\n10th Generation - Noah\nኖኅ ሐ ሕ ይወ፡ ፬፻፴፬ ዓ፡ ወወለዶ፡ ለሲም፡\n\n11th Generation - Shem\nሴም፲፬ ሐ ሕ እምድኅረ፡ አይኅ፡ ፪፻፡ ዓ\nወ ወልዶ፡ ለአርፋክስድ፡\n\n12th Generation - Arpachshad\nአርፉክስድ፲ወ፻ ሐ ሕ ፻ወ፴ወ፭ዓ። ወወለዶ፡ ለቃይናን።","english":"4th Generation — Kenan: 4. He lived 170 years, and he begot Mahalalel.\n\n5th Generation — Mahalalel: 5. He lived 165 years, and he begot Jared.\n\n6th Generation — Jared: 6. He lived 162 years, and he begot Enoch.\n\n7th Generation — Enoch: 7. He taught his people, and he lived 365 years.\n\n8th Generation — Methuselah: 8. He lived 182 years, and he begot Lamech.\n\n9th Generation — Lamech: 9. He lived 182 years, and he begot Noah.\n\n10th Generation — Noah: He lived 434 years, and he begot Shem.\n\n11th Generation — Shem: 11. He lived after the flood 200 years, and he begot Arpachshad.\n\n12th Generation — Arpachshad: 12. He lived 135 years, and he begot Kenan.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the genealogical list from Adam to Noah and beyond, following the pattern of the previous passage. Each generation is numbered and gives the patriarch's age and his son.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The ages given (e.g., Kenan 170, Mahalalel 165, Jared 162, Enoch 365, Methuselah 182, Lamech 182, Noah 434, Shem 200 after the flood, Arpachshad 135) follow the Septuagint-based chronology common in Ethiopic tradition, not the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐ ሕ ይወ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase ሐ ሕ ይወ፡ (ḥa ḥə yəw) is an abbreviation for ሐልወ ሕይወት (ḥalwa ḥəywat), meaning 'duration of life' or 'lifetime'. It introduces the age of each patriarch.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሂኖክ","severity":"info","text":"The entry for Enoch (ሂኖክ) notes that he 'taught his people' (መገቦሙ ለሕዝቡ) and lived 365 years, echoing the biblical tradition (Gen 5:21–24) and the extra-biblical Enochic literature, where he is a teacher and scribe.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሚህ","severity":"caution","text":"The name for Lamech is given as ባሚህ (Bāmih) in the Geʿez, which is a variant spelling of the standard ላሚኅ (Lāmiḫ). The English draft renders it as 'Lamech' but the Geʿez form is unusual and may reflect a scribal error or dialectal variant.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The genealogy from Adam to Noah and his sons is a standard feature of Ethiopic world chronicles, derived from the Book of Genesis and the Septuagint. The inclusion of Shem's age 'after the flood' (እምድኅረ አይኅ) reflects a concern with postdiluvian chronology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text for the 9th generation (Lamech) has a repeated ወወልዶ፡ (wa-walado, 'and he begot'), which may be a scribal duplication. The English draft omits the second instance.","The name ባሚህ for Lamech is ambiguous; it may be a corruption of ላሚኅ or an alternative transliteration."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"13th Generation - Kenan the second\nቃይናን፡ ሕይወ፡ ፻ወ፴ዓ፡ ወወለዶ፡ ለሳላ፡\n\n14th Generation - Shelah\nሐ ሕ ይወ፡ ፻፴ዓ፡ ወወለዶ፡ ለኢዮቦር፡\n\n15th Generation - Eber\n\nLife and language of Eber\nሐ ሕ ፻ወ፴፬ዓ። ወወለዶ፡ ለፋሊቅ።\n\nGeographical Treatise\n\nMargins of inhabited earth\n\nThe seven climes and their inhabitants\n\nInhabitants of the first clime\n\nInhabitants of the second clime\n\nInhabitants of the third clime\n\nInhabitants of the fourth clime\n\nInhabitants of the fifth clime\n\nInhabitants of the sixth clime\nIncluding a description of the Amazons.\n\nInhabitants of the seventh clime","english":"13th Generation — Kenan the Second: He lived 170 years, and he begot Shelah.\n\n14th Generation — Shelah: He lived 130 years, and he begot Eber.\n\n15th Generation — Eber: He lived 134 years, and he begot Peleg.\n\nGeographical Treatise: The margins of the inhabited earth. The seven climes and their inhabitants. Inhabitants of the first clime. Inhabitants of the second clime. Inhabitants of the third clime. Inhabitants of the fourth clime. Inhabitants of the fifth clime. Inhabitants of the sixth clime, including a description of the Amazons. Inhabitants of the seventh clime.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts abruptly from a genealogical list (generations 13–15) to a geographical treatise on the seven climes, a common structural break in universal chronicles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃይናን፡ ሕይወ፡ ፻ወ፴ዓ፡ ወወለዶ፡ ለሳላ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase for Kenan the Second records a lifespan of 170 years and the begetting of Shelah, following the pattern of the earlier generations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The seven climes (climata) derive from Hellenistic geography, transmitted through Syriac and Arabic sources into Ethiopic literature, often used to organize world ethnography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of the Amazons in the sixth clime echoes classical and patristic traditions (e.g., Pliny, Isidore of Seville) that locate warrior women at the edges of the known world.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text for Shelah (ሐ ሕ ይወ፡ ፻፴ዓ፡) appears to have a scribal error or abbreviation; the expected lifespan numeral is unclear, and the English draft reads 130 years.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez for Shelah's lifespan is partially illegible or abbreviated; the reading of 130 years follows the English draft but is not fully confirmed by the manuscript.","The transition from genealogy to geography is unmarked in the text; the English draft inserts a heading 'Geographical Treatise' that is not explicit in the Geʿez."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"check","severity":"info","code":"ratio-warn","text":"Automatic check: the English/source length ratio is outside the usual band for Coptic — a sign that something was dropped or added, not proof that it was."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Inhabitants of the regions above the seventh clime\n\nConclusion on Eber's Life\n\n16th Generation - Peleg\n\n17th Generation - Reu\n\n18th Generation - Serug\n\n19th Generation - Nahor\n\n20th Generation - Terah\n\n21st Generation - Abraham\n\n22nd Generation - Isaac\n\n23rd Generation - Jacob\n\n24th Generation - Levi\n\n25th Generation - Kohath\n\n26th Generation - Amram\n\n27th Generation - Moses\n\nStory of the Ethiopian wife of Moses\n\n28th Generation - Joshua\n\n29th Generation - Phinehas\n\n30th Generation - Cushan-Rishathaim\n\n31st Generation - Othniel\n\n32nd Generation - Eglon","english":"Inhabitants of the regions above the seventh clime\n\nConclusion on Eber's Life\n\n16th Generation - Peleg\n\n17th Generation - Reu\n\n18th Generation - Serug\n\n19th Generation - Nahor\n\n20th Generation - Terah\n\n21st Generation - Abraham\n\n22nd Generation - Isaac\n\n23rd Generation - Jacob\n\n24th Generation - Levi\n\n25th Generation - Kohath\n\n26th Generation - Amram\n\n27th Generation - Moses\n\nStory of the Ethiopian wife of Moses\n\n28th Generation - Joshua\n\n29th Generation - Phinehas\n\n30th Generation - Cushan-Rishathaim\n\n31st Generation - Othniel\n\n32nd Generation - Eglon","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from a geographical treatise on the seven climes to a genealogical list from Peleg to Moses, then includes a narrative digression on Moses' Ethiopian wife before resuming the list to Eglon.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'Story of the Ethiopian wife of Moses' is a known apocryphal tradition, possibly derived from Numbers 12:1 or later Jewish and Christian legends, and is inserted here as a narrative interlude.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The genealogy follows the biblical line from Peleg (Gen 10:25) to Moses (Exod 2:1-10), but the inclusion of Cushan-Rishathaim and Othniel (Judges 3:8-11) extends the list into the period of the Judges, indicating a harmonized chronology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Inhabitants of the regions above the seventh clime' is ambiguous; it may refer to a mythical or extra-cosmic region, or be a scribal error for a missing clime description.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of the Ethiopian wife of Moses reflects a tradition popular in Ethiopic Christian literature, possibly influenced by the Kebra Nagast or other local hagiographies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Inhabitants of the regions above the seventh clime' is unclear; it may be a fragment of a lost geographical description or a scribal interpolation.","The transition from the geographical treatise to the genealogy is abrupt, possibly indicating a lacuna or editorial join."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"33rd Generation - Ehud\n\n34th Generation - Shamgar\n\n35th Generation - Jabin\n\n36th Generation - Deborah\n\n37th Generation - Zebah and Zalmunna\n\n38th Generation - Gideon\n\n39th Generation - Abimelech\n\n40th Generation - Tola\n\n41st Generation - Jair\n\n42nd Generation - Philistines\n\n43rd Generation - Jephthah\n\n44th Generation - Ibzan\n\n45th Generation - Elon\n\n46th Generation - Abdon son of Hillel\n\n47th Generation - Philistines\n\n48th Generation - Samson\n\n49th Generation - Micah\n\n50th Generation - Eli\n\n51st Generation - Samuel\n\n52nd Generation - Saul","english":"33rd Generation - Ehud\n\n34th Generation - Shamgar\n\n35th Generation - Jabin\n\n36th Generation - Deborah\n\n37th Generation - Zebah and Zalmunna\n\n38th Generation - Gideon\n\n39th Generation - Abimelech\n\n40th Generation - Tola\n\n41st Generation - Jair\n\n42nd Generation - Philistines\n\n43rd Generation - Jephthah\n\n44th Generation - Ibzan\n\n45th Generation - Elon\n\n46th Generation - Abdon son of Hillel\n\n47th Generation - Philistines\n\n48th Generation - Samson\n\n49th Generation - Micah\n\n50th Generation - Eli\n\n51st Generation - Samuel\n\n52nd Generation - Saul","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the generational list from the previous passage, covering generations 33 through 52. The list includes judges, kings, and peoples from the biblical book of Judges and 1 Samuel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sequence follows the biblical chronology of the Judges of Israel, with some figures (e.g., Ehud, Deborah, Gideon) and some collective entries (e.g., Philistines) representing periods of oppression or conflict.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list draws on the Book of Judges (e.g., Ehud in Judges 3:15–30, Deborah in Judges 4–5, Gideon in Judges 6–8) and 1 Samuel (Eli, Samuel, Saul). The inclusion of Philistines as a generation reflects the biblical pattern of foreign oppressors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The list omits several judges mentioned in the biblical text (e.g., Abimelech is included but not the intervening minor judges). The rationale for selection is unclear and may reflect a specific source or abridgment strategy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list includes 'Philistines' as a generation (42nd and 47th), which is unusual; it may represent a period of Philistine dominance rather than a single ruler.","The transition from the previous passage (ending with Moses) to Ehud (33rd generation) skips the period of Joshua and the elders, leaving a gap in the chronology."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"53rd Generation - David\n\n54th Generation - Solomon\n\n55th Generation - Rehoboam\n\n56th Generation - Abijah\n\n57th Generation - Asa\n\n58th Generation - Jehoshaphat\n\n59th Generation - Joram\n\n60th Generation - Ahaziah\n\n61st Generation - Athaliah\n\n62nd Generation - Joash\n\n63rd Generation - Amaziah\n\n64th Generation - Uzziah\n\n65th Generation - Jotham\n\n66th Generation - Ahaz\n\n67th Generation - Hezekiah\n\n68th Generation - Manasseh\n\n69th Generation - Amon\n\n70th Generation - Josiah\n\n71st Generation - Jehoahaz\n\n72nd Generation - Joakim\n\n73rd Generation - Joachin","english":"53rd Generation - David\n\n54th Generation - Solomon\n\n55th Generation - Rehoboam\n\n56th Generation - Abijah\n\n57th Generation - Asa\n\n58th Generation - Jehoshaphat\n\n59th Generation - Joram\n\n60th Generation - Ahaziah\n\n61st Generation - Athaliah\n\n62nd Generation - Joash\n\n63rd Generation - Amaziah\n\n64th Generation - Uzziah\n\n65th Generation - Jotham\n\n66th Generation - Ahaz\n\n67th Generation - Hezekiah\n\n68th Generation - Manasseh\n\n69th Generation - Amon\n\n70th Generation - Josiah\n\n71st Generation - Jehoahaz\n\n72nd Generation - Joakim\n\n73rd Generation - Joachin","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the regnal list from the 53rd to the 73rd generation, covering the kings of Judah from David to Jehoiachin (Joachin). The list follows the biblical sequence in 1–2 Kings and 1–2 Chronicles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of Judahite kings from David to Jehoiachin is a standard element in Ethiopic world chronicles, derived from the biblical books of Kings and Chronicles. The inclusion of Athaliah (61st generation) as a ruler reflects her de facto reign, though she was a usurper.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Joachin","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Joachin' (73rd generation) corresponds to Jehoiachin, king of Judah, who reigned for three months before being taken captive to Babylon. The spelling reflects the Geʿez adaptation of the biblical name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The generations from David to Jehoiachin span approximately 400 years (c. 1010–597 BCE) according to conventional biblical chronology. The list omits the divided kingdom period for Israel, focusing solely on the Judahite line.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list does not specify the source for the generation numbering; it may derive from a chronographic tradition such as that of Eusebius or Julius Africanus. The spelling 'Joachin' for Jehoiachin is a variant found in Ethiopic manuscripts."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"74th Generation - Manasseh (= Mattaniah) Zedekiah\n\n75th Generation - Nebuchadnezzar\n\n76th Generation - Evil-Merodach\n\n77th Generation - Belshazzar\n\n78th and 79th Generation - Darius the Mede and Cyrus the Persian\n\n80th Generation - Cambyses\n\n81st Generation - Darius I\n\n82nd Generation - Smerdis the Magian\n\n83rd Generation - Ahasuerus (= Xerxes)\n\n84th Generation - Artaxerxes I Longimanus\n\n85th Generation - Artaxerxes II (= Xerxes II)\n\n86th Generation - Sogdianus\n\n87th Generation - Darius II Nothos\n\n88th Generation - Artaxerxes II Mnemon","english":"74th Generation - Manasseh (= Mattaniah) Zedekiah\n\n75th Generation - Nebuchadnezzar\n\n76th Generation - Evil-Merodach\n\n77th Generation - Belshazzar\n\n78th and 79th Generation - Darius the Mede and Cyrus the Persian\n\n80th Generation - Cambyses\n\n81st Generation - Darius I\n\n82nd Generation - Smerdis the Magian\n\n83rd Generation - Ahasuerus (= Xerxes)\n\n84th Generation - Artaxerxes I Longimanus\n\n85th Generation - Artaxerxes II (= Xerxes II)\n\n86th Generation - Sogdianus\n\n87th Generation - Darius II Nothos\n\n88th Generation - Artaxerxes II Mnemon","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the king-list format of the preceding generations, now extending from the 74th to the 88th generation. The list moves from biblical kings of Judah (Manasseh/Zedekiah) through Neo-Babylonian and Persian rulers, marking a transition from Israelite to imperial chronology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Manasseh (= Mattaniah) Zedekiah","severity":"info","text":"The equation of Manasseh with Mattaniah/Zedekiah is historically problematic. In the Hebrew Bible, Manasseh (son of Hezekiah) and Zedekiah (originally Mattaniah, son of Josiah) are distinct kings separated by over a century. The conflation likely reflects a scribal error or a harmonizing tradition in the Ethiopic reception.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sequence from Nebuchadnezzar (75th) to Artaxerxes II Mnemon (88th) follows the standard list of Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Persian rulers as known from classical and biblical sources, though with some variations (e.g., Smerdis the Magian as a separate generation). This reflects the Chronicler's interest in synchronizing biblical and imperial history.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of Darius the Mede and Cyrus the Persian as a single generation (78th and 79th) echoes the biblical Book of Daniel (Dan 5:31; 6:1), where Darius the Mede precedes Cyrus. This differs from standard Persian history, where Cyrus conquered Babylon and Darius I was a later king.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list compresses several centuries into 15 generations, with some rulers (e.g., Artaxerxes I and II) spanning decades. The generational numbering is schematic rather than biological, serving a genealogical or typological purpose in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The identification of Ahasuerus with Xerxes (83rd generation) is conventional in biblical studies (cf. Esther), but the equation of Artaxerxes II with Xerxes II (85th generation) is less standard and may reflect a conflation of Persian kings in the Ethiopic source. The text's transmission may have introduced such conflations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The conflation of Manasseh with Mattaniah/Zedekiah is unexplained; it may be a scribal error or a deliberate harmonization.","The pairing of Darius the Mede and Cyrus as a single generation reflects the Danielic tradition but contradicts standard history.","The equation of Artaxerxes II with Xerxes II is unusual and may indicate a textual corruption or a different source tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"89th Generation - Artaxerxes III Ochus\n\n90th Generation - Arses\n\n91st Generation - Darius III Codomannus\nOn , the last emperor of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.\n\n92nd Generation - Alexander the Great\n\n93rd Generation - Ptolemy I\n\n94th Generation - Ptolemy II\n\n95th Generation - Ptolemy III\n\n96th Generation - Ptolemy IV\n\n97th Generation - Ptolemy V\n\n98th Generation - Ptolemy VI\n\n99th Generation - Ptolemy VII\n\n100th Generation - Ptolemy VIII\n\n101st Generation - Ptolemy IX\n\n102nd Generation - Ptolemy X\n\n103rd Generation - Ptolemy XI\n\n104th Generation - Ptolemy XII","english":"89th Generation - Artaxerxes III Ochus\n\n90th Generation - Arses\n\n91st Generation - Darius III Codomannus\nOn , the last emperor of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.\n\n92nd Generation - Alexander the Great\n\n93rd Generation - Ptolemy I\n\n94th Generation - Ptolemy II\n\n95th Generation - Ptolemy III\n\n96th Generation - Ptolemy IV\n\n97th Generation - Ptolemy V\n\n98th Generation - Ptolemy VI\n\n99th Generation - Ptolemy VII\n\n100th Generation - Ptolemy VIII\n\n101st Generation - Ptolemy IX\n\n102nd Generation - Ptolemy X\n\n103rd Generation - Ptolemy XI\n\n104th Generation - Ptolemy XII","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the regnal list from the 89th to the 104th generation, covering the late Achaemenid rulers and the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list transitions from Persian to Macedonian rule after Alexander the Great's conquest, reflecting the Hellenistic period's political landscape as understood in Ethiopic historiography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sequence from Artaxerxes III (r. 358–338 BCE) to Ptolemy XII (r. 80–51 BCE) spans roughly three centuries, though the generational numbering is schematic rather than strictly historical.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft contains an incomplete sentence 'On , the last emperor...' which likely reflects a lacuna or editorial omission in the Geʿez source; the intended subject is Darius III.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text may have a lacuna after 'On' in the entry for Darius III; the English draft reproduces this without resolution.","The generational numbering (89th–104th) is conventional and may not correspond to actual biological generations."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"105th Generation - Ptolemy XIII\n\n106th Generation - Cleopatra\n\n107th Generation - Augustus Caesar\n\n108th Generation - Tiberius\n\nBirth of Christ\n\n109th Generation - Caius\n\n111th Generation - Galba\n\n112th Generation - Vitellius\n\n113th Generation - Vespasian\n\n114th Generation - Titus\n\n115th Generation - Domitian\n\n116th Generation - Trajan\n\n117th Generation - Hadrian\n\n118th Generation - Antoninus Pius\n\nMarcus Aurelius\n\nCommodus\n\nPertinax\nReferred to as Faqitabǝkos in .\n\nSeptimius Severus?\nReferred to as Faqitabǝkos in .\n\nAntonius Caracalla","english":"105th Generation - Ptolemy XIII\n\n106th Generation - Cleopatra\n\n107th Generation - Augustus Caesar\n\n108th Generation - Tiberius\n\nBirth of Christ\n\n109th Generation - Caius\n\n111th Generation - Galba\n\n112th Generation - Vitellius\n\n113th Generation - Vespasian\n\n114th Generation - Titus\n\n115th Generation - Domitian\n\n116th Generation - Trajan\n\n117th Generation - Hadrian\n\n118th Generation - Antoninus Pius\n\nMarcus Aurelius\n\nCommodus\n\nPertinax\nReferred to as Faqitabǝkos in .\n\nSeptimius Severus?\nReferred to as Faqitabǝkos in .\n\nAntonius Caracalla","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the regnal list from the 105th to the 118th generation, but the numbering skips from 109th to 111th, omitting the 110th generation without explanation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'Birth of Christ' is inserted between Tiberius (108th generation) and Caius (109th generation), reflecting a Christian historiographical framework that dates events relative to the Incarnation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Faqitabǝkos","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Faqitabǝkos' appears twice, once for Pertinax and again for Septimius Severus, suggesting a scribal confusion or a shared epithet; the Geʿez form likely derives from a Greek or Coptic source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of Roman emperors from Augustus to Caracalla follows the standard succession, but the inclusion of Pertinax and Septimius Severus with the same epithet indicates possible conflation in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The passage omits the 110th generation and includes a question mark after 'Septimius Severus?', indicating uncertainty in the manuscript tradition about the correct identification or numbering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 110th generation is missing; the epithet 'Faqitabǝkos' is applied to two different emperors, possibly due to scribal error or a shared title."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Macrinus\n\nAntoninus Elagabalus\n\nSeverus Alexander\n\nMaximinus Thrax\n\nNorinos (?)\n\nGordian\n\nPhilip the Arab\n\nDecius\n\nTrebonianus Gallus\n\nValerian\n\nClaudius Gothicus\n\nAurelian\n\nTacitus\n\nProbus\n\nCarus\n\nDiocletian\n\nMaximian\n\nConstanine I the Great\n\nConstantine II (?)\n\nJulian\n\nJovian\n\nValentinian\n\nValens (?)\n\nGratian\n\nTheodosius I the Great\n\nLegend of the Seven Sleepers\n\nAccount of the council of Constantinopel\n\nArcadius\n\nTheodosius II\n\nMarcian\n\nLeo I the Thracian\n\nLeo II the Younger\n\nZeno\n\nAnastasius I Dicorus\n\nJustin I\n\nJustinian I\n\nJustin II","english":"Macrinus\n\nAntoninus Elagabalus\n\nSeverus Alexander\n\nMaximinus Thrax\n\nNorinos (?)\n\nGordian\n\nPhilip the Arab\n\nDecius\n\nTrebonianus Gallus\n\nValerian\n\nClaudius Gothicus\n\nAurelian\n\nTacitus\n\nProbus\n\nCarus\n\nDiocletian\n\nMaximian\n\nConstanine I the Great\n\nConstantine II (?)\n\nJulian\n\nJovian\n\nValentinian\n\nValens (?)\n\nGratian\n\nTheodosius I the Great\n\nLegend of the Seven Sleepers\n\nAccount of the council of Constantinopel\n\nArcadius\n\nTheodosius II\n\nMarcian\n\nLeo I the Thracian\n\nLeo II the Younger\n\nZeno\n\nAnastasius I Dicorus\n\nJustin I\n\nJustinian I\n\nJustin II","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Macrinus … Justin II","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the king-list format of the β-recension, presenting Roman and Byzantine emperors from Macrinus (r. 217–218) to Justin II (r. 565–578). The list is interrupted by two non-imperial entries: the Legend of the Seven Sleepers and the Account of the Council of Constantinople.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Legend of the Seven Sleepers","severity":"info","text":"The insertion of the Seven Sleepers legend (a tale of youths who slept in a cave for centuries) at this point in the list is chronologically anomalous. In the β-recension it likely serves as a theological or moral interlude rather than a precise historical marker.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Account of the council of Constantinopel","severity":"info","text":"This entry refers to the First Council of Constantinople (381 CE), a key ecumenical council that affirmed the Nicene Creed and condemned Arianism. Its inclusion reflects the chronicle’s interest in church history alongside imperial succession.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Norinos (?)","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Norinos' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of a Roman emperor name (possibly a garbled form of 'Nero' or 'Nerva') or a scribal error. The question mark in the edition indicates the editor’s uncertainty.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Constantine II (?)","severity":"info","text":"The entry 'Constantine II (?)' is ambiguous: it could refer to Constantine II (r. 337–340), son of Constantine the Great, or to a later emperor. The question mark suggests the chronicler or editor was unsure of the identification.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Valens (?)","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Valens (?)' is marked with a question mark, indicating uncertainty. Valens (r. 364–378) is a known emperor, but the chronicle may have confused him with another ruler or the name may be a scribal variant.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Norinos' is unclear; it may be a corruption or a misidentified emperor.","The entry 'Constantine II (?)' is ambiguous; it may refer to Constantine II (son of Constantine I) or to a later figure.","The entry 'Valens (?)' is uncertain; the question mark may indicate a scribal error or confusion with another emperor."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Tiberius II Constantine\n\nMaurice\n\nPhocas\n\nHeraclius","english":"Tiberius II Constantine\n\nMaurice\n\nPhocas\n\nHeraclius","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a bare list of four Byzantine emperors: Tiberius II Constantine, Maurice, Phocas, and Heraclius. It continues the serial imperial chronology that dominates the β-recension of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sequence runs from Tiberius II Constantine (r. 578–582) to Heraclius (r. 610–641), covering the late sixth and early seventh centuries. The list omits intervening figures such as Phocas’s predecessor Maurice (r. 582–602) is included, but the order is correct.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Heraclius is the last emperor named before the work’s narrative likely shifts to the Islamic conquests. His reign marks the end of the Roman–Persian wars and the beginning of the Arab expansion, a pivotal transition for the Christian East.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text provides only names without regnal years or events. The English draft reproduces the list verbatim. No additional context is given in the source edition for these four entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7447AbrTarWA","label":"betmas: Abridged Version of the Tārika Walda ʾAmid (β-recension)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7447AbrTarWA"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not indicate whether the list is meant as a complete imperial succession or a selective summary. No regnal durations or narrative details are supplied."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}