{"slug":"LIT4032SenkessarS","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","title":"Synaxarion","author":"Anonymous","genre":"liturgy","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:09Z","cost_usd":0.018314},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","work_id":"LIT4032SenkessarS","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"},"stats":{"passages":56,"english_words":4251,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":292,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":104,"work_notes":5,"external_links":6,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"LIT4032SenkessarS","abstract":"The Ethiopic Synaxarion (Senkessar) is a liturgical collection of hagiographical readings arranged according to the Ethiopian calendar, used in the annual cycle of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. It is a translation and adaptation of the Copto-Arabic synaxarion, traditionally attributed to the 14th–15th centuries, though the earliest extant manuscripts date from the 16th century. The Geʿez text is transmitted in multiple manuscripts; the source edition (betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS) is based on a single witness without critical apparatus or variant readings. The work includes a trinitarian invocation and a colophon-like statement of compilation, specifying sources from hagiographic genres. The introduction covers the month of Maskaram, marking the start of the liturgical year, a structural division common in Ethiopic and Coptic synaxaria.","historical_context":"The Ethiopic Synaxarion was produced within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, likely between the 14th and 15th centuries, a period of literary and liturgical flourishing under the Solomonic dynasty. It is a translation and adaptation of the Copto-Arabic synaxarion, reflecting the deep ecclesiastical ties between the Ethiopian and Coptic churches, both non-Chalcedonian. The work was compiled for liturgical use, providing readings for saints' days and feasts throughout the year. The earliest surviving manuscripts date from the 16th century, indicating a complex transmission history with multiple redactions. The text is transmitted in Geʿez, the classical liturgical language of Ethiopia, and is preserved in numerous manuscripts, though no critical edition exists. The source edition (betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS) reproduces a single manuscript without collation, limiting its textual authority. The work's structure, beginning with the month of Maskaram, follows the Ethiopian calendar, which is based on the Coptic calendar. The council of Alexandria mentioned in the text likely refers to the Council of 362 under Athanasius, but the reference is incomplete. Variant forms, such as 'ʾabuna Liqānos' for 'ʾabuna Luqās', suggest dialectal or scribal variation.","significance":"The Ethiopic Synaxarion is a key witness to the liturgical and hagiographical traditions of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, demonstrating the adaptation of Coptic models to Ethiopian contexts. It provides insight into the development of the Ethiopian calendar, the veneration of saints, and the transmission of Christian literature in the Horn of Africa. Its complex manuscript tradition and lack of critical edition highlight the need for further textual scholarship.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Council of Alexandria (likely 362 under Athanasius) referenced in the synaxarion."},{"date":"14th–15th c.","event":"Traditional attribution of the Ethiopic Synaxarion's composition."},{"date":"16th c.","event":"Earliest extant manuscripts of the Ethiopic Synaxarion."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Translation and adaptation of the Copto-Arabic synaxarion into Geʿez."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Compilation of hagiographical readings for the Ethiopian liturgical year."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Publication of the source edition betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS based on a single manuscript."}],"relations":[{"work":"Copto-Arabic Synaxarion","relation":"source text for translation and adaptation","key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"},{"work":"Senkessar (Ethiopic Synaxarion)","relation":"edition of the same work","key":"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"},{"work":"Ethiopic Synaxarion manuscripts","relation":"transmitted in multiple manuscripts","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"Source edition of the Ethiopic Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS","reason":"Primary edition used for the work."},{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"Copto-Arabic Synaxarion dossier","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","reason":"Shows the source tradition."},{"key":"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"Edition of the Ethiopic Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS","reason":"Provides the edited text."},{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Hollis record for related manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941","reason":"May contain manuscript details."},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"Context for the liturgical community."},{"key":"wikipedia:Synaxarium","label":"Synaxarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaxarium","reason":"General background on the genre."}],"cautions":["The date of composition is uncertain; traditional attribution to the 14th–15th centuries is not supported by manuscript evidence before the 16th century.","The source edition is based on a single manuscript without critical apparatus, so it may not represent the full textual tradition.","The reference to the council of Alexandria is incomplete and the specific council is not named.","Variant forms like 'ʾabuna Liqānos' may indicate scribal error or dialectal variation, not standard usage."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000576,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:21:23Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT4032SenkessarS","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":56,"translated":56,"commentary_passages":56,"commentary_units":292,"english_words":150,"source_letters":417,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a liturgical synaxarion, a collection of hagiographical readings arranged by the Ethiopian calendar for use in the annual cycle of the church.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text is transmitted in multiple manuscripts; the source edition betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS is based on a single witness, not a critical edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Synaxarion is a translation and adaptation of the Copto-Arabic synaxarion, as shown by the dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Synaxarion is traditionally attributed to the 14th–15th centuries, but the earliest extant manuscripts date from the 16th century.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings; it reproduces a single manuscript without collation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: liturgy in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 56 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"1 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":56},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS":{"label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"},"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic":{"label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"},"hollis:alma990136133530203941":{"label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"},"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS":{"label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"First half of the year\nThis record lists all commemorations of the first half of the year attested at least once in ,\nand , all known manuscripts\nof this recension containing the first half of the year or part of it. The commemorations of each manuscript are described in the\nrespective manuscript records.\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Maskaram\n\nIntroduction for Maskaram\n\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ንወጥን፡ በረድኤተ፡ እግዚኣብሔር፡ ወሠናይ፡ ሀብቱ፡ በጽሒፈ፡\nመጽሐፈ፡ ስንክሳር፡ ዘበትርጓሜሁ፡ ጉባኤ፡ ዘቀድኅዎ፡ አበዊነ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ መምህራነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። አብ፡ ክቡር፡ አባ፡\nሚካኤል፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘሀገረ፡ አትሪብ፡ ወመሊግ። ወአብ፡ ክቡር፡ አባ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘሀገረ፡ ቡርልስ። ወካልኣን፡ አበው፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ወክቡራን፡ እለ፡ አስተጋብእዎ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ እምኵሎሙ፡ ገድላት፡ ዘመላእክት፡ ወሐዋርያት፡\nወነቢያት፡ ወሰማዕታት፡ ወሊቃነ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ወጻድቃን፡ ወገዳማዊያን፡ ወመነኮሳት። ከመ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ተዝካሮሙ፡ ወያንብቡ፡\nገድሎሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ አሚረ፡ እም፩ ለመስከረም፡ እስከ፡ ተፍጻሜተ፡ ዓመት። ወኮነ፡ አስተጋብኦቱ፡ በ፱፻፷ወ፫ዓመት፡ ለሰማዕታት፡\nንጹሓን። ጸሎቶሙ፡ ወበረከቶሙ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ አሜን።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God, we begin with the help of the Lord and his good gift, in the writing of the book of the Synaxarion, which in its interpretation is the \"Collection\" which our holy fathers, the teachers of the Church, compiled. The venerable father Abba Mikaʾel, bishop of the city of Atrib and Malig, and the venerable father Abba Yoḥannes, bishop of the city of Burulus, and the other holy and venerable fathers who assembled this book from all the acts of the angels, apostles, prophets, martyrs, patriarchs, righteous ones, anchorites, and monks, so that their commemorations may be performed and their acts read every day from the first of Maskaram until the end of the year. And its compilation was in the year 963 of the pure martyrs. May their prayers and blessings be with us. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the introduction to the first half of the Synaxarion, covering the month of Maskaram, and includes the trinitarian invocation and a colophon-like statement of compilation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ስንክሳር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ስንክሳር (sənkəssar) is a loanword from Arabic 'synaxarion', meaning a collection of saints' lives arranged by the liturgical calendar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The compilation date of 963 of the martyrs corresponds to 1246/1247 CE, placing this recension in the 13th century under the patronage of bishops from Atrib and Burulus in the Egyptian Delta.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of bishops Mikaʾel and Yoḥannes as compilers reflects the Copto-Arabic synaxarion tradition, which was later translated into Geʿez and adapted for Ethiopian liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft omits the phrase 'እምኵሎሙ ገድላት' (from all the acts), which specifies the sources of the compilation; the Geʿez text is more explicit about the range of hagiographic genres included.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'በ፱፻፷ወ፫ዓመት ለሰማዕታት ንጹሓን' could be read as 'in the year 963 of the pure martyrs' or 'in the year 963 of the martyrs, the pure ones'; the English draft takes the former, which is standard.","The identity of 'the other holy and venerable fathers' is unspecified; the text does not name them individually."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Beginning of the year\n\n's washing in the river\n\nDeath of\n\nDeath of\n\nDecapitation of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the council of Alexandria under\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of , different version in the second recension.\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabuna Liqānos (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of\nIncludes\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgātu, Ṗeṭros, Yoḥannǝs, ʾAmon, ʾAmonā, Rafiqā\n\nCommemoration of 6 companions of Fāsiladas\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of","english":"Beginning of the year\n\n's washing in the river\n\nDeath of\n\nDeath of\n\nDecapitation of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the council of Alexandria under\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of , different version in the second recension.\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabuna Liqānos (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of\nIncludes\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgātu, Ṗeṭros, Yoḥannǝs, ʾAmon, ʾAmonā, Rafiqā\n\nCommemoration of 6 companions of Fāsiladas\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Beginning of the year","severity":"info","text":"This entry marks the start of the synaxarion's liturgical year, a structural division common in Ethiopic and Coptic synaxaria.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of the council of Alexandria under","severity":"info","text":"The council of Alexandria refers to a synod, likely the Council of 362 under Athanasius, but the text is incomplete; the specific council is not named.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of , different version in the second recension.","severity":"info","text":"This note indicates textual variation between recensions of the synaxarion, suggesting a complex transmission history with multiple redactions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾabuna Liqānos (non-standard)","severity":"info","text":"ʾabuna Liqānos is a non-standard form; the standard name is likely ʾabuna Luqās (Luke). The variant may reflect dialect or scribal error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of 6 companions of Fāsiladas","severity":"info","text":"Fāsiladas (Fasilides) was a 17th-century Ethiopian emperor. The commemoration of his companions reflects later hagiographic additions to the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Death of","severity":"caution","text":"Multiple entries are incomplete, with names missing. This suggests lacunae in the manuscript or a template not fully filled in.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The specific council of Alexandria is not identified; the text breaks off after 'under'.","Several entries lack names (e.g., 'Death of', 'Commemoration of'), leaving the subjects ambiguous.","The phrase 'different version in the second recension' does not specify which entry it modifies."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the 14 730 men and 7 women with .\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of Michael in Fǝrugyā.\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Maṭronyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAṭnāsyā and her three daughters\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of the council of Ephesus\n\nCommemoration of and his companions\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of .\n\nCommemoration of .","english":"Commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the 14 730 men and 7 women with .\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of Michael in Fǝrugyā.\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Maṭronyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAṭnāsyā and her three daughters\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of the council of Ephesus\n\nCommemoration of and his companions\n\nCommemoration of a miracle of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of .\n\nCommemoration of .","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations, typical of the synaxarion genre, with many entries left incomplete in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Fǝrugyā","severity":"info","text":"Fǝrugyā is a location associated with a miracle of the archangel Michael, known from Ethiopic hagiographic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"council of Ephesus","severity":"info","text":"The council of Ephesus (431 CE) is a major ecumenical council, commemorated in the synaxarion for its Christological definitions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete, with names or details missing (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no further text), indicating lacunae or editorial gaps in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"14 730 men and 7 women","severity":"info","text":"The large number of martyrs (14,730 men and 7 women) reflects a tradition of mass martyrdom, common in Ethiopic hagiography, though the specific event is not identified here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 14,730 men and 7 women is not specified; the location Fǝrugyā is not further identified; several commemorations lack names or details, likely due to manuscript damage or abbreviation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Commemoration of the consecration of the temple in Jerusalem.\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Mercurius.\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎleni (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnorewos (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of ʾEwosṭātewos (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of ʾabuna Mātewos of Dabra Wifāt (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nMonthly commemoration of (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of (non-standard).","english":"Commemoration of the consecration of the temple in Jerusalem.\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Mercurius.\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎleni (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnorewos (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of ʾEwosṭātewos (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of ʾabuna Mātewos of Dabra Wifāt (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nFeast of the cross.\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nMonthly commemoration of (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of (non-standard).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists multiple commemorations and feasts, with the phrase 'Feast of the cross' appearing three times, suggesting a liturgical grouping or a repeated observance within the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'consecration of the temple in Jerusalem' likely refers to the dedication of the Second Temple or the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a major feast in Ethiopian Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾEwosṭātewos","severity":"info","text":"ʾEwosṭātewos is the Geʿez form of Eustathius, likely referring to a saint or church figure, marked as non-standard in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾabuna Mātewos of Dabra Wifāt","severity":"info","text":"ʾabuna Mātewos of Dabra Wifāt is a Geʿez name for a monastic figure, possibly Abba Matthew, associated with the monastery of Dabra Wifāt in Ethiopia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete, with blank spaces after 'Commemoration of', indicating possible lacunae or textual corruption in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The repeated 'Feast of the cross' reflects the high veneration of the cross in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, often linked to the finding of the True Cross.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several commemorated figures is unclear due to missing names; the reading assumes these are intentional gaps or losses in the manuscript."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Commemoration of ʾabuna Yoḥannǝs of Dabra ʾƎsṭifānos (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Mārqoryos of Dabra Tulā (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of Baṣalota Mikāʾel (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nBirth of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nTranslatio of .\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of the salvation of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nSubscription for Maskaram\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṭǝqǝmt","english":"Commemoration of ʾabuna Yoḥannǝs of Dabra ʾƎsṭifānos (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of Mārqoryos of Dabra Tulā (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of Baṣalota Mikāʾel (non-standard).\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nBirth of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nTranslatio of .\n\nCommemoration of and .\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of the salvation of .\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nSubscription for Maskaram\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṭǝqǝmt","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorative notices for the month of Maskaram, concluding with a subscription and a heading for the following month, Ṭǝqǝmt.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Translatio","severity":"info","text":"The Latin term 'Translatio' (here in Geʿez script) denotes the translation or transfer of relics, a common commemorative category in the Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Dabra ʾƎsṭifānos and Dabra Tulā are Ethiopian monastic centers; their mention localizes the commemoration within the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The repeated '(non-standard)' annotation indicates that these entries are later additions or variants not found in the standard Copto-Arabic Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete, with blank spaces after 'Commemoration of' or 'Birth of', suggesting lacunae or placeholders in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several commemorated figures is left unspecified due to blank spaces; the reading assumes these are intentional gaps in the source."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Introduction for Ṭǝqǝmt\n\n1st Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Ḫǝriṭon\n\n2nd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Sāwiros\n\n3rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Tewodorā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n4th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Bākos\n\nCommemoration of Ḥanānyā\n\n5th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch of Constantinople\nThe commemorated patriarch is called in Ṗāwlos in .\n\nCommemoration of\n\n6th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Bānā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of ʾAtenā","english":"Introduction for Ṭǝqǝmt\n\n1st Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Ḫǝriṭon\n\n2nd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Sāwiros\n\n3rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Tewodorā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n4th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Bākos\n\nCommemoration of Ḥanānyā\n\n5th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch of Constantinople\nThe commemorated patriarch is called in Ṗāwlos in .\n\nCommemoration of\n\n6th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Bānā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of ʾAtenā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage opens the month of Ṭǝqǝmt with a series of daily commemorations, each entry listing one or more saints. The pattern of blank entries (e.g., 3rd Ṭǝqǝmt, 6th Ṭǝqǝmt) suggests lacunae in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ṭǝqǝmt","severity":"info","text":"Ṭǝqǝmt is the second month of the Geʿez liturgical calendar, corresponding roughly to October–November in the Julian calendar. The 'Introduction for Ṭǝqǝmt' is a standard heading in synaxaria.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ʾAnǝsṭāsyā","severity":"info","text":"ʾAnǝsṭāsyā (Anastasia) is a common martyr name; the commemoration likely refers to Anastasia of Rome or Anastasia of Sirmium, both venerated in Eastern traditions. The Geʿez synaxarion often conflates multiple figures under one name.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Ṗāwlos","severity":"caution","text":"The note 'The commemorated patriarch is called in Ṗāwlos in .' is incomplete, likely a scribal gloss or marginal insertion. The name Ṗāwlos (Paul) may indicate a variant tradition for Yoḥannǝs, but the text is corrupt.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Diyonāsyos, bishop of ʾAtenā","severity":"info","text":"Diyonāsyos (Dionysius) the Areopagite, traditionally the first bishop of Athens, is venerated in the Geʿez tradition. His inclusion here reflects the synaxarion's incorporation of early Christian figures from the Mediterranean world.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several entries (3rd, 5th, 6th Ṭǝqǝmt) have blank commemoration fields, likely due to manuscript damage or incomplete copying.","The note on Ṗāwlos is fragmentary; the intended referent for 'in .' is missing."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Commemoration of Rǝwāq and ʾƎnṭonyos\n\nCommemoration of Ṗanṭālewon the martyr (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Ṗanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt (non-standard)\n\n7th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bāwlā\n\nCommemoration of Minās and Ḥasinā\n\n8th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Maṭrā\n\nCommemoration of Bākos and Bilāgyā\n\n9th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Liwāryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎsṭifānos (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon (non-standard)\n\n10th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwmānyos\n\nCommemoration of Sargiyos\n\n11th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of Bilāgyā","english":"Commemoration of Rǝwāq and ʾƎnṭonyos\n\nCommemoration of Ṗanṭālewon the martyr (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Ṗanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt (non-standard)\n\n7th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bāwlā\n\nCommemoration of Minās and Ḥasinā\n\n8th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Maṭrā\n\nCommemoration of Bākos and Bilāgyā\n\n9th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Liwāryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎsṭifānos (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon (non-standard)\n\n10th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwmānyos\n\nCommemoration of Sargiyos\n\n11th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of Bilāgyā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for Ṭǝqǝmt 6th through 11th, each day with one or two entries, following the pattern of the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ṗanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'za-ṣomāʿt' likely means 'of the fast' or 'of the ascetics', distinguishing this Ṗanṭālewon from the martyr listed above.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entries for Ṗanṭālewon the martyr and Ṗanṭālewon za-ṣomāʿt are marked 'non-standard', indicating possible textual corruption or variant tradition in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Copto-Arabic synaxarion often includes multiple commemorations per day, and the Geʿez version adapts these with occasional local additions or variations.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Rǝwāq and ʾƎnṭonyos is unclear; they may be local saints or variant spellings of known figures.","The relationship between the two Ṗanṭālewon entries is uncertain; they may represent distinct individuals or a scribal duplication."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"12th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Mātewos\n\nCommemoration of Dǝmeṭrǝyos\n\nCommemoration of Mikāʾel\n\n13rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbṭǝlmāʾos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās\n\n14th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Filǝṗṗos\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Krǝstos (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Muse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Taʾomino[s] (non-standard)\n\n15th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Bilāʾimon\n\n16th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Maqʷǝrofyos, ʾabbā ʾAblo and Ṗeṭros\n\n17th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n18th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\n19th Ṭǝqǝmt","english":"12th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Mātewos\n\nCommemoration of Dǝmeṭrǝyos\n\nCommemoration of Mikāʾel\n\n13rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbṭǝlmāʾos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās\n\n14th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Filǝṗṗos\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Krǝstos (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Muse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Taʾomino[s] (non-standard)\n\n15th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Bilāʾimon\n\n16th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Maqʷǝrofyos, ʾabbā ʾAblo and Ṗeṭros\n\n17th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n18th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\n19th Ṭǝqǝmt","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar list of commemorations for Ṭǝqǝmt 12–19, with several entries left blank (e.g., 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th). The blanks likely indicate lacunae in the manuscript tradition or days with no fixed commemoration in the source used.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"non-standard","severity":"info","text":"The annotation '(non-standard)' marks commemorations that are not part of the core synaxarion tradition, possibly local additions or variant entries. This is a editorial signal from the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The month Ṭǝqǝmt corresponds to October–November in the Gregorian calendar. The synaxarion organizes commemorations by the Ethiopian calendar, which is based on the Coptic calendar.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The blank entries for 16th–19th Ṭǝqǝmt may reflect incomplete transmission in the Ethiopic tradition, as the synaxarion was often copied with gaps or abbreviated in later manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The blank entries for 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Ṭǝqǝmt are ambiguous: they may indicate missing text, days with no fixed commemoration, or intentional omissions in the source manuscript."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Commemoration of Bartalomewos and his wife\n\nCommemoration of the council of Antioch\n\n20th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of King Yǝmrāḥ (non-standard)\n\n21st Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n22nd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\n23rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of Qorotos\n\n24th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗāwlos and his friend\n\nCommemoration of Zaynā\n\n25th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of","english":"Commemoration of Bartalomewos and his wife\n\nCommemoration of the council of Antioch\n\n20th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of King Yǝmrāḥ (non-standard)\n\n21st Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n22nd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\n23rd Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Diyonāsyos, bishop of Qorotos\n\n24th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗāwlos and his friend\n\nCommemoration of Zaynā\n\n25th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for 20th–25th Ṭǝqǝmt, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entries are brief, with many incomplete or missing names, typical of a calendrical summary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The council of Antioch (likely the 341 Synod of Antioch) is commemorated on 20th Ṭǝqǝmt. This council is remembered in Eastern Christian traditions for its canons and its role in the Arian controversy.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"translatio","severity":"info","text":"The term 'translatio' (from Latin) refers to the transfer of relics. In the Synaxarion, it marks the feast of the translation of a saint's remains, often accompanied by a local celebration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"King Yǝmrāḥ (non-standard) is a rare commemoration, likely a local Ethiopian ruler. His inclusion reflects the Synaxarion's adaptation to Ethiopian hagiography, supplementing the Coptic core with indigenous saints.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no name, or 'Commemoration of and'). These lacunae may stem from manuscript damage or scribal omission; the intended saints cannot be identified.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Ṗāwlos and his friend' and 'Zaynā' is uncertain; they may be local Ethiopian saints not attested in the Coptic Synaxarion.","The 'consecration of the church of' is incomplete; the church's dedication is lost."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"26th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of and Hurās\n\n27th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Maqārǝs, bishop of ʾIdku\n\n28th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Markiyānos and Marqoryos\n\n29th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Dǝmeṭrǝyos\n\n30th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhām bāḥtāwi\n\nSubscription for Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ḫǝdar\n\nIntroduction for Ḫǝdar\n\n1st Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos, Numanfyos, Fiqṭor and Filǝṗṗos\n\nShort commemoration of Kāleb (non-standard)\n\nLong commemoration of Kāleb, apparently identical to the one occuring in the second recension on 20th Gǝnbot (non-standard).","english":"26th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of and Hurās\n\n27th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Maqārǝs, bishop of ʾIdku\n\n28th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of Markiyānos and Marqoryos\n\n29th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Dǝmeṭrǝyos\n\n30th Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhām bāḥtāwi\n\nSubscription for Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ḫǝdar\n\nIntroduction for Ḫǝdar\n\n1st Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos, Numanfyos, Fiqṭor and Filǝṗṗos\n\nShort commemoration of Kāleb (non-standard)\n\nLong commemoration of Kāleb, apparently identical to the one occuring in the second recension on 20th Gǝnbot (non-standard).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the month of Ṭǝqǝmt with a subscription and introduces the month of Ḫǝdar, marking a structural transition in the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Hurās","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Hurās' is obscure; it may be a variant of a saint's name or a place name, but no clear identification is available in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Maqārǝs, bishop of ʾIdku","severity":"info","text":"Maqārǝs is a bishop associated with ʾIdku, a town in the Nile Delta; this commemoration likely reflects local Egyptian veneration.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Kāleb","severity":"info","text":"The short and long commemorations of Kāleb are marked as non-standard, indicating textual variation; the long version is said to be identical to one in the second recension on 20th Gǝnbot.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The commemoration for the 26th of Ṭǝqǝmt is incomplete: the name of the saint is missing after 'Commemoration of', and 'and Hurās' lacks a preceding name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Hurās' is uncertain; it may be a saint's name or a toponym.","The commemoration for the 26th of Ṭǝqǝmt is lacunose, with the primary saint's name omitted."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"2nd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n3rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Kirākos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAtnāsyos and his sister ʾIrāʾi\n\n4th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs and Yāʿqob, bishops of Fārs\n\nCommemoration of Tomās, bishop of Damāsqo\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryās\n\n5th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Langinos\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Tewodros\n\n6th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Filkos\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the tabernacle by on Qʷǝsqʷām\n\n7th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nāḫrǝw\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Minās, bishop of Tǝmay","english":"2nd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n3rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Kirākos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAtnāsyos and his sister ʾIrāʾi\n\n4th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs and Yāʿqob, bishops of Fārs\n\nCommemoration of Tomās, bishop of Damāsqo\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryās\n\n5th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Langinos\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Tewodros\n\n6th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Filkos\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the tabernacle by on Qʷǝsqʷām\n\n7th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nāḫrǝw\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Minās, bishop of Tǝmay","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion for the month of Ḫǝdar, listing commemorations from the 2nd to the 7th day. Each day is introduced by a date heading followed by one or more commemorative entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entries for the 2nd of Ḫǝdar are blank in both the Geʿez and the English draft, indicating a lacuna or omission in the source manuscript. The names of the commemorated figures are missing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"translatio","severity":"info","text":"The term 'translatio' (from Latin) is used in the English draft for the 5th of Ḫǝdar, referring to the translation (relocation) of the relics of Tewodros. This is a standard hagiographic category.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Qʷǝsqʷām","severity":"info","text":"Qʷǝsqʷām is the Geʿez name for the Coptic monastery of Deir el-Muharraq (also known as the Monastery of the Virgin Mary at Qusqam) in Upper Egypt, a major pilgrimage site associated with the Holy Family tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Giyorgis of Alexandria (7th Ḫǝdar) reflects the veneration of Patriarch George I of Alexandria (d. 807) in the Coptic and Ethiopic traditions, where he is remembered as a confessor and saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The blank entries for the 2nd of Ḫǝdar leave the identity of the commemorated figures uncertain; the reading taken is that the text is incomplete.","The phrase 'consecration of the tabernacle by on Qʷǝsqʷām' (6th Ḫǝdar) is grammatically unclear in the English draft; the Geʿez likely refers to the consecration of a church or altar at the monastery of Qʷǝsqʷām."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Commemoration of the consecration of the church of\n\n8th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the Four Animals\n\n9th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Yǝsḥaq\n\nCommemoration of the council of Nicaea\n\n10th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Sofyā and her daughters\n\nCommemoration of the council at the time of king Fiqṭoryos\n\n11th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾArkilāʾos, ʾElsāʿ the abbot and ʾAkumis\n\n12th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Michael, history of Dortāwos and Tāwobǝstā (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Michael, history of Bǝḥrān, as transmitted in the second recension on 12 Sane (non-standard)","english":"Commemoration of the consecration of the church of\n\n8th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the Four Animals\n\n9th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Yǝsḥaq\n\nCommemoration of the council of Nicaea\n\n10th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Sofyā and her daughters\n\nCommemoration of the council at the time of king Fiqṭoryos\n\n11th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾArkilāʾos, ʾElsāʿ the abbot and ʾAkumis\n\n12th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Michael, history of Dortāwos and Tāwobǝstā (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Michael, history of Bǝḥrān, as transmitted in the second recension on 12 Sane (non-standard)","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations for dates 8th through 12th of Ḫǝdar, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entries for 11th and 12th Ḫǝdar show textual irregularities.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 11th Ḫǝdar is incomplete: 'Commemoration of' is followed by a blank, then a separate commemoration of three figures. The 12th Ḫǝdar entries are marked 'non-standard', indicating textual corruption or variant tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'Four Animals' commemorated on 8th Ḫǝdar likely refer to the four living creatures of Ezekiel's vision, often associated with the Evangelists in Christian iconography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The council at the time of king Fiqṭoryos (10th Ḫǝdar) is obscure; Fiqṭoryos may be a Geʿez rendering of a Roman or Byzantine emperor, possibly Victor or a similar name.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 12th Ḫǝdar entries reference 'history of Dortāwos and Tāwobǝstā' and 'history of Bǝḥrān', which are non-canonical or apocryphal texts, indicating the Synaxarion's inclusion of local legendary material.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of king Fiqṭoryos is uncertain; the blank on 11th Ḫǝdar may indicate a lost or omitted commemoration; the 'second recension' for 12 Sane is not further specified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Commemoration of Filtāwos\n\n13rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās\n\n14th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qonitos\n\n15th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Minās\n\nCommemoration of Minās the patriarch\n\n16th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Nāfǝr\n\nBeginning of the fasting period before christmas according to the Jacobites (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Kisṭos\n\n17th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of John Chrysostom\n\n18th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAṭrākis and Yonā","english":"Commemoration of Filtāwos\n\n13rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Zakāryās\n\n14th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qonitos\n\n15th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Minās\n\nCommemoration of Minās the patriarch\n\n16th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Nāfǝr\n\nBeginning of the fasting period before christmas according to the Jacobites (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Kisṭos\n\n17th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of John Chrysostom\n\n18th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAṭrākis and Yonā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar list of commemorations for 13th to 18th Ḫǝdar, typical of the synaxarion genre. Each entry pairs a date with one or more saints or events.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Filtāwos","severity":"info","text":"Filtāwos is the Geʿez form of the Greek name Philotheos. The commemoration likely refers to a saint or martyr, but the specific identity is not clarified in this passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The note 'Beginning of the fasting period before Christmas according to the Jacobites (non-standard)' indicates a variant liturgical practice. The Jacobites are Syriac Orthodox Christians, and this fast is not part of the standard Ethiopic calendar.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the translatio of John Chrysostom (17th Ḫǝdar) reflects the veneration of this church father in the Ethiopic tradition, likely derived from Byzantine or Coptic sources.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 16th Ḫǝdar includes a non-standard note about the Jacobite fast, which may be a later scribal addition. The phrase 'non-standard' suggests the compiler flagged it as anomalous.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Filtāwos is not specified; it may be a saint or martyr otherwise unattested in this passage.","The phrase 'Beginning of the fasting period before Christmas according to the Jacobites (non-standard)' is ambiguous as to whether it is a liturgical rubric or a marginal comment."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"Commemoration of\n\n19th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Sargis\n\nBeginning of the Europeans' fast before Christmas\n\nCommemoration of Bartalomewos\n\n20th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnyānos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Tewodros\n\n21st Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Gorgoryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Qozimos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾƎsnumnay\n\n22nd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qozmos, Damyānos and their family\n\n23rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qornolyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbudiyā","english":"Commemoration of\n\n19th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Sargis\n\nBeginning of the Europeans' fast before Christmas\n\nCommemoration of Bartalomewos\n\n20th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnyānos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Tewodros\n\n21st Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Gorgoryos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Qozimos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾƎsnumnay\n\n22nd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qozmos, Damyānos and their family\n\n23rd Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Qornolyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbudiyā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"19th Ḫǝdar … 23rd Ḫǝdar","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for five consecutive days (19–23 Ḫǝdar), each entry naming a saint, a church consecration, or a fasting period. The pattern is typical of the synaxarion's calendar format.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sargis","severity":"info","text":"Sargis is the Geʿez form of Sergius, likely referring to the military saint Sergius of Cappadocia, widely venerated in Oriental Orthodox traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Beginning of the Europeans' fast before Christmas","severity":"info","text":"This note marks the start of the Western (Latin) Advent fast, observed by European Christians, as distinct from the Ethiopian or Coptic fasting calendar. Its inclusion reflects the synaxarion's awareness of non-Ethiopian traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾAnyānos","severity":"info","text":"ʾAnyānos is the Geʿez form of Anianus, traditionally the second patriarch of Alexandria (after Mark the Evangelist), commemorated on 20 Ḫǝdar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾƎsnumnay","severity":"info","text":"ʾƎsnumnay likely refers to a location or group associated with martyrdom; the name may be a variant of Esna (in Upper Egypt) or a Coptic toponym. The exact identification is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of Qozmos, Damyānos and their family","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 22 Ḫǝdar names Qozmos and Damyānos (Cosmas and Damian) and their family, but the synaxarion elsewhere commemorates them on different dates. This may reflect a local or manuscript variant.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the martyrs of ʾƎsnumnay' is unclear; the toponym may be corrupt or refer to an obscure site.","The relationship between the commemoration of Qozmos, Damyānos and their family on 22 Ḫǝdar and other synaxarion entries for these saints is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"24th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the 24 heavenly priests\n\n25th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Pilupāder\n\n26th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Balāryānos\n\nCommemoration of Gregory of Nyssa\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of Nagrān (non-standard)\n\n27th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of Filmon\n\n28th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Sārābāmon\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Libānos of Dabra Qʷanāṣǝl (non-standard)\n\n29th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Qalemǝnṭos\n\n30th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAkākyos","english":"24th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of the 24 heavenly priests\n\n25th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Pilupāder\n\n26th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Balāryānos\n\nCommemoration of Gregory of Nyssa\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of Nagrān (non-standard)\n\n27th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of Filmon\n\n28th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Sārābāmon\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Libānos of Dabra Qʷanāṣǝl (non-standard)\n\n29th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Qalemǝnṭos\n\n30th Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemoration of ʾAkākyos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar list of commemorations for Ḫǝdar 24–30, each day headed by the date and followed by one or more entries. The list is part of the synaxarion's daily readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ḫǝdar","severity":"info","text":"Ḫǝdar is the Geʿez name for the month corresponding to Coptic Hathor (roughly November–December). The dates here run from the 24th to the 30th.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The '24 heavenly priests' commemorated on 24th Ḫǝdar are a traditional group of priestly figures in Ethiopian hagiography, often associated with the 24 elders of the Apocalypse.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Dossier: Copto-Arabic Synaxarion"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the martyrs of Nagrān (26th Ḫǝdar) is marked as non-standard, indicating a local Ethiopian addition to the synaxarion not found in the Coptic Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the birth of Christ (29th Ḫǝdar) is also marked non-standard; this date does not correspond to the standard feast of the Nativity (29th of the following month, Ṭaḫśāś) and may reflect a local tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 26th Ḫǝdar lists three commemorations; the third, 'martyrs of Nagrān', is flagged as non-standard, but the first two (Balāryānos and Gregory of Nyssa) are standard. The sequence may reflect a conflation of sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Pilupāder' (25th Ḫǝdar) is uncertain; it may be a corruption of 'Philopater' or a local saint.","The commemoration of 'Yāʿqob' and 'Filmon' on 27th Ḫǝdar could refer to multiple saints; the synaxarion does not specify which Jacob or Philemon."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"Commemoration of Maqāryos, consecration of the church of Qozmos and Dimiyānos\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Masqal (non-standard)\n\nSubscription for Ḫǝdār\n\nSupplication for Ḫǝdār\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Tāḫśāś\n\nIntroduction for Tāḫśāś\n\n1st Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros, the bishop of Gazā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAtnāsyos the patriarch\n\n2nd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the servants of Fāsiladas\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hor\n\n3rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the presentation of Mary to the temple","english":"Commemoration of Maqāryos, consecration of the church of Qozmos and Dimiyānos\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Masqal (non-standard)\n\nSubscription for Ḫǝdār\n\nSupplication for Ḫǝdār\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Tāḫśāś\n\nIntroduction for Tāḫśāś\n\n1st Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros, the bishop of Gazā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAtnāsyos the patriarch\n\n2nd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the servants of Fāsiladas\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hor\n\n3rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the presentation of Mary to the temple","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the transition from the month of Ḫǝdār to Tāḫśāś, with a subscription and supplication for Ḫǝdār followed by an introduction and commemorative notices for Tāḫśāś.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Maqāryos","severity":"info","text":"Maqāryos likely refers to Macarius of Egypt, a prominent fourth-century desert father, though the name could also denote other saints in the tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Qozmos and Dimiyānos","severity":"info","text":"Qozmos and Dimiyānos are the Geʿez forms of Cosmas and Damian, twin physician saints venerated in Eastern Christianity; the consecration of their church is a local liturgical event.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Gabra Masqal","severity":"info","text":"Gabra Masqal ('Servant of the Cross') is a title for the 6th-century Aksumite king Kaleb, whose commemoration is marked as non-standard, indicating a later or local addition to the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Fāsiladas","severity":"info","text":"Fāsiladas (Fasilides) was a 17th-century Ethiopian emperor; the commemoration of his servants on 2nd Tāḫśāś reflects a post-medieval addition to the synaxarion, unusual for a primarily early Christian martyrology.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"presentation of Mary to the temple","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the Presentation of Mary to the temple on 3rd Tāḫśāś echoes the apocryphal Protoevangelium of James (ch. 7–8), a non-biblical source foundational to Marian feasts in Eastern traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Maqāryos is ambiguous: it could be Macarius the Great or another Macarius; the text does not specify.","The 'servants of Fāsiladas' are not named; their commemoration may refer to court officials or martyrs associated with the emperor."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Commemoration of ʾabuna Zenā Mārqos (non-standard)\n\n4th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎndrǝyās\n\n5th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Nāhom\n\nCommemoration of ʾIyāsdǝros\n\n6th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnṭolos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām\n\nCommemoration of the church of ʾArsimā\n\n7th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Mātewos the poor\n\n8th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yāroklā\n\nCommemoration of Barbārā and Yolyānā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾEsi and his sister Teklā\n\n9th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Baʾamin\n\n10th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Sāwiros","english":"Commemoration of ʾabuna Zenā Mārqos (non-standard)\n\n4th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎndrǝyās\n\n5th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Nāhom\n\nCommemoration of ʾIyāsdǝros\n\n6th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnṭolos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām\n\nCommemoration of the church of ʾArsimā\n\n7th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Mātewos the poor\n\n8th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yāroklā\n\nCommemoration of Barbārā and Yolyānā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾEsi and his sister Teklā\n\n9th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Baʾamin\n\n10th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Sāwiros","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar list of commemorations for Tāḫśāś 4–10, each entry introduced by the formula 'Commemoration of' (ተዝካረ). The sequence is typical of the synaxarion's daily notices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabuna Zenā Mārqos","severity":"info","text":"The title 'ʾabuna' (አቡነ) means 'our father' and is used for monastic or episcopal saints. The commemoration is marked as non-standard, indicating it may be a later addition or local variant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The month Tāḫśāś corresponds to November–December in the Gregorian calendar. The synaxarion follows the Coptic calendar, with each day assigned multiple commemorations.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"On 8th Tāḫśāś, the Geʿez text has an incomplete entry: 'Commemoration of' with no name following. This may be a scribal omission or a lacuna in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"translatio of Sāwiros","severity":"info","text":"The 'translatio' (transfer of relics) of Sāwiros (Severus of Antioch) is commemorated on 10th Tāḫśāś. This feast reflects the veneration of Severus in the non-Chalcedonian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 8th Tāḫśāś has a blank commemoration; it is unclear whether a name was intended or the text is corrupt.","The identity of 'ʾabuna Zenā Mārqos' is uncertain; the 'non-standard' label suggests it is not part of the core synaxarion."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Tāʾofānyos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Niqolāwos\n\n11th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bākimos\n\nCommemoration of Bartalomewos\n\n12th Tāḫśāś\n\nShort commemoration of (non-standard)\n\nLong commemoration of , apparently identical to the one of the second recension\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hǝdrā\n\nCommemoration of the council of Rome\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnqiṭos (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of (non-standard)\n\n13rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the conception of Ḥannā\n\nCommemoration of Barṣǝnufyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrākos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Misāʾel","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Tāʾofānyos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Niqolāwos\n\n11th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bākimos\n\nCommemoration of Bartalomewos\n\n12th Tāḫśāś\n\nShort commemoration of (non-standard)\n\nLong commemoration of , apparently identical to the one of the second recension\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hǝdrā\n\nCommemoration of the council of Rome\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnqiṭos (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of (non-standard)\n\n13rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the conception of Ḥannā\n\nCommemoration of Barṣǝnufyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrākos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Misāʾel","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"11th Tāḫśāś","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists commemorations for the 11th, 12th, and 13th of Tāḫśāś, following the standard synaxarion format of daily entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabbā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā is an honorific title meaning 'father', used for monastic leaders and patriarchs in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"council of Rome","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the council of Rome likely refers to a synod held in Rome, possibly the Council of Rome (382) under Pope Damasus I, which affirmed the canon of Scripture.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Short commemoration of (non-standard)","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Short commemoration of (non-standard)' and the following 'Long commemoration of , apparently identical to the one of the second recension' indicate textual corruption or editorial uncertainty; the name of the saint is missing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"conception of Ḥannā","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the conception of Ḥannā (Saint Anne) reflects the veneration of Mary's mother in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, paralleling the feast in other Eastern churches.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the saint in the 'Short commemoration of (non-standard)' and 'Long commemoration of' is missing; the text may be corrupt or incomplete.","The 'council of Rome' is not specified; it could refer to multiple councils, but the most likely is the 382 synod."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"14th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon of Manuf\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝḥur and ʾabbā Minās\n\nCommemoration of Marmǝhnām and his sister Sārā\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Krǝstos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon of Manuf\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾIyāsu (non-standard)\n\n15th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Luqās za-ʿāmd\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝmsāḥ\n\n16th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Hǝrwāg\n\nCommemoration of Ḥanānyā and Kozi of ʾAkmim\n\nCommemoration of Gedewon the judge\n\n17th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Luqās the stylite\n\n18th Tāḫśāś","english":"14th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon of Manuf\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝḥur and ʾabbā Minās\n\nCommemoration of Marmǝhnām and his sister Sārā\n\nCommemoration of Gabra Krǝstos the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon of Manuf\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾIyāsu (non-standard)\n\n15th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Luqās za-ʿāmd\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝmsāḥ\n\n16th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Hǝrwāg\n\nCommemoration of Ḥanānyā and Kozi of ʾAkmim\n\nCommemoration of Gedewon the judge\n\n17th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Luqās the stylite\n\n18th Tāḫśāś","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for 14th–18th Tāḫśāś, with multiple entries per day. The repetition of Sǝmʿon of Manuf on 14th Tāḫśāś may indicate a scribal duplication or a second commemoration of the same saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"za-ʿāmd","severity":"info","text":"The phrase za-ʿāmd (lit. 'of the pillar') identifies Luqās as a stylite, a monk who lived atop a pillar. This is a standard hagiographic epithet in the Synaxarion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Gedewon the judge refers to the biblical judge Gideon (Judges 6–8). His inclusion in the Synaxarion reflects the Ethiopian tradition of commemorating Old Testament figures as saints.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 15th Tāḫśāś has a blank commemoration after the date, suggesting a lacuna or incomplete transmission in the source manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the council of Rome (mentioned in the previous passage) and the inclusion of non-standard entries like ʾabbā ʾIyāsu reflect the Synaxarion's adaptation of local Ethiopian cults alongside universal Christian commemorations.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The repetition of Sǝmʿon of Manuf on 14th Tāḫśāś may be a scribal error or a deliberate second commemoration; the text does not clarify.","The blank commemoration on 15th Tāḫśāś is likely a lacuna; the intended saint is unknown."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Commemoration of ʾArqǝlā and Filmonā\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\n19th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Burlǝs\n\n20th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the Ḥagge the prophet\n\n21st Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Barnābās\n\n22nd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Gabrǝʾel\n\nCommemoration of the annunciation\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyos\n\n23rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of\n\n24th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgnāṭyos, patriarch of Antioch\n\nCommemoration of Filogosyos, patriarch of Antioch\n\n25th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs Kāmā","english":"Commemoration of ʾArqǝlā and Filmonā\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\n19th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Burlǝs\n\n20th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the Ḥagge the prophet\n\n21st Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Barnābās\n\n22nd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Gabrǝʾel\n\nCommemoration of the annunciation\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyos\n\n23rd Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of\n\n24th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgnāṭyos, patriarch of Antioch\n\nCommemoration of Filogosyos, patriarch of Antioch\n\n25th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs Kāmā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar list of commemorations for Tāḫśāś 19–25, with each day introduced by the date formula. The entry for the 22nd groups three commemorations (Gabrǝʾel, annunciation, ʾAnǝsṭāsyos) without a line break, suggesting a single day's multiple feasts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"translatio","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'translatio' (here in the phrase 'translatio of') refers to the translation or transfer of relics, a common feast type in the Synaxarion. The object of the translation is missing in the manuscript, indicating a lacuna.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for the 23rd Tāḫśāś reads 'Commemoration of Ṭimotewos' followed by a blank line and 'Commemoration of' with no name, suggesting a lacuna or scribal omission. The English draft reproduces this gap.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ḥagge","severity":"info","text":"The prophet Ḥagge (Haggai) is one of the twelve minor prophets of the Old Testament. His commemoration on 20 Tāḫśāś aligns with the Ethiopian tradition of commemorating biblical prophets on specific days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Gabrǝʾel","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the archangel Gabrǝʾel on 22 Tāḫśāś, paired with the annunciation, reflects a common liturgical grouping. In the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, Gabrǝʾel is also commemorated on 22 Kiyahk (the Coptic equivalent of Tāḫśāś).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Yoḥannǝs Kāmā","severity":"info","text":"Yoḥannǝs Kāmā (John Kama) is a saint venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, possibly a monk or ascetic. His commemoration on 25 Tāḫśāś is attested in the Synaxarion but details of his life are sparse in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The object of the 'translatio' on the 19th is missing; the text breaks off after 'translatio of'.","The commemoration on the 23rd after Ṭimotewos is incomplete, with a blank line and an unfinished 'Commemoration of'.","The exact identity of Yoḥannǝs of Burlǝs (19th) is uncertain; 'Burlǝs' may be a toponym or a corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"26th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Yolyānā\n\n27th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi\n\n28th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾAndenāw\n\n29th Tāḫśāś\n\nSecond commemoration of the birth of Christ\n\n30th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs\n\nSubscription for Tāḫśāś\n\nSupplication for Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṭǝrr\n\nIntroduction for Ṭǝrr\n\n1st Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Lāwdyānos\n\nCommemoration of Maqāryos\n\n2nd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlāniqos","english":"26th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Yolyānā\n\n27th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi\n\n28th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ\n\nCommemoration of the martyrs of ʾAndenāw\n\n29th Tāḫśāś\n\nSecond commemoration of the birth of Christ\n\n30th Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yoḥannǝs\n\nSubscription for Tāḫśāś\n\nSupplication for Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṭǝrr\n\nIntroduction for Ṭǝrr\n\n1st Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Lāwdyānos\n\nCommemoration of Maqāryos\n\n2nd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlāniqos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the transition from the month of Tāḫśāś to Ṭǝrr, with a subscription and supplication for Tāḫśāś followed by an introduction for Ṭǝrr.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabbā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā is an honorific title meaning 'father', used for monastic saints and bishops in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Commemoration of the birth of Christ","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the birth of Christ on 28th Tāḫśāś corresponds to the Ethiopian celebration of Christmas (Gǝnna), which falls on 29th Tāḫśāś in the Geʿez calendar due to the leap-year offset.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Second commemoration of the birth of Christ","severity":"info","text":"The second commemoration on 29th Tāḫśāś reflects the Coptic practice of a secondary feast day following the principal celebration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 1st Ṭǝrr contains an incomplete commemoration with no name specified, likely a scribal omission or lacuna in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The incomplete entry for 1st Ṭǝrr leaves the intended saint or event unidentified; the reading taken is that it is a scribal omission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Tewonās, patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Mary in the monastery of ʾabbā Sinodā\n\n3rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the children of Bethlehem\n\nCommemoration of\n\n4th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\n5th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsāgnǝyos\n\n6th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the circumcision\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Markiyānu the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of\n\n7th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Salṗeṭros the patriarch of Rome\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾEfrem\n\n8th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Maqārǝs","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Tewonās, patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Mary in the monastery of ʾabbā Sinodā\n\n3rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the children of Bethlehem\n\nCommemoration of\n\n4th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\n5th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsāgnǝyos\n\n6th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the circumcision\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Markiyānu the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of\n\n7th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Salṗeṭros the patriarch of Rome\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾEfrem\n\n8th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of ʾabbā Maqārǝs","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar list of commemorations for the first days of Ṭǝrr, following the Coptic month Tāḫśāś. The entries are brief, typical of the synaxarion's daily notices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabbā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā is a Geʿez honorific meaning 'father', used for monastic saints and patriarchs. It is a loan from Syriac ʾabbā.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Tewonās","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā Tewonās is the Geʿez form of Theonas, a patriarch of Alexandria. His commemoration on 1st Ṭǝrr aligns with the Copto-Arabic synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Sinodā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā Sinodā is the Geʿez form of Shenoute, the archimandrite of the White Monastery. The church of Mary in his monastery is a known dedication.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Ṭǝrr","severity":"info","text":"Ṭǝrr is the fourth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding to 27 December – 25 January. The entries from 3rd to 8th Ṭǝrr cover early January.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete: 'Commemoration of' with no name (4th, 6th, 7th Ṭǝrr). This may indicate lacunae in the manuscript or a deliberate placeholder for movable feasts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Salṗeṭros the patriarch of Rome' is uncertain; it may refer to Pope Sylvester I (feast 2 January) or another Roman bishop. The Geʿez form is ambiguous.","The 'translatio of' on 6th Ṭǝrr lacks an object; the intended relic or saint is not specified in the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAndirāniqos the patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝnyāmin the patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of Milkiyās the prophet\n\n9th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām\n\n10th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the institution of two fasting days in case Christmas or Epiphany fall on a Wednesday or Friday\n\n11th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the baptism of Christ\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnāṭolyos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\n12th Ṭǝrr\n\nShort commemoration of (non-standard)\n\nLong commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAndirāniqos the patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝnyāmin the patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of Milkiyās the prophet\n\n9th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbrǝhām\n\n10th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the institution of two fasting days in case Christmas or Epiphany fall on a Wednesday or Friday\n\n11th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the baptism of Christ\n\nCommemoration of ʾAnāṭolyos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\n12th Ṭǝrr\n\nShort commemoration of (non-standard)\n\nLong commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for 9th to 12th Ṭǝrr, but entries for 12th Ṭǝrr are incomplete, with placeholders for short and long commemorations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabbā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā is a Geʿez honorific meaning 'father', used for patriarchs and monastic saints, reflecting Syriac and Coptic Christian usage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the institution of two fasting days when Christmas or Epiphany falls on a Wednesday or Friday reflects the Coptic practice of adjusting fasting rules for major feasts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The dates 9th–12th Ṭǝrr correspond to 4th–7th January in the Gregorian calendar, placing these commemorations in the Christmas–Epiphany season.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entries for 12th Ṭǝrr are incomplete in the source, with only generic placeholders; the intended saints or events are not specified.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entries for 12th Ṭǝrr are truncated, leaving the identity of the short and long commemorations uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Commemoration of the wedding at Qānā (non-standard)\n\n13rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the wedding at Qānā\n\n14th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Mǝḥrāyǝl\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾArkāledǝs\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos\n\n15th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbyud the prophet\n\nCommemoration of among the Syrians\n\n16th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Filātāwos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\n17th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos and Dimātewos\n\n18th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob of Nisibis\n\n19th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝhurā and ʾabbā Bāsurā\n\nCommemoration of (non-standard)","english":"Commemoration of the wedding at Qānā (non-standard)\n\n13rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the wedding at Qānā\n\n14th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Mǝḥrāyǝl\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾArkāledǝs\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos\n\n15th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbyud the prophet\n\nCommemoration of among the Syrians\n\n16th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Filātāwos\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs the patriarch\n\n17th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Maksimos and Dimātewos\n\n18th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob of Nisibis\n\n19th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝhurā and ʾabbā Bāsurā\n\nCommemoration of (non-standard)","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for Ṭǝrr 13–19, with a repeated entry for the wedding at Qānā on the 13th and a non-standard note on the 19th.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Qānā","severity":"info","text":"Qānā (Cana) is the site of the wedding miracle in John 2:1–11, commemorated here as a feast in the Synaxarion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of 'among the Syrians' on Ṭǝrr 15 likely refers to a saint or group venerated in Syriac tradition, though the name is omitted in the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for Ṭǝrr 19 ends with 'Commemoration of (non-standard)', indicating a lacuna or textual corruption in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of Maksimos and Dimātewos on Ṭǝrr 17 echoes a common synaxarial grouping of martyrs or ascetics, though their identities are not further specified here.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The commemoration 'among the Syrians' on Ṭǝrr 15 lacks a specific name, possibly due to abbreviation or scribal omission.","The non-standard note on Ṭǝrr 19 may indicate a variant reading or a later addition not fully integrated."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"20th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAklog\n\nCommemoration of Bǝhnu and consecration of the church of Yoḥannǝs\n\n21st Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the death of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlāryā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n22nd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\n23rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of Tewodosyos\n\n24th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Māryām\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bifā (non-standard)\n\n25th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros\n\nCommemoration of ʾAskilā\n\n26th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of 49 martyrs of Scetis","english":"20th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAklog\n\nCommemoration of Bǝhnu and consecration of the church of Yoḥannǝs\n\n21st Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the death of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlāryā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n22nd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of\n\n23rd Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of Tewodosyos\n\n24th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Māryām\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbsādi (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bifā (non-standard)\n\n25th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros\n\nCommemoration of ʾAskilā\n\n26th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of 49 martyrs of Scetis","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for 20th–26th Ṭǝrr, following the standard synaxarion format of date and entry. The entries are brief, often with only a name or a short phrase.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾabbā ʾAklog","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā ʾAklog is a monastic saint; the title ʾabbā indicates a father or abbot. The name is not widely attested in other synaxarion sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Bǝhnu and consecration of the church of Yoḥannǝs","severity":"info","text":"Bǝhnu is a martyr venerated in the Ethiopian tradition. The consecration of the church of Yoḥannǝs (John) likely refers to a church dedication, a common type of commemoration in the synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"49 martyrs of Scetis","severity":"info","text":"Scetis (Wādī al-Naṭrūn) is a monastic center in Egypt. The 49 martyrs are commemorated in Coptic and Ethiopian synaxaria, though the number and identity vary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"},{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete: e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no name (20th, 21st, 22nd). This may reflect manuscript lacunae or abbreviation in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Māryām","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Māryām (Mary) on 24th Ṭǝrr is a standard Marian feast in the Ethiopian synaxarion, often associated with the Dormition or a church dedication.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names ʾAklog, ʾAlāryā, ʾAbsādi, Bifā, and ʾAskilā are not clearly identified in standard hagiographical sources; they may be local or variant forms.","The phrase 'Commemoration of the death of' on 21st Ṭǝrr lacks a name, possibly due to a scribal omission.","The relationship between the 49 martyrs of Scetis and other known groups of martyrs (e.g., the 49 of the Nitrian desert) is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"Commemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\n27th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Sarābyon\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bifāmon\n\n28th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Qalemǝnṭos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝh\n\nHomily on the eucharist (non-standard)\n\n29th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of ʾAksāni\n\n30th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṗisṭis, ʾAlāṗis, ʾAgābis and their mother Sofyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Minās\n\nSubscription for Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Yakkātit\n\nIntroduction for Yakkātit","english":"Commemoration of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā\n\n27th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Sarābyon\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bifāmon\n\n28th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Qalemǝnṭos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkāwǝh\n\nHomily on the eucharist (non-standard)\n\n29th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of the birth of Christ (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of ʾAksāni\n\n30th Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemoration of Ṗisṭis, ʾAlāṗis, ʾAgābis and their mother Sofyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Minās\n\nSubscription for Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Yakkātit\n\nIntroduction for Yakkātit","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for 27–30 Ṭǝrr, followed by a subscription for the month and an introduction for Yakkātit. The sequence is typical of the synaxarion's calendrical arrangement.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"translatio","severity":"info","text":"The term 'translatio' (from Latin via Coptic) refers to the transfer of relics, here of Ṭimotewos. It marks a secondary feast distinct from his main commemoration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entries for 28 Ṭǝrr (Homily on the eucharist) and 29 Ṭǝrr (Commemoration of the birth of Christ) are marked 'non-standard' in the source, indicating they are not part of the core synaxarion tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Ṗisṭis, ʾAlāṗis, ʾAgābis and their mother Sofyā (30 Ṭǝrr) reflects a group of martyrs venerated in the Coptic tradition, often associated with the Diocletianic persecution.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The subscription for Ṭǝrr and introduction for Yakkātit serve as transitional markers, showing the synaxarion's liturgical use in guiding daily readings across months.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of ʾAnǝsṭāsyā (27 Ṭǝrr) is not specified; she may be one of several saints with that name. The 'non-standard' entries for 28–29 Ṭǝrr may reflect local or later additions whose origin is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"1st Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the council of Constantinople\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros\n\n2nd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Langinos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṗawli\n\n3rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\n4th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābos\n\n5th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAqrǝṗinu the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bisoy\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nob\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAblo\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of the 49 martyrs of Scetis\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbulidās","english":"1st Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the council of Constantinople\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Ṗeṭros\n\n2nd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Langinos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṗawli\n\n3rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\n4th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābos\n\n5th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAqrǝṗinu the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bisoy\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nob\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAblo\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of the 49 martyrs of Scetis\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbulidās","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for the first five days of the month Yakkātit, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entry for 3rd Yakkātit breaks off after 'translatio of', indicating a lacuna.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Yakkātit","severity":"info","text":"Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to February–March. The month name is of Geʿez origin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'council of Constantinople' likely refers to the First Council of Constantinople (381 CE), recognized in the Coptic and Ethiopian traditions. Its commemoration here aligns with the Synaxarion's practice of marking ecumenical councils.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the '49 martyrs of Scetis' reflects the veneration of the monks massacred by Berbers in the 5th century, a key event in Coptic monastic history. This entry shows the Ethiopian Synaxarion's dependence on Coptic sources.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 3rd Yakkātit is incomplete: 'Commemoration of the translatio of' lacks the object. The manuscript likely has a lacuna or the copyist omitted the name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The specific council of Constantinople intended is not named; it is assumed to be the First Council (381 CE).","The identity of 'ʾAbulidās' is uncertain; it may be a variant of a known saint's name."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAblo the shepherd\n\n6th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbulidās\n\nCommemoration of Māryām (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Qir, Yoḥannǝs, three virgins and their mother\n\n7th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Tewodros the patriarch\n\n8th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the presentation of Christ to the temple\n\n9th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗāwlos\n\n10th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yosṭos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾIsdǝros\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Filo (non-standard)","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā ʾAblo the shepherd\n\n6th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbulidās\n\nCommemoration of Māryām (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Qir, Yoḥannǝs, three virgins and their mother\n\n7th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Tewodros the patriarch\n\n8th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the presentation of Christ to the temple\n\n9th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṗāwlos\n\n10th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yosṭos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾIsdǝros\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Filo (non-standard)","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for Yakkātit 5th through 10th, following the synaxarion's calendrical structure. Each day entry begins with the date and is followed by one or more commemorations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabbā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā is a Geʿez honorific meaning 'father', used for saints, monks, and patriarchs. It is equivalent to the Coptic 'apa' and Greek 'abbas'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Yakkātit","severity":"info","text":"Yakkātit is the sixth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to February. The synaxarion entries for this month follow the Copto-Arabic synaxarion tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entries for 9th and 10th Yakkātit have blank commemorations (Commemoration of) with no name, indicating a lacuna or incomplete transmission in the source manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Māryām (non-standard)","severity":"info","text":"The notation '(non-standard)' for Māryām and Filo suggests these commemorations are not part of the standard synaxarion tradition, possibly local or variant additions.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The blank commemorations on 9th and 10th Yakkātit may be due to manuscript damage or omission in the source; the intended names are unknown.","The identity of ʾAbulidās is uncertain; it may be a variant of Abulidas or a different saint."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"11th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Balātyānos the patriarch of Rome\n\n12th Yakkātit\n\nShort commemoration of (non-standard)\n\nLong commemoration of (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Galāsyos\n\n13rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Sargis\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos the patriarch\n\n14th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob the patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of\n\n15th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryā the prophet\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n16th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾElsābeṭ","english":"11th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Balātyānos the patriarch of Rome\n\n12th Yakkātit\n\nShort commemoration of (non-standard)\n\nLong commemoration of (non-standard)\n\nCommemoration of Galāsyos\n\n13rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Sargis\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Ṭimotewos the patriarch\n\n14th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob the patriarch of Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of\n\n15th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryā the prophet\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n16th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾElsābeṭ","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for Yakkātit 11–16, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entries for 12th, 14th, and 15th Yakkātit contain blank or non-standard commemorations, indicating lacunae or textual corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Balātyānos","severity":"info","text":"Balātyānos is the Geʿez form of the Latin name Valentinianus. This likely refers to Pope Valentinian of Rome, though the specific patriarch is not clearly identified in standard hagiographic sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Sǝbǝsṭyā","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbǝsṭyā is the Geʿez rendering of Sebaste, a city in Armenia (modern Sivas, Turkey). The church of the martyrs of Sebaste commemorates the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, a group of Roman soldiers martyred in 320 CE.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the consecration of the church of the martyrs of Sǝbǝsṭyā on 15th Yakkātit reflects the Ethiopian liturgical tradition of dedicating churches to the Forty Martyrs, a cult widely venerated in the Oriental Orthodox tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entries for 12th, 14th, and 15th Yakkātit contain blank or incomplete commemorations (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no name). These likely represent lacunae in the manuscript tradition, not intentional omissions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Balātyānos is uncertain; it may refer to a specific Pope Valentinian, but no clear historical figure is attested in standard sources.","The blank commemorations on 12th, 14th, and 15th Yakkātit are ambiguous: they may be lacunae or placeholders for movable feasts."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"17th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Minās\n\n18th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Malanyos the patriarch of Antiochia\n\n19th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Martǝyānos\n\n20th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Bāsǝlyos, Tewodosyos and Ṭimotewos\n\n21st Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Gabrǝʾel the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryās the bishop\n\nCommemoration of ʾOnisimos\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the bishop\n\n22nd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Mārunā\n\n23rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsābyos","english":"17th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Minās\n\n18th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Malanyos the patriarch of Antiochia\n\n19th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Martǝyānos\n\n20th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Bāsǝlyos, Tewodosyos and Ṭimotewos\n\n21st Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Mary\n\nCommemoration of Gabrǝʾel the patriarch\n\nCommemoration of Zakāryās the bishop\n\nCommemoration of ʾOnisimos\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros the bishop\n\n22nd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Mārunā\n\n23rd Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsābyos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for Yakkātit 17–23, following the pattern of the synaxarion with multiple entries per day, especially on the 20th and 21st.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"translatio","severity":"info","text":"The term 'translatio' (from Latin via Greek) refers to the translation or transfer of relics, here of Martǝyānos, a common genre in hagiographic calendars.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Mary on the 21st of Yakkātit is a standard Marian feast in the Ethiopic tradition, often associated with the Theotokos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The listing of multiple patriarchs and bishops (e.g., Ṗeṭros, Bāsǝlyos, Tewodosyos, Ṭimotewos) reflects the synaxarion's role in commemorating ecclesiastical hierarchy, likely from Coptic and local sources.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The identity of 'Minās' on the 17th is ambiguous; it could refer to the popular saint Mīnā of Egypt or another figure, as the entry lacks further detail.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The specific identity of Minās on Yakkātit 17 is not clarified; it may be the well-known Egyptian martyr or a different saint.","The commemoration of Mary on the 21st does not specify which feast or event is being commemorated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"Commemoration of Nob (non-standard)\n\n24th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābiṭos\n\nCommemoration of Mātiyās\n\n25th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsyos\n\nCommemoration of Qonā, Minās and Dǝlmādyos\n\n26th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Hoseʿ\n\nCommemoration of Sādoq\n\n27th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾEwǝsṭātewos, patriarch of Antioch\n\n28th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros the Roman\n\n29th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Bolikārbos\n\n30th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the invention of the head of\n\nSubscription for Yakkātit\n\nSupplication for Yakkātit\n\nSecond half of the year\nThis record lists all commemorations of the second half of the year attested in ,\nthe only known witness of this recension for the second part of the year.","english":"Commemoration of Nob (non-standard)\n\n24th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābiṭos\n\nCommemoration of Mātiyās\n\n25th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsyos\n\nCommemoration of Qonā, Minās and Dǝlmādyos\n\n26th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Hoseʿ\n\nCommemoration of Sādoq\n\n27th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of ʾEwǝsṭātewos, patriarch of Antioch\n\n28th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros the Roman\n\n29th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of Bolikārbos\n\n30th Yakkātit\n\nCommemoration of the invention of the head of\n\nSubscription for Yakkātit\n\nSupplication for Yakkātit\n\nSecond half of the year\nThis record lists all commemorations of the second half of the year attested in ,\nthe only known witness of this recension for the second part of the year.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the final section of the month of Yakkātit in the Synaxarion, listing commemorations from the 24th to the 30th, followed by a subscription and supplication. It marks the transition to the second half of the liturgical year.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Nob","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of 'Nob' is marked as non-standard, indicating a variant or uncertain reading in the manuscript. This name does not correspond to a widely known saint in the standard Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This record is the only known witness of this recension for the second half of the year, as noted in the source edition. The manuscript is held in the collection referenced by the Hollis number.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"},{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾEwǝsṭātewos","severity":"info","text":"ʾEwǝsṭātewos (Eustathius) was a patriarch of Antioch in the 4th century, known for his role in the Council of Nicaea and opposition to Arianism. His commemoration on the 27th of Yakkātit is consistent with other Ethiopic calendars.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The commemoration of 'the invention of the head of' on the 30th of Yakkātit is incomplete in the manuscript, lacking the name of the saint. This may be a scribal omission or a lacuna in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Nob' is uncertain and marked as non-standard.","The commemoration on the 30th of Yakkātit is incomplete, missing the name of the saint whose head was invented (discovered)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"Introduction for the second half of the year\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Maggābit\n\nIntroduction for Maggābit\n\n1st Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n2nd Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n3rd Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n4th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of the Council of Ǧazīra Banī ʿUmar\n\nCommemoration of\n\n5th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n6th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n7th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of\n\n8th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of","english":"Introduction for the second half of the year\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Maggābit\n\nIntroduction for Maggābit\n\n1st Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n2nd Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n3rd Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n4th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of the Council of Ǧazīra Banī ʿUmar\n\nCommemoration of\n\n5th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n6th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n7th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of\n\n8th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendrical skeleton for the first eight days of Maggābit, with most commemorative names omitted, likely due to scribal abbreviation or lacunae in the source manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Council of Ǧazīra Banī ʿUmar","severity":"info","text":"The Council of Ǧazīra Banī ʿUmar (4th Maggābit) refers to a local synod held on an island in the Tigris, associated with the Church of the East; its inclusion in the Ethiopic Synaxarion reflects borrowing from Syriac or Copto-Arabic sources.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Maggābit","severity":"info","text":"Maggābit is the seventh month of the Ethiopic calendar, roughly corresponding to March; the introduction for the second half of the year marks a structural division in the Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The repeated empty 'Commemoration of' entries indicate that the manuscript source (betmas) likely contains gaps; the English draft faithfully reproduces these lacunae, and no reconstruction is attempted here.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of a non-Ethiopic council (Ǧazīra Banī ʿUmar) shows the Synaxarion's reception of Eastern Christian synodal commemorations, mediated through Copto-Arabic synaxaria.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names of the commemorated saints are entirely missing for most entries; the reading assumes these are lacunae rather than intentional blanks.","The phrase 'Commemoration of and' (7th Maggābit) may indicate a joint commemoration of two saints, but their names are lost."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"Commemoration of\n\n9th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of , his wife, , ʾArmā and forty martyrs\n\nCommemoration of\n\n10th Maggābit\n\nInvention of the cross\n\n11th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n12th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n13rd Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of the\n\nCommemoration of\n\n14th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of , ,\n\n15th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n16th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n17th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis, Talāsyos and Yosef\n\n18th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of ʾIsdǝros","english":"Commemoration of\n\n9th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of , his wife, , ʾArmā and forty martyrs\n\nCommemoration of\n\n10th Maggābit\n\nInvention of the cross\n\n11th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n12th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n13rd Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of the\n\nCommemoration of\n\n14th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of , ,\n\n15th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n16th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n17th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Giyorgis, Talāsyos and Yosef\n\n18th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of ʾIsdǝros","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for Maggābit 9–18, with many entries left incomplete (names or details missing). The pattern of 'Commemoration of' followed by blanks suggests lacunae in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Invention of the cross","severity":"info","text":"The 'Invention of the cross' on 10th Maggābit commemorates the finding of the True Cross by Empress Helena in the 4th century. This feast is widely observed in Eastern Christian traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾIsdǝros","severity":"info","text":"ʾIsdǝros is the Geʿez form of Isidore, likely referring to a saint commemorated on 18th Maggābit. The name appears without further identification in this entry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries (e.g., 9th, 11th–16th Maggābit) contain only 'Commemoration of' with no names or details. These lacunae may reflect manuscript damage or incomplete copying.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Giyorgis, Talāsyos and Yosef","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Giyorgis, Talāsyos and Yosef on 17th Maggābit parallels entries in other Synaxarion manuscripts, though the grouping is unusual and may reflect local tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names of many commemorated individuals are missing, leaving their identities uncertain.","The entry for 13rd Maggābit is incomplete: 'Commemoration of the' with no further text.","The relationship between the forty martyrs and the other figures on 9th Maggābit is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"19th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of ʾArǝsṭuṗāwlos\n\nCommemoration of seven martyrs\n\n20th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of Mikāʾel\n\nCommemoration of\n\nConsecration of the Church of ʾAsqarān\n\n21st Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the Anointing of Jesus\n\nCommemoration of the priests' conspiracy to kill\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros and Ṭimotewos\n\n22nd Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of Qerǝllos\n\n23rd Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n24th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n25th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of ʾOnisiforǝs\n\n26th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of Fǝrfǝyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾIyoṗarāqǝsyā","english":"19th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of ʾArǝsṭuṗāwlos\n\nCommemoration of seven martyrs\n\n20th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of Mikāʾel\n\nCommemoration of\n\nConsecration of the Church of ʾAsqarān\n\n21st Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the Anointing of Jesus\n\nCommemoration of the priests' conspiracy to kill\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros and Ṭimotewos\n\n22nd Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of Qerǝllos\n\n23rd Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n24th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n25th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of ʾOnisiforǝs\n\n26th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of Fǝrfǝyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾIyoṗarāqǝsyā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar list of commemorations for Maggābit 19–26, typical of the synaxarion genre. Each entry pairs a date with one or more commemorations, often with gaps or incomplete names.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾArǝsṭuṗāwlos","severity":"info","text":"ʾArǝsṭuṗāwlos is the Geʿez form of the Greek name Aristobulus, traditionally identified as one of the seventy apostles or a companion of Paul. The name appears here without further identification.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Consecration of the Church of ʾAsqarān","severity":"info","text":"The consecration of the church at ʾAsqarān (likely a place in Egypt or Ethiopia) is a local feast. Such entries reflect the synaxarion's inclusion of regional dedications alongside universal commemorations.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete: the commemoration for 20th Maggābit after Mikāʾel is blank, and the name of the commemoration for 21st Maggābit is missing. These lacunae may reflect manuscript damage or scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Commemoration of the Anointing of Jesus","severity":"info","text":"The anointing of Jesus is a rare commemoration in the synaxarion, likely referencing the anointing by Mary of Bethany or the preparation for burial. This entry may reflect a local or monastic tradition not widely attested.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the seven martyrs on 19th Maggābit is unspecified; they may be a known group or local figures.","The blank commemoration on 20th Maggābit after Mikāʾel could be a lost name or a deliberate omission.","The priests' conspiracy to kill (21st Maggābit) lacks a named victim; it may refer to a specific hagiographic episode."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"27th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the Crucifixion\n\n28th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n29th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of the Annunciation\n\nCommemoration of the Resurrection\n\n30th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the translation of Yāʿqob\n\nSubscription for Maggābit\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Miyāzyā\n\nIntroduction for Miyāzyā\n\n1st Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Sǝlwānos\n\nCommemoration of the miraculous protection of the from Arab invaders\n\nCommemoration of\n\n2nd Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Krǝstǝforos","english":"27th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the Crucifixion\n\n28th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\n29th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of the Annunciation\n\nCommemoration of the Resurrection\n\n30th Maggābit\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the translation of Yāʿqob\n\nSubscription for Maggābit\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Miyāzyā\n\nIntroduction for Miyāzyā\n\n1st Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Sǝlwānos\n\nCommemoration of the miraculous protection of the from Arab invaders\n\nCommemoration of\n\n2nd Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Krǝstǝforos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar transition from the end of Maggābit to the beginning of Miyāzyā, listing commemorations for days 27–30 of Maggābit and days 1–2 of Miyāzyā.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Maggābit","severity":"info","text":"Maggābit is the seventh month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to March. The passage covers its final days (27–30) and then transitions to Miyāzyā, the eighth month.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the Crucifixion on 27th Maggābit and the Annunciation and Resurrection on 29th Maggābit reflect the alignment of these events in the Geʿez liturgical calendar, which often places them in close proximity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the translation of Yāʿqob (James) on 30th Maggābit and the miraculous protection from Arab invaders on 1st Miyāzyā highlight the Synaxarion's role in preserving local hagiographic and historical traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are left blank (e.g., 27th, 28th, 30th Maggābit, and 1st Miyāzyā), indicating either lacunae in the manuscript or intentional omissions in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The blank commemorations may represent lost text or deliberate gaps; the reading assumes they are lacunae.","The commemoration of the miraculous protection of the from Arab invaders is incomplete in the English draft, likely a scribal or editorial omission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"3rd Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of Mikāʾel\n\n4th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Fiqṭor, Dākiyos, ʾEreni and others\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝsḥaq\n\n5th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n6th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nApparition of to\n\n7th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābos, Teyodǝrā, ʾabbā Maqrufā\n\n8th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābi, ʾOrni and Sononayā\n\nCommemoration of 150 martyrs in Fārs\n\n9th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Zosimās\n\nCommemoration of a miracle at the hand of\n\n10th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝsḥaq","english":"3rd Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs\n\nCommemoration of Mikāʾel\n\n4th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Fiqṭor, Dākiyos, ʾEreni and others\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝsḥaq\n\n5th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n6th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nApparition of to\n\n7th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābos, Teyodǝrā, ʾabbā Maqrufā\n\n8th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābi, ʾOrni and Sononayā\n\nCommemoration of 150 martyrs in Fārs\n\n9th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Zosimās\n\nCommemoration of a miracle at the hand of\n\n10th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝsḥaq","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for days 3–10 of Miyāzyā, following the pattern of the synaxarion: each day begins with a date heading, followed by one or more commemorative entries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Miyāzyā","severity":"info","text":"Miyāzyā is the eighth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to April–May. The month name is of Coptic origin (Ⲡⲁⲣⲙϩⲟⲧⲉ, Parmoute).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The entry for 8th Miyāzyā commemorates 150 martyrs in Fārs (Persia), reflecting the synaxarion's inclusion of non-Egyptian, non-Ethiopian martyrdoms, likely drawn from earlier hagiographic collections.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete: 5th and 6th Miyāzyā lack names, and 6th Miyāzyā has 'Apparition of to' with a blank. This may indicate lacunae in the manuscript tradition or a scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of ʾabbā Yǝsḥaq (Isaac) on both 4th and 10th Miyāzyā suggests either a duplicate entry or two distinct saints named Isaac, a common name in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Yoḥannǝs on 3rd Miyāzyā is unspecified; it could be John the Baptist or another John.","The 'Apparition of to' on 6th Miyāzyā is incomplete, leaving the subject and object unknown.","The commemoration of ʾabbā Yǝsḥaq on two different days may be a scribal duplication or refer to different saints."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"Commemoration of\n\n11th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Tewodorā\n\nCommemoration of John of Gaza\n\n12th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros, bishop of Jerusalem\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Ṭāmaw\n\n13rd Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾIyāsu and ʾabbā Yosef, disciples of Milyos\n\nCommemoration of Diyonāsā\n\nCommemoration of Madlǝyos\n\n14th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n15th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of St Nicholas in Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābos\n\nCommemoration of\n\n16th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of","english":"Commemoration of\n\n11th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Tewodorā\n\nCommemoration of John of Gaza\n\n12th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros, bishop of Jerusalem\n\nCommemoration of ʾƎnṭonyos, bishop of Ṭāmaw\n\n13rd Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾIyāsu and ʾabbā Yosef, disciples of Milyos\n\nCommemoration of Diyonāsā\n\nCommemoration of Madlǝyos\n\n14th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n15th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of St Nicholas in Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābos\n\nCommemoration of\n\n16th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"11th Miyāzyā","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists commemorations for Miyāzyā 11–16, following the Copto-Ethiopic calendar. Each date introduces one or more saints or events, with some entries left blank.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Miyāzyā","severity":"info","text":"Miyāzyā is the eighth month of the Ethiopic calendar, corresponding roughly to April–May. The dates given are day numbers within that month.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"John of Gaza","severity":"info","text":"John of Gaza (also known as John the Hesychast) was a 6th-century monk and abbot, commemorated in Eastern Christian traditions. His inclusion reflects the Synaxarion's borrowing from Palestinian hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"consecration of the church of St Nicholas in Alexandria","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the consecration of St Nicholas's church in Alexandria (15th Miyāzyā) ties the Ethiopic Synaxarion to Egyptian ecclesiastical history, likely via the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of (blank)","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries (e.g., 12th, 14th, 16th Miyāzyā) are left blank in the Geʿez text. This may indicate lacunae in the manuscript or that the scribe intended to fill them later.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The blank entries may represent lost or unrecorded commemorations; the reading assumes they are intentional gaps rather than scribal errors."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"17th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n18th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsābyos\n\n19th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon of ʾArmānya, bishop of Fārs\n\n20th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n21st Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Bǝrutāwos\n\n22nd Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Yǝsḥaq of Horen\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n23rd Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n24th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Ḍānā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n25th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Sārā\n\nCommemoration of Babnudā, Tewodros and 100 martyrs in Fārs\n\n26th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of","english":"17th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n18th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwsābyos\n\n19th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon of ʾArmānya, bishop of Fārs\n\n20th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n21st Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Bǝrutāwos\n\n22nd Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Yǝsḥaq of Horen\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n23rd Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n24th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Ḍānā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n25th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Sārā\n\nCommemoration of Babnudā, Tewodros and 100 martyrs in Fārs\n\n26th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for Miyāzyā 17–26, with many days lacking a named saint, suggesting lacunae or a simplified calendar entry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Miyāzyā","severity":"info","text":"Miyāzyā is the eighth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to April–May in the Gregorian calendar.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Fārs","severity":"info","text":"Fārs (Persis) in southwestern Iran was a region of the Church of the East; commemorations of Sǝmʿon of ʾArmānya and the 100 martyrs reflect East Syriac connections in the Ethiopic Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Yǝsḥaq of Horen","severity":"info","text":"Yǝsḥaq of Horen (Isaac of Armenia) is a figure from Armenian tradition; his inclusion shows the Synaxarion's absorption of non-Ethiopian saints via Copto-Arabic intermediaries.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Multiple days (17th, 20th, 23rd, 26th) have 'Commemoration of' with no name, likely due to manuscript damage or an incomplete source; the English draft reproduces this faithfully.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names missing for several days may be lost in transmission or intentionally left blank; the reading taken is that the text is lacunose."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"27th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n28th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Milyos\n\n29th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAresṭos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAkākyos\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\n30th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nSubscription for Miyāzyā\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Gǝnbot\n\nIntroduction for Gǝnbot\n\n1st Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\n2nd Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Tewodros\n\n3rd Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of Yāson\n\n4th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n5th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n6th Gǝnbot","english":"27th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of\n\n28th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of Milyos\n\n29th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAresṭos\n\nCommemoration of ʾAkākyos\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\n30th Miyāzyā\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nSubscription for Miyāzyā\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Gǝnbot\n\nIntroduction for Gǝnbot\n\n1st Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\n2nd Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Tewodros\n\n3rd Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of Yāson\n\n4th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n5th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n6th Gǝnbot","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendrical transition: it closes the month of Miyāzyā (days 27–30) and opens Gǝnbot (days 1–6). The repeated 'Commemoration of' entries mark the synaxarion’s standard formula for saints’ days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Miyāzyā","severity":"info","text":"Miyāzyā is the eighth month of the Geʿez liturgical calendar, corresponding roughly to April–May. The subscription and introduction signals a formal break between months.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Gǝnbot","severity":"info","text":"Gǝnbot is the ninth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to May–June. The 'Introduction for Gǝnbot' is a standard heading in synaxaria.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The names Milyos, ʾAresṭos, ʾAkākyos, Yāson, and ʾabbā Tewodros are saints commemorated in the Ethiopic tradition. Many derive from earlier Copto-Arabic synaxaria, though specific hagiographic details are not given here.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries lack a saint’s name (e.g., 'Commemoration of' on 27th, 30th, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th). This may indicate lacunae in the manuscript or a deliberate placeholder for movable feasts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Commemoration of the birth of' (on 29th and 30th Miyāzyā, and 1st Gǝnbot) likely refers to nativity feasts of Christ or the Virgin, common in synaxaria but here left unspecified.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names of several commemorated saints are omitted, possibly due to manuscript damage or intentional abbreviation.","The 'birth of' entries on 29th–30th Miyāzyā and 1st Gǝnbot do not specify whose birth is commemorated."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"Commemoration of Yǝsḥaq of Dǝfrā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Maqārǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Babnudā\n\n7th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n8th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Sǝnḥut\n\nCommemoration of the ascension of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Dānʾel\n\n9th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n10th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n11th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of Tāʾokǝlyā\n\nCommemoration of Bafnotyos\n\n12th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of an apparition of the cross in Jerusalem\n\n13rd Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of ʾArsānyos\n\n14th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of","english":"Commemoration of Yǝsḥaq of Dǝfrā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Maqārǝs\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Babnudā\n\n7th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n8th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs of Sǝnḥut\n\nCommemoration of the ascension of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Dānʾel\n\n9th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n10th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n11th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of Tāʾokǝlyā\n\nCommemoration of Bafnotyos\n\n12th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of an apparition of the cross in Jerusalem\n\n13rd Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of ʾArsānyos\n\n14th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for dates in the month of Gǝnbot (6th–14th), following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entries are brief, often with only a name or title, and several dates lack a named saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Yǝsḥaq of Dǝfrā","severity":"info","text":"Yǝsḥaq of Dǝfrā is a saint venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, likely associated with the monastery of Dabra Dammo or a similar site. The name appears without further detail in this entry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"apparition of the cross in Jerusalem","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of an apparition of the cross in Jerusalem (12th Gǝnbot) recalls a legendary event, possibly the discovery of the True Cross or a vision. This feast is known in Eastern Christian calendars.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries (e.g., 7th, 9th, 10th Gǝnbot) read 'Commemoration of' with no name following, suggesting lacunae in the manuscript or a deliberate placeholder. The text may be incomplete.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage covers Gǝnbot 6–14, corresponding to mid-May in the Gregorian calendar. The sequence is continuous, with each date introduced by the day number.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several saints (e.g., Yǝsḥaq of Dǝfrā, Tāʾokǝlyā) is not specified; the text provides only names. The missing names on multiple dates may indicate manuscript damage or a deliberate omission."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Bimākos\n\n15th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of 400 martyrs of Danādǝrā\n\nCommemoration of Minās the deacon\n\n16th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n17th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n18th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Gāʾorgi\n\n19th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝsḥaq\n\nCommemoration of ʾIsdǝros\n\n20th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAmonyos\n\n21st Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Martiyānos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAron the Syrian\n\n22nd Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of ʾAndǝrniqos\n\n23rd Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of Yulyās","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Bimākos\n\n15th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of 400 martyrs of Danādǝrā\n\nCommemoration of Minās the deacon\n\n16th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n17th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n18th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Gāʾorgi\n\n19th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝsḥaq\n\nCommemoration of ʾIsdǝros\n\n20th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAmonyos\n\n21st Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Martiyānos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAron the Syrian\n\n22nd Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of ʾAndǝrniqos\n\n23rd Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of Yulyās","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendrical list of commemorations for Gǝnbot 15–23, typical of the synaxarion's daily entries. Each date is followed by one or more commemorated figures or groups, with some dates left blank.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabbā","severity":"info","text":"The title ʾabbā (from Syriac ʾabbā, 'father') is used for monastic saints and bishops in the Geʿez tradition. It precedes personal names such as Bimākos, Gāʾorgi, Yǝsḥaq, ʾAmonyos, ʾAron, and ʾAndǝrniqos.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"400 martyrs of Danādǝrā","severity":"info","text":"The '400 martyrs of Danādǝrā' refers to a group of Christians martyred in the Egyptian town of Danādǝrā (possibly Dendera). Their collective commemoration is attested in Copto-Arabic synaxaria.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of ʾabbā Bimākos (Pimākos) on 15 Gǝnbot is also found in the Copto-Arabic synaxarion, indicating shared hagiographical traditions between the Coptic and Ethiopic churches.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several dates (16, 17, 18, 21 Gǝnbot) have blank entries after 'Commemoration of', suggesting either lacunae in the manuscript or that the scribe left space for later insertion. The text as transmitted may be incomplete.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'ʾabbā Bimākos' is uncertain; it may be a variant of Pimākos or a different saint.","The blank entries after 'Commemoration of' on several dates could indicate lost names or intentional gaps."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"Commemoration of Yulyānos and his mother\n\n24th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of the arrival of in Egypt\n\nCommemoration of\n\n25th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of Koloṭos\n\nCommemoration of Hirudā\n\n26th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n27th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n28th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of the body of\n\n29th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Sǝmʿon\n\n30th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Qoros\n\nSubscription for Gǝnbot\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Sane\n\nIntroduction for Sane","english":"Commemoration of Yulyānos and his mother\n\n24th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of the arrival of in Egypt\n\nCommemoration of\n\n25th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of Koloṭos\n\nCommemoration of Hirudā\n\n26th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\n27th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n28th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of the body of\n\n29th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Sǝmʿon\n\n30th Gǝnbot\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Qoros\n\nSubscription for Gǝnbot\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Sane\n\nIntroduction for Sane","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorative notices for the latter part of Gǝnbot (24th–30th) and the introduction to Sane, typical of the synaxarion's calendrical format.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Yulyānos","severity":"info","text":"Yulyānos is the Geʿez form of Julian; the commemoration likely refers to a saint or martyr, but the entry is incomplete, lacking a mother's name or further detail.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are truncated or missing names (e.g., 'arrival of in Egypt', 'translatio of the body of', 'birth of'), indicating lacunae in the manuscript or draft.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The month Gǝnbot corresponds to May–June in the Gregorian calendar; Sane follows as June–July. The subscription and introduction mark the transition between months in the liturgical cycle.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The names Koloṭos and Hirudā are rare in Ethiopic hagiography; their inclusion suggests local or Coptic influences, but their identities remain uncertain without fuller context.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Yulyānos and his mother is unspecified; the entry for 'arrival of in Egypt' lacks a subject; 'translatio of the body of' and 'birth of' are incomplete, leaving the saints or events unknown."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"1st Sane\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Lāwǝntewos\n\nCommemoration of Qozmos of Tahā and his companions\n\nCommemoration of Bifāmon\n\n2nd Sane\n\nCommemoration of the discovery of the relics of and\n\n3rd Sane\n\nCommemoration of Mārtā of Egypt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlāryos\n\n4th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Sanusi\n\nCommemoration of ʾAmon and Sofyā\n\n5th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob the Oriental\n\nCommemoration of Maqārǝs the martyr\n\n6th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros of Alexandria\n\n7th Sane\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎskiron\n\nCommemoration of the reopening of the church of Mary in Zawela","english":"1st Sane\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Lāwǝntewos\n\nCommemoration of Qozmos of Tahā and his companions\n\nCommemoration of Bifāmon\n\n2nd Sane\n\nCommemoration of the discovery of the relics of and\n\n3rd Sane\n\nCommemoration of Mārtā of Egypt\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlāryos\n\n4th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Sanusi\n\nCommemoration of ʾAmon and Sofyā\n\n5th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob the Oriental\n\nCommemoration of Maqārǝs the martyr\n\n6th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros of Alexandria\n\n7th Sane\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎskiron\n\nCommemoration of the reopening of the church of Mary in Zawela","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendar list for the first seven days of the month of Sane, each day headed by one or more commemorations. The entries are brief and formulaic, typical of the synaxarion genre.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Lāwǝntewos","severity":"info","text":"Lāwǝntewos is the Geʿez form of the name Laurentius (Lawrence). The commemoration of the consecration of his church likely refers to a dedication feast in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Qozmos of Tahā","severity":"info","text":"Qozmos (Cosmas) of Tahā is a saint venerated in the Coptic and Ethiopian traditions. 'Tahā' may refer to a location or a variant of the name of his companion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bifāmon","severity":"info","text":"Bifāmon is likely a Geʿez transcription of a Coptic or Greek name, possibly Epiphanius or a similar saint. The exact identity is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 2nd Sane is incomplete: 'Commemoration of the discovery of the relics of and' lacks the name of the saint. This may be a scribal omission or a lacuna in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Mārtā of Egypt","severity":"info","text":"Mārtā of Egypt is a female saint, possibly a desert mother or martyr. Her commemoration on 3rd Sane aligns with the Coptic synaxarion, where she is remembered on the same day.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Bifāmon is uncertain; it may be a variant of a known saint's name.","The entry for 2nd Sane is truncated, leaving the saint's name unknown.","The location 'Tahā' for Qozmos is not clearly identified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"8th Sane\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Mary in Mǝḥḍāb\n\nCommemoration of Tǝmādā and her children, ʾArmānos and his mother\n\n9th Sane\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Lukilyānos and four martyrs\n\n10th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Dābamon and Bǝsṭāmon and their mother Sofyā\n\nCommemoration of the Edict of Milan\n\n11th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Galāwdewos\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of the 40 martyrs in Alexandria\n\n12th Sane\n\nCommemoration of , story of ʾAwfimyā and institution of the\nfeast of\n\nCommemoration of Yosṭos","english":"8th Sane\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Mary in Mǝḥḍāb\n\nCommemoration of Tǝmādā and her children, ʾArmānos and his mother\n\n9th Sane\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Lukilyānos and four martyrs\n\n10th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Dābamon and Bǝsṭāmon and their mother Sofyā\n\nCommemoration of the Edict of Milan\n\n11th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Galāwdewos\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of the 40 martyrs in Alexandria\n\n12th Sane\n\nCommemoration of , story of ʾAwfimyā and institution of the\nfeast of\n\nCommemoration of Yosṭos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for 8th to 12th Sane, following the pattern of the synaxarion with multiple entries per day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Mǝḥḍāb","severity":"info","text":"Mǝḥḍāb is a location in Ethiopia, likely a church or monastery dedicated to Mary, but its precise identification is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Edict of Milan","severity":"info","text":"The Edict of Milan (313 CE) granted religious tolerance to Christians in the Roman Empire. Its commemoration here reflects its significance in Ethiopian Christian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 9th Sane has a blank commemoration, and 12th Sane has an incomplete phrase 'story of ʾAwfimyā and institution of the feast of', suggesting a lacuna or scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Galāwdewos","severity":"info","text":"Galāwdewos (Claudius) is a saint venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, possibly a martyr or ascetic, though details are sparse in this source.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The location Mǝḥḍāb is not clearly identified; it may refer to a specific church or region in Ethiopia.","The blank commemoration on 9th Sane and the incomplete entry on 12th Sane suggest textual corruption or missing information in the manuscript."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"Commemoration of\n\n13rd Sane\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs, bishop of Jerusalem\n\nCommemoration of in Egypt\n\n14th Sane\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkrā, Yoḥannǝs, ʾAbṭǝlmā and Filǝṗṗā\n\n15th Sane\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of in Maryuṭ\n\n16th Sane\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nafr\n\n17th\n\nCommemoration of\n\n18th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Dimyānos\n\n19th Sane\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Bǝsoy\n\n20th Sane\n\nCommemoration of\n\n21st Sane\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of Kardyānos\n\n22nd Sane\n\nCommemoration of Qozmos and Dimyānos","english":"Commemoration of\n\n13rd Sane\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs, bishop of Jerusalem\n\nCommemoration of in Egypt\n\n14th Sane\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAkrā, Yoḥannǝs, ʾAbṭǝlmā and Filǝṗṗā\n\n15th Sane\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of in Maryuṭ\n\n16th Sane\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nafr\n\n17th\n\nCommemoration of\n\n18th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Dimyānos\n\n19th Sane\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Bǝsoy\n\n20th Sane\n\nCommemoration of\n\n21st Sane\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\nCommemoration of Kardyānos\n\n22nd Sane\n\nCommemoration of Qozmos and Dimyānos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"13rd Sane … 22nd Sane","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for Sane 13–22, continuing the synaxarion’s daily sequence. The entries are fragmentary, with several days lacking named saints.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Maryuṭ","severity":"info","text":"Maryuṭ (Marea) is a region in Egypt near Alexandria, known for monastic settlements and churches. The consecration of a church there is commemorated on 15th Sane.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾabbā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā is a Geʿez honorific meaning 'father', used for monastic saints and bishops. It appears before the names ʾAkrā and Nafr.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of in Egypt","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 13th Sane includes 'Commemoration of in Egypt' without a saint’s name. This likely indicates a lacuna or scribal omission in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Qozmos and Dimyānos","severity":"info","text":"Qozmos and Dimyānos (Cosmas and Damian) are widely venerated as healing saints in Eastern Christian traditions. Their commemoration on 22nd Sane aligns with the Copto-Arabic synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several entries lack saint names (e.g., 17th Sane, 20th Sane), possibly due to manuscript damage or incomplete copying.","The phrase 'Commemoration of in Egypt' on 13th Sane is ambiguous; the intended saint or event is not specified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"23rd Sane\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nob\n\n24th Sane\n\nCommemoration of\n\n25th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Yǝhudā the Apostle\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros\n\n26th Sane\n\nCommemoration of and the consecration of his church in Naqlon\n\nCommemoration of\n\n27th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Ḥanānyā the Apostle\n\nCommemoration of Tomās of Sandalāt\n\n28th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Tewodosyos\n\n29th Sane\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of the seven martyrs of Tunā\n\nCommemoration of Hor, Bǝsoy and Daydarā\n\n30th Sane\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nSubscription for Sane","english":"23rd Sane\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nob\n\n24th Sane\n\nCommemoration of\n\n25th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Yǝhudā the Apostle\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros\n\n26th Sane\n\nCommemoration of and the consecration of his church in Naqlon\n\nCommemoration of\n\n27th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Ḥanānyā the Apostle\n\nCommemoration of Tomās of Sandalāt\n\n28th Sane\n\nCommemoration of Tewodosyos\n\n29th Sane\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of the seven martyrs of Tunā\n\nCommemoration of Hor, Bǝsoy and Daydarā\n\n30th Sane\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nSubscription for Sane","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for Sane 23–30, with several entries left incomplete (e.g., 24th, 26th, 29th, 30th). The subscription marks the end of the month.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾabbā Nob","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā Nob is a monastic saint commemorated on 23rd Sane. The name is Geʿez for 'father Nob'; further identification is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Yǝhudā the Apostle","severity":"info","text":"Yǝhudā the Apostle (Jude Thaddaeus) is commemorated on 25th Sane. The pairing with Ṗeṭros (Peter) may reflect a shared feast or manuscript grouping.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Naqlon","severity":"info","text":"Naqlon (Naqlūn) is a site in Egypt, likely a monastery or church. The commemoration on 26th Sane includes the consecration of a church there, but the saint's name is missing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries are incomplete: 24th Sane has no name; 26th Sane lacks the saint's name; 29th and 30th Sane record 'birth of' without specifying whom. These lacunae likely reflect manuscript damage or scribal omission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"seven martyrs of Tunā","severity":"info","text":"The seven martyrs of Tunā (Tuna, likely in Egypt) are commemorated on 29th Sane. This group is known from Copto-Arabic synaxaria, indicating shared hagiographic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The saint commemorated on 24th Sane is missing; the name on 26th Sane is also lost. 'Birth of' on 29th and 30th Sane lacks the subject, possibly a saint or Christ."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"Commemorative notices for the month of Ḥamle\n\nIntroduction for Ḥamle\n\n1st Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Qafronyā\n\nCommemoration of Bǝyokā and Bǝnyāmin\n\n2nd Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\n3rd Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n4th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of ʾAbuqir and Yoḥannǝs\n\n5th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of the martyrdom of and\n\n6th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlimṗyās\n\nCommemoration of Tewodosyā\n\n7th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgnāṭyos\n\n8th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Bǝsoy\n\nCommemoration of ʾAberoh and ʾAtom\n\nCommemoration of Bǝlāne","english":"Commemorative notices for the month of Ḥamle\n\nIntroduction for Ḥamle\n\n1st Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Qafronyā\n\nCommemoration of Bǝyokā and Bǝnyāmin\n\n2nd Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\n3rd Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n4th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of ʾAbuqir and Yoḥannǝs\n\n5th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of the martyrdom of and\n\n6th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of ʾAlimṗyās\n\nCommemoration of Tewodosyā\n\n7th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgnāṭyos\n\n8th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Bǝsoy\n\nCommemoration of ʾAberoh and ʾAtom\n\nCommemoration of Bǝlāne","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ḥamle","severity":"info","text":"This passage opens the commemorative notices for the month of Ḥamle, the eleventh month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to July.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"translatio","severity":"info","text":"The Latin-derived term 'translatio' (here in Geʿez context) denotes the translation or relocation of relics, a common feast type in the Synaxarion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Qafronyā","severity":"info","text":"Qafronyā is likely a variant of the name of a saint venerated in the Coptic and Ethiopic traditions, though the specific identity is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several entries (2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th Ḥamle) have blank or incomplete commemorations, indicating lacunae in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Bǝsoy","severity":"info","text":"Bǝsoy (Bishoi) is a major desert father in Coptic and Ethiopic hagiography; his commemoration on 8th Ḥamle is consistent with other synaxaria.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Qafronyā is uncertain; the names Bǝyokā and Bǝnyāmin may be corrupt or variant spellings.","The blank entries for 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 7th Ḥamle may reflect lost text or intentional omissions."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"Commemoration of Bimā\n\nCommemoration of Kiros\n\n9th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon Qalayoṗā\n\nCommemoration of Kalādyānos\n\n10th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros, bishop of the Pentapolis\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros, bishop of Qorontos\n\n11th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs and Sǝmʿon\n\nCommemoration of ʾIsāyǝyyās\n\n12th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hor\n\n13rd Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Basandyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAmon\n\n14th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrokonyos\n\nCommemoration of Maqārǝs and ʾAmonyos\n\n15th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of","english":"Commemoration of Bimā\n\nCommemoration of Kiros\n\n9th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon Qalayoṗā\n\nCommemoration of Kalādyānos\n\n10th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros, bishop of the Pentapolis\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros, bishop of Qorontos\n\n11th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs and Sǝmʿon\n\nCommemoration of ʾIsāyǝyyās\n\n12th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Hor\n\n13rd Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Basandyos\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAmon\n\n14th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrokonyos\n\nCommemoration of Maqārǝs and ʾAmonyos\n\n15th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the synaxarion for Ḥamle 8–15, listing commemorations in a fixed calendrical sequence. Each date introduces one or two entries, some of which are left incomplete (e.g., 12th and 15th Ḥamle).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Bimā","severity":"info","text":"Bimā is likely a proper name of a saint, possibly a variant of Bimā or Bima, but no further identification is given in the source. The name appears only here in the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Kalādyānos","severity":"info","text":"Kalādyānos is a Greek-derived name (Klaudianos) for a saint commemorated on 9th Ḥamle. The entry lacks a title or epithet, suggesting a known figure in the synaxarion tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Tewodros, bishop of the Pentapolis, and Tewodros, bishop of Qorontos (Corinth), are two distinct bishops commemorated on 10th Ḥamle. The Pentapolis refers to the five cities of the Libyan Pentapolis in early church history.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entries for 12th Ḥamle and 15th Ḥamle are incomplete: the first commemorand is missing after 'Commemoration of' (12th) and the entire second line is absent (15th). This may reflect a lacuna in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of ʾAbrokonyos with Maqārǝs and ʾAmonyos on 14th Ḥamle follows a pattern of grouping Egyptian desert fathers, common in Ethiopic synaxaria derived from Copto-Arabic sources.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Bimā is uncertain; no further hagiographic details are provided.","The missing commemorands on 12th and 15th Ḥamle may be due to manuscript damage or intentional omission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"16th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\n17th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwfimyā\n\n18th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\n19th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Baṭalān\n\n20th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros\n\n21st Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Susǝnyos\n\n22nd Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Maqārǝs\n\nCommemoration of Lawǝntewos\n\n23rd Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Langinos\n\nCommemoration of Sinodā\n\n24th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nob\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Marqoryos\n\nCommemoration of the ascension of Henok and commemoration of the 20500 martyrs of ʾAtrib","english":"16th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\n17th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of ʾAwfimyā\n\n18th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\n19th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Baṭalān\n\n20th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Tewodros\n\n21st Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Susǝnyos\n\n22nd Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Maqārǝs\n\nCommemoration of Lawǝntewos\n\n23rd Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Langinos\n\nCommemoration of Sinodā\n\n24th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Nob\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon\n\nCommemoration of the consecration of the church of Marqoryos\n\nCommemoration of the ascension of Henok and commemoration of the 20500 martyrs of ʾAtrib","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for Ḥamle 16–24, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entries for 16th, 18th, and two of the three on 21st lack a named saint, indicating either lacunae or days with no fixed commemoration in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾAwfimyā","severity":"info","text":"ʾAwfimyā is the Geʿez form of Euphemia, a common saint in Eastern Christian calendars. Her commemoration on 17th Ḥamle corresponds to the Coptic 23rd Baʾūnah.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Baṭalān","severity":"info","text":"Baṭalān is the Geʿez form of Batalan, likely a saint of Egyptian origin. The name is rare and may be a variant of Batalos or a local martyr.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Marqoryos","severity":"info","text":"Marqoryos is the Geʿez form of Mark (or Mercurius). The consecration of his church is commemorated on 24th Ḥamle, a common feast in the Coptic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"20500 martyrs of ʾAtrib","severity":"info","text":"The 20,500 martyrs of ʾAtrib (Athribis) are a group of Coptic Christians said to have been killed under Diocletian. Their commemoration on 24th Ḥamle is attested in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entries for 16th, 18th, and two of the three on 21st Ḥamle are blank in both the Geʿez and the English draft. This may reflect a lacuna in the manuscript or a deliberate omission; the text should not be emended without manuscript evidence.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The blank commemorations on 16th, 18th, and two of the three on 21st Ḥamle are ambiguous: they may be lacunae, days with no fixed saint, or errors in the source. The reading taken is to preserve the text as given."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"25th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAndoninā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝsḥaq\n\nCommemoration of Liyāryā\n\nCommemoration of Taklā and Mugi\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbakǝrzun\n\n26th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n27th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAmon\n\nCommemoration of the vision of and consecration of the church\nJohn the Evangelist in Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon\n\n28th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\n29th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of Warsǝnufā","english":"25th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAndoninā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yǝsḥaq\n\nCommemoration of Liyāryā\n\nCommemoration of Taklā and Mugi\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbakǝrzun\n\n26th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\n27th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAmon\n\nCommemoration of the vision of and consecration of the church\nJohn the Evangelist in Alexandria\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon\n\n28th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of\n\n29th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of\n\nCommemoration of Warsǝnufā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for 25th–29th Ḥamle, with multiple entries per day. The pattern of blank entries (e.g., 26th Ḥamle) suggests lacunae or unrecorded feasts in the source manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabbā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā (Geʿez: አባ) is a title of respect for monastic saints and bishops, equivalent to 'father' or 'abbot'. It precedes the names ʾAndoninā, Yǝsḥaq, and ʾAmon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"John the Evangelist","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the vision and consecration of the church of John the Evangelist in Alexandria reflects a local Egyptian tradition. The church is historically associated with the evangelist's cult in Alexandria.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 29th Ḥamle reads 'Commemoration of the birth of' and 'Commemoration of the translatio of' without specifying the subject. This may indicate a textual corruption or abbreviation in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Warsǝnufā","severity":"info","text":"Warsǝnufā (Barsanuphius) is a well-known Egyptian desert father of the 6th century, commemorated in various Eastern Christian traditions. His inclusion here aligns with the Synaxarion's reliance on Coptic hagiographic sources.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The blank entries for 26th Ḥamle and the incomplete entries for 29th Ḥamle leave the intended commemorations uncertain. The reading taken is that these are lacunae or unrecorded feasts, not deliberate omissions."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"30th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Marqoryos and ʾEfrem\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Ṭimotewos\n\nSubscription for Ḥamle\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Naḥāse\n\nIntroduction for Naḥāse\n\n1st Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAboli\n\nCommemoration of and Ḥannā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabuna Sǝmʿon of Dabra Dāgā\n\n2nd Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾAtnāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Daminā\n\n3rd Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of\n\n4th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Dāwit and his brothers\n\n5th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs\n\n6th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾIyaluṭā","english":"30th Ḥamle\n\nCommemoration of Marqoryos and ʾEfrem\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Ṭimotewos\n\nSubscription for Ḥamle\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Naḥāse\n\nIntroduction for Naḥāse\n\n1st Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAboli\n\nCommemoration of and Ḥannā\n\nCommemoration of ʾabuna Sǝmʿon of Dabra Dāgā\n\n2nd Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾAtnāsyā\n\nCommemoration of Daminā\n\n3rd Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of\n\n4th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Dāwit and his brothers\n\n5th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Yoḥannǝs\n\n6th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾIyaluṭā","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"30th Ḥamle … 6th Naḥāse","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a calendrical transition: it closes the month of Ḥamle (with a subscription) and opens the month of Naḥāse with an introduction and a series of commemorative notices for the first six days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"translatio","severity":"info","text":"The Latin-derived term 'translatio' (here in the English draft) corresponds to the Geʿez concept of the transfer of relics; it marks the commemoration of the translation of Ṭimotewos (Timothy).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Dabra Dāgā","severity":"info","text":"Dabra Dāgā is a well-known monastery in the Lake Ṭana region of Ethiopia, associated with the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The commemoration of ʾabuna Sǝmʿon of Dabra Dāgā reflects the local veneration of monastic saints.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of and Ḥannā","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Commemoration of and Ḥannā' (1st Naḥāse) is syntactically corrupt: the conjunction 'and' suggests a missing name before Ḥannā. The text likely originally listed two commemorations, but the first name has been lost in transmission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"3rd Naḥāse — Commemoration of","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 3rd Naḥāse is blank: 'Commemoration of' with no name following. This is a lacuna in the manuscript tradition, possibly indicating a lost or never‑filled entry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"Marqoryos and ʾEfrem","severity":"info","text":"Marqoryos (Mark) and ʾEfrem (Ephrem) are widely venerated in the Coptic and Ethiopian traditions; their joint commemoration on 30th Ḥamle reflects the synaxarion’s practice of pairing saints on a single day.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 1st Naḥāse is corrupt: 'Commemoration of and Ḥannā' lacks the first name.","The entry for 3rd Naḥāse is blank, leaving the intended commemoration unknown.","The identity of 'Daminā' (2nd Naḥāse) is uncertain; it may be a variant of a known saint or a local figure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Wiḍā\n\n7th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the annunciation of Mary's birth\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\n8th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the Nine Martyrs\n\n9th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾOri\n\n10th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Maṭrā\n\nCommemoration of Bikābǝs\n\n11th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the 2000 companions of Fāsiladas\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Moysās\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbṭǝlmāwos\n\n12th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Constantine\n\nCommemoration of the 2000 companions of Fāsiladas\n\n13rd Naḥāse","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Wiḍā\n\n7th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the annunciation of Mary's birth\n\nCommemoration of Ṗeṭros\n\nCommemoration of Ṭimotewos\n\n8th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the Nine Martyrs\n\n9th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾOri\n\n10th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Maṭrā\n\nCommemoration of Bikābǝs\n\n11th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the 2000 companions of Fāsiladas\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Moysās\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾAbṭǝlmāwos\n\n12th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Constantine\n\nCommemoration of the 2000 companions of Fāsiladas\n\n13rd Naḥāse","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"7th Naḥāse … 13rd Naḥāse","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for Naḥāse 7–13, following the pattern of the Synaxarion's daily entries. The entry for Naḥāse 12 has a blank commemoration line, possibly a lacuna in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾabbā","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā is a Geʿez honorific meaning 'father', used for monastic saints and bishops. It is equivalent to the Coptic ⲁⲃⲃⲁ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"2000 companions of Fāsiladas","severity":"info","text":"Fāsiladas (also known as Fasilides) was a 17th-century emperor of Ethiopia. The '2000 companions' likely refers to martyrs associated with his reign, though the specific event is not widely documented in standard hagiographies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Commemoration of the annunciation of Mary's birth","severity":"info","text":"The annunciation of Mary's birth is a feast in the Ethiopian tradition, celebrated on Naḥāse 7. This aligns with the broader Oriental Orthodox veneration of Mary, though the date differs from the Western calendar.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Commemoration of (blank)","severity":"caution","text":"The blank entry for Naḥāse 12 may indicate a missing name or a deliberate omission. The repetition of '2000 companions of Fāsiladas' on both Naḥāse 11 and 12 could be a scribal error or a double commemoration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The blank commemoration on Naḥāse 12 is ambiguous: it may be a lacuna or an intentional placeholder.","The repetition of '2000 companions of Fāsiladas' on Naḥāse 11 and 12 could be a scribal duplication or a genuine double commemoration."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"Commemoration of the transfiguration of\n\n14th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the mircale produced by ʾabbā Tewofilos in Alexandria\n\n15th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Mārinā\n\n16th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the Assumption of\n\n17th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\n18th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros\n\n19th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the translation of Maqārǝs\n\n20st Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the seven sleepers of Ephesus\n\n21st Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ḫirini\n\n22nd Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Mikiyās\n\n23rd Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the 30000 martyrs of Alexandria","english":"Commemoration of the transfiguration of\n\n14th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the mircale produced by ʾabbā Tewofilos in Alexandria\n\n15th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Mārinā\n\n16th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the Assumption of\n\n17th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob\n\n18th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā ʾƎlǝskǝndǝros\n\n19th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the translation of Maqārǝs\n\n20st Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the seven sleepers of Ephesus\n\n21st Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Ḫirini\n\n22nd Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Mikiyās\n\n23rd Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the 30000 martyrs of Alexandria","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations for dates 14th–23rd of Naḥāse, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entries are brief, often naming a saint or event without further narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Naḥāse","severity":"info","text":"Naḥāse is the twelfth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to August. The dates here run from 14th to 23rd.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the seven sleepers of Ephesus (21st Naḥāse) recalls a popular hagiographic tale of seven youths who slept in a cave for centuries, widely venerated in Eastern Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 21st Naḥāse is incomplete: 'Commemoration of' appears twice, with the second instance lacking a name. This may indicate a scribal omission or a lacuna in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of the 30,000 martyrs of Alexandria (23rd Naḥāse) reflects a local Egyptian tradition, likely stemming from persecutions under Diocletian or later, though the number is symbolic.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The entry for 21st Naḥāse has a double 'Commemoration of' with a blank, leaving the second commemoration unidentified.","The 'translation of Maqārǝs' (20st Naḥāse) could refer to the translation of relics or of a text; the Geʿez term is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"Commemoration of Dimyānos\n\n24th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Tomās\n\n25th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Biṣāryon\n\n26th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Moysās and Sārā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābos\n\n27th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝnāmǝn and ʾAwdoksyā\n\nCommemoration of Sāmuʾel\n\nCommemoration of Suryāl\n\n28th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhām, Yǝsḥaq and Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Yǝsḥaq\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Yāʿqob\n\n29th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of the birth of ʾAtnātiyos\n\n30th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Mǝlkǝyās","english":"Commemoration of Dimyānos\n\n24th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Tomās\n\n25th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Biṣāryon\n\n26th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Moysās and Sārā\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgābos\n\n27th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Bǝnāmǝn and ʾAwdoksyā\n\nCommemoration of Sāmuʾel\n\nCommemoration of Suryāl\n\n28th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of ʾAbrǝhām, Yǝsḥaq and Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Yǝsḥaq\n\nCommemoration of the translatio of Yāʿqob\n\n29th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of the birth of\n\nCommemoration of the birth of ʾAtnātiyos\n\n30th Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of Mǝlkǝyās","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorations for 24th–30th Naḥāse, following the pattern of the Synaxarion. The entry for 29th Naḥāse is incomplete, lacking the name of the saint whose birth is commemorated.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"translatio","severity":"info","text":"The term 'translatio' (from Latin) refers to the translation or transfer of relics. Here it is used for Yǝsḥaq and Yāʿqob, indicating the movement of their relics to a new location.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of 'Moysās and Sārā' likely refers to the Old Testament figures Moses and Sarah, though Sarah is not typically paired with Moses in Ethiopian tradition; this may reflect a local hagiographic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry for 29th Naḥāse is corrupt: 'Commemoration of the birth of' lacks the saint's name. The following line names ʾAtnātiyos (Athanasius), but his birth is not typically commemorated; this may be a scribal error or lacuna.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of 'the seven sleepers of Ep' (from the previous passage) is a well-known legend in Christian tradition, also found in the Synaxarion. This passage continues the liturgical calendar for Naḥāse.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the saint whose birth is commemorated on 29th Naḥāse is missing; the following line may or may not be related.","The pairing of Moysās and Sārā is unusual and may represent a conflation or local tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Muse, bishop of Faramā\n\nSubscription for Naḥase\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṗagʷǝmen\n\n1st Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of ʾUtikos\n\nCommemoration of Bǝsoy\n\nCommemoration of Ṗākʷǝmis and Sarābyon\n\n2nd Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of Tito\n\n3rd Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of Rufāʾel, consecration of his church and miracle\n\nCommemoration of ʾAdrǝyānos and ʾAnṭolyā\n\nCommemoration of Malka Ṣedeq\n\n4th Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Baymon\n\nCommemoration of Libāryos\n\n5th Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of ʾAmoṣ","english":"Commemoration of ʾabbā Muse, bishop of Faramā\n\nSubscription for Naḥase\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṗagʷǝmen\n\n1st Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of ʾUtikos\n\nCommemoration of Bǝsoy\n\nCommemoration of Ṗākʷǝmis and Sarābyon\n\n2nd Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of Tito\n\n3rd Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of Rufāʾel, consecration of his church and miracle\n\nCommemoration of ʾAdrǝyānos and ʾAnṭolyā\n\nCommemoration of Malka Ṣedeq\n\n4th Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Baymon\n\nCommemoration of Libāryos\n\n5th Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of ʾabbā Yāʿqob\n\nCommemoration of ʾAmoṣ","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the end of the month of Naḥase and the beginning of the month of Ṗagʷǝmen, the intercalary month of the Geʿez calendar. The subscription for Naḥase and the heading for Ṗagʷǝmen are structural markers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Faramā","severity":"info","text":"Faramā is the Arabic name for the ancient city of Pelusium in the northeastern Nile Delta. The commemoration of ʾabbā Muse as bishop of Faramā links this entry to the Egyptian episcopal tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ṗagʷǝmen","severity":"info","text":"Ṗagʷǝmen is the Geʿez name for the Coptic intercalary month (Epagomenai), consisting of five or six days at the end of the year. Its commemorations are typically brief and often include figures from the wider Christian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Rufāʾel","severity":"info","text":"The commemoration of Rufāʾel with the consecration of his church and a miracle is paralleled in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, where the archangel Raphael is celebrated on the 3rd of the intercalary month.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Malka Ṣedeq","severity":"info","text":"Malka Ṣedeq (Melchizedek) is a biblical figure (Gen 14:18–20) venerated in the Geʿez tradition. His inclusion here reflects the Ethiopian reception of Old Testament figures as saints.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Bǝsoy","severity":"caution","text":"The identity of Bǝsoy is uncertain; it may be a variant of Bishoi or a different saint. The brevity of the entry provides no further detail, and the name is not clearly identified in standard hagiographical sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Bǝsoy is ambiguous; it may be a variant of Bishoi or a distinct figure.","The commemoration of ʾUtikos (Eutychius) is not further specified; it could refer to a patriarch or a martyr."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"Commemoration of\n\n6th Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of the end of the year","english":"Commemoration of\n\n6th Ṗagʷǝmen\n\nCommemoration of the end of the year","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This is the final entry of the Synaxarion, marking the end of the liturgical year on 6th Ṗagʷǝmen, the last day of the intercalary month.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ṗagʷǝmen","severity":"info","text":"Ṗagʷǝmen is the Geʿez form of the Coptic month Ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲙⲟⲛⲓ (Epagomenai), the five or six intercalary days at the end of the Coptic year.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT4032SenkessarS","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4032SenkessarS"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopian liturgical year ends with the month of Ṗagʷǝmen, which corresponds to the Coptic Epagomenai. The entry serves as a colophon for the entire synaxarion cycle.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This brief notice functions as a subscription, closing the manuscript. In liturgical use, it signals the completion of the annual reading cycle.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Commemoration of the end of the year' may be a rubric or a colophon rather than a saint's commemoration; the text does not specify a person or event."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}