{"slug":"LIT3958Homily","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3958Homily","title":"Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"homily","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:08Z","cost_usd":0.002954},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3958Homily","work_id":"LIT3958Homily","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"},"stats":{"passages":5,"english_words":755,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":26,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":11,"work_notes":5,"external_links":6,"timeline":3},"summary":{"work":"LIT3958Homily","abstract":"This anonymous Ethiopic homily is a panegyric for the Archangel Michael, structured as a series of biblical exempla and direct exhortations typical of the dǝrsān genre. It is assigned to the month of Tāḫśāś in the Ethiopian Orthodox liturgical calendar, indicating its use during Michael's feast. The text survives in multiple manuscripts (e.g., British Library, Bodleian), suggesting a broad manuscript tradition. Its date of composition is unknown, and no external evidence securely places it. The homily includes Greek-derived names (e.g., Durataos, Theobostia) and references to a city called Colonia, pointing to possible late antique or Byzantine hagiographic sources transmitted via Coptic. The edition lacks a critical apparatus, so textual criticism requires consultation of original manuscripts.","historical_context":"The homily is part of the Ethiopic dǝrsān tradition, a genre of liturgical sermons used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Its assignment to Tāḫśāś (month 4) aligns with the fixed commemorations of Michael on the 10th and 2nd days of each month in the Ethiopic calendar. The presence of Greek-derived names (Durataos, Theobostia) and the toponym Colonia suggest transmission from late antique or Byzantine hagiographic sources, likely via Coptic intermediaries. The text is anonymous and undated; it may have been composed in the Aksumite or post-Aksumite period (5th–15th centuries), but no firm evidence exists. Its survival in multiple manuscripts indicates ongoing liturgical use and copying in Ethiopian monastic scriptoria. The homily's structure—opening with a standard exordium ('Listen, all you peoples') and shifting to exempla—reflects common homiletic patterns in the Christian East.","significance":"The homily exemplifies the Ethiopic dǝrsān genre and the veneration of Archangel Michael in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. Its Greek-derived names and toponyms suggest connections to broader Christian hagiographic networks, possibly via Coptic transmission. The text's liturgical assignment to Tāḫśāś underscores its role in shaping Ethiopian devotional practice. It relates to other Ethiopic Michaelite literature and to Coptic homilies on Michael, such as those attributed to Theodosius of Alexandria.","timeline":[{"date":"5th–15th c.","event":"Possible composition period (Aksumite or post-Aksumite); no secure date."},{"date":"Unknown","event":"Earliest manuscript witnesses; multiple copies survive in British Library and Bodleian."},{"date":"Liturgical use","event":"Assigned to Tāḫśāś (month 4) in Ethiopian Orthodox calendar for Michael's feast."}],"relations":[{"work":"Homily on the Archangel Michael by Theodosius of Alexandria","relation":"Possible source or parallel via Coptic transmission","key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},{"work":"Ethiopic anonymous homily for Faws Manfasawi","relation":"Similar genre and liturgical context","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"},{"work":"LIT3958Homily","relation":"Edition of this homily","key":"ed:LIT3958Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"external_links":[{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"British Library manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941","reason":"Witness of the homily's manuscript tradition"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Bodleian manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941","reason":"Another witness of the homily"},{"key":"hollis:alma990090411020203941","label":"Additional manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990090411020203941","reason":"Further evidence of broad transmission"},{"key":"hollis:alma99153734985103941","label":"Manuscript with variant readings","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99153734985103941","reason":"Potential for textual criticism"},{"key":"hollis:alma99154549468603941","label":"Manuscript from Ethiopian collection","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99154549468603941","reason":"Context for liturgical use"},{"key":"hollis:alma99158440773703941","label":"Another Ethiopic homily manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/99158440773703941","reason":"Comparative material"}],"cautions":["Date of composition is unknown; no external evidence securely places it.","Authorship is anonymous; attribution to a specific figure is not possible.","The edition lacks a critical apparatus; variant readings require consultation of original manuscripts.","Greek-derived names and toponyms may reflect later scribal additions or transmission errors.","The homily's structure may be composite, with possible lacunae or interpolations."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000493,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:38:49Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3958Homily","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":5,"translated":5,"commentary_passages":5,"commentary_units":26,"english_words":755,"source_letters":1968,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily is a panegyric for the archangel Michael, structured as a series of biblical exempla and direct exhortations, typical of the Ethiopic *dǝrsān* genre.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives in multiple Ethiopic manuscripts, including those at the British Library and the Bodleian, indicating a broad manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The homily is anonymous and its date uncertain; it is assigned to the month of Tāḫśāś in the liturgical calendar, but no external evidence securely dates its composition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily is read during the feast of the Archangel Michael in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tāḫśāś, reflecting its continued liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings; the user must consult the manuscript sources for textual criticism.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 5 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":5},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3958Homily":{"label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi":{"label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"},"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael":{"label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},"hollis:alma990019134800203941":{"label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"},"hollis:alma990022427940203941":{"label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"After 54-70\n\nስምዑ፡ ዘንተ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ወአጽምዑ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ እለ፡ ትነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓለም፡ ዕድ፡ ወአንስት፡ እለ፡ ሀሎክሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ምስጢር፡ ከመ፡\nታእምሩ፡ ኀይለ፡ ወተአምረ፡ ዘገብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ያርኢ፡ ዕበዮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ከመ፡ ይስአል፡ ኵሎ፡ ጊዜ፡ ወከመ፡ ይትወከፍ፡ ኵሎ፡ ሰብአ። ይስእል፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለእለ፡ ይትአመኑ፡ በጸሎቱ፡ እስመ፡ ይውህቦሙ፡ ኀይለ፡ ወክብረ፡ በከመ፡ ምግባሮሙ። ወሀሎ፡ አሐደ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘርቱዕ፡ ሃይማኖቱ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ዱራታኦስ፡ ወስመ፡ ብእሲቱ፡\nቴዎብስትያ። ወይነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ አሐቲ፡ ሀገር፡ እንተ፡ ስማ፡ ቆሎንያ፡ ወቦሙ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ንዋየ፡\nወርቅ፡ ወብሩር፡ አልህምት፡ ወአባግዕ፡ አዕዱግ፡ ወአግማል፡ አብቅልት፡ ወአፍራስ። ወይምሕሩ፡ ነዲያነ፡ ወምስኪናነ፡ ዱራታኦስ፡ ወብእሲቱ፡\nቴዎብስትያ፡ ወይገብሩ፡ ብዙኀ፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ለለ፡ ኵሉ፡ አውራኅ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሠኑዩ፡ ዕለት፡\nበበዓለ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት።","english":"Listen to this, all you peoples, and hearken, all you who dwell in the world, men and women who are present in this mystery, so that you may know the power and the wonder that the Lord has wrought, in order to show the greatness of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, how he intercedes at all times, and how he protects all people, interceding with the Lord for those who believe in his prayer, for he gives them power and honor according to their deeds. And there was a certain man of steadfast faith, whose name was Durataos, and the name of his wife was Theobostia. And they dwelt in a certain city whose name was Colonia. And they had much wealth: gold and silver, cattle, sheep, goats, camels, mules, and horses. And Durataos and his wife Theobostia gave alms to the needy and the poor, and they performed many good works every month on the tenth and the second days, on the feast of Michael, the chief of the angels.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ስምዑ፡ ዘንተ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ወአጽምዑ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ እለ፡ ትነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓለም፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening formula 'Listen, all you peoples' is a standard homiletic exordium, marking the transition from a liturgical reading to the narrative proper.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምስጢር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'məsṭər' (mystery) here likely refers to the liturgical commemoration or the homily itself, not a doctrinal mystery, consistent with its use in Ethiopic festal literature.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዱራታኦስ፡ ወስመ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ቴዎብስትያ።","severity":"info","text":"The names Durataos and Theobostia are Greek-derived (Δωρόθεος? Θεοβόστη?), suggesting a late antique or Byzantine hagiographic source for this narrative, possibly via Coptic transmission.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቆሎንያ፡","severity":"info","text":"The city name 'Colonia' may refer to a Roman colony in Asia Minor or Syria, common in hagiographic toponyms, but no specific identification is given in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሠኑዩ፡ ዕለት፡","severity":"info","text":"The tenth and second days of each month correspond to the Ethiopic calendar's fixed commemorations of Michael, aligning with the homily's assignment to Tāḫśāś (month 4).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሀሎ፡ አሐደ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘርቱዕ፡ ሃይማኖቱ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'a certain man of steadfast faith' introduces a narrative shift from general exhortation to exemplum; the transition is abrupt, possibly indicating a lacuna or a composite structure in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the opening exhortation and the narrative of Durataos is not explicitly linked; the homily may be a composite of two distinct sections.","The city name 'Colonia' is generic and may be symbolic rather than historical."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ዱራታኦስ፡\nወ ቴዎብስትያ፡ አፈድፋዱ፡ ገቢረ፡ ሠናይ፡ እምቀዳሚ፡ ግብሮሙ፡ ወፈጸሙ፡ ገድሎሙ፡\nእስከ፡ ይበጽሕ፡ ዕለተ፡ ዕረፍቶሙ። ወኵሎሙ፡ ሕዝብ፡ አምኑ፡ በጸሎቶሙ፡ ወበቃለ፡ ዚአሆሙ፡ በእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ ምስለ፡ ኄር፡ አቡሁ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡\nማሕየዊ፡ እምይእዜ፡ ወእስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። በረከቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወረድኤቶሙ፡ ለ ዱራታኦስ፡\nወለ ቴዎብስትያ፡ ይኩኖ፡ ሠራዬ፡ ኀጢአት፡ ለገብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዕገሌ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡\nአሜን።","english":"Duraṭāʾos and Thewobesṭyā multiplied good works from the beginning of their deeds and completed their struggle until the day of their repose. And all the peoples, believe in their prayer and in their word, through our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom belongs glory together with his good Father and the life-giving Holy Spirit, from now and until the world to come, amen. May the blessing of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, and the help of Duraṭāʾos and Thewobesṭyā be a remission of sins for the servant of God ʿAgāle, for ever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዱራታኦስ ወ ቴዎብስትያ","severity":"info","text":"Duraṭāʾos and Thewobesṭyā are likely the names of two saints or martyrs, possibly from a Coptic tradition, whose intercession is invoked alongside Michael.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes the narrative with a blessing formula, shifting from third-person narration to a direct petition for the servant ʿAgāle, typical of homiletic conclusions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕገሌ","severity":"info","text":"The name ʿAgāle (ዕገሌ) may refer to a patron or copyist, as the blessing formula often names the recipient of the homily or the scribe.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The invocation of Michael as intercessor and the mention of the Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) reflect standard Ethiopic homiletic doxologies, linking the narrative to liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identities of Duraṭāʾos and Thewobesṭyā are unclear; they may be local saints or figures from Coptic hagiography.","The phrase 'servant of God ʿAgāle' could refer to a specific individual or a generic title for the faithful."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"After በስመአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩አምላክ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘደረሰ፡ ርቱዓ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ዮሃንስ፡\nጳጳስ፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ በበአለ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ አመ፲ወ፪ለታኅሣሥ፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ ቦሃሰ፡ ምስለ፡ ገብሩ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓሜን፡ አውሎግሶን፡ አውለግሶን፡ ስምዑ፡\nኩልክሙ፡ እለ፡ ትነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓለም፡ እድ፡ ወአንስት፡ እለ፡ ኀለውክሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ሕይወት፡ ከመ፡ ታእምሩ፡ ኃይሎ፡ ወተአምሪሁ፡ ዘገብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ያርኢ፡\nእበየ፡ ኃይሉ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ይሰእል፡ ኩሎ፡ ጊዜ፡ ኃበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእንተ፡ እለ፡ ይታመኑ፡ በጸቱ፡ ወሀሎ፡ ፩ብእሲ፡ ዘርቱዕ፡ ሃይማኖቱ፡ ወስሙ፡\nዳራታዎስ፡ ወስመ፡ ብእሲቱ፡\nቴዎ፡ ብሳታ፡ ወነበሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገረ፡\nቆሎንያ፡ ወቦሙ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ወርቅ፡ ወብሩር፡\nመዊት፡ እምይጸራእ፡ በአሉ፡ ለለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ አጸራቃዎስ፡\nወ ቴዎብስታ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ሃይማኖትክሙ፡ በሀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኢየሐልቅ፡ ምሕረቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡\nይድር፡ ለእሊክሙ፡ አሚን፡ ወዓሜን፡ ወከመዝ፡ ተናጊሮ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ አርገ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማያት፡ በዓቢይ፡ ሰብሐት፡\nደራታዎሰሰ፡ ወብእሲቱ፡ አፈይሊዱ፡ ገቢረ፡ እም፡ ቀዳሚ፡ ተግባሮሙ፡ እስከ፡ እለተ፡ ሞቶሙ፡\nወኩሎሙ፡ ሕዝብ፡ አምኑ፡ በጸሎቶሙ፡ በረከቶሙ፡ ለ ዳራታዎስ፡\nወለ ቴዎብስታ፡ የሃሉ፡ ምስለ፡ ፍቍሮሙ፡ ገብ፡ ወ፡\nለዓለመ፡ ዓሜን። The following text is taken from","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily composed by the orthodox faith John, bishop, which is read on the feast of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, on the twenty-second of Tāḫśāś. His prayer and his blessing be with his servant forever and ever. Amen. Awlōgsōn, Awlgsōn. Hearken, all of you who dwell in the world, men and women, who have been in this life, that you may know the power and the wonder that the Lord has wrought, to show the greatness of the power of the holy Michael, chief of the angels. He intercedes at all times before the Lord for those who believe in his truth. And there was a man whose faith was orthodox, and his name was Daratāwos, and the name of his wife was Tewobsatā, and they dwelt in the city of Qolonyā. And they had much gold and silver, and they gave alms from their possessions to the holy Michael, chief of the angels. Asprāqāwos and Tewobestā, great is your faith in the Lord, whose mercy and blessing are not exhausted; may he grant them to you. Amen and amen. And thus, having spoken, the holy Michael ascended into the heavens with great praise. Daratāwos and his wife, from the beginning of their deeds until the day of their death, did good works. And all the peoples believed in their prayer and in their blessing, for Daratāwos and for Tewobestā. May they be with their glory, servant, and forever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አውሎግሶን አውለግሶን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Awlōgsōn, Awlgsōn' is a garbled transliteration of the Greek invocation 'Ἀγίου, Ἀγίου' (Hagios, Hagios, 'Holy, Holy'), a liturgical acclamation. Its presence here marks a Coptic liturgical borrowing.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቆሎንያ","severity":"info","text":"The city 'Qolonyā' likely refers to Colonia (modern Cologne) or a legendary eastern city in hagiographical tradition. The name appears in Coptic Michaelite cycles as a setting for pious lay exemplars.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from the homily's opening invocation and title to a narrative exemplum about Daratāwos and Tewobsatā, introduced by 'And there was a man' (ወሀሎ ፩ብእሲ). The shift marks the start of the hagiographic core.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily is appointed for the 22nd of Tāḫśāś (December 18/19), a feast of the Archangel Michael in the Ethiopian calendar. This reading assignment reflects the broader Copto-Ethiopian veneration of Michael on the 12th of each month.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አፈይሊዱ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez 'አፈይሊዱ' (ʾafaylīdu) is obscure; the English draft renders it as 'did good works,' but the lemma may be a corruption or a rare loanword. The sense is contextually clear but lexically uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'አውሎግሶን አውለግሶን' is a garbled Greek invocation; its exact original form and function in the homily are uncertain.","The city name 'ቆሎንያ' (Qolonyā) may be a legendary or historical location; its identification is ambiguous.","The lemma 'አፈይሊዱ' (ʾafaylīdu) is of uncertain derivation and meaning; the translation 'did good works' is an inference from context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"38-49\n.\n\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወምንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፤\nድርሳን፡ ወነገር፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ታኅሣሥ። በረከተ፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወሀብተ፡ ረድኤቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።\n\nስምዑ፡ ዘንተ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ አኅዛብ፤ ወአጽምዑ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ እለ፡ ትነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓለም፡ ዕድ፡ ወአንስት፡ እለ፡ ሀሎክሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ምሥጢር፡ ከመ፡ ታእምሩ፡ ኀይለ፡ ወተአምረ፡ ዘገብረ፡ እብግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ያርኢ፡\nዕበዮ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ከመ፡ ይስአል፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለእለ፡ ይትአመኑ፡ በጸሎቱ፤ እስመ፡ ይሁቦሙ፡ ኀይለ፡ ወክብረ፡ በከመ፡ ምግባሮሙ።\n\nዱራታኦስ፡ ወቴዎብስትያ፡ አፈድፈዱ፡ ገቢረ፡ ሠናይ፡ እምቀዳሚ፡ ግብሮሙ፤ ወፈጸሙ፡ ገድሎሙ፡ እስከ፡ ይበጽሕ፡ ዕለተ፡ ዕረፍቶሙ። ወኵሎሙ፡ ሕዝብ፡ አምኑ፡ በጸሎቶሙ፡ ወበቃለ፡ ዚኣሆሙ፡ በእግዚእነ፡\nኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ ምስለ፡ ኄር፡ አቡሁ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ማሕየዊ፡ እምይእዜ፡ ወእስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. A homily and narrative of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, which is read on the twenty-second of the month of Tāḫśāś. May the blessing of his prayer and the gift of his aid be with us forever and ever. Amen.\n\nHear this, all you peoples; and listen, all you who dwell in the world, men and women, who are present in this mystery, that you may know the power and the miracle which the Lord God has wrought, to show the greatness of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, how he intercedes before the Lord God for those who believe in his prayer; for he gives them power and honor according to their deeds.\n\nDūratāʾōs and Theōbostyā increased the doing of good beyond their former deeds; and they completed their struggle until the day of their repose arrived. And all the peoples believed in their prayer and in their word, in our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom is glory, together with his good Father and the Holy Spirit, the life-giver, from now until forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a trinitarian invocation and title to a direct address to the audience, then to a narrative about Dūratāʾōs and Theōbostyā, concluding with a doxology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥጢር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word 'məsṭər' (mystery) here likely refers to the liturgical celebration or the homily itself, not a doctrinal mystery.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዱራታኦስ ወቴዎብስትያ","severity":"info","text":"Dūratāʾōs and Theōbostyā are otherwise unknown figures; their names may be corruptions of Greek or Coptic names (e.g., Diodorus and Theodosius), but no identification is certain.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily is read on Tāḫśāś 22, a feast of Michael, indicating its liturgical use in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The doxology echoes New Testament trinitarian formulas (e.g., 2 Cor 13:14), but no direct quotation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The names Dūratāʾōs and Theōbostyā are likely corrupt; the Geʿez text may have misread Coptic or Greek originals, and their deeds are not elaborated elsewhere.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Dūratāʾōs and Theōbostyā is unclear; they may be saints or allegorical figures.","The phrase 'this mystery' (ዝንቱ ምሥጢር) could refer to the homily, the feast, or the liturgical action."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"በረከቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወረድኤቶሙ፡ ለዱራታኦስ፡ ወለቴዎብስትያ፡ ይኩኖ፡ ሰራዬ፡ ኀጢአት፡ ለገብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እገሌ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም። አሜን።","english":"Blessing of the holy Michael, chief of the angels, and the help of Dūratāʾōs and Theōbistia, be upon me, forgive the sins of the servant of God, Egālē, forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዱራታኦስ","severity":"info","text":"Dūratāʾōs is a proper name of uncertain origin, possibly a saint or angelic figure, appearing in the blessing formula alongside Theōbistia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቴዎብስትያ","severity":"info","text":"Theōbistia is a proper name, likely a female saint or monastic figure, invoked here for intercessory aid.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እገሌ","severity":"info","text":"Egālē is a personal name, likely the scribe or donor for whom the blessing is requested, meaning 'servant of God'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a concluding blessing formula, typical of Ethiopic homilies, requesting forgiveness and intercession for named individuals.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3958Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael (for Tāḫśāś)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3958Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The blessing formula with multiple named intercessors reflects the liturgical use of this homily in the Ethiopian tradition, likely for a specific feast or patron.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identities of Dūratāʾōs and Theōbistia are not clearly established; they may be local saints or angelic figures.","The name Egālē could be a variant of a known Geʿez name or a scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}