{"slug":"LIT7109Moonrise","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","title":"Treatise on moonrise and moonset","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"partial","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:36:28Z","cost_usd":0.002573},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","work_id":"LIT7109Moonrise","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"},"stats":{"passages":4,"english_words":813,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":18,"commentary_kinds":5,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":6,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT7109Moonrise","abstract":"The Treatise on moonrise and moonset is an anonymous Geʿez computational work on lunar visibility, used for calendar reckoning. Its sole witness is the manuscript underlying the betmas edition, with no other copies known. The text lacks colophon, internal dating, and authorial attribution, preventing secure dating. It consists of tabular lists of moonrise and moonset times for Ethiopian months, using star-hours and day counts. The genre aligns with Ethiopic astronomical handbooks, serving a narrow scholarly audience concerned with calendrical computation rather than liturgy or homiletics. The edition provides no critical apparatus, limiting study of textual fluidity.","historical_context":"The treatise belongs to the Ethiopic astronomical tradition, which developed in the Christian kingdom of Aksum and its successor states (e.g., Zagwe, Solomonic) from roughly the 4th century onward. Geʿez, the classical language of Ethiopian liturgy and learning, was used for such handbooks. The work's anonymous, undated character reflects a common pattern in Ethiopian scientific manuscripts, where scribes often omitted colophons. The Ethiopian calendar, based on the Coptic calendar with a 13th month (Pagume), is evident in the months mentioned (Miyāzyā, Gǝnbot, Sane, Ḥamle, Naḥāse, Meskerem, Ṭeqemt). The use of star-hours suggests influence from Hellenistic or Arabic astronomy, transmitted via Coptic or Syriac intermediaries. The treatise likely circulated in monastic or courtly scriptoria, where computational texts were copied for practical use in determining feast days and agricultural cycles. Its survival in a single witness indicates limited circulation, possibly due to replacement by later, more comprehensive works.","significance":"The treatise is a rare witness to indigenous Ethiopian astronomical computation, distinct from imported Arabic or European traditions. It provides insight into pre-modern African calendar science and the adaptation of Hellenistic star-hour systems. Its tabular format and non-monotonic sequences may reflect observational or scribal practices, offering material for studying the transmission of astronomical knowledge in Christian Ethiopia.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–7th c.","event":"Aksumite period; Geʿez becomes literary language; early Christian calendar reckoning develops."},{"date":"8th–13th c.","event":"Zagwe and early Solomonic periods; monastic scriptoria produce astronomical handbooks."},{"date":"14th–16th c.","event":"Flourishing of Ethiopian astronomical literature; possible period for this treatise."},{"date":"17th–18th c.","event":"Later copies of earlier works; single witness may date from this era."},{"date":"20th c.","event":"betmas edition published; treatise becomes known to modern scholarship."}],"relations":[{"work":"Ethiopic astronomical handbooks (e.g., Book of Enoch, astronomical chapters)","relation":"Shares genre and computational methods","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Coptic calendar treatises","relation":"Influences Ethiopian calendar system","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Hellenistic star-hour tables (e.g., Ptolemy's Phaseis)","relation":"Possible source for star-hour scheme","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Geʿez computistical texts (e.g., Computus of 532)","relation":"Parallel tradition of calendar reckoning","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The work is undated; the century of composition is unknown.","Authorship is anonymous; no scribal or institutional attribution is possible.","The sole witness may not represent the original text; scribal errors or adaptations are likely.","The edition lacks critical apparatus, so textual variants and transmission history cannot be studied.","The non-monotonic star-hour sequences may indicate scribal error, observational irregularity, or a cyclic scheme; interpretation is uncertain."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000472,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:36:28Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT7109Moonrise","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":4,"translated":4,"commentary_passages":4,"commentary_units":18,"english_words":813,"source_letters":1771,"commentary_kinds":5},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a computational treatise on lunar visibility, not a liturgical or homiletic text. Its genre aligns with Geʿez astronomical handbooks used for calendar reckoning.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole known witness is the manuscript underlying the betmas edition. No other manuscript copies are recorded in standard catalogues, limiting knowledge of its circulation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition assigns no date. The work’s anonymous authorship and lack of colophon or internal dating prevent secure attribution to a specific century or scribal milieu.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The edition does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings. It cannot be used to study textual fluidity or scribal intervention in the Geʿez astronomical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"No evidence of later liturgical or canonical use is known. The treatise likely served a narrow scholarly audience concerned with calendrical computation, not broader ecclesiastical practice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 4 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":4},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise":{"label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"},"ed:LIT7109Moonrise":{"label":"source edition: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"The following edition is taken from 423-425 .\n\nወካዕበ፡ ለእመ፡ ፈቀድከ፡ ታእምር፡ ዘከመ፡ ትበይት፡ ወርህ፡ ለለ፡ ሠርኁ፡ የከመ፡ ትበይት፡ ወርኅ፡ ለለ፡ ሌሊቱ፡ ወታስተባሪ፡\nሠርቀ፡ በ፮ ኃዋኅወ፡ ጽባሕ።\n\nሠረቀ፡ ሚያዝያ፡ በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በኀምስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በሳድስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰በኀምስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፩በሳልስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በካልእ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኀት፡ ፰በካልእት፡ ኆኀት፡ ፮በሣልስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፩ፈጸመ፡ ፴ጽባሕ፡ ወርኀ፡ ምያዝያ።\n\nሠረቀ፡ ግንቦት፡ በኃምስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በሳድስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፰በኃምስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በሣልስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፩በካልእት፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኀት፡ ፮በካልእት፡ ኆኀት፡ 1በሣልስት፡ ኆኀት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በኃምስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪ፈጸመ፡ ፳፱ጽባሕ፡ ወርኀ፡ ግንቦት።\n\nሠረቀ፡ ወርኀ፡ ሰኔ፡ በሳድስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፬በኃምስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በራብዕ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በሣልስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በካልእ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኀት፡ ፰በካልእ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፩በሣልስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በኃምስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በሳድስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፬፡ ፴መዋዕል፡ ፈጸመ፡ ወርኀ፡ ሰኔ።","english":"And if you wish to know how the moon sets each evening, how the moon sets each night, and you wish to observe the setting: in 6 hours of morning.\n\nMiyāzyā sets: on the fourth star, 2; on the fifth star, 2; on the sixth star, 8; on the fifth star, 1; on the fourth star, 1; on the third star, 2; on the second star, 2; on the first star, 8; on the second star, 6; on the third star, 1; on the fourth star, 1. Completed: 30 mornings of the month of Miyāzyā.\n\nGǝnbot sets: on the fifth star, 2; on the sixth star, 8; on the fifth star, 1; on the fourth star, 2; on the third star, 1; on the second star, 2; on the first star, 6; on the second star, 1; on the third star, 1; on the fourth star, 2; on the fifth star, 2. Completed: 29 mornings of the month of Gǝnbot.\n\nThe month of Sane sets: on the sixth star, 4; on the fifth star, 2; on the fourth star, 2; on the third star, 2; on the second star, 2; on the first star, 8; on the second star, 1; on the third star, 1; on the fourth star, 2; on the fifth star, 2; on the sixth star, 4. 30 days. Completed: the month of Sane.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a tabular list of moonset times for three Ethiopian months (Miyāzyā, Gǝnbot, Sane), each entry giving a sequence of star-hours and a total count of mornings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኆኀት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ኆኀት' (ḫoḫat) here refers to a 'star-hour' or a unit of time measured by the position of a star in the night sky, a common device in Ethiopic computus.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The numbers following each star (e.g., 'on the fourth star, 2') indicate the duration in hours that the moon sets during that star-hour interval, totaling to the number of days in the month.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Brita 2014"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The months Miyāzyā (30 days), Gǝnbot (29 days), and Sane (30 days) correspond to the Ethiopian calendar, which is based on the Coptic calendar with a 13th month (Pagume) not mentioned here.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The sequence of star-hours in each month is not strictly monotonic (e.g., Miyāzyā lists 'fifth star' twice), which may indicate a scribal error or a non-linear observational scheme.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'in 6 hours of morning' in the introduction is unclear: it may refer to the total observation period or a specific time of day.","The repetition of star numbers (e.g., 'fifth star' twice in Miyāzyā) could be a copying mistake or a deliberate representation of two different star-hours on the same ordinal."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ሠረቀ፡ ወርኀ፡ ኀምሌ፡ በሣድስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በራብዕ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በሣልስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በካልእ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኀት፡ ፯በካልእት፡ ኆኀት፡ ፩በሣልስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በኃምስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፪በሳድስ፡ ኆኀት፡ ፬ ፡ ፳ወ፱ መዋዕል፡\nፈጸመ፡ ወርኀ፡ ኃምሌ። ።\n\nሠረቀ፡ ወርኀ፡ ነሐሴ። በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሳድስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪፡ ፴መዋዕል፡ ፈጸመ፡ ወርኀ፡ ነሐሴ።\n\nሠረቀ፡ ወርኀ፡ መስከረም። በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፮በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሳድስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩፡ ፳ወ፱መዋዕል፡ ፈጸመ፡ ወርኀ፡ መስከረም።\n\nሠረቀ፡ ወርኀ፡ ጥቅምት፡ በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰በካልእት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሳድስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩፡ ፴መዋዕል፡ ፈጸመ፡ ወርኀ፡ ጥቅምት። ።","english":"The moon of Ḥamle rises: on the sixth star, 2; on the fourth star, 2; on the third star, 2; on the second star, 2; on the first star, 7; on the second star, 1; on the third star, 1; on the fourth star, 2; on the fifth star, 2; on the sixth star, 4. 29 days. The moon of Ḥamle ends.\n\nThe moon of Naḥāse rises: on the fifth star, 1; on the fourth star, 1; on the third star, 1; on the second star, 1; on the first star, 8; on the second star, 2; on the third star, 2; on the fourth star, 2; on the fifth star, 2; on the sixth star, 8; on the fifth star, 2. 30 days. The moon of Naḥāse ends.\n\nThe moon of Meskerem rises: on the fourth star, 2; on the third star, 2; on the second star, 2; on the first star, 6; on the second star, 1; on the third star, 1; on the fourth star, 2; on the fifth star, 2; on the sixth star, 8; on the fifth star, 2; on the fourth star, 1. 29 days. The moon of Meskerem ends.\n\nThe moon of Ṭeqemt rises: on the third star, 2; on the second star, 2; on the first star, 8; on the second star, 1; on the third star, 1; on the fourth star, 2; on the fifth star, 2; on the sixth star, 8; on the fifth star, 2; on the fourth star, 1; on the third star, 1. 30 days. The moon of Ṭeqemt ends.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the tabular pattern of the previous passage, listing for each month the moonrise times (in hours) on successive 'stars' (stations). Each month ends with a total day count (29 or 30) and a closing formula.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኆኀት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ኆኀት' (kawkab, pl. 'stars') here refers to the 30 lunar stations (manāzil) used in Ethiopic astronomy, not individual stars. The ordinal numbers (first through sixth) indicate the station number within a given month.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"source edition: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The months Ḥamle (July–August), Naḥāse (August–September), Meskerem (September–October), and Ṭeqemt (October–November) are part of the Ethiopic calendar. The day counts (29 or 30) reflect the lunar month, not the civil month.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The sequence of star ordinals in each month is not strictly monotonic (e.g., Naḥāse goes fifth, fourth, third, second, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, fifth). This may reflect a repeating or cyclic pattern of lunar stations, but the logic is not fully explained in the text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"source edition: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numbers after each star (e.g., 2, 1, 8) are interpreted as hours of moonrise, but the unit (hours, parts of an hour) is not specified. The totals (29, 30 days) suggest a daily cycle, but the relation between the star sequence and the day count is not explicit."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወሠረቀ፡ ወርኀ፡ ኅዳር፡ በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሳድስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩ ፡ ፳ወ፱መዋዕል፡ ፈጸመ፡ ወርሀእ፡ ኅዳር። ።\n\nሠረወ፡ ወርኀ፡ ታሕሣሥ፡ በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፬በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በሳድስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፬፡ ወ፴መዋዕል፡ ፈጸመ፡ ወርኀ፡ ታሕሣሥ።\n\nሠረቀ፡ ጥር፡ በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፬በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በኃምስ፡ ኆሕት፡ ፩በሳድስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፯በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፬፡ ወ፳፱መዋዕል፡ ፈጸመ፡ ወርኀ፡ ጥር። ።\n\nሠረቀ፡ ወርኀ፡ የካቲት፡ በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በሳድስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪፡\nወመዋዕል፡ ፈጸመ፡ ወርኀ፡ ዘካቲት። ።","english":"The moon of Ḫedār rises: on the second star, 2; on the first star, 8; on the second star, 1; on the third star, 1; on the fourth star, 1; on the fifth star, 2; on the sixth star, 2; on the second star, 1. And 29 days, the month of Ḫedār is completed.\n\nThe moon of Taḫśāś sets: on the first star, 4; on the second star, 2; on the third star, 2; on the fourth star, 1; on the fifth star, 1; on the sixth star, 8; on the fifth star, 1; on the fourth star, 2; on the third star, 2; on the second star, 2; on the first star, 4. And 30 days, the month of Taḫśāś is completed.\n\nṬerr rises: on the first star, 4; on the second star, 2; on the third star, 2; on the fourth star, 1; on the fifth star, 1; on the sixth star, 7; on the fifth star, 2; on the fourth star, 2; on the third star, 2; on the second star, 2; on the first star, 4. And 29 days, the month of Ṭerr is completed.\n\nYekatit rises: on the second star, 1; on the third star, 1; on the fourth star, 1; on the fifth star, 1; on the sixth star, 8; on the fifth star, 2; on the fourth star, 2; on the third star, 2; on the second star, 2; on the first star, 8; on the second star, 2. And days, the month of Yekatit is completed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the pattern of the previous one, listing for each month the star positions and day counts for the moon's rising or setting. The sequence covers Ḫedār, Taḫśāś, Ṭerr, and Yekatit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠረቀ / ሠረወ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verbs ሠረቀ (śaraqa, 'rises') and ሠረወ (śarawa, 'sets') distinguish the moon's appearance and disappearance. The English draft uses 'rises' for ሠረቀ and 'sets' for ሠረወ, consistent with the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኆኅት","severity":"info","text":"ኆኅት (ḫoḫt) is the Geʿez term for 'star' or 'planet', here used to denote a specific celestial position or station in the lunar cycle. The ordinal numbers (first, second, etc.) indicate a sequence of such positions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The months follow the Geʿez calendar: Ḫedār (29 days), Taḫśāś (30 days), Ṭerr (29 days), and Yekatit (30 days implied by the sum of entries, though the total is not given). This matches the standard lengths of these months.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Yekatit ends with 'And days' without a numeral; the Geʿez reads ወመዋዕል፡ (wa-mawāʿəl, 'and days'), omitting the number. The total of the listed star values is 30, but the text is incomplete or corrupt at this point.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The star positions (e.g., 'on the second star, 2') are not explained; they likely represent the moon's position or phase in a 6-star system, but the exact astronomical meaning is unclear.","The month Yekatit lacks a day total in the Geʿez; the sum of the star values suggests 30 days, but the text may be defective."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ሠረቀ፡ ወርኀ፡ መጋቢት፡ በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በራብዕ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በኃምስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በሳድስ፡ ኆኅትት፡ ፯በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በካልእት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፩። ፳ወ፱መዋዕል፡ ፈጸመ፡ ወርኀ፡ መጋቢት። ።","english":"The moon of Meggābit rises: on the third star, 2; on the second star, 2; on the first star, 8; on the second star, 2; on the third star, 2; on the fourth star, 1; on the fifth star, 2; on the sixth star, 7; on the first star, 1; on the second star, 1; on the third star, 1. And 29 days, the month of Meggābit is completed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠረቀ፡ ወርኀ፡ መጋቢት፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows the same pattern as the previous one for Ḫedār, now applied to the month of Meggābit (March–April). The sequence of star numbers and day counts is structurally parallel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኆኅት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኆኅት (ḫoḫt) means 'star' or 'constellation' and here refers to a specific star or asterism used in the lunar calendar system.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"፳ወ፱መዋዕል፡","severity":"info","text":"The month of Meggābit is stated to have 29 days, consistent with the lunar calendar tradition in Ethiopic computus.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT7109Moonrise","label":"betmas: Treatise on moonrise and moonset","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT7109Moonrise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በሣልስ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በካልእ፡ ኆኅት፡ ፪በቀዳሚት፡ ኆኅት፡ ፰","severity":"caution","text":"The sequence of star numbers (third, second, first, second, etc.) appears to repeat or skip in a way that may reflect a scribal error or a non-standard ordering. The pattern is not fully consistent with the previous month's entry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identification of the stars (first through sixth) is not specified; they may refer to a fixed set of stars or to positions in a lunar mansion system. The repetition of 'second star' and 'third star' with different day counts may indicate a textual corruption or a complex calendrical rule."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}