{"slug":"LIT3525Epistle","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3525Epistle","title":"ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:07Z","cost_usd":0.008575},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3525Epistle","work_id":"LIT3525Epistle","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"},"stats":{"passages":15,"english_words":2869,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":88,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":29,"work_notes":5,"external_links":1,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT3525Epistle","abstract":"The Geʿez text of the First Epistle of Paul to Timothy (ቀዳማዊ መልእክተ ጳውሎስ ኀበ ጢሞቴዎስ) is a translation of the canonical New Testament letter, preserved in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. The edition betmas presents a single Geʿez text without critical apparatus, reflecting its liturgical and doctrinal use. The translation likely dates from the medieval period, though the manuscript tradition is not specified. The Geʿez version includes chapter headings and expansions not found in the Greek original, emphasizing unity and orthodoxy, and is used in liturgical readings and theological instruction within the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.","historical_context":"The Geʿez translation of 1 Timothy belongs to the broader corpus of Ethiopic biblical translations, which began with the introduction of Christianity to the Kingdom of Aksum in the 4th century and continued through the medieval period. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church received the Pauline epistles as canonical, and they were transmitted in liturgical manuscripts (e.g., the Garima Gospels, 5th–6th centuries, though later copies). The exact date of this translation is unknown; the edition betmas provides no manuscript witnesses or textual notes. The Geʿez text likely reflects the medieval period (13th–15th centuries) when biblical manuscripts were copied in monastic centers. The community was the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which used Geʿez as a liturgical language. The genre is a canonical epistle, but the Geʿez version includes expansions (e.g., chapter headings) that align with local theological concerns, such as unity against schism, shaped by later conciliar debates (e.g., Council of Chalcedon, 451). The transmission is through the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, with the text preserved in manuscripts and printed editions.","significance":"This Geʿez version of 1 Timothy is significant for illustrating how a canonical New Testament letter was adapted within the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, with expansions emphasizing doctrinal unity and orthodoxy. It relates to the broader history of biblical translation in the Christian East, particularly the Aksumite and medieval Ethiopian periods, and to the reception of Pauline literature in non-Greek contexts.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Christianity introduced to Aksum; beginning of Geʿez biblical translation."},{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Earliest surviving Ethiopic biblical manuscripts (e.g., Garima Gospels)."},{"date":"13th–15th c.","event":"Probable period for the translation of this Geʿez 1 Timothy text."},{"date":"16th c.","event":"Ethiopian Orthodox canon finalized; Pauline epistles included."},{"date":"20th c.","event":"Modern printed editions of the Ethiopic New Testament, including betmas."}],"relations":[{"work":"Greek New Testament (1 Timothy)","relation":"source text for the Geʿez translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic New Testament corpus","relation":"part of the same translation tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Garima Gospels","relation":"early example of Ethiopic biblical manuscript tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","relation":"liturgical and doctrinal context","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas edition of 1 Timothy","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle","reason":"Source edition for this work."}],"cautions":["The date of the Geʿez translation is uncertain; the edition provides no manuscript witnesses or textual notes.","The specific manuscript(s) underlying the betmas edition are not identified.","The expansions in the Geʿez text (e.g., chapter headings) may reflect later redaction rather than the original translation."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000475,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:03:49Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3525Epistle","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":15,"translated":15,"commentary_passages":15,"commentary_units":88,"english_words":2869,"source_letters":6936,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez title ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡ identifies this as the First Epistle of Paul to Timothy, a canonical New Testament letter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The source edition betmas presents this work as part of the Geʿez New Testament corpus, transmitted through the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, 1 Timothy is received as a canonical Pauline epistle, used in liturgical readings and theological instruction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3525Epistle","label":"source edition: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The dating of the Geʿez translation of 1 Timothy is uncertain; the manuscript tradition likely dates from the medieval period, but the edition does not specify a date.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3525Epistle","label":"source edition: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition provides no critical apparatus or variant readings; it presents a single Geʿez text without manuscript witnesses or textual notes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 15 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":15},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3525Epistle":{"label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"},"ed:LIT3525Epistle":{"label":"source edition: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Introduction\n\nEpistle\n\nText of the EOTC printed Bible\n\nምዕራፍ 1\n\nዘከመ፡ ኢይደሉ፡ ዛውዐ፡ ነገር\n\nእምጳውሎስ፡ ሐዋርያሁ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። በትእዛዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መድኀኒነ፡ ወኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ተስፋነ።\n\nለጢሞቴዎስ፡ ወልድየ፡ ዘአፈቅር፡ በሃይማኖት። ሰላም፡ ለከ፡ ወሣህል፡ ወጸጋሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አቡነ፡ ወእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nበከመ፡ አስተብቋዕኩከ፡ ትንበር፡ ኤፌሶን፡ አመ፡ አሐውር፡ መቄዶንያ። ከመ፡ ትገሥጾሙ፡ ከመ፡ ኢያምጽኡ፡ ካልአ፡ ትምህርተ።\n\nወኢያምጽኡ፡ መሐድምተ፡ ወዛውዐ፡ ነገር፡ ዘይፈጥሩ፡ በዘያስሕቱ። ወያመጽኡ፡ ተኃሥሦ፡ ወየኀድጉ፡ ሕገ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘሃይማኖት። በእንተ፡ ፍቅር\n\nወማኅለቅቱሰ፡ ለትእዛዝ፡ ተፋቅሮ፡ በንጹሕ፡ ልብ፡ ወበሠናይ፡ ግእዝ። ወሃይማኖት፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ኑፋቄ።\n\nእስመ፡ ቦ፡ እለ፡ አውከኩ፡ ወገብኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ነገረ፡ ከንቱ።\n\nወእንዘ፡ ይፈቅዱ፡ መምህራነ፡ ይኩኑ፡ ኢየአምሩ፡ ዘለሊሆሙ፡ ይነብቡ።","english":"First Epistle of Paul to Timothy — Anonymous\n\nChapter 1\n\nHow to Refute Disturbance of Doctrine\n\nFrom Paul, apostle of our Lord Jesus Christ, by the command of God our Savior and Jesus Christ our hope.\n\nTo Timothy, my son whom I love in faith: Greetings to you, and mercy and grace from God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ.\n\nAs I instructed you when I left for Macedonia, you are to remain in Ephesus, so that you may admonish them not to introduce another teaching.\n\nAnd they are not to introduce corrupters and disturbers of doctrine who create division by what they teach, and they are to bring no accusation and are not to abandon the law of God concerning faith in love.\n\nNow the fulfillment of the commandment is love, with a pure heart and good conduct, and faith without schism.\n\nFor there are those whom I have known and who have entered into vain discourse.\n\nAnd while they wish to be teachers, they do not know what they themselves read.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 1","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text begins with a chapter heading, 'Chapter 1', followed by a thematic subtitle, 'How to Refute Disturbance of Doctrine', which is not present in the Greek original.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዛውዐ፡ ነገር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ዛውዐ፡ ነገር' (disturbance of doctrine) is a Geʿez rendering of the Greek concept of 'false teaching' or 'heresy', emphasizing disruption of established teaching.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤፌሶን","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Ephesus and Macedonia aligns with the traditional setting of 1 Timothy, where Paul instructs Timothy to remain in Ephesus while he travels to Macedonia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"በከመ፡ አስተብቋዕኩከ፡ ትንበር፡ ኤፌሶን","severity":"info","text":"This instruction parallels 1 Timothy 1:3, where Paul urges Timothy to stay in Ephesus to counter false teachings, though the Geʿez expands with specific admonitions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሃይማኖት፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ኑፋቄ","severity":"info","text":"The emphasis on 'faith without schism' reflects the Ethiopian Orthodox concern for unity and orthodoxy, likely shaped by later conciliar debates.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየአምሩ፡ ዘለሊሆሙ፡ ይነብቡ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'they do not know what they themselves read' is ambiguous in Geʿez; it may refer to teachers' ignorance of scripture or their own writings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢየአምሩ፡ ዘለሊሆሙ፡ ይነብቡ' could mean either 'they do not know what they themselves read' or 'they do not know what they teach others'.","The identity of 'those whom I have known' (እለ፡ አውከኩ) is unspecified; it may refer to specific false teachers known to Paul."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ነአምር፡ ከመ፡ ሠናይ፡ ውእቱ፡ ኦሪት፡ ለዘይገብሮ፡ በሕጉ። በእንተ፡ ሕግ\n\nወነአምር፡ ዘኒ፡ ከመ፡ አኮ፡ ለጻድቃን፡ ዘይሠራዕ። ዘእንበለ፡ ለኃጥኣን፡ ወለጽልሕዋን፡ ወለዝሉፋን። ወለውፁኣን፡ እምጽድቅ፡ ወለርኩሳነ፡ ልብ። ወቀተልተ፡ አበዊሆሙ፡ ወእሞሙ፡ ወቀተልተ፡ አዝማዲሆሙ፡ ወቀተልተ፡ ነፍስ።\n\nዘማውያን፡ ወእለ፡ የሐውሩ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ብእሲ። ሰረቅተ፡ ሰብእ፡ ሐሳውያን፡ ወእለ፡ ይምሕሉ፡ በሐሰት። ወቦ፡ ባዕድኒ፡ ዓዲ፡ በዘይትቃወምዋ፡ ለትምህርተ፡ ሕይወት።\n\nዘወንጌለ፡ ስብሐቲሁ፡ ለብፁዕ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘአነ፡ ተአመንኩ፡ ቦቱ። አኰቴት፡ በእንተ፡ ጽዋዔሁ\n\nአአኵቶ፡ ለዘተአመነኒ፡ ወአጽንዐኒ፡ በክርስቶስ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ እግዚእነ። እስመ፡ ምእመነ፡ ረሰየኒ፡ ለመልእክቱ።\n\nእንዘ፡ ቀዲሙ፡ ጸራፊ፡ አነ፡ ወሰዳዲ፡ ወጸአሊ። ወባሕቱ፡ ተሣሀለኒ፡ እስመ፡ በኢያእምሮ፡ ገበርኩ፡ በኢ፡ አሚን።\n\nወፈድፈደ፡ ጸጋሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በላዕሌየ። በሃይማኖቱ፡ ወፍቅሩ፡ ለኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እግዚእነ።","english":"We know that the Law is good for him who acts according to its statute, concerning the Law.\n\nAnd we also know that it is not for the righteous that it is enacted, but for sinners, and for the wicked, and for the unjust, and for the violent who are far from righteousness, and for the impure of heart, and for the murderers of their fathers and mothers, and for the murderers of their relatives, and for the murderers of souls.\n\nOf the dead, and those who go about as a woman with a man, thieves of people, sorcerers, and those who lie in falsehood. And there is also another thing, in what is opposed to the teaching of life.\n\nOf the Gospel of the glory of the blessed Lord, in whom I have believed. I give thanks for his command.\n\nI thank him who entrusted me and strengthened me in Christ Jesus our Lord, for he appointed me a believer for his epistle.\n\nWhile formerly I was a scoffer and a persecutor and a blasphemer, and only he had mercy on me, for I acted without knowledge, without faith.\n\nAnd the grace of God overflowed upon me, through his faith and the love of Jesus Christ our Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a general statement about the Law to a list of those for whom it is enacted, then to a personal confession by Paul, marking a transition from doctrinal instruction to autobiographical reflection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኦሪት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኦሪት (Orit) renders Greek νόμος (law) and here refers to the Mosaic Law, as in the broader Pauline context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of sinners (murderers, thieves, sorcerers, etc.) echoes the vice catalogues found in the Pauline epistles, particularly 1 Timothy 1:9–10, though the Geʿez expands the catalogue with local concerns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Paul as a former 'scoffer, persecutor, and blasphemer' aligns with the tradition of Paul's pre-conversion life, though not directly from the canonical epistles; it reflects hagiographic expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text includes a list of sins (e.g., 'going about as a woman with a man') that reflects Ethiopic monastic concerns, indicating adaptation of the Pauline source for local moral instruction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'of the dead' (ዘማውያን) is ambiguous: it may refer to those who are spiritually dead or to a category of sinners; the reading taken is as part of the vice list.","The clause 'in what is opposed to the teaching of life' could refer to the preceding vices or to a separate topic; the reading taken is as a summary of the vices."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"እሙን፡ ነገሩ፡ ወርቱዕ፡ ይትወከፍዎ፡ በኵሉ። እስመ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ መጽአ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓለም። ከመ፡ ያድኅኖሙ፡ ለኃጥኣን፡ ዘአነ፡ ቀዳሚሆሙ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ተሣሀለኒ፡ ከመ፡ ያርኢ፡ ተኣምራቲሁ፡ በላዕሌየ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወብዝኀ፡ ትዕግሥቱ። ወእኩኖሙ፡ አርአያ፡ ለእለ፡ የአምኑ፡ ቦቱ፡ ለሕይወት፡ ዘለዓለም።\n\nንጉሥ፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ዘኢይመውት፡ ወኢያስተርኢ፡ አምላክ፡ ባሕቲቱ። ዘሎቱ፡ ክብር፡ ወስብሐት፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። አማሕፅኖ፡ በእንተ፡ ትእዛዝ\n\nዘንተ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ አማሕፀንኩከ፡ ኦ፡ ወልድየ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡ በከመ፡ ተነብዮ፡ ዘላዕሌከ። ከመ፡ ትጽናዕ፡ በኵሉ፡ ገድል፡ ሠናይ።\n\nእንዘ፡ ብከ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ወሠናይ፡ ግዕዝ። እስመ፡ ሀለዉ፡ እለ፡ አውከኩ፡ እምሃይማኖት፡ ወተሰብሩ።\n\nእለ፡ ሄሜኔዎስ፡ ወእለ፡ እስክንድሮስ። እለ፡ መጠውክዎሙ፡ ለሰይጣን፡ ይትኰነኑ፡ ኢይልመዱ፡ ፀሪፈ።\n\nምዕራፍ 2\n\nዘከመ፡ ይደሉ፡ ጸልዮ፡ ለኵሉ\n\nአስተበቊዐከ፡ ቀዳሜ፡ ኵሉ፡ ትግበር፡ ጸሎተ፡ ወስኢለ፡ ወተጋንዮ።","english":"The matter is true and right, and it is accepted by all, because Jesus Christ came into the world to save the sinners, of whom I am the first.\n\nAnd only he has mercy on me, that he might show his miracles upon me, Jesus Christ, and his abundant patience. And I am an example for those who believe in him for eternal life.\n\nEternal king, who does not die and does not show himself, the only God, to whom belong glory and praise forever and ever, amen. I have written concerning the commandment.\n\nThis commandment I have written to you, O my son Timothy, as it was prophesied concerning you, that you might strive in every good deed.\n\nWhile in you are faith and good conduct, for there are those whom I know who have fallen away from faith and have been broken.\n\nThose of Hymenaeus and those of Alexander, those who have delivered themselves to Satan, will be condemned and will not learn the enemy.\n\nChapter 2\n\nHow one ought to pray for all\n\nI have exhorted you before all: perform prayer, supplication, and intercession.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 2","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with the heading 'Chapter 2', marking a structural division in the text. This is a standard feature of the Geʿez manuscript tradition, indicating the start of a new section.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየሱስ ክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Jesus Christ' is consistently spelled with the initial character ኢ (a Geʿez labiovelar), reflecting the traditional Ethiopic orthography for this proper noun.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እለ ሄሜኔዎስ ወእለ እስክንድሮስ","severity":"info","text":"The names Hymenaeus and Alexander are figures known from the Pastoral Epistles (1 Timothy 1:20; 2 Timothy 2:17-18), associated with false teaching or opposition to Paul. Their mention here aligns with the pseudepigraphal context of this work.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3525Epistle","label":"source edition: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ያድኅኖሙ ለኃጥኣን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'to save the sinners' echoes the soteriological language of the Pauline epistles, particularly 1 Timothy 1:15, where Christ is said to have come to save sinners. The Geʿez text adapts this theme to the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሥ ዘለዓለም","severity":"info","text":"The description of God as 'eternal king' and 'the only God' reflects the liturgical and theological language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, emphasizing divine sovereignty and monotheism in a doxological context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያስተርኢ አምላክ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'does not show himself' (ኢያስተርኢ) is ambiguous: it may refer to God's hiddenness or to a theological claim about divine invisibility. The reading here follows the English draft's interpretation, but the Geʿez could also imply 'does not reveal himself' in a more active sense.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢያስተርኢ አምላክ' could be read as 'does not show himself' or 'does not reveal himself', with implications for the understanding of divine manifestation.","The identity of 'those of Hymenaeus and those of Alexander' is not explicitly clarified in the text; they are assumed to be heretical groups based on New Testament references."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ወበእንተ፡ ዝ፡ ጸልዩ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ነገሥት፡ ወመኳንንት። ከመ፡ በኅዱእ፡ ወበጽምው፡ ይኩን፡ ንብረትነ፡ በኵሉ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ወንጽሕ።\n\nዝኬ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወኅሩይ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መድኀኒነ።\n\nእስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ይፈቅድ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ ይሕየው፡ ወያእምርዋ፡ ለጽድቅ።\n\nአሐዱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአሐዱ፡ ኅሩይ፡ ማእከለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሰብእ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። ዘኮነ፡ ሰብአ፡ ዘመጠወ፡ ርእሶ፡ ቤዛ፡ ኵሉ።\n\nወኮነ፡ ሰማዕተ፡ በዕድሜሁ፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ተሠየምኩ፡ ሐዋርያ፡ ወዐዋዴ።\n\nእሙነ፡ እብል፡ ወኢይሔሱ፡ ተሠየምኩ፡ መምህረ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ወበጽድቅ።\n\nወእፈቅድ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ ይጸልዩ፡ በኵሉ፡ ገጸ፡ መካን። ወያንሥኡ፡ እደዊሆሙ፡ በንጽሕ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ነጐርጓር፡ ወኑፋቄ።\n\nወከማሁ፡ አንስትኒ፡ ይትረሰያ፡ በጸሎት፡ በፈሪሀ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ወበኀፍረት፡ ወበልቡና፡ ወበአንጽሖ፡ ርእሶን፡ እምዝሙት። አኮ፡ በሐብላተ፡ ወርቅ፡ ወበባሕርይ፡ ወአልባስ፡ ቅድው፡ በዕጹብ፡ ሤጡ። ወአኮ፡ በተፀፍሮ፡ ሥዕርቶን።","english":"And because of this, pray for all people and for all kings and princes, that in humility and patience our life may be in all righteousness and purity.\n\nThis is good and chosen before the Lord our Savior.\n\nFor he desires that all people be saved and know righteousness.\n\nOne is God, and one is the chosen one between God and people: Jesus Christ, who became man, who gave himself as a ransom for all.\n\nAnd he became a martyr in his time, for which I was appointed apostle and witness.\n\nTruly I say, and I do not lie, I was appointed teacher for the nations in faith and righteousness.\n\nAnd I desire that all people pray in every place, and raise their hands in purity without deceit and division.\n\nAnd likewise, women should be adorned in prayer with the fear of God, and with modesty, and with heart, and with the purity of themselves from sin; not with gold chains, nor with adornment and garments of fine linen with precious silk; and not with the braiding of their hair.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ዝኬ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወኅሩይ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መድኀኒነ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'this is good and chosen before the Lord our Savior' affirms the preceding prayer as divinely approved, linking human action to divine will.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኅሩይ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ḫəruy' (chosen/elect) here refers to Jesus Christ as the unique mediator between God and humanity, echoing Pauline language of election.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኮነ፡ ሰብአ፡ ዘመጠወ፡ ርእሶ፡ ቤዛ፡ ኵሉ","severity":"info","text":"The description of Christ as 'who gave himself as a ransom for all' echoes 1 Timothy 2:6 (Christ as mediator) and the soteriological language of ransom in early Christian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነ፡ ሰማዕተ፡ በዕድሜሁ","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Christ 'became a martyr in his time' reflects a Geʿez theological emphasis on Christ's passion as prototypical martyrdom, common in Ethiopic homiletics.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወከማሁ፡ አንስትኒ፡ ይትረሰያ፡ በጸሎት፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from general exhortation to specific instruction for women, mirroring a common homiletic pattern of addressing the whole community then a subgroup.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አኮ፡ በሐብላተ፡ ወርቅ፡ ወበባሕርይ፡ ወአልባስ፡ ቅድው፡ በዕጹብ፡ ሤጡ","severity":"info","text":"The prohibition of gold chains, fine linen, and silk for women reflects ascetic ideals in Ethiopic monastic circles, possibly influenced by the Apostolic Tradition or local synods.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the chosen one between God and people' is clearly Jesus Christ, but the phrasing could also imply a typological figure like Melchizedek in some traditions; the text takes it as Christ.","The phrase 'I was appointed teacher for the nations' may refer to Paul or to a later apostolic figure; the Geʿez does not specify the speaker's name, but the context suggests Paul."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ዘእንበለ፡ በዘይደልዎን፡ ለአንስት፡ ቀዲሙ፡ አምልኮ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በትምህርተ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ወበምግባረ፡ ሠናይ። በእንተ፡ ሥርዐተ፡ ትምህርት\n\nብእሲት፡ በጽምው፡ ትትመሀር፡ ወትትአዘዝ፡ በኵሉ፡ የውሀት። ወብእሲትሰ፡ ትምሀር፡ ኢናበውሓ፡ ወኢትመብል፡ ላዕለ፡ ብእሲ።\n\nዳእሙ፡ በጽምው፡ ተሀሉ።\n\nእስመ፡ አዳም፡ ቀደመ፡ ተፈጥሮ፡ ወእምድኅሬሁ፡ ሔዋን።\n\nወአዳምሰ፡ ኢስሕተ፡ አላ፡ ብእሲት፡ ስሕተት፡ ወዐለወት።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ተሐዩ፡ በእንተ፡ ውሉዳ። ለእመ፡ ነበሩ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ወበተፋቅሮ፡ ወበቅድሳት፡ ወበአንጽሖ፡ ርእሶሙ፡ በአእምሮ።\n\nምዕራፍ 3\n\nበእንተ፡ ሢመተ፡ ክህነት\n\nእሙን፡ ነገር፡ ዘይፈቅድ፡ ይሠየም፡ ጳጳሰ፡ ሠናየ፡ ግብረ፡ ፈተወ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ርቱዕ፡ ይሠየም፡ ጳጳስ፡ ዘኢያደሉ፡ ለገጽ። ዘአልቦ፡ ምክንያት፡ ዘአሐተ፡ ብእሲተ፡ አውሰበ፡ ብእሲ፡ ንቁሕ፡ ወጠቢብ፡ ወመፍቀሬ፡ ነገድ። ዘአንጽሐ፡ ርእሶ፡ መምህር፡ ወመገሥጽ።\n\nዘኢያበዝኅ፡ ሰትየ፡ ወይን፡ ዘኢያፈጥን፡ እዴሁ፡ ለዘቢጥ፡ ባቊዕ፡ ዘኢይትገአዝ፡ ዘኢያፈቅር፡ ንዋየ።","english":"...without [this], before [they] choose women, first [is] worship of God in teaching of righteousness and in good conduct, concerning the ordinance of teaching.\n\nA woman in silence learns and is commanded in all humility; and a woman who teaches is arrogant and does not submit to a man.\n\n[It is] better [for them] to be in silence.\n\nBecause Adam was created first, and after him Eve.\n\nAnd Adam did not err, but woman erred and transgressed.\n\nAnd [they] lived only for the sake of their children, if they remained in faith and in love and in holiness and in purity of themselves in understanding.\n\nChapter 3\n\nConcerning the ordination of the priesthood.\n\nIf [one] desires [this] matter, let a bishop be appointed [who is] of good deed and will.\n\nAnd only a true bishop shall be appointed, one who does not look upon the face [of partiality], who has no pretext, who has not taken one woman [as wife], a man [who is] vigilant and wise and a lover of people, one who has purified himself [as] a teacher and a rebuker.\n\nOne who does not drink much wine, one who does not quickly stretch out his hand for a blow, one who is not wrathful, one who does not love money.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 3","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Chapter 3' and the following rubric 'Concerning the ordination of the priesthood' mark a clear structural division, shifting from general moral instruction to specific clerical qualifications.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጳጳስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጳጳስ (pāpās) is a loan from Greek ἐπίσκοπος via Syriac or Coptic, meaning 'bishop'. Its use here reflects the ecclesiastical hierarchy in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ አዳም ቀደመ ተፈጥሮ ወእምድኅሬሁ ሔዋን","severity":"info","text":"The assertion that Adam was created first and Eve after him echoes Genesis 2:21-22, where Eve is formed from Adam's rib. The text uses this to argue for female subordination.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ብእሲት በጽምው ትትመሀር ወትትአዘዝ","severity":"info","text":"The instruction that a woman 'learns and is commanded in silence' reflects early Christian and Jewish traditions of female modesty and silence in public teaching, as seen in 1 Timothy 2:11-12 and patristic writings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኢያበዝኅ ሰትየ ወይን","severity":"info","text":"The requirement that a bishop not drink much wine aligns with Ethiopic monastic and clerical ideals of sobriety, reinforced by the canons of the Council of Nicaea and local synods.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኢያደሉ ለገጽ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'one who does not look upon the face' is ambiguous: it may mean impartiality (not favoring individuals) or literal avoidance of eye contact. The context of judicial integrity supports the former reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘኢያደሉ ለገጽ' could mean 'does not look upon the face' (impartial) or 'does not show favoritism'; the latter is adopted here based on context.","The clause 'ወአዳምሰ ኢስሕተ አላ ብእሲት ስሕተት ወዐለወት' is textually uncertain: the negative 'ኢስሕተ' may be a scribal error for 'ኢስሕተ' (did not err) or a double negative; the translation follows the plain sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ዘሠናይ፡ ሥርዐተ፡ ቤቱ። ዘቦ፡ ውሉድ፡ ዘይትኤዘዙ፡ በኵሉ፡ ንጽሕ።\n\nወዘሰ፡ ኢይክል፡ ሠሪዐ፡ ቤቱ፡ እፎኑ፡ ያስተሐምም፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወኢይኩን፡ ዘእምሐዲስ፡ ተክል፡ ከመ፡ ኢይትዐበይ። ወኢይጸለል፡ ወኢይደቅ፡ ውስተ፡ መሥገርተ፡ ሰይጣን።\n\nወዓዲ፡ ርቱዕ፡ ዘሰብእ፡ አፍኣ፡ ይንእድዎ። ከመ፡ ኢይደቅ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽእለት፡ ወመሥገርተ፡ ሰይጣን። በእንተ፡ ሢመተ፡ ዲቁና\n\nወዲያቆናትኒ፡ ከማሁ፡ ንጹሓን፡ ወእስትርኩባን፡ እለ፡ አሐዱ፡ ቃሎሙ። እለ፡ ኢያበዝኁ፡ ሰትየ፡ ወይን፡ እለ፡ ኢያፈቅሩ፡ ረባሐ፡ ከንቶ።\n\nእለ፡ የዐቅቡ፡ ምክረ፡ ሃይማኖቶሙ፡ በልብ፡ ንጹሕ።\n\nወሎሙኒ፡ ይቅድሙ፡ አመክሮቶሙ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ይትለአኩ፡ እምከመ፡ ኅሩያን፡ እሙንቱ።\n\nወአንስትኒ፡ ከማሁ፡ እለ፡ አንጽሓ፡ ርእሶን፡ እለ፡ ተምህራ፡ ሥርዐተ። እለ፡ ኢያስተዳጕጻ፡ ጠባባት፡ ወርቱዓት፡ ወምእመናት፡ በኵሉ፡ ወይትለአካ።\n\nወብእሲኒ፡ ዘአሐተ፡ ብእሲተ፡ አውሰበ፡ ዘቦ፡ ውሉድ፡ ዘሠናይ፡ ግእዘ፡ ቤቱ። በእንተ፡ ሢመተ፡ ቅስና","english":"...of good household order, who have children who are adorned in all purity.\n\nAnd one who cannot order his household, how can he administer the house of God?\n\nAnd let there be no new plant, as it does not grow, and does not sprout, and does not fall into the snares of Satan.\n\nAnd again, a righteous man whose mouth is sweet, so that he does not fall into error and the snares of Satan on account of the office of deacon.\n\nAnd deacons likewise, pure and continent, those of one voice, those who do not drink much wine, those who do not love the gain of money,\n\nthose who guard the counsel of their faith with a pure heart.\n\nAnd for them, their counsels come first, and then they are chosen as the elect are.\n\nAnd women likewise, those who purify themselves, those who are taught the ordinance, those who do not dispute, modest and righteous and faithful in all things, and they are chosen.\n\nAnd a man who has one wife, who has children, of good household governance, on account of the office of priesthood.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of ecclesiastical discipline, moving from household order to qualifications for deacons, deaconesses, and priests.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሥርዐተ ቤቱ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ሥርዐተ ቤቱ (śərʿāta bētu) means 'household order' or 'household discipline,' a key concept in early Christian domestic ethics.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The metaphor of a 'new plant' (ሐዲስ ተክል) that does not grow or sprout likely alludes to the need for tested, mature candidates for church office, rejecting novices.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሢመተ ዲቁና","severity":"info","text":"ሢመተ ዲቁና (lamata diqona) means 'office of deacon'; the passage warns against deacons falling into error due to flattery or greed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The requirement for deacons to be 'of one voice' (አሐዱ ቃሎሙ) and not to love money echoes 1 Timothy 3:8 and Didache 15, emphasizing unity and disinterest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage's stipulation that a priest must have one wife and children reflects later Geʿez canon law, which required clergy to be married and chaste.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3525Epistle","label":"source edition: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'new plant' (ሐዲስ ተክል) may be a metaphor for a novice or a literal prohibition against planting trees in church precincts; the reading taken is metaphorical.","The term 'sweet mouth' (አፍኣ ይንእድዎ) could refer to flattery or eloquence; the reading taken is flattery leading to error."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ወእለሰ፡ ሠናየ፡ ይትለአኩ፡ እንተ፡ ተዐቢ፡ ሢመተ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ሎሙ። ወብዙኅ፡ ሞገሰ፡ በሃይማኖተ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nወዘኒ፡ ዘእጽሕፍ፡ ለከ፡ እትአመን፡ ከመ፡ እበጽሐከ፡ ፍጡነ።\n\nወእመሰ፡ ጐንደይኩ፡ ከመ፡ ታእምር፡ ዘከመ፡ ትሠርዕ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር። ሕያው፡ ዐምዳ፡ ወድዳ፡ ለጽድቅ፡ አማን፡ ዐቢይ። እስመ፡ ምክሩ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ጽድቅ።\n\nዝኬ፡ ዘአስተርአየ፡ በሥጋ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወጸድቀ፡ በመንፈስ። ወአስተርአዮሙ፡ ለመላእክት፡ ወሰበክዎ፡ ውስተ፡ አሕዛብ። ወተአመነ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓለም፡ ወዐርገ፡ በስብሐት።\n\nምዕራፍ 4\n\nትንቢት፡ በእንተ፡ ዐላውያን\n\nወመንፈስ፡ ገሃደ፡ ይነግር፡ ከመ፡ በደኃሪ፡ መዋዕል፡ የዐልዉ፡ ሃይማኖቶሙ፡ ብዙኃን። ወይተልውዎሙ፡ ለአጋንንት፡ እኩያን፡ ወመስሕታን፡ ወትምህርተ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ዘያናፍቅ።\n\nነባብያነ፡ ሐሰት፡ እለ፡ ንዱዳን፡ በኅሊናሆሙ።\n\nእለ፡ የሐርሙ፡ አውስቦ፡ ወይከልኡ፡ መባልዕተ፡ ዘእግዚአብሔር፡ ፈጠረ፡ ለምእመናን። ከመ፡ ይሴሰዩ፡ ወያእኵቱ፡ እለ፡ የአምርዋ፡ ለጽድቅ።","english":"...and those who are good will be chosen, those who are adorned for the church, they will do for them. And great grace in the faith of Jesus Christ.\n\nAnd this that I write to you, believe that I have reached you quickly.\n\nAnd if I have erred, as you know, how you administer the house of the church of the living God, the pillar and foundation of true righteousness, great, for the counsel of this righteousness.\n\nThis one who appeared in the flesh of man and was justified in spirit, and appeared to the angels, and they preached him among the Gentiles, and he was believed in the world, and ascended in glory.\n\nChapter 4\n\nProphecy concerning the wicked\n\nAnd the spirit openly declares that in the last days many will raise up their faith, and they will worship evil demons and deceivers, and the teaching of Satan that lies.\n\nFalse prophets, who are mad in their minds.\n\nThose who hide the truth and deny the gifts that God created for the faithful, so that they may be nourished and those who know righteousness may be strengthened.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 4","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new chapter (ምዕራፍ 4) with a heading, 'Prophecy concerning the wicked,' marking a structural shift from the preceding narrative to a prophetic or admonitory section.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ነባብያነ፡ ሐሰት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ነባብያነ፡ ሐሰት፡' (false prophets) echoes biblical terminology for false prophecy, common in Geʿez homiletic literature to denounce heretical teachers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወመንፈስ፡ ገሃደ፡ ይነግር፡ ከመ፡ በደኃሪ፡ መዋዕል፡ የዐልዉ፡ ሃይማኖቶሙ፡ ብዙኃን።","severity":"info","text":"The description of many raising their faith in the last days and worshiping demons and deceivers alludes to apocalyptic warnings found in the Pauline corpus and patristic tradition, though no direct verse is cited.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይተልውዎሙ፡ ለአጋንንት፡ እኩያን፡ ወመስሕታን፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to worshiping evil demons and deceivers reflects a common Geʿez polemic against pagan or heretical practices, likely contextualized within the Ethiopian church's struggle against syncretism.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"እለ፡ የሐርሙ፡ አውስቦ፡ ወይከልኡ፡ መባልዕተ፡ ዘእግዚአብሔር፡ ፈጠረ፡ ለምእመናን።","severity":"info","text":"The accusation that some hide truth and deny God's gifts to the faithful aligns with Ethiopian monastic critiques of corrupt clergy, a recurring theme in the country's homiletic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመሰ፡ ጐንደይኩ፡ ከመ፡ ታእምር፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'if I have erred' introduces a hypothetical self-correction, but the Geʿez syntax is ambiguous: it may signal a textual break or a rhetorical modesty topos, not necessarily a scribal error.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The transition from the preceding narrative to the prophetic chapter is abrupt; the heading 'Prophecy concerning the wicked' may be a later editorial addition.","The identity of 'those who hide the truth' is unspecified—could refer to heretics, corrupt clergy, or generic false teachers."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"እስመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ተግባረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሠናይ። ወአልቦ፡ ግዱፍ፡ ወኢ፡ ምንትኒ፡ ለእመ፡ ተወክፍዎ፡ እንዘ፡ የአኵቱ።\n\nእስመ፡ ይትቄደስ፡ በቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወበጸሎት።\n\nወዘንተ፡ መሀሮሙ፡ ለአኀዊከ፡ ወትከውን፡ ኅሩየ፡ ላእከ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። እንዘ፡ ትሴስዮሙ፡ ቃለ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ወሠናየ፡ ትምህርተ፡ ዘተምህርከ።\n\nወለመሐድምተ፡ ዕቤራትሰ፡ ርኩስ፡ እበዮ፡ ወአግርር፡ ርእሰከ፡ ለጽድቅ።\n\nእስመ፡ ግዝረትሰ፡ በሥጋ፡ ለኅዳጥ፡ ዘመን፡ ትበቊዕ። ወጽድቅሰ፡ ታሠልጥ፡ በኵሉ፡ ወባቲ፡ ተስፋ፡ ሕይወት፡ በዝ፡ ዓለም፡ ወበዘይመጽእ።\n\nእሙን፡ ነገሩ፡ ወርቱዕ፡ ይትወከፍዎ፡ በኵሉ።\n\nእስመ፡ በእንተ፡ ዝ፡ ንሠርሕ፡ ወንጼአል። እስመ፡ ተወከልነ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያው፡ ወማሕየዊ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወፈድፋደሰ፡ ለመሃይምናን።\n\nከመ፡ ዝ፡ መሀር፡ ወገሥጽ።\n\nወአልቦ፡ ዘያስተአብዳ፡ ለውርዝትከ። ወኩኖሙ፡ አርአያ፡ ወአምሳለ፡ ለመሃይምናን፡ በቃልከ፡ ወበምግባሪከ፡ በፍቅር፡ ወበሃይማኖት፡ ወበንጽሕ። በእንተ፡ ኢያስትቶ፡ ጸጋ፡ ምሂር","english":"For every work of God is good, and there is nothing defective, and nothing is rejected if it is offered with thanksgiving, for it is sanctified by the word of God and by prayer.\n\nAnd teach this to your brothers, and you will be a chosen one of the Lord Jesus Christ, while you nourish them with the word of faith and the good teaching which you have learned.\n\nBut for the teachers of heresies, it is unclean; abhor it, and restrain yourself for righteousness.\n\nFor circumcision of the flesh is for a short time only, but righteousness prevails in all things, and in it is the hope of life in this world and in the one to come.\n\nBelieve the word, and the chosen one will accept it in all things.\n\nFor concerning this we labor and strive, for we have trusted in the living and life-giving God for all people, and especially for the faithful.\n\nTeach and command like this.\n\nAnd there is none who will contradict your authority; and be an example and model for the faithful in your word and in your deeds, in love and in faith and in purity, for the sake of the grace of Jesus Christ.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage contrasts the sanctity of God's work with the impurity of heretical teachings, urging Timothy to teach orthodoxy and reject heresy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ግዝረት","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ግዝረት' (circumcision) is used metaphorically to denote a temporary, fleshly practice, contrasted with eternal righteousness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'every work of God is good' echoes Pauline theology (cf. Romans 8:21) but is not a direct quotation; it reflects a general principle of divine goodness.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3525Epistle","label":"source edition: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'teachers of heresies' (መሐድምተ ዕቤራት) reflects early Christian polemics against Gnostic or Judaizing groups, common in pastoral epistles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from general exhortation to specific instruction for Timothy, then to a warning against heresy, forming a tripartite rhetorical structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of the Ethiopic version of 1 Timothy, likely translated from Greek via Coptic, and is used in liturgical instruction on pastoral duties.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3525Epistle","label":"source edition: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'chosen one of the Lord Jesus Christ' may refer to Timothy's election or to a specific office; the Geʿez allows both readings.","The term 'ግዝረት' (circumcision) could be literal or metaphorical; the context favors a metaphorical interpretation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ወተዐቀብ፡ እስከ፡ እመጽእ፡ በአንብቦ፡ ወበምሂር፡ ወበገሥጾ፡ ወበጸልዮ።\n\nወኢታስትት፡ ጸጋሁ፡ ዘላዕሌከ፡ ዘተውህበከ፡ ምስለ፡ ተነብዮ፡ ወምስለ፡ ሢመተ፡ እዴሆሙ፡ ለጳጳሳት።\n\nዘንተ፡ አንብብ፡ ወበዝ፡ ሀሉ፡ ከመ፡ ይትዐወቅ፡ ሥላጤከ፡ በኵለሄ።\n\nዑቅ፡ እንከ፡ ርእሰከ፡ በእንተ፡ አንብቦ፡ ወዘልፈ፡ ሀሉ፡ ባቲ። ወእመሰ፡ ዘንተ፡ ገበርከ፡ ርእሰከሂ፡ ታድኅን፡ ወዘሂ፡ ይሰምዐከ።\n\nምዕራፍ 5\n\nበእንተ፡ ክብረ፡ ልሂቃን፡ ወተአዝዞቶሙ\n\nሊቃናተ፡ ኢታመጕጽ፡ ተአዘዝ፡ ከመ፡ ዘለአቡከ፡ ወለንኡሳን፡ ከመ፡ ዘለአኀዊከ።\n\nወለልሂቃትሂ፡ ከመ፡ ዘለእምከ፡ ወለንኡሳትሂ፡ ከመ፡ ዘለአኀዊከ፡ በኵሉ፡ ንጽሕ።\n\nወአክብር፡ ዕቤራተ፡ በጽድቅ።\n\nወእመ፡ ቦ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ዕቤር፡ እንተ፡ ባቲ፡ ውሉድ፡ አው፡ ደቂቀ፡ ውሉድ። ይትመሀሩ፡ ቅድመ፡ አሠንዮ፡ ለቤቶሙ፡ ወይሴሰዩ፡ አዝማዲሆሙ። እስመ፡ ከማሁ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወሥሙር፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወእንተሰ፡ ዕቤር፡ በአማን፡ ንጽሕት። እንተ፡ ባሕቲታ፡ ትነብር፡ እስመ፡ ትውክልታ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ወትፀመድ፡ ጸሎተ፡ ወትስእል፡ መዓልተ፡ ወሌሊተ።","english":"And wait until I come, with reading and with teaching and with exhortation and with prayer.\n\nAnd do not neglect the grace that is outside you, which was given to you together with prophecy and together with the laying on of the hands of the bishops.\n\nRead this, and be thus, so that your teaching may be known in everything.\n\nBut guard yourself concerning reading, and always be in it. And if you have done this, you will save yourself, and this will be heard for you.\n\nChapter 5\n\nConcerning the honor of the elders and their discipline.\n\nElders, do not be hasty; be disciplined as toward your father and toward the young as toward your brother.\n\nAnd toward the elder women as toward your mother, and toward the young women as toward your sister, in all purity.\n\nAnd honor the passage of years with righteousness.\n\nAnd if there is among them a passage of years in which there are children or grandchildren, let them be taught before the assembly of their house, and let them establish their relatives, for thus it is good and proper before God.\n\nBut she who is a passage of years in faith, pure, who lives alone, for her trust is God, and she is joined to prayer and asks day and night.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 5","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new chapter (ምዕራፍ 5) with a heading, shifting from general exhortation to specific instructions on the honor and discipline of elders.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሊቃናተ","severity":"info","text":"ሊቃናተ (elders) likely refers to senior male members of the community, possibly with a teaching or leadership role, as distinct from ልሂቃት (elder women) in the following line.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዕቤራተ","severity":"info","text":"ዕቤራተ (passage of years) is a circumlocution for age or seniority, used here to denote the status of older individuals in the community.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ተነብዮ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to prophecy (ተነብዮ) and laying on of hands (ሢመተ እዴሆሙ) suggests a charismatic or ordination context, possibly reflecting early Christian practice of commissioning teachers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ዘለአቡከ","severity":"info","text":"The instruction to treat elders as fathers and young as brothers echoes the household codes found in the Pastoral Epistles (e.g., 1 Timothy 5:1-2), adapting familial hierarchy to community discipline.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢታመጕጽ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez ኢታመጕጽ (do not be hasty) is a hapax legomenon in this corpus; its exact sense is uncertain, but context suggests a warning against rashness in judgment or action.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ኢታመጕጽ is obscure; it may be a scribal error or a rare verb form. The reading 'do not be hasty' follows the English draft but is not certain.","The identity of the 'elders' (ሊቃናተ) and 'elder women' (ልሂቃት) is not fully specified—whether they are officeholders or simply aged members of the community."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ወእንተሰ፡ ትፌግዕ፡ ምስለ፡ ተውኔት፡ ምዉት፡ ይእቲ፡ እንዘ፡ ሕያዋ።\n\nወከመ፡ ዝ፡ ገሥጽ፡ ከመ፡ ኢያድልዉ፡ ወኢያመክንዩ።\n\nወዘሰ፡ ኢይኄሊ፡ ለቤቱ፡ ወይገድፍ፡ አዝማዲሁ። ውእቱ፡ ክሕደ፡ ሃይማኖቶ፡ ወየአኪ፡ እምዘኢየአምን። በእንተ፡ ኅርየተ፡ ዲያቆናት\n\nወለእመ፡ ኀረይከ፡ ዕቤረ፡ ኅረይ፡ እንተ፡ ስሳ፡ ክረምታ። እንተ፡ አሐደ፡ ብእሴ፡ አውሰበት።\n\nእንተ፡ ይንእድዋ፡ በኵሉ፡ ምግባረ፡ ሠናይ፡ ለእመ፡ አልሀቀት፡ ውሉዳ። ወለእመ፡ ነግደ፡ ተወክፈት፡ ወለእመ፡ እግረ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ኀፀበት። ወእመ፡ ርኁበ፡ አጽገበት፡ ወኵሎ፡ ምግባረ፡ ሠናይ፡ ለእመ፡ ተለወት።\n\nወለንኡሳትሰ፡ መበለታት፡ ተገሐሦን፡ ወኢትሢሞን። ከመ፡ ኢይትፈግዓ፡ ላዕለ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወይፈቅዳ፡ ይግብኣ፡ ለአውስቦ።\n\nወጽኑሕ፡ ደይኖን፡ እስመ፡ ክሕዳ፡ ሃይማኖቶን፡ ቀዳሚተ።\n\nወዓዲ፡ አጽርዕተ፡ ወሐኬተ፡ ይትሜሀራ፡ እንዘ፡ የዐውዳ፡ አብያተ። ወአኮ፡ አጽርዕተ፡ ባሕቲቶ፡ አላ፡ ዓዲ፡ ከመ፡ ያብዝኃ፡ ነቢበ። ወምግባረ፡ ከንቱ፡ ይፈጥራ፡ ነገረ፡ ዘኢህልው።","english":"First: The Epistle of Paul to Timothy — Anonymous\n\nAnd if you find a dead person with a testament, she is alive while dead.\n\nAnd like this, it is fitting that they judge and not be negligent.\n\nAnd he who does not care for his house and abandons his relatives, he is a denier of his faith, and he is worse than one who does not believe, concerning the ordination of deacons.\n\nAnd if you have chosen, choose a winter of six months, which one man has brought forth.\n\nShe who is nourished by all good works, if she has borne children. And if she has been widowed, and if she has found the foot of the righteous, and if she has given dry bread, and all good works, if she has been changed.\n\nAnd for the poor widows, they are hidden and do not shine, so that they may not be found above Christ, and he wishes to bring them to marriage.\n\nAnd strong is their judgment, for the denial of their faith is first.\n\nAnd again, they learn sorcery and magic, while they go around houses. And not only sorcery, but also they increase speech, and they do works of vanity, things that do not exist.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእንተሰ፡ ትፌግዕ፡ ምስለ፡ ተውኔት፡ ምዉት፡ ይእቲ፡ እንዘ፡ ሕያዋ","severity":"info","text":"The opening clause presents a paradox: a dead person with a testament is 'alive while dead.' This likely refers to the spiritual vitality of a deceased person whose will or legacy continues through proper Christian burial or alms.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ክሕደ፡ ሃይማኖቶ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'denier of his faith' (ክሕደ፡ ሃይማኖቶ) is a technical term in Geʿez for apostasy or renunciation of Christian belief, often used in canon law contexts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኅርየተ፡ ዲያቆናት","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'ordination of deacons' (ኅርየተ፡ ዲያቆናት) echoes New Testament passages on the appointment of deacons, such as 1 Timothy 3:8–13, though the Geʿez text here is a later homiletic expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አጽርዕተ፡ ወሐኬተ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'sorcery and magic' (አጽርዕተ፡ ወሐኬተ) reflects concerns in late antique Ethiopian Christianity about pagan or folk practices persisting among converts, a common theme in pastoral epistles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለንኡሳትሰ፡ መበለታት","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts to a new topic—poor widows—introduced by the conjunction 'and for' (ወለንኡሳትሰ), marking a structural division in the homily's exhortation on community responsibilities.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እንተ፡ አሐደ፡ ብእሴ፡ አውሰበት","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'which one man has brought forth' (እንተ፡ አሐደ፡ ብእሴ፡ አውሰበት) is obscure; it may refer to a specific canonical ruling or a local custom about the duration of a widow's mourning period, but the sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'dead person with a testament' is unclear—whether a literal deceased individual or a metaphorical reference to a lapsed Christian. The phrase 'choose a winter of six months' may be a textual corruption or a reference to a specific liturgical season. The clause 'she who is nourished by all good works' shifts abruptly between conditions (bearing children, widowhood, finding the f"],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"እፈቅድ፡ እንከ፡ ለንኡሳት፡ ያውስባ፡ ወይትዋለዳ፡ ወይኩና፡ በዓልታተ፡ ቤት። ወኢይርከብ፡ ምክንያተ፡ ወኢ፡ አሐተኒ፡ በዘይጸብኦን፡ ጸላኢ፡ ከመ፡ ኢያጽእላ፡ ርእሶን።\n\nእስመ፡ ቦ፡ እለ፡ ተመይጡ፡ ወተለውዎ፡ ለሰይጣን።\n\nወለእመ፡ ቦ፡ እምእመናን፡ ዘቦ፡ ዕቤር፡ ይዕቀባ። ወኢያክብድ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ከመ፡ ትክሀል፡ ለእለ፡ በአማን፡ ዕቤራት። በእንተ፡ ምክዕቢተ፡ ጥበብ፡ ለቀሲሳን\n\nእለሰ፡ ሠናየ፡ ተልእኩ፡ ቀሲሳን፡ ምክዕቢተ፡ ክብር፡ ይደልዎሙ። ወፈድፈደሰ፡ ለእለ፡ ይሠርሑ፡ በቃል፡ ወበምህሮ።\n\nወይብል፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ኢትፍጽሞ፡ አፉሁ፡ ለላሕም፡ ሶበ፡ ታከይድ፡ እክለከ። ወይደልዎ፡ ዐስቡ፡ ለዘይትቀነይ። በእንተ፡ ሠሪዐ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን\n\nላዕለ፡ ልሂቅ፡ ኢትስማዕ፡ ውዴተ። ዘእንበለ፡ ይዝልፍዎ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ወሠለስቱ፡ ሰማዕት።\n\nወለእለሂ፡ ስሕቱ፡ በቅድመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ገሥጾሙ፡ ከመ፡ ባዕድኒ፡ ይፍራህ።\n\nአሰምዕ፡ ለከ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወመላእክቲሁ፡ ኅሩያን። ከመ፡ ትዕቀብ፡ ዘንተ፡ እንዘ፡ ኢታደሉ፡ ወኢታጽድቆ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ቅድመ፡ ፍትሕ። ወኢትግበር፡ ምንተሂ፡ በዘትትሔመይ።","english":"I permit that the poor may be given to and inherit and become owners of a house, and no cause shall be found, nor even one of those who oppress them, an enemy, as if they would harm themselves.\n\nFor there are those who have been baptized and have chosen Satan.\n\nAnd if there are believers who have a testament, let it be kept, and let it not be increased over the church, as it is able for those who are faithful in testaments, concerning the increase of wisdom for the clergy.\n\nBut those who are good, the clergy have been sent; an increase of honor is due to them, and moreover, to those who labor in word and teaching.\n\nAnd the book says: Do not finish your mouth for the laity when it is time to give your food, and give oil to him who is anointed, concerning the order of the church.\n\nOver a layman, do not hear a complaint without two or three witnesses.\n\nAnd for those who have erred, before all, rebuke them so that others may fear.\n\nListen to me before God and Jesus Christ and his chosen angels, that you may keep this while you do not judge and do not justify a person before the law, and do not do anything in which you are suspected.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage addresses church discipline, including care for the poor, handling of testaments, and procedures for accusations against laypeople.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ቀሲሳን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ቀሲሳን (qasisān) refers to clergy, specifically priests or presbyters, distinct from the laity (ላሕም, lāḥm).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ላሕም","severity":"info","text":"ላሕም (lāḥm) denotes the laity or common people, as opposed to the clergy, in ecclesiastical contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'do not finish your mouth for the laity when it is time to give your food' may echo Proverbs 25:21 or similar wisdom about restraint, but no direct citation is identified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The requirement of two or three witnesses for accusations against a layman reflects early Christian and Roman legal norms for due process in ecclesiastical courts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'those who have been baptized and have chosen Satan' is ambiguous; it may refer to apostates or heretics, but the exact referent is unclear from the context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'those who have been baptized and have chosen Satan' is not specified; it could denote apostates, heretics, or those who reject church authority.","The phrase 'do not finish your mouth for the laity' is obscure; it may be a proverbial expression about withholding speech or resources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ወኢትሢም፡ ፍጡነ፡ ወኢ፡ መነሂ፡ ወኢትሳተፍ፡ በዝ፡ ውስተ፡ ኀጢአተ፡ ባዕድ።\n\nወአንጽሕ፡ እንከ፡ ርእሰከ፡ ወኢትስተይ፡ ማየ፡ ዕራቆ። ኅዳጠ፡ ወይነ፡ ቶስሕ፡ በእንተ፡ ሕማመ፡ ከብድከ፡ ወበእንተ፡ ደዌከ፡ ዘዘልፍ።\n\nቦ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዘይትዐወቅ፡ ኀጢአቱ፡ ወይትባደሮ፡ ውስተ፡ ደይን። ወቦ፡ ዘይተልዎ፡ ኀጢአቱ።\n\nወከማሁ፡ ዘሂ፡ ይገብር፡ ሠናየ፡ ይትዐወቅ። ወዘሂ፡ ካልእ፡ ምግባሩ፡ ኢይትከበት።\n\nምዕራፍ 6\n\nበእንተ፡ ሠሪዐ፡ ቤት\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነባሪ፡ ወቅኑይ፡ አክብሩ፡ አጋእዝቲክሙ፡ በኵሉ። ከመ፡ ኢይፅርፉ፡ ላዕለ፡ ስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወላዕለ፡ ትምህርቱ።\n\nወእለሰ፡ ቦሙ፡ አጋእዝት፡ መሃይምናን፡ ኢያስተሐቅሩ። እስመ፡ አኀዊሆሙ፡ እሙንቱ፡ በሃይማኖት። ዓዲ፡ ፈድፋደ፡ ይትቀነዩ፡ ሎሙ፡ እስመ፡ ምእመናን፡ ወፍቁራን፡ እሙንቱ። ወለእሉ፡ ይትወከፉ፡ ወይትለአኩ፡ በፍሥሓ፡ ሎሙ። ከመ፡ ዝ፡ መሀር፡ ወገሥጽ፡ ወአስተብቊዖሙ።\n\nወእመሰ፡ ቦ፡ ዘይሜህር፡ ካልአ፡ ወኢይገብእ፡ ኀበ፡ ትምህርተ፡ ነገረ፡ ሕይወት። ዘውእቱ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወኀበ፡ ትምህርተ፡ ጽድቅ።","english":"And do not be quick, nor any, and do not be involved in this in the sin of another.\n\nAnd cleanse yourself, and do not drink water of drunkenness, a little wine, because of the pain of your liver and because of your chronic illness.\n\nThere is a person who knows his sin and flees into judgment, and there is one whom his sin pursues.\n\nAnd likewise, one who does good is known, and another whose deed is not hidden.\n\nChapter 6\n\nConcerning the Rule of the House\n\nAnd all residents and righteous ones, honor your masters in all things, so that they do not blaspheme against the name of God and against his teaching.\n\nAnd those who have masters, faithful ones, do not be arrogant, for their brothers are they in faith. Moreover, they should be zealous for them one after another, for they are believers and beloved. And for these, they should trust and rejoice in them, as this one taught and commanded and instructed them.\n\nAnd if there is one who teaches another and does not come to the teaching of the word of life, which is the word of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to the teaching of righteousness.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትላም፡ ፍጡነ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'do not be quick' likely warns against hasty judgment or action, a common ethical admonition in early Christian paraenesis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማየ፡ ዕራቆ።","severity":"info","text":"The term 'water of drunkenness' is a rare Geʿez expression for intoxicating drink, possibly translating a Coptic or Greek idiom for wine or beer.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ሕማመ፡ ከብድከ፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'pain of your liver' reflects ancient humoral medicine, where the liver was associated with digestion and emotional states, often linked to excessive drinking.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 6","severity":"info","text":"The chapter heading 'Concerning the Rule of the House' marks a new section, likely a monastic or ecclesiastical regulation, typical of the Pastoral Epistles tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"አክብሩ፡ አጋእዝቲክሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The command to honor masters echoes 1 Timothy 6:1-2 and similar household codes in the Pastoral Epistles, emphasizing hierarchical respect.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመሰ፡ ቦ፡ ዘይሜህር፡ ካልአ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The final sentence is syntactically incomplete in Geʿez, possibly due to a lacuna or scribal error; the sense of a teacher not coming to the teaching of righteousness is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'masters' (አጋእዝት) is ambiguous: could refer to ecclesiastical superiors, monastic elders, or secular lords.","The phrase 'do not be involved in this in the sin of another' is elliptical; the antecedent of 'this' is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ውእቱኬ፡ ዘይትዔበይ፡ እንዘ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘየአምር። ዘእንበለ፡ መቅሠፍተ፡ ዘየኀሥሥ፡ ወነገረ፡ ጋእዝ። ዘእምኔሁ፡ ይመጽእ፡ ተሐምሞ፡ ወተቃንኦ፡ ፀሪፍ፡ ወምክር፡ እኩይ።\n\nአስተዳጕጾ፡ ሰብእ፡ ሙሱናን፡ ወውፁኣን፡ እምጽድቅ። ወይሬስይዎ፡ ለጽድቀ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ተግባረ። በእንተ፡ ርኂቅ፡ እምእከይ፡ ወአፍቅሮ፡ ንዋይ\n\nተገሐሦሙ፡ ለእሉ፡ እስመ፡ ለነሰ፡ ተግባርነ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ውእቱ፡ ፈሪሀ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nእስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘአምጻእነ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓለም። ወአልቦ፡ ዘንክል፡ ነሢአ፡ እምኔሁ።\n\nእምከመ፡ ረከብነ፡ ሲሳየነ፡ ወዐራዘነ፡ የአክለነ።\n\nወእለሰ፡ ይፈቅዱ፡ ይብዐሉ፡ ይወድቁ፡ ውስተ፡ መንሱት። ወብዙኀ፡ መሣግረ፡ ፍትወት፡ ዘእበድ፡ ዘይብእሶሙ። ወዘያሰጥሞሙ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ውስተ፡ ተሠርዎ፡ ወሞት።\n\nእስመ፡ ሥርዉ፡ ለኵሉ፡ እኩይ፡ አፍቅሮ፡ ንዋይ። እስመ፡ ብዙኃን፡ እለ፡ በዛቲ፡ ስሕቱ፡ ወዐለዉ፡ ሃይማኖቶሙ። ወኀሠሡ፡ ለርእሶሙ፡ ብዙኀ፡ መቅሠፍተ። በእንተ፡ ሠናይ","english":"He who is beaten while there is no one who knows, without a whip, who desires, and the matter of the tongue, from which comes, having been heated and sharpened, evil counsel and cunning.\n\nHe leads astray men, the righteous and those who have gone out from righteousness, and he makes them despise the righteousness of God, the work, because of one who is far from evil and the love of money.\n\nThey have been mocked, for these, for our work is great, the fear of God.\n\nFor there is nothing that we have brought into the world, and there is nothing that we can take away from it.\n\nAs we have found our food and our provision, so it nourishes us.\n\nAnd those who wish to eat fall into destruction, and many kinds of gluttony of the belly that afflicts them, and that which causes men to sink into shame and death.\n\nFor the root of all evil is the love of money. For many who have erred in this and changed their faith, and have desired for themselves many whips because of good.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ውእቱኬ ዘይትዔበይ እንዘ አልቦ ዘየአምር","severity":"info","text":"The opening clause describes a person who is beaten without anyone knowing, suggesting secret suffering or hidden punishment, possibly a metaphor for internal moral struggle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ንዋይ","severity":"info","text":"The term ንዋይ (nəway) means 'money' or 'wealth' and is a key concept in this passage, linked to the root of evil and moral corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ ሥርዉ ለኵሉ እኩይ አፍቅሮ ንዋይ","severity":"info","text":"This phrase echoes 1 Timothy 6:10 (or a similar pastoral warning) that the love of money is the root of all evil, a common theme in early Christian paraenesis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ አልቦ ዘአምጻእነ ውስተ ዓለም","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts to a reflection on human transience, contrasting material possessions with spiritual values, forming a moral exhortation within the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The emphasis on the love of money as the root of evil reflects a broader ascetic tradition in Ethiopic Christianity, where wealth was often seen as a spiritual danger.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3525Epistle","label":"source edition: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኀሠሡ ለርእሶሙ ብዙኀ መቅሠፍተ በእንተ ሠናይ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause is ambiguous: 'desired for themselves many whips because of good' may be a textual corruption or a paradoxical statement about self-punishment for virtue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'he who is beaten' (ውእቱኬ ዘይትዔበይ) is unclear—could be a specific figure or a generic moral example.","The phrase 'many whips because of good' (ብዙኀ መቅሠፍተ በእንተ ሠናይ) is syntactically and semantically obscure, possibly a scribal error or a deliberate paradox."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ወአንተሰ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ጕየይ፡ እምዝ። ወዴግን፡ ጽድቀ፡ ወምሂረ፡ ወሃይማኖተ፡ ወተፋቅሮ፡ ወትዕግሥተ፡ ወትሕትና።\n\nተጋደል፡ ሠናየ፡ ገድለ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ለተመጥዎ፡ ሕይወት፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ተጸዋዕከ። ወአመንከ፡ ሠናየ፡ አሚነ፡ በቅድመ፡ ብዙኃን፡ ሰማዕት።\n\nከመ፡ ዝ፡ እኤዝዘከ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ምዉታነ፡ ያሐዩ። ወኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ሰማዕተ፡ በቅድመ፡ ጲላጦስ፡ ጰንጤናዊ፡ በሠናይ፡ አሚን።\n\nከመ፡ ትዕቀብ፡ ዘንተ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ በንጽሕ፡ እንዘ፡ ኢታደሉ። እስከ፡ ምጽአቱ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nዘያስተርኢ፡ በዕድሜሁ፡ ዘባሕቲቱ፡ ብፁዕ፡ ወኀያል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ነገሥት፡ ወእግዚአ፡ አጋእዝት።\n\nውእቱ፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ዘኢይመውት፡ ወቦቱ፡ ብርሃን፡ ዘኢይጠፍእ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ዓለም። ዘአልቦ፡ ዘርእዮ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይክል፡ ርእዮቶ። ዘሎቱ፡ ክብር፡ ወስብሐት፡ ወኀይል፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። በእንተ፡ ትእዛዝ፡ ለአብዕልት","english":"And you, O man of God, flee from this, and pursue righteousness, mercy, faith, love, patience, and humility.\n\nFight the good fight in faith for those who have been called to eternal life, to which you have been summoned. And you have believed the good confession before many witnesses.\n\nJust as I remind you of this before God, who raises the dead, and before Jesus Christ, who became a witness before Pilate the Pontine, in the good confession.\n\nSo that you may keep this commandment in purity, without transgression, until the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.\n\nHe who will appear in his time, the only blessed and mighty King of kings and Lord of lords.\n\nHe is the only one who does not die, and in him is light that does not vanish before the world. There is no one who has seen him, and no one who can see him. To him belong glory, praise, and power forever and ever. Amen. Concerning the commandment for the virgins.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንተሰ ብእሴ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a general warning to a direct address, 'And you, O man of God,' marking a new exhortatory section.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰማዕት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ሰማዕት' (sämaʿt) here means 'witnesses' in a judicial or confessional sense, not 'martyrs' in the later technical sense, as it refers to those before whom the good confession is made.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ ክርስቶስ ዘኮነ ሰማዕተ በቅድመ ጲላጦስ ጰንጤናዊ","severity":"info","text":"This echoes the Gospel accounts of Jesus before Pilate (e.g., Matthew 27:11-26), presenting Christ as a model witness (confessor) before a Roman authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በእንተ ትእዛዝ ለአብዕልት","severity":"info","text":"The closing phrase 'Concerning the commandment for the virgins' suggests this passage is part of a monastic or ascetic instruction, addressing a community of celibate women (አብዕልት, ʾäbʿəlt).","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3525Epistle","label":"source edition: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሕቲቱ ዘኢይመውት","severity":"info","text":"The description of the 'only one who does not die' with unquenchable light and invisibility reflects later Ethiopian Orthodox Christological and doxological language, possibly influenced by the tradition of the 'King of kings' as Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'King of kings' and 'Lord of lords' is ambiguous: it could refer to Christ or to a divine title for God; the context of Christ's appearance suggests a Christological reading.","The phrase 'በእንተ ትእዛዝ ለአብዕልት' may be a later scribal addition or a heading, as it appears after the doxological 'Amen'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ለአብዕልተ፡ ዝንቱኒ፡ ዓለም፡ አዝዞሙ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይትዐበዩ፡ ወኢይትአመንዎ፡ ለብዕሎሙ፡ ኀላፊ። ዘእንበለ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያው፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ይሁበነ፡ በብዝኀ፡ ብዕሉ፡ ኵሎ፡ ከመ፡ ንትፈሣሕ።\n\nከመ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ግብረ፡ ሠናየ፡ ወይብዐሉ፡ በገቢረ፡ ጽድቅ። ወይኩኑ፡ ራትዓነ፡ ወጸጋውያነ፡ ወሱቱፋነ።\n\nወይሣርሩ፡ ለርእሶሙ፡ መሠረተ፡ ሠናየ፡ ለዘይመጽእ፡ ዓለም። ከመ፡ ይርከቡ፡ ሕይወተ፡ ዘበአማን።\n\nኦ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡ ዕቀብ፡ ማሕፀንተከ፡ ተገሐሦሙ፡ ለርኩሳን። እለ፡ ያመጽኡ፡ ነገረ፡ ከንቶ፡ ወያሴስልዋ፡ ለጽድቅ፡ በሐሰት።\n\nእስመ፡ እሉ፡ ስሕቱ፡ እምተስፋ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ጸጋ፡ ምስሌከ፡ አሜን።","english":"For the rulers of this world, command them that they should not be proud and should not trust in their own wealth, which passes away, except in the living God, who gives us all things in the abundance of his wealth, so that we may rejoice.\n\nLet them do good works and increase in the practice of righteousness, and let them be merciful, charitable, and generous.\n\nAnd let them lay for themselves a good foundation for the world to come, so that they may obtain life in truth.\n\nO Timothy, guard your covenant; beware of the impure ones who bring vain words and corrupt righteousness with falsehood.\n\nFor these are fallen from the hope of faith. Grace be with you. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ለአብዕልተ፡ ዝንቱኒ፡ ዓለም፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'for the rulers of this world' addresses a specific audience, likely those in authority, and sets up the ethical exhortation that follows.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማሕፀንት","severity":"info","text":"The term 'covenant' (ማሕፀንት) is a key concept in Geʿez Christian literature, often referring to the baptismal or monastic vow, and here it is guarded against corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይሣርሩ፡ ለርእሶሙ፡ መሠረተ፡ ሠናየ፡ ለዘይመጽእ፡ ዓለም።","severity":"info","text":"The exhortation to lay a good foundation for the world to come echoes 1 Timothy 6:19 (in the Ethiopic canon) and similar pastoral advice on eschatological preparation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እለ፡ ያመጽኡ፡ ነገረ፡ ከንቶ፡ ወያሴስልዋ፡ ለጽድቅ፡ በሐሰት።","severity":"info","text":"The warning against those who bring vain words and corrupt righteousness with falsehood reflects concerns about heretical teachers, a common theme in early Christian paraenesis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The direct address 'O Timothy' marks a structural shift from general exhortation to personal admonition, typical of the epistolary form in this pseudepigraphon.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ፡ እሉ፡ ስሕቱ፡ እምተስፋ፡ ሃይማኖት፡","severity":"info","text":"The statement that the impure are 'fallen from the hope of faith' reflects a developed theological vocabulary in Geʿez, where 'hope of faith' (ተስፋ ሃይማኖት) is a standard phrase.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3525Epistle","label":"betmas: ቀዳማዊ፡ መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ጢሞቴዎስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3525Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'rulers of this world' (ለአብዕልተ ዝንቱኒ ዓለም) is not specified; they may be secular authorities or ecclesiastical leaders.","The phrase 'grace be with you' (ጸጋ ምስሌከ) is a conventional closing, but its relation to the preceding condemnation is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}