{"slug":"LIT6567Treatise","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT6567Treatise","title":"Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","author":"Anonymous","genre":"canon law","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:12Z","cost_usd":0.005096},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT6567Treatise","work_id":"LIT6567Treatise","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"},"stats":{"passages":8,"english_words":1871,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":47,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":16,"work_notes":5,"external_links":6,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT6567Treatise","abstract":"The 'Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament' is an anonymous Ethiopic work preserved in a single manuscript (Bet Mas 1) with a damaged colophon. It catalogs apostolic missions, deaths, and burials, often with distinctive details such as Peter's upside-down crucifixion and Philip's burial with his four virgin daughters. The text is cited in later Ethiopic canon-law collections like the Fetha Nagast as an authority on apostolic succession, though its canonical status remains ambiguous. Internal references to apostolic lists suggest a terminus post quem of the 5th century, but no firm date can be assigned without further codicological study. The edition lacks a critical apparatus for the Geʿez text, with variant readings noted only in the introduction.","historical_context":"The work survives in a single Geʿez manuscript (Bet Mas 1) that shows signs of scribal correction; the colophon is damaged, obscuring the copyist's name and date. It is attributed to an anonymous author, and internal references to apostolic lists suggest a terminus post quem of the 5th century, but no firm date can be assigned without further codicological study. The text is quoted in later Ethiopic canon-law collections (e.g., the Fetha Nagast) as an authority on apostolic succession, though its precise canonical status remains ambiguous. The Greek catena tradition (dossier:greek-catena-acta) preserves parallel apostolic lists that may have informed the Geʿez redactor, but direct dependence is not proven. The work likely originated within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, reflecting its interest in apostolic traditions and canon law. The single manuscript's condition and lack of critical edition limit precise dating and provenance.","significance":"The work is significant as a witness to Ethiopic apostolic traditions and canon law, preserving unique details such as Philip's burial with his four virgin daughters. It is cited in the Fetha Nagast, indicating its authority in Ethiopian ecclesiastical jurisprudence. Its relationship to the Greek catena tradition (dossier:greek-catena-acta) highlights cross-cultural transmission of apostolic lists, though direct dependence remains unproven. The text's survival in a single corrected manuscript underscores the fragility of Ethiopic manuscript heritage.","timeline":[{"date":"5th c. (terminus post quem)","event":"Internal references to apostolic lists suggest a date after the 5th century."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Composition of the original Geʿez text by an anonymous author."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Copying of the sole surviving manuscript (Bet Mas 1) with scribal corrections."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Citation in later Ethiopic canon-law collections, e.g., the Fetha Nagast."}],"relations":[{"work":"Fetha Nagast","relation":"Cited as an authority on apostolic succession","key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"},{"work":"Greek catena tradition (dossier:greek-catena-acta)","relation":"Parallel apostolic lists may have informed the Geʿez redactor","key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"},{"work":"Acts of Peter","relation":"Shares tradition of Peter's upside-down crucifixion","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Acts of Andrew","relation":"Echoes traditions of Andrew's mission to the Sogdians and Sacae","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"Bet Mas 1 manuscript record","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise","reason":"Primary manuscript source for the work"},{"key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"Greek catena tradition","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta","reason":"Parallel apostolic lists that may have informed the Geʿez redactor"},{"key":"ed:LIT6567Treatise","label":"Edition of the work","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise","reason":"Published edition of the Geʿez text and translation"},{"key":"hollis:alma990072510730203941","label":"Hollis record 1","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990072510730203941","reason":"Related manuscript or reference in Harvard library"},{"key":"hollis:alma990101696180203941","label":"Hollis record 2","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990101696180203941","reason":"Related manuscript or reference in Harvard library"},{"key":"hollis:alma990133335450203941","label":"Hollis record 3","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990133335450203941","reason":"Related manuscript or reference in Harvard library"}],"cautions":["Date is uncertain; only a terminus post quem of the 5th century can be inferred from internal references.","Authorship is anonymous; no attribution to a known figure.","The sole manuscript (Bet Mas 1) has a damaged colophon, obscuring the copyist's name and date.","The edition lacks a critical apparatus for the Geʿez text; variant readings are noted only in the introduction.","Direct dependence on the Greek catena tradition is not proven."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000523,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:52:31Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT6567Treatise","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":8,"translated":8,"commentary_passages":8,"commentary_units":47,"english_words":1871,"source_letters":4462,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text survives in a single manuscript (Bet Mas 1) that shows signs of scribal correction; the colophon is damaged, obscuring the copyist’s name and date.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is attributed to an anonymous author; internal references to apostolic lists suggest a terminus post quem of the 5th century, but no firm date can be assigned without further codicological study.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Quoted in later Ethiopic canon-law collections (e.g., the Fetha Nagast) as an authority on apostolic succession, though its precise canonical status remains ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990072510730203941","label":"Catena in Acta SS. Apostolorum e Cod. Nov. Coll","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990072510730203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not include a critical apparatus for the Geʿez text; variant readings from the sole manuscript are noted only in the introduction, not in the translation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT6567Treatise","label":"source edition: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Greek catena tradition (dossier:greek-catena-acta) preserves parallel apostolic lists that may have informed the Geʿez redactor, but direct dependence is not proven.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: canon law in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 8 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":8},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT6567Treatise":{"label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"},"dossier:greek-catena-acta":{"label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"},"hollis:alma990072510730203941":{"label":"Catena in Acta SS. Apostolorum e Cod. Nov. Coll","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990072510730203941"},"ed:LIT6567Treatise":{"label":"source edition: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"after BNSupC 181 (125vb-127ra)\n\n(BNSupC 181 125vb) ዘከመ፡ ሰበኩ፡ ወዘከመ፡ ተርጐሙ፡ ነገራቲሆሙ፡ ለለ፩ወዘከመዝሂ፡ አዕረፉ፡ ወወኀበሂ፡ ተቀብረ፡ {in m. ፩} ጴጥሮስ፡ ዘተሰምየ፡ ኬፋ፡ ሰበከ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ጰ(BNSupC 181 126ra)ንጦን፡ ወለብሔረ፡ ገላትያ፡\nወለብሔረ፡ ቀጴዶቅያ፡ ወለብሔረ፡ ቢታንያ፡ ወለብሔረ፡ አጣልያ፡ ወለብሔረ፡ እስያ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ወአዕረፈ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ሮሜ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ኔሮን፡ ንጉሥ። ወከመዝ፡ እንዘ፡ ቍልቁል፡ ርእሱ፡ ወከመዝ፡ አስተብቍዖ፡ ለንጉሥ፡\nእንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ኢት{in m. ስ}ቅለኒ፡ ከመ፡ እግዚእየ፡ ወከመዝ፡ ስቅሎ፡ ቍልቁሊተ፡ ወብሔረ፡ ሮሜ፡ ቀበሮ። {in m. ፪} እንድርያስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ለብሔረ፡ አስቃትያ፡ ለሰብአ፡ ሰጋድያን፡ ወለሰብአ፡ ሰቂስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወአዕረፈ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ጰትራ፡\nዘአካይያ። {in m. ፫} ያዕቆብ፡ ወልደ፡ ዘብዴዎስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ለአዝማደ፡ እብራውያን፡ ወቀተሎ፡ ሄሮድስ፡ ለመጥባኅት፡ በሀገረ፡ አቂ፡ ዘማርቂ። {in m. ፬} ዮሐንስ፡ ዘአፍቅሮ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ወንጌላዊ፡ አዕርረፈ፡ (!) በብሔረ፡ ኤፌሶን። {in m. ፭} ፊልጶስ፡ አዕረፈ፡ በብሔረ፡ ፍርግያ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ በሀገረ፡ ሔዮጰሌስ፡ በብሔረ፡ እስያ፡ ምስለ፡ ፬ደናግል፡ አዋልዲሁ። {in m. ፮} በርተሎሜዎስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ህንደኬ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ወአዕረፈ፡ በአልባና፡ ሀገር፡\nበምድረ፡ ህርሜንያ። {in m.","english":"How they preached and how they translated their narratives, each one, and also how they died and where they were buried. {1} Peter, who is called Cephas, preached to the land of Pontus and to the land of Galatia and to the land of Cappadocia and to the land of Bithynia and to the land of Italy and to the land of Asia; he preached the Gospel and died in the land of Rome in the time of the king Nero. And thus, with his head downward, and thus, having been questioned by the king, while he said, \"Crucify me like my Lord,\" and thus they crucified him head downward, and the land of Rome buried him. {2} Andrew preached to the land of Scythia, to the people of the Sogdians and to the people of the Sacae; he preached and died in the land of Patras of Achaia. {3} James, son of Zebedee, preached to the dispersion of the Hebrews, and Herod killed him by the sword in the city of Acre of Marq. {4} John, the beloved of our Lord and Evangelist, died in the land of Ephesus. {5} Philip died in the land of Phrygia, and they buried him in the city of Hierapolis in the land of Asia with his four virgin daughters. {6} Bartholomew preached to the land of India; he preached the Gospel and died in the city of Alban in the land of Armenia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘከመ፡ ሰበኩ፡ ወዘከመ፡ ተርጐሙ፡ ነገራቲሆሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening formula introduces a serial catalogue of apostolic missions, deaths, and burials, each marked by a marginal number in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቍልቁል፡ ርእሱ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'head downward' describes Peter's crucifixion, a tradition also found in the Acts of Peter and later hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ለብሔረ፡ ሮሜ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ኔሮን፡ ንጉሥ።","severity":"info","text":"Peter's death under Nero (r. 54–68 CE) is a standard patristic and hagiographical claim, attested in early Christian sources.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ለሰብአ፡ ሰጋድያን፡ ወለሰብአ፡ ሰቂስ፡","severity":"info","text":"Andrew's mission to the Sogdians and Sacae echoes traditions in the Acts of Andrew and later Byzantine missionary lists.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቀበርዎ፡ በሀገረ፡ ሔዮጰሌስ፡","severity":"info","text":"Philip's burial at Hierapolis with his four virgin daughters is a distinctive detail found in the Ethiopic tradition, not in the canonical Acts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በአልባና፡ ሀገር፡ በምድረ፡ ህርሜንያ።","severity":"caution","text":"Bartholomew's death in 'Alban in the land of Armenia' is ambiguous: it may refer to Caucasian Albania or a city in Armenia proper.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The location 'Alban' for Bartholomew's death is uncertain; it could be Caucasian Albania or a site in Armenia.","The phrase 'ዘከመዝሂ፡ አዕረፉ፡ ወወኀበሂ፡ ተቀብረ፡' is a general heading; the specific burial places for some apostles (e.g., John) are omitted."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"፯} ቶማስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ፋርስ፡ ለሕዝበ፡ ጰራትያ፡ ወለሕዝበ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወለሕዝበ፡ ሜዳይ፡ ወለሕዝበ፡ ቀ(BNSupC 181 26rb)ርማኑስ፡ ወለሕዝበ፡ ወርቃን፡ ወለሕዝበ፡ ቂጡርስ፡ ወአዕረፈ፡ በሀገረ፡ ሕለት፡\nወዘህንደኬ። {in m. ፰} ማቴዎስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ በነገረ፡ ዕብራዊያን፡ ወአዕረፈ፡ በ{in m. ሀ}ገረ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ በብሔረ፡ ፋርስ። {in m. ፱} ማርቆስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ለብሔረ፡ እለእስክንድርያ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ግብፅ፡ ወአዕረፈ፡ በእለስክንድርያ፡ በመካነ፡\nቀጲጦን፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ በመካን፡ ዘስሙ፡ በቁሉ፡ በመርጡል፡ ዘኀነጸ፡ ለርእሱ፡ ምስለ፡ ኡቁጦር፡ ሰማዕት፡ ትኩን፡ በሀገረ፡ ላቆን። ወረከቦ፡ እለስክንድሮስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ አዕጽምቲሁ፡ በሀገረ፡ እለስክንድርያ፡ ወቀበሮ፡ ቴዎና፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት። {in m. ፲}\nያዕቆብ፡ ወልደ፡ እልፍዮስ፡ አዕረፈ፡ ዘቀተልዎ፡ አይሁድ፡ በሞገርተ፡ ዕብን፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወውስተ፡ ሀገራ፡ ቀበርዎ፡ ቅሩበ፡ ምኩራበ። {in m. ፲፩} ታዴዎስ፡ ዘተሰምየ፡ ይሁዳ፡ {in m. በ}ሀገረ፡ ኤዴስያ፡ ወበብሔረ፡ መስጰጦምያ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡\nበመዋዕለ፡ አውጋሮስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኤዶሳስ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ በሀገረ፡ ቢርጦስ። {in m. ፲፪} ናትናኤል፡ ወልደ፡ ቀለዮጳ፡ ወእምድኅረ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ሤምዎ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ለኢየሩሳም፡ ወኵሎሙ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ሕይወቱ፡ ወዓመቱ፡ ፸ወሰቀልዎ፡ በመዋዕለ፡\nአንጥርያኖስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ሀገረ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ (BNSupC 181 26va) {in m.","english":"{7} Thomas preached the Gospel to the land of Persia, to the people of Parthia, to the people of Persia, to the people of Media, to the people of Carmania, to the people of Hyrcania, and to the people of the Ceteans; and he died in the city of Calamina, which is India. {8} Matthew preached the Gospel in the Hebrew tongue, and he died in the city of Jerusalem, in the land of Persia. {9} Mark preached the Gospel to the land of Alexandria, to the land of Egypt, and he died in Alexandria, at the place of the Catechetical School; and they buried him in a place whose name is Baqalu, in the district of Mercure, which was built for his head with the martyr Euqator; may he be in the city of Lacon. And Alexander the king found his bones in the city of Alexandria, and Theonas, the archbishop, buried him. {10} James, son of Alphaeus, died, whom the Jews killed with a club of wood in Jerusalem, and they buried him within the city, near the temple. {11} Thaddaeus, who is called Judas, preached the Gospel in the city of Edessa and in the land of Mesopotamia, in the time of Abgar, king of Edessa, and they buried him in the city of Berytus. {12} Nathanael, son of Clopas, and after James the Righteous, they appointed him bishop of Jerusalem; and all the days of his life and his years were seventy, and they stoned him in the time of the emperor Hadrian, in the city of Jerusalem.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ቶማስ","severity":"info","text":"Thomas's death in 'Calamina, which is India' is a traditional location, but the Geʿez text does not explicitly gloss 'Calamina' as India; the English draft adds that gloss.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀጲጦን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ቀጲጦን' (Qəṣṣəton) is a transliteration of Greek 'katecheticon', referring to the Catechetical School of Alexandria.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አውጋሮስ","severity":"info","text":"Abgar (አውጋሮስ) is the legendary king of Edessa associated with the apocryphal correspondence with Jesus; this tradition is well-known in Syriac and Ethiopic sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"አንጥርያኖስ","severity":"info","text":"The emperor Hadrian (አንጥርያኖስ) reigned 117–138 CE; the stoning of Nathanael is placed in this period, consistent with early Christian martyrdom traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ቴዎና፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት","severity":"info","text":"Theonas, archbishop of Alexandria (c. 282–300 CE), is anachronistically associated with Mark's burial; this reflects later hagiographic conflation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ማቴዎስ","severity":"caution","text":"Matthew's death in 'Jerusalem, in the land of Persia' is geographically contradictory; the text may conflate traditions or reflect a textual corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The location 'Calamina' for Thomas is not explicitly identified as India in the Geʿez; the English draft adds that identification.","The phrase 'in the land of Persia' for Matthew's death in Jerusalem is unclear and may be a scribal error or conflation.","The place name 'Baqalu' and 'Mercure' for Mark's burial are not otherwise attested and may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"፲፫} ማትያስ፡ ፩እም፸ወ፩አርድእት፡ እግዚእነ፡ ዘተተክለ፡ ህየንተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ አስቆሮታዊ፡ ወአዕረፈ፡ ወተቀብረ፡ በሀ{in m. ገ}ረ፡ ኢይሩሰሌም። {in m. ፲፬} ጳውሎስ፡ ሐዋርያ፡\nሰበከ፡ እምሀገረ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ እስከ፡ ብሔረ፡ ኢያሪኮ፡ ወብሔረ፡ ሮሜ፡ ወብሔረ፡ አስጰንያ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ኔሮን፡ ንጉሥ፡ ቀተሎ፡ በመጥባኅት፡ ወቀበሮ፡ አዕጽምቲሁ፡ በብሔረ፡ ሮሜ። {in m. ፲፭} ቲቶን፡ በብሔረ፡ ቀርጢስ፡ በሐይቀ፡ ደሴት፡\nሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ወበውስተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ደሴት። {in m. ፲፮} ቂርቆስ፡ በብሔረ፡ ገላትያ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕፅወ፡ ለህንደኬ፡ ንግሥተ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡ በብሔረ፡ አራብያ፡ ዘብሔረ፡ ግብፅ፡ ወበአጰሮባኒ፡ በደሴት፡ በብሔረ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡ ሰማዕተ፡ በህየ፡ ኮነ። እምሐዋርያት። ዘእግዚእነ፡ ወአርድእት፡ ዘእምኆልቈ፡ ፸ወ፩እምኔሆሙ፡ ቀሌምንጦስ፡ ዘሰበከ፡ ወጸሐፈ፡ ሕገ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ለጳጳሳት፡ ወለቀሳውስት፡ ወኵሉ፡ ፍጻሜ፡ ሢመተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስትያን። ፲ወ፩ወስቲኒሰ፡ ቀፋስ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ከመዝ፡\nጴጥሮስ፡ ሊቀ፡ ሐዋርያት፡ ማትያስ፡ ዘተኆለቈ፡ ምስለ፡ ፲ወ፪ሐዋርያት። ማቴዎስ፡ ፩በርናባስ፡ ፩ቀሊኖስ፡ ዘጸሐፎ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡ ረድኡ፡ ለጳውሎስ፡ ታዴዎስ፡ (BNSupC 181 26vb) ወቀለዮጳ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ዘሰበከ፡ በልሳነ፡ ዕብራዊያን፡\nበኢያሩሳሌም፡ ተርጐመ፡ በልሳነ፡ ጽርእ፡ ምስለ፡ ዮሐንስ። ወንጌል፡ ዘማርቆስ፡ ጴጥሮስ፡ ተርጐመ፡ በልሳነ፡ ጽርእ፡ በብሔረ፡ ሮሜ።","english":"{13} Matthias, one of the seventy-two disciples of our Lord, who was planted in the place of Judas Iscariot, and died and was buried in the city of Jerusalem. {14} Paul the Apostle preached from the city of Jerusalem as far as the region of Jericho, and the region of Rome, and the region of Spain; in the time of Nero the king, he killed him with the sword, and buried his bones in the region of Rome. {15} Titus in the region of Crete, on the island of the sea, preached the Gospel, and on that island. {16} Cyricus in the region of Galatia; he is the son of the queen of Ethiopia, in the region of Arabia, which is in the region of Egypt, and in Aprobani, on an island in the region of Ethiopia; he became a martyr there. From the apostles of our Lord and the disciples, from the number of seventy-two of them, Clement, who preached and wrote the canon law of the Church for bishops and for priests and for all the order of the Church. Eleven and Vistinisus, whose name is like Peter, the chief of the apostles; Matthias, who was numbered with the twelve apostles; Matthew; Barnabas; Clino, who wrote to Timothy, the companion of Paul; Thaddaeus; and Cleopas, and the Gospel which he preached in the language of the Hebrews in Jerusalem, translated into the Syriac language with John. And the Gospel of Mark, Peter translated into the Syriac language in the region of Rome.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the serial listing of apostles and disciples, following the pattern of the previous entries for Thomas and Matthew. The marginal numbers (13–16) mark each new figure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማትያስ","severity":"info","text":"Matthias is distinguished from Matthew (ማቴዎስ) in the Geʿez text. The note that he was 'planted in the place of Judas Iscariot' refers to his election to replace Judas among the twelve apostles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ቂርቆስ","severity":"info","text":"Cyricus (Quiricus) is here identified as a son of the queen of Ethiopia, a legendary detail not found in standard apostolic lists. The geography conflates Arabia, Egypt, and Ethiopia, reflecting a broad Ethiopian ecclesiastical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990072510730203941","label":"Catena in Acta SS. Apostolorum e Cod. Nov. Coll","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990072510730203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀሌምንጦስ","severity":"info","text":"Clement is credited with preaching and writing 'canon law of the Church' (ሕገ ቤተ ክርስቲያን), a reference to the Apostolic Constitutions or similar canonical collections attributed to Clement of Rome in Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀለዮጳ","severity":"caution","text":"The name Cleopas appears in a list that also includes Thaddaeus and others, but the syntax is ambiguous: it is unclear whether Cleopas is the subject of the following clause about the Gospel in Hebrew and Syriac, or whether that clause refers to a different figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ወንጌል ዘማርቆስ","severity":"info","text":"The Gospel of Mark is said to have been translated into Syriac by Peter in Rome. This tradition is not found in standard patristic sources and likely reflects a later Ethiopian or Syriac claim about the origins of the Syriac Gospel text.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Vistinisus' (ወስቲኒሰ) is unclear; the text says his name is 'like Peter', but no known apostle or disciple matches this name.","The clause about Cleopas and the Gospel in Hebrew and Syriac is syntactically ambiguous: it may refer to Cleopas or to a separate figure."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ወንጌል፡ ዘሉቃስ፡ በነገረ፡ ጽርእ፡ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ረድኡ፡ ለጰሎውሎስ፡ ወከመዝ፡ ጸሐፈ፡ በ፩መጽሐፍ፡\nእንዘ፡ ይብል፡ አመኅክሙ፡ ሉቃስ፡ ዐቃቤ፡ ሥራይ፡ ፍቁራ{in m. ን}ያ። ወንጌል፡ ዘማቴዎስ፡ ሉቃስ፡ ወንጌላዊ፡ ተርጐመ፡ በነገረ፡ ጽርእ፡ እንዘ፡ በዕብራይስጢ፡ ሀሎ። ወንጌል፡ ዘዮሐንስ፡ ተርጐመ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ በነገረ፡ ጽርእ። ወኢየሱስ፡\nክርስቶስ፡ ተወልደ፡ በቤተ፡ ልሔም፡ ዘይሁዳ፡ በ{vac. /}ወ{vac. /}ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአጎስጦስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሮሜ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ኢሊጴዮን፡ መኰንን፡ ተኰነነ፡ እግዚእነ፡ እምሕዝበ፡ አይሁድ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ሄሮድስ፡ ወልደ፡ ኦንጢጲጥሮስ፡ በሀገረ፡\nአስቀሎን። ወስመ፡ እሙ፡ ለሄሮድስ፡ ቆጥርያ፡ ዘእምብሔረ፡ አራብያ፡ ወኵሎ፡ እንከ፡ ማኅሠሥ፡ ሰሲላን፡ ወተብሂሎ፡ ኵሎ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይገብሩ። ወለአኀውኒ፡ እለ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽባሕ፡ በከመ፡ ይገብሩ፡ በሮሜ፡ ወበእለስክንድርያ፡\nወ(BNSupC 181 27ra)ባዕዳንሂ፡ ሎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ኵሉ፡ በአሐቲ፡ ዕለት፡ በኅቡር፡ ቃል፡ ንፌኑ፡ ጸሎተ፡ በቅድስት፡ ዕለት፡ ፋሲካ፡ ወዓለሙ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ኢየኅብሩ፡ ምስለ፡ ካልአኒሆሙ።።።","english":"The Gospel of Luke in the Syriac language, for he was the companion of Paul, and thus he wrote in one book, saying, “I believe you, Luke, the overseer of the work of the beloved.” And the Gospel of Matthew—Luke the Evangelist translated it into the Syriac language, while it was in Hebrew. And the Gospel of John—John the Bishop translated it into the Syriac language. And Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem of Judah, in the year of the reign of Augustus, king of Rome, in the time of Quirinius the governor. Our Lord was condemned by the people of the Jews in the time of Herod, son of Antipater, in the city of Ascalon. And the name of the mother of Herod was Cotria, from the region of Arabia. And all this from the history of Sosilan, and he set forth all that they do thus. And for our brothers who are in the East, as they do in Rome and in Alexandria, and also in other places, they have all on one day, with a united word, we send forth the prayer on the holy day of Pascha. And the world, all of them who do not assemble with one another.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጽርእ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጽርእ (ṣərʿ) here denotes the Syriac language, a common usage in Ethiopic Christian literature for the liturgical and literary language of the Syriac tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሉቃስ ዐቃቤ ሥራይ ፍቁራንያ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Luke, overseer of the work of the beloved' echoes a traditional ascription linking Luke to Paul, possibly derived from the Acts of the Apostles or early patristic sources.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ዓመተ መንግሥቱ ለአጎስጦስ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the reign of Augustus and the governorship of Quirinius aligns with the Lukan nativity chronology (Luke 2:1-2), though the Geʿez text conflates Roman and Jewish rulers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ማኅሠሥ ሰሲላን","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Sosilan' (ሰሲላን) is obscure; it may refer to a lost historical source or a scribal corruption of a known author (e.g., Sosicles or Eusebius). The text claims it as the basis for the preceding narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ኵሉ በአሐቲ ዕለት","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from apostolic biography to liturgical practice, asserting that Eastern Christians celebrate Pascha on a single day, in unity with Rome and Alexandria, contrasting with those who do not assemble together.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየኅብሩ ምስለ ካልአኒሆሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause is grammatically ambiguous: 'all of them who do not assemble with one another' may refer to those who dissent from the unified Paschal date, or to a broader eschatological statement about disunity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Sosilan' (ሰሲላን) is uncertain; it may be a corruption or a reference to a lost source.","The final clause's referent ('all of them who do not assemble') is unclear—whether it describes dissenting Christians or a general condition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"after EMML 3515, 93r-94r\nዘከመ፡ ተርጐሙ፡ ወሰበኩ፡ ነገራቲሆሙ፡ ለለ፡ ፩ወዘከመሂ፡ አዕረፉ፡ ወኀበሂ፡ ተቀብሩ፡ ስምዖን፡ ዘተሰምየ፡ ጴጥሮስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ጶንጦስ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ገላትያ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ቀጰዶቅያ፡ ለብሔረ፡\nቢታንያ፡ ለብሔረ፡ አጣልያ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ኤስያ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ወአዕረፈ፡ ብሔረ፡ ሮሜ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ኔሮን፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወከመዝ፡ አዕረፈ፡ እንዘ፡ ቍልቍል፡ ርእሱ፡ ወከመዝ፡ አስተበቍዎ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ እንዘ፡\nይብል፡ ኢትስቅለኒ፡ ከመ፡ አምላኪያ፡ ወከመዝ፡ ሰቀሎ፡ ቍልቍሊተ፡ ወብሔረ፡ ሮሜ፡ ተቀብረ። እድርያስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ለብሔረ፡ አስቀጥያ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ሰገድያን፡ ወለሰብአ፡ ስቂስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወአዕረፈ፡ ብሔረ፡\nጰትራ፡ ዘእካይያ። ያዕቆብ፡ ወልደ፡ ዞብዴዎስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ለ፲ወ፫አዝማደ፡ ዕብራዊያን፡ ወቀተሎ፡ ሄሮድስ፡ ወመጥበሕት፡ በሀገረ፡ አቂ፡ ዘማርቂ። ዮሐንስ፡ ዘአፍቀሮ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ወንጌለዊ፡ አዕረፈ፡ በብሔረ፡\nኤፌሶን። ፍልጶስ፡ አዕረፈ፡ ብሔረ፡ ፍርግያ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ ሀገረ፡ ሄዮጳሊስ፡ ወበብሔረ፡ እስያ፡ ምስለ፡ አርባዕ፡ ደናግል፡ አዋልዲሁ። ወበርተሎሜዎስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ለሰብአ፡ ህንደኬ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ወአዕረፈ፡\nበአልባና፡ ሀገር፡ በምድረ፡ ህርሜንያ። ቶማስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ በብሔረ፡ ፉርስ፡ ወለሕዝብ፡ ጰራትያ፡ ወሕዝበ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወለሕዝበ፡ ሚደይ፡ ወለሕዝብ፡ ቀርማኑስ፡ ወለሕዝበ፡ ወርቀስ፡ ወለሕዝበ፡ ቄጥሩስ፡\nወአዕረፈ፡ በሀገረ፡ ሕለት፡ ህንደኬ። ማቴዎስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ በነገረ፡ ዕብራዊያን፡ ወአዕረፈ፡ ሀገረ፡ ኢየሩሰሌም፡ ብሔረ፡ ፉርስ።","english":"How they translated and preached their messages, each one, and also how they died and where they were buried. Simon, who is called Peter, preached to the land of Pontus, to the land of Galatia, to the land of Cappadocia, to the land of Bithynia, to the land of Attalia, to the land of Asia; he preached the Gospel and died in the land of Rome, in the time of Nero the king, and thus he died with his head downward, and thus he was crucified for the king, saying, “Crucify me like my God,” and thus they hanged him head downward, and he was buried in the land of Rome. Andrew preached to the land of Scythia, to the people of the Sogdians, and to the people of the Scythians; he preached and died in the land of Patras of Achaia. James, son of Zebedee, preached to the thirteen tribes of the Hebrews, and Herod killed him with a sword in the city of Aq, of Mark. John, whom our Lord loved, the Evangelist, died in the land of Ephesus. Philip died in the land of Phrygia, and they buried him in the city of Hierapolis, and in the land of Asia with his four virgin daughters. Bartholomew preached to the people of India; he preached the Gospel and died in the city of Albania, in the land of Armenia. Thomas preached the Gospel in the land of Persia, and to the peoples of Parthia, and to the peoples of Persia, and to the peoples of Media, and to the peoples of Carmania, and to the peoples of Hyrcania, and to the peoples of the Getae; and he died in the city of Calamina of India. Matthew preached the Gospel in the language of the Hebrews, and died in the city of Jerusalem, in the land of Persia.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a formulaic pattern: for each apostle, it lists the regions of preaching, manner of death, and burial place. The sequence matches the standard order in Ethiopic apostolic lists.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቍልቍል፡ ርእሱ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ቍልቍል፡ ርእሱ፡' (head downward) describes Peter's crucifixion upside down, a tradition attested in early Christian apocrypha but not in canonical Acts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Nero as king during Peter's death reflects the common tradition that Peter was martyred under Nero in Rome, though the Geʿez text adds the detail of crucifixion upside down.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Matthew died in Jerusalem in the land of Persia is unusual; most traditions place his death in Ethiopia or elsewhere. This may reflect a conflation or local Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT6567Treatise","label":"source edition: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አቂ፡ ዘማርቂ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'city of Aq, of Mark' is obscure; 'Aq' may be a corruption or a place name not clearly identified. The reference to Mark is unclear in context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of Thomas's mission fields (Persia, Parthia, Media, etc.) parallels the Syriac tradition of Thomas's apostolate in the East, as found in the Acts of Thomas.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The location 'Aq, of Mark' is uncertain; possibly a scribal error or a reference to a known site like Aqaba or a place in Asia Minor.","The burial of Matthew in Jerusalem in the land of Persia is contradictory; Persia may be a misplacement or refer to a region within the Persian sphere."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ማርቆስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ብሔረ፡ እለ፡ እስክንድርያ፡ በመካን፡ ቀጢን፡\nወቀበርዎ፡ በመካን፡ ዘስሙ፡ በቍሉ፡ በመርጡል፡ ዘኀነጸ፡ ለርእሱ፡ ምስለ፡ ኡቁጡር፡ ሰማዕት፡ ትኩን፡ በሀገረ፡ ሎቆን፡ ወረከቦ፡ እለ፡ እስክንድሮስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ አዕጽምቲሁ፡ በሀገረ፡ ሎቆን፡ ወቀበሮ፡ ምስለ፡\nቴዎና፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት። ያዕቆብ፡ ወልደ፡ እልፍዮስ፡ አዕረፈ፡ ዘቀተልዎ፡ አይሁድ፡ በውግረተ፡ እብን፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወውስተ፡ ሀገር፡ ቀበርዎ፡ ቅሩበ፡ ምኵራብ። ተዴዎስ፡ ዘተሰምየ፡ ይሁዳ፡ በሀገረ፡ ኤዴስያ፡\nወበብሔረ፡ ወሳጦምያ፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ አውግዮስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኤዳስስ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ በሀገረ፡ ቢርጦስ። ስምዖን፡ ወልደ፡ ቃለ፡ ዮጰ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ሤምዎ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ለኢየሩሰሌም፡ ወኵሉ፡ መዋዕለ፡\nሕይወቱ፡ ወዓመቱ፡ ወሰቀልዎ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ አጥርያኖስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ፴ሀገረ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም። ማትያን፡ እምሰብዓ፡ አርድእት፡ እግዚእነ፡ ዘተከለለ፡ ህየንተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ አስቆሮታዊ፡ ወተቀብረ፡ በኢይሩሰሌም። ጳውሎስ፡ ሰበከ፡ ብሔረ፡\nኢያሪኮ፡ ወብሔረ፡ ሮሜ፡ ወብሔረ፡ አስጰንያ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ኔሮን፡ ንጉሥ፡ ቀተሎ፡ በመጥበሕት፡ ወቀበሩ፡ አዕጽምቲሁ፡ በሀገረ፡ ሮሜ። ጢጦን፡ ሰበከ፡ ብሔረ፡ ቀርጢስ፡ በሐይቀ፡ ደሴት፡ ሰበከ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ወበውስተ፡ ይእቲ፡\nደሴት፡ አዕረፈ። ቂናቂስ፡ በብሔረ፡ ገለትያ፡ ውእቱ፡ ኅጽዋ፡ ለንግስተ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡ በብሔረ፡ አራብያ፡ ዘብሔረ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወበአጵሮበኔ፡ በደሴት፡ በብሔረ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡ ሰማዕተ፡ ኮነ።","english":"Mark preached the Gospel in the land of Alexandria, at a place called Qaṭin, and they buried him at a place named Baqulu, in Marṭul, which he had built for himself, together with Euqāṭur the martyr, in the city of Loqon. And Alexander the king found his bones in the city of Loqon and buried them with Theonas, the archbishop. James, son of Alphaeus, died—the Jews killed him with a stone-throwing battle in Jerusalem, and they buried him within the city, near the temple. Thaddaeus, who is called Judas, preached the Gospel in the land of Edessa and in the region of Mesopotamia, in the time of King Augyus of Edessa, and they buried him in the city of Qirṭos. Simeon, son of Clopas, after James the Righteous, they appointed him bishop of Jerusalem, and all the days of his life and his years, and they crucified him in the time of King Hadrian, in the city of Jerusalem. Matthias, one of the seventy disciples of our Lord, who replaced Judas Iscariot, was buried in Jerusalem. Paul preached in the region of Jericho and in the region of Rome and in the region of Spain; in the time of King Nero, he killed him with a sword, and they buried his bones in the city of Rome. Titus preached in the region of Crete; on an island in the lake he preached the Gospel, and on that island he died. Cinacis in the region of Galatia—he is the eunuch of the Queen of Ethiopia, in the region of Arabia, which is in the region of Egypt, and in Aprobone, on an island in the region of Ethiopia, he became a martyr.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀጢን","severity":"info","text":"The toponym Qaṭin is obscure; it may refer to a specific quarter or church in Alexandria, but its identification remains uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"በቍሉ","severity":"info","text":"The place name Baqulu is unattested elsewhere; it likely denotes a burial site or a church built by Mark.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኡቁጡር","severity":"info","text":"Euqāṭur the martyr is otherwise unknown; the name may be a Geʿez rendering of a Greek or Coptic martyr name, possibly Euchaites or similar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቴዎና","severity":"info","text":"Theonas, archbishop of Alexandria (c. 282–300), is a historical figure; his association with Mark’s relics reflects later hagiographical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990072510730203941","label":"Catena in Acta SS. Apostolorum e Cod. Nov. Coll","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990072510730203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a consistent pattern: apostle’s name, field of mission, manner of death, and burial place, typical of apostolic lists in canon-law collections.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ቂናቂስ","severity":"caution","text":"The name Cinacis is likely a corruption or variant; the figure is identified as the eunuch of the Queen of Ethiopia, but the name does not appear in standard apostolic lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponyms Qaṭin, Baqulu, Marṭul, and Loqon are not securely identified; they may be local Egyptian or Ethiopian place names. The identity of Euqāṭur the martyr is uncertain. The name Cinacis is likely a textual corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ወእምሐዋርያ፡ ዘእግዚእነ፡ ወአርድእት፡\nዘእምኆልቈ፡ ሮወዐ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ቀላሚጦስ፡ ዘሰበከ፡ ወጸሐፈ፡ ሕገ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስትያን፡ ለጳጳሳት፡ ወለቀሳውስት፡ ወለኵሉ፡ ፍጻሜ፡ (Y94r) ሢመተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስትያን። ወስቴንሰ፡ ፩ቄፉስ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ከመዝ፡ ጴጥሮስ፡ ሊቀ፡ ሐዋርያት፡\nማትያስ፡ ዘተኆለቈ፡ ምስለ፡ ፲ወ፪ሐዋርያት፡ ማቴዎስ፡ ፩ወበርናበስ፡ ፩ቀሌናስ፡ ዘጸሐፈ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡ ረድኡ፡ ለጰውሎስ። ታዴዎስ፡ ወቀሌዎጶስ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ዘሰበከ፡ በልሰነ፡ ዕብራዊያን፡ በኢየሩሰሌም፡ ተርጐመ፡ በልሳነ፡ ጽርእ፡\nምስለ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ወንጌል፡ ዘማርቆስ፡ ጴጥሮስ፡ ተርጐመ፡ በልሳነ፡ ጽርእ፡ ብሔረ፡ ሮሜ። ወንጌል፡ ዘሉቃስ፡ በነገረ፡ ጽርእ፡ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ረድኡ፡ ለጰውሎስ፡ ወከመዝ፡ ጸሐፈ፡ በ፩መጽሐፍ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ አምኀክሙ፡ ሉቃስ፡\nዐቀቤ፡ ስራይ፡ ፍቁራንያ። ወንጌለ፡ ሉቃስ፡ ተርጐመ፡ በነገረ፡ ጽርእ፡ እንዘ፡ በዕብራይስጥ፡ ሀሎ። ወንጌል፡ ዘዮሐንስ፡ ተርጐመ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ በሀገረ፡ ጽርእ፡ ወኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ተወልደ፡ በቤተ፡ ልሔም፡ ዘይሁዳ፡ በ፵ወ፪ዓመተ፡\nመንግሥቱ፡ ለአግስጦስ፡ ንጉሰ፡ ሮሜ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ኢሊጲዲዮን፡ መኰንን፡ ተኰነነ፡ እግዚእነ፡ እምሕዝበ፡ አይሁድ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ሄሮድስ፡ ወልደ፡ አንጢጴስሮስ፡ አስቀሎን።","english":"And from the Apostles of our Lord and the Disciples, from among the number of the seventy, Clement, who preached and wrote the canon law of the Church for bishops, and for priests, and for all the fullness of the Church. And Stephen, one of the seventy, whose name is like Peter, the chief of the Apostles. Matthias, who was numbered among the twelve Apostles. Matthew, one, and Barnabas, one, and Cleopas, who wrote to Timothy, the companion of Paul. Thaddeus and Cleophas, and the Gospel which he preached in the Hebrew language in Jerusalem, translated into the Syriac language. With John, the Gospel of Mark, Peter translated into the Syriac language in the land of Rome. And the Gospel of Luke, in the Syriac language, for he was the companion of Paul. And thus he wrote in one book, saying, \"I, Luke, have written the Acts of the Apostles.\" And the Gospel of Luke was translated into the Syriac language, while it was in Hebrew. And the Gospel of John was translated by John the Bishop in the city of Syriac. And Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem of Judah in the forty-second year of the reign of Augustus, king of Rome, in the time of Quirinius the governor. Our Lord was judged by the people of the Jews in the time of Herod, son of Antipater of Ascalon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀላሚጦስ","severity":"info","text":"Clement (ቀላሚጦስ) is here identified as one of the seventy apostles, credited with preaching and writing canon law for the church hierarchy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕገ ቤተ ክርስትያን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'canon law of the Church' (ሕገ ቤተ ክርስትያን) reflects the work's genre as canon law, attributing ecclesiastical legislation to Clement.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists apostles and disciples (Clement, Stephen, Matthias, Matthew, Barnabas, Cleopas, Thaddeus, Cleophas) and notes translations of Gospels into Syriac, linking them to specific locations and figures.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"፵ወ፪ዓመተ መንግሥቱ ለአግስጦስ","severity":"info","text":"The birth of Jesus is dated to the 42nd year of Augustus, king of Rome, during the governorship of Quirinius, a chronological note typical of Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ተርጐመ በልሳነ ጽርእ","severity":"caution","text":"Multiple Gospels are said to be translated into Syriac (በልሳነ ጽርእ), but the attributions (e.g., Mark's Gospel by Peter) are historically uncertain and reflect legendary transmission.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Clement' (ቀላሚጦስ) is ambiguous: possibly Clement of Rome or a legendary figure among the seventy.","The phrase 'Gospel of Luke in Syriac while it was in Hebrew' is unclear; it may conflate translation traditions."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ወስመ፡ እሙ፡ ለሄሮድስ፡ ቆጥርያ፡ ዘእብሔረ፡ አራብያ፡ ወኵሉ፡\nእንከ፡ ማኅስስ፡ ሰሲላ፡ ወተብሂሎ፡ ኵሎ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይገብሩ፡ ወለአኀውኒ፡ እለ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽባሕ፡ በከመ፡ ይገብሩ፡ በሮምያ፡ ወበእለ፡ እስክድርያ፡ ወበዕዳንሂ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ዘበአሐቲ፡ ዕለት፡ በሕቡር፡ ቃል፡ ንፌኑ፡ ጸሎተ፡ በቅድስት፡ ዕለተ፡\nፋሲካ። ወዓለሙ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ኢየኀብሩ፡ ምስለ፡ ከልአኒሆሙ።","english":"And the mother of Herod, Cypros, from the region of Arabia, and all the rest of the council of the sixty, and he said that all of them should do likewise, and for our brothers who are in the East, as they do in Rome and in those of Alexandria, and also at that time all of them, as on one day, with a united voice, we send forth the prayer on the holy day of Pascha. And the whole world, all those who were gathered together with their companions.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሄሮድስ","severity":"info","text":"Herod here likely refers to Herod Antipas or Herod the Great; the mother named Cypros is historically the mother of Herod the Great, a Nabatean Arab princess.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990072510730203941","label":"Catena in Acta SS. Apostolorum e Cod. Nov. Coll","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990072510730203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቆጥርያ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'council of the sixty' (ቆጥርያ ዘእብሔረ አራብያ) is unattested in known synodical lists; it may be a corruption or a local tradition of a sixty-member ecclesiastical council in Arabia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6567Treatise","label":"betmas: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ እንከ ማኅስስ ሰሲላ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'all the rest of the council of the sixty' appears to be a narrative transition, linking the preceding list of apostles to a decree about liturgical uniformity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"በሮምያ ወበእለ እስክድርያ","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of Rome and Alexandria as liturgical authorities mirrors the common late antique Christian practice of citing these sees as normative for Easter observance.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-catena-acta","label":"gap dossier: Catena on the Acts of the Apostles (the Catena of Andrew)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-catena-acta"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ፋሲካ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Pascha (ፋሲካ) and a unified prayer on a single day reflects the Ethiopic church's concern with Easter dating, a recurring theme in canon law collections.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT6567Treatise","label":"source edition: Notes on the Apostles and their Predicament","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6567Treatise"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየኀብሩ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'all those who were gathered together with their companions' is syntactically ambiguous; it may refer to the worldwide church or to a specific synod, but the Geʿez does not clarify.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the council of the sixty' is unclear; it may be a textual corruption or a reference to a lost synod.","The phrase 'ኢየኀብሩ ምስለ ከልአኒሆሙ' could mean either 'those who were gathered with their companions' or 'those who were not gathered with their companions' depending on the reading of the negative prefix."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}