{"slug":"LIT3963Homily","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3963Homily","title":"Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"homily","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:08Z","cost_usd":0.003276},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3963Homily","work_id":"LIT3963Homily","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"},"stats":{"passages":5,"english_words":875,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":27,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":9,"work_notes":4,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT3963Homily","abstract":"This anonymous Geʿez homily for the feast of the Archangel Michael on the 12th of Gǝnbot (May) is transmitted in Ethiopian Orthodox manuscripts, often alongside other Michaelite texts. It narrates a dramatic episode set in the reign of Emperor Arcadius (395–408), involving the empress Eudoxia, John Chrysostom, and a widow's earrings, culminating in Chrysostom's death and heavenly reward. The homily reflects a monastic origin, possibly adapted from Coptic or Arabic sources, and belongs to the later Solomonic period (14th–15th c.) based on paleographic and liturgical context. It forms part of the broader cycle of angelic homilies used in the synaxarion and monastic offices.","historical_context":"The homily is transmitted in Geʿez manuscripts for the month of Gǝnbot (May), often alongside other Michaelite texts. Its anonymous attribution suggests a monastic origin, possibly adapted from Coptic or Arabic Vorlagen. No explicit date is given in the edition; the homily likely belongs to the later Solomonic period (14th–15th c.), but this rests on paleographic and liturgical context rather than internal evidence. The text is read during the feast of Michael on the 12th of Gǝnbot in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition and forms part of the broader cycle of angelic homilies used in the synaxarion and monastic offices. The edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings, so textual fluidity and scribal interventions across the manuscript tradition cannot be assessed from this source alone.","significance":"This homily is significant as a witness to the Ethiopian Orthodox veneration of Archangel Michael and the integration of Byzantine hagiographical narratives (e.g., the conflict between Eudoxia and John Chrysostom) into the local liturgical cycle. It relates to the broader corpus of Ethiopic angelic homilies and the synaxarion tradition, illustrating how Coptic and Arabic sources were adapted for Geʿez-speaking monastic communities.","timeline":[{"date":"395–408","event":"Reign of Arcadius, Eastern Roman emperor, during which the homily's narrative is set."},{"date":"4th–5th c.","event":"Historical conflict between Empress Eudoxia and John Chrysostom, dramatized in the homily."},{"date":"14th–15th c.","event":"Probable composition or adaptation of the homily in the Solomonic period (based on paleographic and liturgical context)."},{"date":"12th of Gǝnbot (May)","event":"Feast of Archangel Michael in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, when the homily is read."}],"relations":[{"work":"Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","relation":"part of the same manuscript tradition as other Michaelite texts","key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"},{"work":"Theodosius of Alexandria, Homily on Michael","relation":"possible Coptic Vorlage or parallel","key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},{"work":"Anonymous Ethiopic Fəṭḥa Manfasawi","relation":"another anonymous Ethiopic monastic text","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The homily's date is uncertain; the 14th–15th c. attribution is based on paleographic and liturgical context, not internal evidence.","The edition (betmas) lacks a critical apparatus, so textual fluidity and scribal interventions cannot be assessed.","The anonymous attribution and lack of explicit date require caution in assigning a specific origin."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000468,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:41:49Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3963Homily","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":5,"translated":5,"commentary_passages":5,"commentary_units":27,"english_words":875,"source_letters":2298,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily is transmitted in Geʿez manuscripts for the month of Gǝnbot (May), often alongside other Michaelite texts. Its anonymous attribution suggests a monastic origin, possibly adapted from Coptic or Arabic Vorlagen.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"No explicit date is given in the edition. The homily likely belongs to the later Solomonic period (14th–15th c.), but this rests on paleographic and liturgical context rather than internal evidence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3963Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This homily is read during the feast of Michael on the 12th of Gǝnbot in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. It forms part of the broader cycle of angelic homilies used in the synaxarion and monastic offices.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings. The user cannot assess textual fluidity or scribal interventions across the manuscript tradition from this source alone.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 5 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":5},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3963Homily":{"label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi":{"label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"},"hollis:alma990019134800203941":{"label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"},"ed:LIT3963Homily":{"label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"},"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael":{"label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"The following text is taken from .\n\nወኮነ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ አርቃድዮስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ርቱዐ፡ ሃይማኖት፡\nዘ ቍስጥንጥንያ ከመ፡ ቈስጠንጢኖስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወጳውሎስ፡ ሐዋርያ፡ ወበመዋዕለ፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡\nቅዱስ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ አፈ፡ ወርቅ። በውእቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ሀለወት፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ለ አርቃድዮስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወኮነት፡ ታፈቅር፡\nንዋየ፡ ወርቅ፡ ወብሩር፡ በኀይል፡ ወበትዕግልት፡ ወንዋየ፡ ባዕድ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ሀሎ፡ በኀቤሃ። ወዘንተ፡ ርእዮ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ አፈ፡ ወርቅ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ዕለተ፡ ይነግራ፡ ወይገንሓ፡\nወኢትሰምዕ፡ ቃሎ፡ ወተአብዮ፡ ሰሚዐ፡ ቃሉ፡ ወነገሩ። ወበአሐቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ነሥአት፡ አዕዋዳ፡ ለአሐቲ፡ መበለት፡ ነዳይት፡ በግፍዕ፡ ወይእቲ፡ መበለት፡ መጽአት፡ ኀበ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ወነገረቶ፡ ዘከመ፡ ነሥአት፡\nአዕዋዳ፡ አውዶክስያ፡ ንግሥት፡ ወፈነወ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ኀበ፡\nአውዶክስያ፡ ንግሥት፡ ወገሠፃ፡ ወሰአላ፡ ብዙኀ፡ ስእለታተ፡ ከመ፡ ትሚጥ፡ ላቲ፡ ለይእቲ፡ ብእሲት፡\nመበለት፡ አዕዋዳ።","english":"And it came to pass in the days of Arcadius, the orthodox king of Constantinople, like Constantine the king and Paul the apostle, and in the days of the archbishop Saint John Chrysostom. In those days, the wife of King Arcadius existed, and she loved ornaments of gold and silver exceedingly, and many foreign ornaments were in her possession. When John Chrysostom saw this, for many days he rebuked and reproached her, but she did not heed his word, and she despised him who heard his word and his message. And on one day, she took the earrings of a certain poor widow by force. And that widow came to John the archbishop and told him how Eudoxia the queen had taken her earrings. And Saint John sent to Eudoxia the queen and rebuked her and asked her with many entreaties that she might return to that poor widow her earrings.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"አርቃድዮስ","severity":"info","text":"Arcadius was Eastern Roman emperor (395–408). The homily sets its narrative in his reign, linking it to the conflict between his wife Eudoxia and John Chrysostom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አፈ ወርቅ","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'afä wärq' (mouth of gold) is the standard Geʿez rendering of 'Chrysostom', applied here to John, archbishop of Constantinople.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነ ... ወኮነት","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a double 'and it came to pass' formula, typical of Ethiopic narrative introductions, marking a shift from the preceding section.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"አውዶክስያ","severity":"info","text":"Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, is historically known for her conflict with John Chrysostom, which this homily dramatizes through the episode of the widow's earrings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትሰምዕ ቃሎ ወተአብዮ ሰሚዐ ቃሉ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'she did not heed his word, and she despised him who heard his word' is syntactically ambiguous: the relative clause may refer to John or to another listener.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ሰሚዐ ቃሉ ወነገሩ' could be read as 'the one who heard his word and his message' (i.e., John) or as a separate person; the translation takes it as John."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወበህየ፡ ነገሮሙ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ወመሀሮሙ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአምኑ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ በስመ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡\nዓለም፡ ወበስእለቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ መልአከ፡ ሣህል፡ ወምሕረት፡ ሐነጹ፡ አብያተ፡ ክርስቲያናት፡ ብዙኃተ፡ ወቀደሰ፡ ሎሙ፡\nዮሐንስ፡ አፈ፡ ወርቅ፡ ወሤመ፡ ሎሙ፡ ጳጳሳተ፡ ቀሳውስተ፡ ወዲያቆናተ። ወአዕረፈ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ግንቦት፡ ወተቀብረ፡ በደሴተ፡ አክራጥያ፡\nእንዘ፡ ሀሎ፡ በስደቱ፡ ወነሥአ፡ አክሊለ፡ ስምዕ፡ ወክብር፡ በመንግሥተ፡ ሰማያት፡ ወተፍሥሐ፡ ምስለ፡ ነፍሰ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ወሰማዕት፡ በሰማያት፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም። ወዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘኮነ፡ በስእለቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። ወለአንባቢሁ፡ ይጽሐፍ፡ ስሞ፡ ኀበ፡ ዐምደ፡ ወርቅ፡ በቀለመ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ምስለ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ዛቲምርፋቅ፡ ለአእሩግ፡ ወለደቂቅ፡ ይሱቆሙ፡ እምወዲቅ፡ በእንተ፡\nስእለቱ፡ ለሚካኤል፡ ሊቅ፡ ወበእንተ፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ለ ዮሐንስ፡ አፈ፡ ወርቅ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።","english":"And he taught them, John, and he taught them the word of God, and all of them believed in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom is praise forever and ever. And through the intercession of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, angel of mercy and compassion, they built many churches, and John Chrysostom consecrated them for them, and he appointed for them bishops, priests, and deacons. And he reposed on the tenth and the second day of the month of Genbot, and he was buried on the island of Akratya while he was in his exile. And he received the crown of martyrdom and honor in the kingdom of the heavens, and he rejoiced with the souls of all the righteous and martyrs in the heavens forever and ever. And all this that happened through the intercession of the holy Michael, chief of the angels—may his prayer and blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen. And for its reader, may his name be written at the golden pillar in the color of righteousness with the children of Zatimrfaq; for the elders and the children, may they be saved from falling because of the intercession of Michael the chief and because of the prayer of John Chrysostom forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the narrative with John Chrysostom's death, burial, and heavenly reward, followed by a doxology and a blessing for readers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ዐሡሩ ወሰኑዩ","severity":"info","text":"The date 'tenth and second' likely means the 10th and 12th of Gǝnbot (May), a common Ethiopic formula for a saint's feast and death.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ደሴተ አክራጥያ","severity":"info","text":"The 'island of Akratya' refers to the remote location of John Chrysostom's exile and death, traditionally identified as Pityus in modern Georgia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሊቀ መላእክት","severity":"info","text":"The title 'chief of the angels' is a standard epithet for Michael, emphasizing his primacy in the angelic hierarchy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘቲምርፋቅ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'children of Zatimrfaq' is obscure; it may refer to a monastic community or a scribal group, indicating a local reception context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘቲምርፋቅ","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'Zatimrfaq' is unattested elsewhere and may be a corruption or a proper name; its exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The date 'tenth and second' could be interpreted as two separate days or a single feast spanning both; the reading here follows the common Ethiopic convention for a saint's day.","The identity of 'Zatimrfaq' is unclear; it may be a place name, a person, or a scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"After\nበስመአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካአል፡ ዘኅቡእ፡ ወገሃድ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ኢሎሂ፡ ኢሎሂ፡ ኢሎሂ፡ ያዊ፡ ያዊ፡ ያዊ፡ ጸባት፡ ፍጹም፡\nምሉእ፡ ሰማያተ፡ ወድረ፡ ቅድስተ፡ ሰብሐቲከ፡ አፍላቶስ፡ አፍላናታ፡ ሚካአል፡ ወገብርኢል፡ ሱራፌል፡ ወኪሩቤል፡ ሰራዊተ፡ ሰደቅይል፡ ሰድታኤል፡ ሰድቃአል፡ ሰልትኤል፡\nሰልትኤል፡ አፍላታኢል፡ መግረሬ፡ ፀር፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላኢክት፡ ሰአሊ፡ ምሕረት፡ ወመተነብል፡ ይሰአል፡ ለነ፡ ወይለተሰሪ፡ ኃጢአተነ፡ ለዒለመ፡ ዓለም፡\nዓሚን፡ ነገር፡ በእንተ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ዘኢትዮጵያ፡ ዘመጽአ፡ እምድኅረ፡ አቡነ፡ ይስሐቅ፡ ከመ፡ ያየድዕ፡\nአበዮ፡ ለወኃይሎ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካአል፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ በወርኃ፡ ግንቦት፡ በረከቱ፡ የኃሉ፡ ምስለ፡ ግብሩ፡\nለዓለመ፡ ወኮነ፡ በመዋዕሊሁ፡\nለ አርቃዲዎስ፡\nወልደ፡ ለ ቴዎደስዮስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ርቱዓ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ዘሀገረ፡\nቍስጥንጥያ፡ ወዘአጶሊ፡ ወበ፡ እብሬቱ፡ ለ\nዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ አፈወርቅ፡ ወሃለወት፡ ብእሲቱ፡\nለ አርቃዴዎስ፡ ዘስማ፡\nአውዶክስያ፡ መፍቀሪተ፡ ንዋይ፡ ወሶበ፡ ርእያ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ከመ፡ ታፈቅር፡ ንዋየ፡ ይምዕዳ፡ ወይጊስፃ፡\nወቀደሰ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ወሢመ፡ ሎሙ፡ ቁሳውሶተ፡\nወደያቅናተ፡ ወአእረፈ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፪ለግንቦት፡ ወነሥአ፡ አክሊለ፡ ክብር፡ ወቦዓ፡ ውስተ፡ መንግሥተ፡ ስማያት፡ ምስለ፡ ጸድቃን፡ ወሰማዕት፡ ወዝንቱ፡ ዘኮነ፡ በስእለቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡\nሚካአል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስለ፡ ገብሩ፡ ለመ፡ ዓሜን፡","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy Michael, of the hidden and the manifest. Jesus Christ, God, God, God, Yawi, Yawi, Yawi, Ṣabāt, perfect, full of the heavens. Holy, your praises, Aphlatos, Aphlanata, Michael, and Gebrǝʿel, Surafel, and Kerubel, the armies of Ṣadqǝl, Ṣadtāʾel, Ṣadqāʾel, Seltǝʾel, Seltǝʾel, Aphlatāʿel, the destroyer of the enemy. A homily of the holy Michael, chief of the angels. He asks for mercy and intercession; he asks for us and for the remission of our sins forever and ever. Amen. A narrative concerning John, the bishop of Ethiopia, who came after our father Isaac, in order to make known the power of the holy Michael, the angel, which is read in the month of Gǝnbot. May his blessing be with his deed forever. And it came to pass in the days of Arcadius, son of Theodosius, the orthodox king of the city of Constantinople and of Italy. And in the time of John, the bishop, who is Chrysostom. And the wife of Arcadius, whose name was Eudoxia, a lover of wealth. And when John saw that she loved wealth, it grieved and angered him. And John the bishop anathematized them and gave them penances and condemnations. And he reposed on the 12th of Gǝnbot. And he received the crown of glory and entered into the kingdom of heaven with the righteous and the martyrs. And this which came to pass through the intercession of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, his exaltation shall be with his deed forever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በስመአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩አምላክ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a trinitarian invocation, a standard homiletic opening in Geʿez, followed by a series of divine and angelic names that mark a liturgical or doxological section before the narrative proper begins.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ኢሎሂ፡ ኢሎሂ፡ ኢሎሂ፡ ያዊ፡ ያዊ፡ ያዊ፡ ጸባት፡","severity":"info","text":"The repeated divine names 'Yawi' and 'Ṣabāt' are likely liturgical or magical invocations, possibly derived from Coptic or Syriac traditions, and are not standard Geʿez theological terms.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አፍላቶስ፡ አፍላናታ፡ ሚካአል፡ ወገብርኢል፡ ሱራፌል፡ ወኪሩቤል፡","severity":"info","text":"The list of angelic names (Aphlatos, Aphlanata, Michael, Gabriel, Seraphiel, Cherubiel) reflects a tradition of angelological lists common in Ethiopic apocrypha and magical texts, often used for invocation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ኮነ፡ በመዋዕሊሁ፡ ለ አርቃዲዎስ፡ ወልደ፡ ለ ቴዎደስዮስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The narrative is set in the reign of Arcadius (395–408 CE), son of Theodosius I, and mentions John Chrysostom (bishop of Constantinople 398–404 CE) and Empress Eudoxia, providing a historical anchor for the homily.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይትነበብ፡ በወርኃ፡ ግንቦት፡","severity":"info","text":"The homily is explicitly designated for reading in the month of Gǝnbot (May–June), indicating its liturgical use in the Ethiopic tradition, likely on the feast of Michael or a related commemoration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሢመ፡ ሎሙ፡ ቁሳውሶተ፡ ወደያቅናተ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'anathematized them and gave them penances and condemnations' is ambiguous: it may refer to John Chrysostom's conflict with Eudoxia, but the Geʿez text does not specify the historical context clearly.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Yawi' and 'Ṣabāt' is unclear; they may be divine epithets or magical names.","The relationship between the doxological opening and the narrative about John Chrysostom is not explicitly connected in the text.","The phrase 'anathematized them' could refer to John's conflict with Eudoxia or a broader condemnation, but the Geʿez is vague."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"The following text is taken from\n\n119-122\n.\n\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፤\nድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ወኀያል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወነገር፡ ወነገር፡ በእንተ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ዘብሔረ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡ ዘመጽአ፡ እምድኅረ፡ አቡነ፡ ይስሐቅ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ግንቦት፡\nበሰላመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አብ፡ አሜን። ትንብልናሁ፡ ወአስተበቍዖቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለም፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። ወኮነ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ አርቃድዮስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወልደ፡ ቴዎዶስዮስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ርቱዐ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ዘቍስጥንጥንያ፡ ከመ፡ ቈስጠንጢኖስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወጳውሎስ፡ ሐዋርያ፤ ወበመዋዕለ፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዮሐንስ፡\nዘውእቱ፡ አፈ፡ ወርቅ። በውእቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ሀለወት፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ለአርቃድዮስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወኮነት፡ ታፈቅር፡ ንዋየ፡ ወርቅ፡ በብሩር፡ በኃይል፡ ወበትዕግልት፤ ወንዋየ፡ ባዕድ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ሀሎ፡ በኀቤሃ።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy, honored, and mighty chief of the angels, Michael, and a narrative and a narrative concerning John, bishop of the land of Ethiopia, who came after our father Isaac, bishop, which is read on the tenth and the second of the month of Genbot. In the peace of God the Father, amen. May his blessing and his prostration be with us forever and ever, amen. And it was in the days of Arcadius, king, son of Theodosius, king, of orthodox faith, of Constantinople, like Constantine, king, and Paul, apostle; and in the days of the chief of bishops, the holy John, who is Chrysostom. In those days, there was a wife of Arcadius, king, and she was fond of treasures of gold, of silver, in power and in strength; and treasures of others, many, were with her.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ወኀያል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወነገር፡ ወነገር፡","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'ወነገር፡ ወነገር፡' ('and a narrative and a narrative') is a structural marker, possibly indicating a doublet or a scribal repetition, but it may also serve as an emphatic introduction to the narrative section that follows.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"አርቃድዮስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወልደ፡ ቴዎዶስዮስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The text dates the events to the reign of Arcadius (r. 395–408), son of Theodosius I, and mentions John Chrysostom (d. 407) as bishop of Constantinople, anchoring the narrative in the late 4th–early 5th century.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘብሔረ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡","severity":"info","text":"The homily is attributed to a John, bishop of Ethiopia, who succeeded Isaac (likely Abuna Isaac, late 5th–6th century). This suggests a later Ethiopian ecclesiastical context for the composition or translation, despite the earlier Byzantine setting.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡","severity":"info","text":"The title 'ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡' (chief of the angels) is a standard Geʿez epithet for Michael, reflecting his preeminent role in angelic hierarchy, as also seen in other Ethiopic liturgical texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ግንቦት፡","severity":"info","text":"The homily is appointed to be read on the 10th and 2nd of the month of Genbot (May in the Ethiopian calendar), indicating its liturgical use in the Ethiopian tradition for the feast of Michael.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The repeated 'ወነገር፡ ወነገር፡' may be a scribal error or an intentional rhetorical device; the intended sense is not entirely clear.","The identity of 'John, bishop of Ethiopia' is uncertain; he may be a legendary figure or a conflation with John Chrysostom, who is mentioned later."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ወዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘኮነ፡ በስእለቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት። ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ላዓለመ፡ ዓለም፤ አሜን። ወለአንባቢሁ፡ ይጽሐፍ፡ ስሞ፡ ኀበ፡ ዐምደ፡ ወርቅ፤\nበቀለመ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ምስለ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ዛቲ፡ ምርፋቅ፤ ለአእሩግ፡ ወለደቂቅ፡ ይሱቆሙ፡ እምወዲቅ፡ በእንተ፡ ስእለቱ፡ ለሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ለዮሐንስ፡ አፈ፡ ወርቅ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።","english":"And all this that came to pass through the intercession of the holy Michael, chief of the angels—may his prayer and blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen. And for its reader, may his name be inscribed upon a golden pillar, in the color of righteousness, with the children of this congregation. For the elders and for the children, may they be saved from affliction through the intercession of Michael, chief of the angels, and through the prayer of John Chrysostom, forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the homily with a doxological formula and a blessing for the reader, typical of Ethiopic liturgical texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3963Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘኮነ፡ በስእለቱ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'all this that came to pass through the intercession' underscores the homily's theme of Michael's miraculous intervention, a common motif in Ethiopic angelology.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The blessing for the reader to be inscribed on a 'golden pillar' reflects a scribal colophon tradition, linking the text's recitation to spiritual reward.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮሐንስ፡ አፈ፡ ወርቅ፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'John Chrysostom' (ዮሐንስ አፈ ወርቅ) connects this Ethiopic homily to the broader Christian tradition, as Chrysostom is often invoked in Ethiopian liturgical texts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3963Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Gǝnbot)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3963Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The closing formula 'may his prayer and blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen' parallels standard Ethiopic doxologies found in other homilies for Michael.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'John, bishop of the land of Ethiopia' mentioned in the previous passage is unclear; the text here refers to John Chrysostom, possibly conflating two figures."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}