{"slug":"LIT6311CCR6","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT6311CCR6","title":"Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:25:13Z","cost_usd":0.002137},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT6311CCR6","work_id":"LIT6311CCR6","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"},"stats":{"passages":3,"english_words":631,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":16,"commentary_kinds":6,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":3,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT6311CCR6","abstract":"Lālibalā's gʷǝlt is a Geʿez land grant issued by King Lālibalā (throne name Gabra Masqal) to the churches of Masqal and Mary. The document records a royal endowment of land to ecclesiastical institutions, including female monastic communities, and follows a standard Ethiopic charter form with trinitarian invocation, donor identification, grant formula, and curses/blessings. The text survives in a single manuscript witness (betmas) with no known translation or commentary. Its precise terms, boundaries, and beneficiaries remain unstudied philologically.","historical_context":"The grant dates to the reign of Lālibalā (ca. 1189–1229), a Zagwe king famous for building the rock-hewn churches of Lālibalā. The document reflects royal patronage of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and its monastic foundations, a key feature of Zagwe political and religious authority. The text is written in Geʿez, the classical liturgical and legal language of Ethiopia. The term gʷǝlt (ጕልት) denotes a land grant or endowment, distinct from sale or inheritance, and was a common instrument for supporting ecclesiastical institutions. The grant names nuns Abrəqsiyā and Sosānā as beneficiaries, indicating female monastic communities were recipients of royal land grants. The document's transmission is limited to a single manuscript (betmas), and its later liturgical or canonical use is unattested. The date '2 2 2' in the year of mercy is likely corrupt, obscuring the precise chronology.","significance":"This gʷǝlt provides rare direct evidence of royal land grants to churches and female monastic communities in the Zagwe period, illuminating the intersection of royal patronage, ecclesiastical land tenure, and gender in medieval Ethiopia. It complements the better-known rock-hewn churches of Lālibalā by documenting the legal and economic framework that sustained them.","timeline":[{"date":"ca. 1189–1229","event":"Reign of King Lālibalā (Gabra Masqal) of the Zagwe dynasty."},{"date":"late 12th–early 13th c.","event":"Probable date of the gʷǝlt grant to the churches of Masqal and Mary."},{"date":"undated","event":"Single manuscript witness (betmas) copied; transmission history unknown."},{"date":"undated","event":"Edition published without translation or commentary."}],"relations":[{"work":"Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","relation":"primary source for Zagwe royal land grants","key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"},{"work":"Ethiopic land tenure documents","relation":"parallel genre of gʷǝlt charters","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Rock-hewn churches of Lālibalā","relation":"architectural legacy of the same king","key":"wikipedia:Rock-hewn churches of Lalibela","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The date '2 2 2' in the year of mercy is likely corrupt; no precise date can be assigned.","The text survives in a single manuscript witness (betmas); its transmission history is unknown.","No translation or commentary exists; the grant's precise terms, boundaries, and beneficiaries require further philological analysis.","The epithet 'horseman of the cross' is unusual and may be a local title or scribal error."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000447,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:25:13Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT6311CCR6","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":3,"translated":3,"commentary_passages":3,"commentary_units":16,"english_words":631,"source_letters":1316,"commentary_kinds":6},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a gʷǝlt (land grant) by King Lālibalā to the churches of Masqal and Mary, recorded in Geʿez. It reflects royal patronage of ecclesiastical institutions in the Zagwe dynasty.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Lālibalā reigned in the late 12th–early 13th century. The grant’s dating rests on internal references to his reign; no external corroboration is cited in the edition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives in a single manuscript witness (betmas). Its transmission history beyond this copy is unknown; no other manuscript is noted in the edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The grant’s later liturgical or canonical use is unattested. It may have served as a legal record for the churches’ land rights, but no reception in hagiography or ritual is documented.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition provides no translation or commentary on the Geʿez text. Readers cannot assess the grant’s precise terms, boundaries, or beneficiaries without further philological analysis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 3 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":3},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT6311CCR6":{"label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"በአኰቴተ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አጕለትኩ፡\nመዝ፡ አጕለትኩ፡ አነ፡ ላሊበላ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ከመ፡ ይዘክረኒ፡ ክር\nድረ፡ ዲረ፡ ምድረ፡ ምድረ፡ አላፈ፡ ምድረ፡ ውሖረ፡ መዓጠው\nርኀ፡ ታኅሳለ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዓባል፡ ዘኢይትመዋዕ፡ ለዐር፡ በኀይለ፡\nዩም፡ ወልደ፡ አስዳ፡ ለቤተ፡ መስቀል፡ ወለቤተ፡ ማርያም፡ ለደ\nሎ፡ መከመ፡ ምድረ፡ መስተሩ፡ መድረ፡ በክረገ፡ በማባር\nስቶስ፡ በመንግሥቱ፡ ወይደምረኒ፡ ምስለ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ወቅዱሳን፡\nወአንበሳ፡ ዘኢይበውእ፡ ቀስታኒያ፡ ባዕድ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እመ፡ ም\nአት፡ ወእመቦ፡ ዘተኀየለ፡ ወተገሰሰ፡ ወዘተአገለ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ጕ\nልት፡ ወለዝንቱ፡ ከላም፡ ውገዘ፡ ለይኩን፡ በቅድመ፡ አብ፡ ወ\nዘ፡ አኀ፡ ፍቁር፡ በበዘ፡ አኀ፡ በዓሪዝ፡ በዘ፡ አኀበ፡ ወክ\nወኢመኃለፍተ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ዘናቤ፡ ወዓበኪ፡ ዘኢይበውእ፡ ፈረሳ\nመስቀሉ፡ ለኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወልደ፡ ምራራ፡ ወልደ፡ ዘንሥ\nይሳት፡ ወግር፡ ብፁዓ፡ በዘ፡ አኀ፡ በዘ፡ አኀዘ፡ ሠ፡ በ\nአከስምኩ፡ወአምነይኩ፡ አነ፡ ሐየኒ፡ ላሊበላ፡ ወስመ፡ መንግሥ\nትየ፡ ገብረ፡ መስቀል፡ በ፪፪ብ፪፡ ዓመተ፡ ምሕረት፡ አመ፡ ፰፡ ለወ\nወከመዝ፡ ጕለትኩ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ግብረ፡ ወገብጋብ፡ ወኢተስጣ\nናግል፡ ለአንስተ፡ መነኮሳት፡ ለአብርቅሲያ፡ ወለሶሳና፡ ሠጠ፡ ም","english":"In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, I have made a grant. I, Lālibalā, king, have made a grant, so that Christ may remember me. The land of Dira, the land of Mədrā, the land of Alāfā, the land of Wəḥorā, the land of Maʿāṭāw, the long Tāḥśāllā, the man ʿAbbāl, the one who is not to be entered, for the sake of the cross by the power of Yum, son of Asdā, to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary, for the sake of the portion of the land of Məstāru, the land of Mədrā, in the field of Mabbār, Səstos, in his kingdom, and may he add me to the company of the righteous and the saints. And the lion that does not enter, the priest, another, without a mother, and her mother who was changed and confined, and the one who has added to this grant and to this boundary, let him be cursed before the Father and the Son, the beloved brother, in the portion of the brother, in the portion of the brother Bāʿāriz, in the portion of the brother and the sister, and the one who does not pass away, who has no one to say, and the father, the one who does not enter, the horseman of the cross of Jesus Christ, son of Mirārā, son of Zānśəyāsat, and the blessed one, in the portion of the brother, in the portion of the brother who took, I have confirmed and believed, I, Ḥāyāni Lālibalā, and the name of my kingdom, Gabra Masqal, in the year 2 2 2 of the year of mercy, on the 8th of the month. And thus I have granted, which has no deed or addition, and it is not to be taken away from the nuns, from Abrəqsiyā and from Sosānā, she gave.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a trinitarian invocation, followed by the donor's self-identification and the grant formula. The list of lands and beneficiaries is interrupted by curses and blessings, a common pattern in Ethiopic land-grant documents.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጕልት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term gʷǝlt (ጕልት) denotes a land grant or endowment, often for ecclesiastical institutions. It is a technical term in Ethiopian land tenure, distinct from ordinary sale or inheritance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Lālibalā (r. ca. 1189–1229) is a well-known Zagwe king, credited with building the rock-hewn churches of Lālibalā. His throne name Gabra Masqal ('Servant of the Cross') appears here, confirming the document's royal context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The date '2 2 2' in the year of mercy is likely corrupt; it may represent a numeral misreading or abbreviation. The 8th of an unspecified month further obscures the chronology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ ክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The spelling ኢየሱስ (ʾIyasus) for Jesus is a standard Geʿez form, reflecting the Greek Iēsous. The phrase 'horseman of the cross' is an unusual epithet, possibly a local title or a scribal error.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The document names nuns Abrəqsiyā and Sosānā as beneficiaries, indicating female monastic communities were recipients of royal patronage. This reflects the role of women in Ethiopian ecclesiastical landholding.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The date '2 2 2' is unclear; it may be a scribal error or an abbreviated era. The phrase 'horseman of the cross' is ambiguous, possibly a title or a corruption. The identity of 'Yum, son of Asdā' is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ በአፈ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ፫በወ፰፡ ርቱዓነ፡\nሀይማኖት፡ በአፈ፡ ፲ወ፪፡ ሐዋርያት፡ አሜን፡ ወአሜን።\n\nወእንዘ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ላሊባላ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወብ\nእሲቱ፡ መስቀል፡ ክብራ፡ በዐልተ፡ ቤሐት፡ ከመ፡ ይኩኖሙ፡\nመድኅኒተ፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ በመንግሥተ፡ ሰማያት፡ ወለብእሲትየኒ፡\nከመ፡ ይደምራ፡ ምስለ፡ ቅድሳት፡ አንስት፡ ምስለ፡ ሳራወሰሎ\nሜ፡ ምስለ፡ ሐና፡ ወሶፍያ፡ ወኢይዝክር፡ ላቲ፡ ኃጢአታ፡ ወይ\nድምስስ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ጌጋያ፡ አሜን፡ ወአሜን። ለይኩን፡ ለይኩ\nን።","english":"and the Son and the Holy Spirit, by the mouth of the three bishops of the orthodox faith, by the mouth of the twelve apostles, amen and amen.\n\nAnd while both of them were together, Lālibalā the king and his wife Masqal, her honor, the mistress of the house, so that they might have a savior for their souls in the kingdom of heaven, and for my wife, so that she might be joined with the holy women, with Sarah and Hagar, with Hannah and Sophia, and that her sins might not be remembered, and that the book of her transgressions might be blotted out, amen and amen. Let it be, let it be.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the grant formula with a trinitarian invocation and a blessing for the king's wife, Masqal, linking her to biblical and saintly women.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"በአፈ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ፫በወ፰፡ ርቱዓነ፡ ሀይማኖት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'by the mouth of the three bishops of the orthodox faith' likely refers to the three bishops of the Council of Nicaea (325 CE), a standard authority in Ethiopian legal formulas.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሳራ፡ ወሐና፡","severity":"info","text":"Sarah (wife of Abraham) and Hannah (mother of Samuel) are biblical figures; Hagar (Sarah's handmaid) and Sophia (possibly the personified Wisdom or a saint) are also invoked as holy women.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The request that Masqal's sins be forgotten and her transgressions blotted out reflects a common Ethiopian Christian concern for posthumous absolution, often expressed in land grants.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text begins abruptly with 'and the Son and the Holy Spirit,' suggesting the preceding passage (p1) contained the Father; the English draft omits this continuity marker.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Sophia' is ambiguous: it may refer to the personified Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) or a specific saint; the text does not clarify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወእንዘ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ዐበይተ፡ ብጕና፡ ቃለ፡ ጳጳስ፡ እንድርያስ፡\nወጳጳስ፡ አባ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ዕዝራ፡ ይርዳእ፡\nሚካኤል፡ ሰሙኤል፡ ዐቃቤ፡ ሰዓተ፡ አባ፡ መጣዕ፡ ተስሩ፡ ሕ\nይወት፡ ሐሰን፡ ቅሩብ፡ ሊቀ፡ ዝያቆናት፡ ሰውን፡ ቀሰ፡ ገበዝ፡\nጽዮን፡ ይትባረክ፡ ቀስ፡ ሐፃኒ፡ ዘካርያስ፡ ጸዋሬ፡ ናርጌ፡ መሰረ\nይ፡ ዝር፡ ገአዛ፡ እንዘ፡ ጸሐፈ፡ ትእዛዝ፡ ዘክርስቶስ፡ ወጽሐፊ\nሁ፡ ሀሎ፡ አምላክነ፡ ወልደ፡ ዜና፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ሊቀ፡ አቀይታት፡\nሠምሮ፡ እንዘ፡ ሊቀ፡ ቤተ፡ ቀጢን፡ በኀይሉ፡ ወእንዘ፡ ሊቀ፡\nመከለ፡ ሀገረ፡ ውድም፡ እንዘ፡ ሊቀ፡ ኬኖት፡ ዘአመላይ፡ ወእን\nዘ፡ ሊቀ፡ ኀዳር፡ ወቃለ፡ ሕመት፡ ኀበ፡ ክልኤ፡ ሢመት፡ አማኒ፡\nወእንዘ፡ ሊቀ፡ በሪያ፡ ጽዮን፡ ኀርታ፡ እንዘ፡ ሊቀ፡ ዐቃቤ፡ ደዴ፡\nሴክ፡ እንዘ፡ ሊቀ፡ መሰናቀት፡ ብጕናይ፡ ወከመዝ፡ አጕለትኩ፡\nዘአልቦ፡ ግብረ፡ ወገብጋበ፡ ለመነኮሳት፡ አንስት፡ ለቤተ፡ መስ\nቀል፡ ወለቤተ፡ ማርያም፡ እመቦ፡ ዘከልኦ፡ ወዘተገሰሰ፡ ለዝንቱ፡\nጕልት፡ ውጉዘ፡ ለይኩን፡ በቅድመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈ\nስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሜን፡ ወአሜን።","english":"and while the elders were present, Bishop Endreyas, Bishop Abba Mikaʾel, and the bishops ʿEzra, Yərdaʿ, Mikaʾel, Səmuʾel, the timekeeper Abba Məṭaʿ, Täsru, Ḥəywät, Ḥasän, Qərub, the chief of the deacons Səwn, the priest Gäbäz, Ṣəyon, may he be blessed, the priest Ḥaṣani, Zakaryas, the treasurer of Närge, Mäsäräy, Zər, Gäʿazä, while he wrote the command of Christ, and his scribe was Amläkəna, Wəldä Zena, Christos, the chief of the priests, having gathered, while the chief of the house of Qäṭən was in his power, and while the chief of the district of the city of Wədəm, while the chief of the fields of Amälay, and while the chief of the Hədar and the speaker of the law, to the two Lämät, the faithful, and while the chief of the serfs of Ṣəyon, Hərta, while the chief of the timekeepers of Däde, Sek, while the chief of the deacons of Bəgʷnay, and thus I have made a gʷǝlt which has no work or service for the monks, the women, for the church of Masqal and for the church of Mary. Whoever alters or transgresses against this gʷǝlt, let him be accursed before the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, amen and amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a witness list followed by a donation formula, typical of gʷǝlt charters. The list of clergy and officials authenticates the grant.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጕልት (gʷǝlt)","severity":"info","text":"A gʷǝlt is a land grant, often tax-exempt, made to a church or monastery. Here it is explicitly free of work or service for the monks.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list includes Bishop Endreyas, Abba Mikaʾel, and others, reflecting the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Zagwe period. The mention of Närge and Bəgʷnay locates the grant in the Lasta region.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several names in the witness list (e.g., Täsru, Ḥasän, Qərub) are obscure and may be corrupt or abbreviated. The reading follows the edition but is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The curse formula at the end, invoking the Trinity against any who alter the gʷǝlt, is standard in Ethiopian land grants and underscores their legal and religious gravity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT6311CCR6","label":"betmas: Lālibalā's gʷǝlt to the church of Masqal and to the church of Mary","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT6311CCR6"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity and exact titles of several witnesses (e.g., 'the chief of the house of Qäṭən') are unclear. The phrase 'to the two Lämät' may refer to a place or persons."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}