{"slug":"LIT3962Homily","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3962Homily","title":"Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"homily","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:08Z","cost_usd":0.003118},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3962Homily","work_id":"LIT3962Homily","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"},"stats":{"passages":4,"english_words":844,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":24,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":9,"work_notes":4,"external_links":0,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT3962Homily","abstract":"This anonymous Ethiopic homily, assigned to the tenth day of Miyāzyā (April–May), celebrates the archangel Michael as an intercessor and cosmic mediator. It opens with a standard homiletic formula and develops a cosmological argument that links heaven and earth, echoing Matthew 6:10. The homily recounts the creation of Adam on the sixth day, the command for angels to bow to him, and Michael’s refusal—a motif paralleled in Coptic tradition. It also claims that Adam’s image was that of the Son, reflecting a Christological reading of Genesis 1:26. The text survives in multiple Ethiopic manuscripts, often bound with Marian and angelological works, and was likely read during the Aksumite or early post-Aksumite period. Its anonymous authorship and lack of internal dating leave its precise origin uncertain, but its content aligns with broader Ethiopic, Coptic, and Syriac traditions of Michael veneration.","historical_context":"The homily is part of the Ethiopic liturgical tradition of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, assigned to the month of Miyāzyā (eighth month of the Geʿez calendar, April–May). It survives in multiple manuscripts, often alongside Marian and angelological texts, indicating its fixed liturgical use. The work is anonymous and lacks internal dating; its style and content suggest an Aksumite or early post-Aksumite origin (roughly 4th–7th centuries), but no firm terminus ante quem is established. The homily belongs to a broader tradition of Michael veneration in Ethiopia, paralleled in Coptic and Syriac sources. The source edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or collation of variant readings, so textual fluidity and scribal interventions cannot be assessed. The homily’s incipit, 'As in heaven, so also on earth,' adapts Matthew 6:10 for a cosmological argument, and its reference to the sixth day of creation aligns with Ethiopic patristic motifs. The command for angels to bow to Adam and Michael’s refusal echoes the Coptic homily of Theodosius of Alexandria, suggesting shared traditions.","significance":"This homily is significant for its Christological reading of Genesis 1:26, claiming Adam’s image was that of the Son, and for its role in the Ethiopic tradition of Michael veneration. It parallels Coptic and Syriac sources, particularly the homily of Theodosius of Alexandria, and reflects the integration of angelological themes into Ethiopian Orthodox liturgy. Its survival in multiple manuscripts attests to its enduring liturgical use, though the lack of critical edition limits textual analysis.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–7th c.","event":"Probable composition during Aksumite or early post-Aksumite period, based on style and content."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Transmission in multiple Ethiopic manuscripts, often bound with Marian and angelological texts."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Assigned to the tenth day of Miyāzyā in the Ethiopian Orthodox liturgical calendar."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Parallels with Coptic homily of Theodosius of Alexandria on Michael and Adam."}],"relations":[{"work":"Homily on the Archangel Michael (Theodosius of Alexandria)","relation":"Shares motif of Michael refusing to bow to Adam","key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},{"work":"Faws Manfasawi (Ethiopic anonymous)","relation":"Part of broader Ethiopic angelological tradition","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"},{"work":"Ethiopic Homily on the Archangel Michael (betmas edition)","relation":"Source edition for this work","key":"betmas:LIT3962Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"},{"work":"Ethiopic Homily on the Archangel Michael (edition)","relation":"Edition of the homily","key":"ed:LIT3962Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The homily is anonymous and lacks internal dating; its attribution to the Aksumite or early post-Aksumite period is based on style and content, not firm evidence.","The source edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or collation of variant readings, so textual fluidity and scribal interventions cannot be assessed.","The claim that Adam's image was that of the Son is theologically charged and may reflect a Christological reading, but the Geʿez text is ambiguous on whether this is a direct citation or homiletic expansion."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000541,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:39:59Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3962Homily","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":4,"translated":4,"commentary_passages":4,"commentary_units":24,"english_words":844,"source_letters":2104,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily survives in multiple Ethiopic manuscripts, often bound with other Marian and angelological texts. Its placement in the Miyāzyā season suggests a fixed liturgical reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3962Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is anonymous and lacks internal dating. Its content and style align with the Aksumite or early post-Aksumite period, but no firm terminus ante quem is established.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This homily is part of a broader Ethiopic tradition of Michael veneration, paralleled in Coptic and Syriac sources. It was likely read during the month of Miyāzyā (April–May) in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The source edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or collation of variant readings. The user cannot assess textual fluidity or scribal interventions from this edition alone.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3962Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 4 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":4},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3962Homily":{"label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"},"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael":{"label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi":{"label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"},"hollis:alma990019134800203941":{"label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"},"ed:LIT3962Homily":{"label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"The following text is taken from\n\n107-114\n.\n\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፤\nድርሳን፡ ዘደረሰ፡ ርቱዐ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ሚያዝያ፡ በእንተ፡ ብፁዕ፡ ወክቡር፡ ወቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡\nትንብልናሁ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፤ አሜን። መፍትው፡ ለነ፡ ኦ፡ አኀውየ፡ ንዘከር፡ ዕበየ፡ ዘአብ፡ ወኂሩተ፡ ዘወልድ፡ ወዐቅመ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ እስመ፡ በኅብረተ፡ ሥላሴ፡ ተገብረ፡ ኵሉ፡ ፍጥረት፡ ዘበሰማይ፤\nወዘበምድር። እስመ፡ ይቤ፡ መድኃኒነ፡ በወንጌል፡ ቅዱስ፡ በከመ፡ በሰማይ፡ ከማሁ፡ በምድርኒ። ንቀድም፡ እንከ፡ ጠይቆቶ፡ ለዘበሰማይ፡ ከመ፡ ንለቡ፡ ዘበምድር፡ እስመ፡ በሳድስ፡ ዕለት፡ ገብሮ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ለአዳም፡ እመሬተ፡ ምድር፡ በአርአያሁ፡ ወበአምሳሊሁ፡ በኅብረተ፡ ሥላሴ፡ በአሐቲ፡ ምክር፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ንግበር፡ ሰብአ፡ በአርኣያነ፡ ወበአምሳሊነ፥\nወገብሮ፡ ለሰብእ፤ ወሰመዮ፡ አዳም፥ ወአዘዞሙ፡ ለመላእክቲሁ፡ ከመ፡ ይስግዱ፡ ሎቱ፡ ለአዳም፤ እስመ፡ አርአያሁ፡ ለወልድ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ ነቢይ፡ ወይሰግዱ፡ ሎቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ መላእክተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily composed by one of right faith, for the tenth and the appointed day of the month of Miyāzyā, concerning the blessed, honored, and holy Michael, chief of the angels. May his glory be with us forever and ever. Amen.\n\nLet us begin, O my brethren, to recount the greatness of the Father, and the grace of the Son, and the wisdom of the Holy Spirit, for by the union of the Trinity was made every creation in heaven and on earth. For our Savior said in the Holy Gospel, \"As in heaven, so also on earth.\" Let us first inquire concerning that which is in heaven, that we may understand that which is on earth. For on the sixth day, the Lord made for Adam the earth of the earth in his image and likeness, by the union of the Trinity, with one counsel, while the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit said, \"Let us make man in our image and likeness.\" And He made man, and named him Adam, and commanded his angels to bow down to Adam, for his image was that of the Son, as the prophet said, \"And all the angels of the Lord bow down to him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ድርሳን፡ ዘደረሰ፡ ርቱዐ፡ ሃይማኖት፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening formula identifies the work as a homily (ድርሳን) composed by one of right faith, a standard Ethiopic homiletic incipit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3962Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሚያዝያ","severity":"info","text":"Miyāzyā is the eighth month of the Geʿez calendar, corresponding roughly to April–May; the homily is assigned to its tenth and appointed day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3962Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በከመ፡ በሰማይ፡ ከማሁ፡ በምድርኒ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'As in heaven, so also on earth' echoes Matthew 6:10 (Vulgate: sicut in caelo et in terra), though not a direct citation; it is adapted to the homily's cosmological argument.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በሳድስ፡ ዕለት፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the sixth day of creation (Genesis 1:31) aligns with the Ethiopic tradition that Adam was created on the sixth day, a common patristic motif.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአዘዞሙ፡ ለመላእክቲሁ፡ ከመ፡ ይስግዱ፡ ሎቱ፡ ለአዳም","severity":"info","text":"The command for angels to bow to Adam parallels the Coptic homily of Theodosius of Alexandria (dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael), where Michael refuses to bow, leading to his exaltation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ፡ አርአያሁ፡ ለወልድ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The claim that Adam's image was that of the Son (ወልድ) is theologically charged; it may reflect a Christological reading of Genesis 1:26, but the Geʿez text is ambiguous on whether this is a direct citation or homiletic elaboration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'as the prophet said' (ከመ፡ ይቤ፡ ነቢይ፡) is vague; the prophet is not named, and the following quotation ('all the angels bow down to him') is not a direct biblical verse, possibly a paraphrase of Psalm 97:7 or a lost apocryphon.","The identity of the 'prophet' is uncertain; it may refer to David (as in the Psalms) or to a non-canonical source."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወአውፅኦ፡ እምቤተ፡ ሞቅሕ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ ኀበ፡ ኆኅተ፡ ኀጺን፡ ወተርኅውት፡ ሎቱ፡ ለሊሃ፡ ሶቤሃ። ወይቤ፡ ጴጥሮስ፡ ይእዜ፡ አእመርኩ፡ ከመ፡ በአማን፡ ፈነወ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መልአኮ፡ ወአድኀነኒ።\n\nኦሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ሰአል፡ ወጸሊ፡ በእንቲኣነ፡ ከመ፡ ናሥምሮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወንርከብ፡ ሞገሰ፡ በኀቤሁ፡ በይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ወሰማዕት። ትንብልናሁ፡ ወአስተበቍዖቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። after\n\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘደረሰ፡ ርቱዐ፡ ሃይማኖት፡\nአመ፡ ዐሠሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ሚያዝያ፡ በእንተ፡ ብፁዕ፡ ወክቡር፡ ወቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት። ትንብልናሁ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።\n\nመፍትው፡ ለነ፡ ኦ፡ አኀውየ፡ ንዘከር፡ ዕበየ፡ ዘአብ፡ ወኂሩተ፡ ዘወልድ፡ ወዐቅመ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ እስመ፡ በኅብረተ፡ ሥላሴ፡ ተግባረ፡ ኵሉ፡ ፍጥረት፡\nዘበሰማይ፡ ወዘበምድር። እስመ፡ ይቤ፡ መድኀኒነ፡ በወንጌል፡ ቅዱስ፡ በከመ፡ በሰማይ፡ ከማሁ፡ በምድርኒ።","english":"And he brought him out from the house of imprisonment, and he arrived at the gate of the sword, and he was saved for himself, for her, then. And Peter said, “Now I have known that truly the Lord sent his angel and saved me.”\n\nO Michael, chief of the angels, intercede and pray for us, that we may praise the Lord and find favor with him on that day, together with all the saints and martyrs. May his glory and his exaltation be with us forever and ever. Amen.\n\nIn the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily composed by one of right faith, on the tenth and the appointed day of the month of Miyāzyā, concerning the blessed, honored, and holy Michael, chief of the angels. May his glory be with us forever and ever. Amen.\n\nThe beginning for us: O my brothers, let us recall the greatness of the Father, and the power of the Son, and the wisdom of the Holy Spirit, for by the union of the Trinity is the work of all creation, that in heaven and that on earth. For our Savior said in the holy Gospel, “As in heaven, so also on earth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአውፅኦ እምቤተ ሞቅሕ ወበጽሐ ኀበ ኆኅተ ኀጺን","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the opening invocation to a narrative episode: Peter’s deliverance from prison and the sword. The Coptic source (dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael) likely provides the underlying story.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሞቅሕ","severity":"info","text":"ሞቅሕ (moqəḥ) means 'prison' or 'house of imprisonment.' The term is rare in Geʿez but appears in hagiographic contexts, likely a loan from Coptic or Greek.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በሰማይ ከማሁ በምድርኒ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'As in heaven, so also on earth' echoes Matthew 18:18 (or a liturgical adaptation), though not a direct quotation. It reinforces the homily’s theme of angelic mediation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሚካኤል ሊቀ መላእክት","severity":"info","text":"Michael as 'chief of the angels' is a standard title in Ethiopic tradition, derived from the Coptic and Byzantine angelological hierarchy. The homily is part of a cycle for Miyāzyā (April–May).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3962Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ድርሳን ዘደረሰ ርቱዐ ሃይማኖት","severity":"info","text":"The colophon-style re-opening (በስመ አብ…) and the phrase 'composed by one of right faith' suggest this homily was transmitted as part of a dǝrsān collection, possibly for liturgical reading on the 10th of Miyāzyā.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3962Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"},{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሶቤሃ","severity":"caution","text":"ሶቤሃ (sobeha) is ambiguous: it may mean 'then' or 'at that time,' but the syntax is unclear. The English draft renders it as 'for her, then,' which is speculative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["ሶቤሃ (sobeha) is ambiguous; the reading 'then' is adopted but uncertain.","The phrase 'for her' (ለሊሃ) may refer to a female figure (e.g., the imprisoned person’s wife or a saint) not identified in the passage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ንቀድም፡ እንከ፡ ጠይቆቶ፡ ለዘበሰማይ፡ ከመ፡ ንለቡ፡ ዘበምድር፡ እስመ፡ በሳድስ፡ ዕለት፡ ገብሮ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለአዳም፡ እመሬተ፡ ምድር፡ በአርኣያሁ፡\nወበአምሳሊሁ፡ በኅብረተ፡ ሥላሴ፡ በአሐቲ፡ ምክር፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ንግበር፡ ሰብአ፡ በአርኣያነ፡ ወበአምሳሊነ፡ ወገብሮ፡ ለሰብእ፡\nወሰመዮ፡ አዳም፡ ወአዘዞሙ፡ ለመላእክቲሁ፡ ከመ፡ ይስገድዱ፡ ሎቱ፡ ለአዳም፡ እስመ፡ አርአያሁ፡ ለወልድ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ ነቢይ፡ ወይሰግዱ፡ ሎቱ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ መላእክተ፡\nእግዚአብሔር።\n\nወይቤ፡ ጴጥሮስ፡ ይእዜ፡ አእመርኩ፡ ከመ፡ በአማን፡ ፈነወ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መልአኮ፡ ወአድኃነኒ። ኦ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ሰአል፡ ወጸሊ፡ በእንቲአነ፡ ከመ፡ ናሥምሮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወንርከብ፡ ሞገሰ፡ በኀቤሁ፡ በይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ምስለ፡\nኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ወሰማዕት። ትንብልናሁ፡ ወአስተብቍዖቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። after .","english":"First, as for the one in heaven, how shall we speak of him? For as for the one on earth, on the sixth day the Lord made Adam in his image and likeness, in the union of the Trinity, by a single counsel, while the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit said, “Let us make man in our image and likeness.” And he made man, and named him Adam, and commanded his angels to prostrate themselves before Adam, because his image is that of the Son, as the prophet said; and all the angels of the Lord prostrated themselves before him.\n\nAnd Peter said, “Now I have known that truly the Lord sent his angel and saved me. O Michael, chief of the angels, intercede and pray for us, that we may praise the Lord and find grace before him on that day, together with all the saints and martyrs.” His greatness and his glory shall be with us forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a creation narrative (Adam's creation in the image of the Son) back to Peter's confession and a prayer to Michael, mirroring the previous passage's conclusion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3962Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ንግበር ሰብአ በአርኣያነ ወበአምሳሊነ","severity":"info","text":"Echoes Genesis 1:26 ('Let us make man in our image, after our likeness'), with the Geʿez text closely following the LXX tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አዘዞሙ ለመላእክቲሁ ከመ ይስገድዱ ሎቱ ለአዳም","severity":"info","text":"The command for angels to prostrate before Adam reflects a tradition found in the Cave of Treasures and later Ethiopic texts, emphasizing Adam's prelapsarian glory.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሊቀ መላእክት","severity":"info","text":"Title 'chief of the angels' for Michael, standard in Geʿez liturgy, emphasizing his role as intercessor and commander of the angelic host.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3962Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ትንብልናሁ ወአስተብቍዖቱ የሀሉ ምስሌነ ለዓለመ ዓለም","severity":"info","text":"The closing doxology ('His greatness and glory shall be with us forever') is a typical Ethiopic homiletic conclusion, linking the narrative to communal blessing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3962Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ንቀድም እንከ ጠይቆቶ ለዘበሰማይ","severity":"caution","text":"The opening phrase 'First, as for the one in heaven, how shall we speak of him?' is ambiguous: it may refer to Michael or to God; the English draft interprets it as referring to the one in heaven (Michael), but the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ንቀድም እንከ ጠይቆቶ ለዘበሰማይ' is ambiguous: 'the one in heaven' could be Michael or God; the English draft takes it as Michael, but the context of the following creation narrative suggests a reference to God.","The transition from the creation account to Peter's speech is abrupt; the Geʿez lacks explicit narrative connection, leaving the relationship between the two sections implicit."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"በስመአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱ ፩አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካአል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፪ሰንዪ፡ አወርኃ፡ ሚዝያ፡ ትኅብልናሁ፡ ያሀሉ፡ ምስለ፡ ገብሩ፡ ዘለዓለመ፡ ዓለ፡ ንሄድራንስ፡\nአድርያስ፡ አብርያስ፡ መፍትው፡ እንከ፡ አሐውየ፡ ከመ፡ ንዘከር፡ እበዩ፡ ዘአብ፡ ወኂሩት፡ ዘወልድ፡ ወክብረ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ኢስመ፡ በህብረተ፡ ሥላሴ፡ ተትበፈ፡ ዓለም፡ ስማይ፡ ወምድር፡ እስመ፡ ይቤ፡ መድኃኒነ፡ በከመ፡\nበሰማይ፡ ከማሁ፡ በምድር፡ ንቀደም፡ እንከ፡ ጠይቁ፡ ዘበሰማይ፡ ንለቡ፡ እንከ፡ ዘበ፡ ምድር፡ እሰሚ፡ ቀዳሚ፡ ገብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሰማየ፡ ወምድረ፡ ወኩሉ፡ ፍጥረት፡ ዘዚአሁ፡\nወካእበ፡ አመ፡ አሐዘ፡ ሄሮድስ፡ ለጰጥሮስ፡ ወአጽንዖ፡ በሞቱ፡ ወረደ፡ መልአከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአንቅሖ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ትንት፡ ሐቄከ፡ ወነአ፡ ትልወኒ፡\nወጽአ፡ ወወድቃ፡ መዋቅሕቲሁ፡ እም፡ እደዊሁ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ ኀበ፡ ኆኅተ፡ ኃሂን፡ ወተርህጠት፡ ለሊሃ፡ ወሶቤሃ፡ ዲቤ፡ ጰጥሮስ፡ በአማን፡ አእመርኩ፡ ከመ፡ ፈነወ፡ ከመ፡ ፈነወ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መልአኮ፡ ወአድኃነኒ፡ እምእዴሁ፡\nለሄሮድስ፡ ወይእዜኒ፡ ጸሊ ከመ፡ ናስምሮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወንርከብ፡ ምገ፴፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ በግዓምት፡ እለት፡ ምስለ፡ ኩሎሙ፡ ቅዳሳን፡ ዘሎት፡\nሰብሐት፡ ወክብር፡ ለአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈሶ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ይእዜኒ፡ ወዘልፈኒ፡ ወለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ ዓሜን፡","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, which is read on the twelfth of the month of Miyāzyā. It tells of him who is with his servant forever. World without end. Hadrianus, Abriyas, the interpreter, let us now recall the great ones: the Father’s love, the Son’s grace, and the Holy Spirit’s glory. For by the union of the Trinity the world was created, heaven and earth, as our Saviour said: “As in heaven, so on earth.” Let us first ask about that which is in heaven; let us then speak of that which is on earth. For the first work of the Lord God was heaven and earth and all his creation.\n\nAnd again, when Herod seized Peter and condemned him to death, an angel of the Lord came and awakened him and said to him, “Get up, take your truth, and come with me.” And he went out, and his chains fell from his hands, and he arrived at the gate of the city of Ḥāḥīn, and she was astonished. And then Peter said, “I truly knew that the Lord sent his angel and saved me from the hand of Herod. And now pray that we may praise the Lord and find mercy before him on the day of judgment with all his saints.” Praise and glory to the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, now and forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በስመአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱ ፩አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካአል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፪ሰንዪ፡ አወርኃ፡ ሚዝያ፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening rubric identifies this as a homily for the 12th of Miyāzyā, a liturgical date in the Ethiopian calendar. This structural marker frames the preceding narrative as part of a festal reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3962Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሄሮድስ፡ ለጰጥሮስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The episode of Herod imprisoning Peter and an angel freeing him echoes Acts 12:1-19, but the narrative here is expanded with details like the angel awakening Peter and chains falling. This reflects hagiographic elaboration common in Ethiopic homilies.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኆኅተ፡ ኃሂን፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'gate of the city of Ḥāḥīn' is obscure; it may be a corruption or a toponym from a lost source. The Geʿez text does not clarify its location, and it is not attested in standard biblical or apocryphal Peter traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አድርያስ፡ አብርያስ፡ መፍትው፡","severity":"info","text":"The names 'Hadrianus' and 'Abriyas' are likely scribal or translator references, possibly indicating a Coptic Vorlage. This suggests the homily was transmitted through Coptic channels into Geʿez, a common path for angelological texts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በሰማይ፡ ከማሁ፡ በምድር፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'As in heaven, so on earth' is attributed to 'our Saviour' but is not a direct biblical quotation. It may derive from the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:9) or from apocryphal sayings, reflecting a liturgical or homiletic adaptation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወካእበ፡ አመ፡ አሐዘ፡ ሄሮድስ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The transition from the creation narrative to the Peter episode is abrupt, and the Geʿez text may have a lacuna or scribal misplacement. The Coptic source likely had a smoother connection, but the Ethiopic version here is disjointed.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3962Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Miyāzyā)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3962Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Hadrianus' and 'Abriyas' is unclear; they may be translators or scribes, but no external evidence confirms this.","The phrase 'gate of the city of Ḥāḥīn' is unattested in known Peter traditions; it may be a corruption of a Coptic toponym or a scribal error.","The abrupt shift from creation to Peter's imprisonment suggests a possible textual lacuna or a composite structure in the homily."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}