{"slug":"LIT3521Epistle","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3521Epistle","title":"መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:07Z","cost_usd":0.007153},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3521Epistle","work_id":"LIT3521Epistle","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"},"stats":{"passages":12,"english_words":2297,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":71,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":23,"work_notes":5,"external_links":1,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT3521Epistle","abstract":"The Geʿez work መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡ is a translation of the canonical New Testament Epistle to the Colossians, attributed to Paul. It forms part of the Ethiopic biblical corpus, transmitted in manuscripts of the Octateuch and New Testament. The source edition (betmas) is based on a single manuscript witness and provides a diplomatic transcription without critical apparatus. The date of the Geʿez translation is uncertain, likely falling within the Aksumite or early medieval period (5th–13th c.). The text includes a chapter heading and thematic subtitle, reflecting liturgical or devotional emphases in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition. The greeting and references to figures like Epaphras align with the standard Pauline epistolary form.","historical_context":"The Geʿez version of Colossians belongs to the broader Ethiopic biblical tradition, which likely began with translations from Greek or Syriac during the Aksumite period (4th–7th c.) and continued through the early medieval era (8th–13th c.). The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has always accepted Colossians as canonical, and it is read liturgically as part of the Pauline corpus. The specific manuscript underlying the betmas edition is not identified by date or provenance, but the text's chapter divisions (e.g., 'ምዕራፍ 1') are later editorial additions, not original to the Geʿez. The translation may have been influenced by Coptic or Syriac intermediaries, though direct Greek-to-Geʿez transmission is also possible. The work's survival in a single manuscript witness limits knowledge of its textual history and variation. The subtitle's focus on prayer for the cross suggests a liturgical or devotional context, possibly linked to the Ethiopian veneration of the cross.","significance":"This Geʿez translation of Colossians is a key witness to the early reception of Pauline literature in the Ethiopian Christian tradition. It reflects the liturgical and devotional adaptation of the New Testament in the Aksumite and medieval periods. The text's inclusion in the Ethiopic biblical corpus underscores the unity of the Ethiopian Orthodox canon with broader Christianity, while its manuscript transmission highlights the challenges of reconstructing the history of Geʿez biblical versions.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–7th c.","event":"Possible Aksumite period translation of New Testament books into Geʿez, including Colossians."},{"date":"8th–13th c.","event":"Continued transmission and copying of Geʿez biblical manuscripts in Ethiopian monasteries."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Single manuscript witness used for the betmas edition; no specific date assigned."},{"date":"Later editorial addition","event":"Chapter divisions (e.g., 'ምዕራፍ 1') added to the Geʿez text, not original to the translation."}],"relations":[{"work":"Canonical Epistle to the Colossians (Greek New Testament)","relation":"Source text for the Geʿez translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic Pauline corpus","relation":"Part of the same manuscript tradition and liturgical use","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Other Geʿez New Testament translations (e.g., Romans, Ephesians)","relation":"Likely produced in the same translation movement","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Coptic or Syriac versions of Colossians","relation":"Possible intermediary sources for the Geʿez translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas edition of the Geʿez Colossians","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle","reason":"Primary source for the text and its diplomatic transcription."}],"cautions":["The date of the Geʿez translation is uncertain; it may range from the 5th to the 13th century, but no firm evidence exists for this specific version.","The betmas edition is based on a single manuscript witness, so it may not represent the full textual tradition.","Chapter divisions and subtitles are later editorial additions and may not reflect the original translation's structure.","The relationship of this Geʿez version to Coptic or Syriac intermediaries is speculative."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000522,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:32Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3521Epistle","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":12,"translated":12,"commentary_passages":12,"commentary_units":71,"english_words":2297,"source_letters":5616,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez title መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡ means 'Epistle of Paul to the Colossians'. The work is a translation of the canonical New Testament letter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This Geʿez version of Colossians is part of the broader Ethiopic biblical corpus, transmitted in manuscripts of the Octateuch and New Testament. The source edition betmas derives from a single manuscript witness.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3521Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The date of the Geʿez translation of Colossians is uncertain. It likely belongs to the Aksumite or early medieval period (5th–13th c.), but no firm evidence for this specific version exists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition, Colossians is read liturgically as part of the Pauline corpus. Its canonical status is undisputed, but its use in lectionaries varies.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition (betmas) provides a diplomatic transcription without critical apparatus. It does not collate multiple manuscripts, nor does it offer a translation or commentary on textual variants.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3521Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 12 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":12},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3521Epistle":{"label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"},"ed:LIT3521Epistle":{"label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Introduction\n\nEpistle\nText of the EOTC printed Bible\n\nምዕራፍ 1\n\nዘከመ፡ ይደሉ፡ ጸልዮ፡ በእንተ፡ ቢጽ\n\nእምጳውሎስ፡ ሐዋርያሁ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ በፈቃደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወጢሞቴዎስ፡ እኁነ። ለቅዱሳን፡ እለ፡ ውስተ፡ ቈላስይስ፡ ወምእመናን፡ አኀዊነ፡ በክርስቶስ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡ ወጸጋ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አቡነ፡ ወእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nነአኵቶ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አቡሁ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘልፈ፡ በእንቲኣክሙ፡ ወንጼሊ።\n\nእምአመ፡ ሰማዕነ፡ ሃይማኖትክሙ፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። ወዘከመ፡ ታፈቅርዎሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን።\n\nበእንተ፡ ተስፋክሙ፡ ዘሥዩም፡ ለክሙ፡ በሰማያት። ዘአቅደምክሙ፡ ሰሚዐ፡ በቃለ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ትምህርተ፡ ወንጌል።\n\nዘበጽሐ፡ ኀቤክሙ፡ ከመ፡ በኵሉ፡ ዓለም፡ ይፍረይ፡ ወይሥመር፡ በላዕሌክሙ። እምአመ፡ ሰማዕክሙ፡ ወርኢክሙ፡ ጸጋ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በጽድቅ።\n\nዘተመሀርክሙ፡ በኀበ፡ ኤጳፍራስ፡ እኁነ። ላእከ፡ ዚኣነ፡ ምእመን፡ በክርስቶስ፡ ዘይትለአክ፡ በእንቲኣክሙ።","english":"Chapter 1\n\nHow it is fitting to pray for the sake of the cross\n\nFrom Paul, the apostle of our Lord Jesus Christ, by the will of God, and Timothy, our brother, to the saints who are in Colossae and to the faithful, our brothers in Christ.\n\nPeace to you and the grace of God, our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ.\n\nWe thank God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, always on your behalf, and we pray.\n\nFrom the time we heard of your faith in Jesus Christ, and how you love all the saints.\n\nConcerning your hope, which is appointed for you in heaven, which you have already heard through the word of righteousness, the teaching of the Gospel.\n\nWhich has reached you, so that throughout the whole world it may judge and rule over you. From the time we heard and saw the grace of God in righteousness.\n\nWhich you learned from Epaphras, our brother, a faithful servant of ours in Christ, who serves on your behalf.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 1","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text begins with a chapter heading, 'Chapter 1', followed by a thematic subtitle, 'How it is fitting to pray for the sake of the cross'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቢጽ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ቢጽ' (qäṣ) is translated as 'cross' in the subtitle, but it can also mean 'suffering' or 'trial' in certain contexts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤጳፍራስ","severity":"info","text":"Epaphras (ኤጳፍራስ) is a figure associated with the Colossian church, traditionally considered a companion of Paul and possibly the founder of the church there.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡ ወጸጋ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አቡነ፡ ወእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።","severity":"info","text":"The greeting 'Peace to you and the grace of God, our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ' echoes the standard Pauline epistolary opening found in the New Testament, e.g., Romans 1:7.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘከመ፡ ይደሉ፡ ጸልዮ፡ በእንተ፡ ቢጽ","severity":"info","text":"The subtitle's focus on prayer for the sake of the cross reflects a liturgical or devotional emphasis in the Ethiopic tradition, possibly linked to the veneration of the cross.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 1","severity":"caution","text":"The chapter division 'ምዕራፍ 1' is a later editorial addition, not original to the Geʿez text, and may not correspond to the structure of the source Coptic or Greek.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'cross' (ቢጽ) in the subtitle refers to the physical cross of Christ or metaphorically to suffering; the translation opts for 'cross'.","The identity of 'Timothy' (ጢሞቴዎስ) is ambiguous; it may refer to Paul's companion or a local figure in Colossae."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወውእቱ፡ ነገረነ፡ ተፋቅሮተክሙ፡ በመንፈስ።\n\nወበእንተ፡ ዝ፡ ንሕነሂ፡ እምአመ፡ ሰማዕነ፡ ዜናክሙ፡ ኢኀደግነ፡ ጸልዮ፡ በእንቲኣክሙ። ወስኢለ፡ ከመ፡ ትፈጽሙ፡ አእምሮ፡ ፈቃዱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር። በኵሉ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ምክረ፡ መንፈስ።\n\nከመ፡ ትሑሩ፡ በዘይደልወክሙ፡ ለኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ወበኵሉ፡ ታድልዉ፡ ሎቱ፡ በምግባረ፡ ሠናይ። እንዘ፡ ትፈርዩ፡ ወትሠምሩ፡ በጥበበ፡ አእምሮ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nእንዘ፡ ትጸንዑ፡ በኵሉ፡ ኀይል። በበ፡ ጽንዐ፡ ስብሐቲሁ፡ በኵሉ፡ ትዕግሥት፡ ወበተስፋ፡ ወበፍሥሓ። በእንተ፡ አኰቴት\n\nአእኵትዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አብ፡ ዘረሰየነ፡ ድልዋነ። ለመክፈልተ፡ ርስቶሙ፡ ለቅዱሳን፡ በብርሃን።\n\nወአድኀነነ፡ እምኵነኔ፡ ጽልመት። ወአግብአነ፡ ውስተ፡ መንግሥተ፡ ወልዱ፡ ፍቁሩ።\n\nዘቦቱ፡ ረከብነ፡ መድኀኒተ፡ ወተኀድገ፡ ለነ፡ ኀጢአትነ።\n\nዘውእቱ፡ አምሳሊሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኢያስተርኢ፡ በኵሩ፡ ዘላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ተግባሩ።\n\nእስመ፡ ቦቱ፡ ኵሎ፡ ፈጠረ፡ ዘበሰማይኒ፡ ወዘበምድርኒ፡ ዘያስተርኢ፡ ወዘኢያስተርኢ። እመኒ፡ መናብርት፡ ወእመኒ፡ አጋእዝት፡ ወእመኒ፡ መኳንንት፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀደምት። ኵሉ፡ ዘኮነ፡ በእዴሁ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ቦቱ፡ ተፈጥረ።","english":"And he told us of your love in spirit.\n\nAnd because of this, we also, from the time we heard your news, did not cease to pray on your behalf, and we beseech that you may fulfill the understanding of the will of God in all wisdom and in all counsel of spirit.\n\nThat you may hasten in what is fitting for you toward God, and in all things you may serve Him in good works, while you judge and rejoice in the wisdom of the understanding of God.\n\nWhile you persevere with all strength, in the firmness of His praise, in all patience, and in hope, and in joy, on account of honor.\n\nWe honor God the Father, who appointed us as servants for the distribution of the inheritance of the saints in light.\n\nAnd he saved us from the judgment of darkness, and brought us into the kingdom of His beloved Son.\n\nIn whom we found salvation and the remission of our sin.\n\nWho is the image of God, who is not seen, in whom is all that is beyond all His creation.\n\nFor in Him he created all that is in heaven and on earth, that which is seen and that which is not seen, whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers. All that exists is in His hand, and all was created in Him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወውእቱ፡ ነገረነ፡ ተፋቅሮተክሙ፡ በመንፈስ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he told us of your love in spirit' likely refers to Timothy or another messenger conveying the Colossians' affection, establishing a personal bond.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አእምሮ፡ ፈቃዱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'understanding of the will of God' (አእምሮ፡ ፈቃዱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር) combines intellectual comprehension with divine volition, a key theme in Pauline paraenesis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አድኀነነ፡ እምኵነኔ፡ ጽልመት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'saved us from the judgment of darkness' echoes Pauline soteriology (cf. Rom 6:23; 2 Cor 4:6), though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መናብርት፡ ወእመኒ፡ አጋእዝት፡ ወእመኒ፡ መኳንንት፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀደምት","severity":"info","text":"The list 'thrones, dominions, principalities, powers' reflects the angelic hierarchy common in early Christian and Ethiopic tradition, possibly derived from Col 1:16.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ፡ ቦቱ፡ ኵሎ፡ ፈጠረ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from exhortation to a doxological summary of Christ's cosmic role, mirroring the hymnic structure of Col 1:15-20.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኢያስተርኢ፡ በኵሩ፡ ዘላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ተግባሩ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'who is not seen, in whom is all that is beyond all His creation' is syntactically ambiguous: it may refer to Christ as the invisible image of God or to God the Father.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'he' in 'he told us' is unclear: possibly Timothy or Paul.","The phrase 'in whom' (ዘቦቱ) could refer to Christ or God the Father, affecting the Christological reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወውእቱ፡ ህልው፡ እምቅድመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ቦቱ፡ ቆመ። በእንተ፡ ሰላም\n\nወውእቱ፡ ርእሳ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ በኵር፡ ቀደመ፡ እምኵሎሙ፡ ምዉታን፡ ተንሥኦ። ከመ፡ ይኩን፡ ውእቱ፡ ርእሰ፡ ለኵሉ።\n\nእስመ፡ ሠምረ፡ ቦቱ፡ ፍጹመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ይኅድር፡ ላዕሌሁ። ወቦቱ፡ ይሣሀል፡ ለኵሉ።\n\nወገብረ፡ ሰላመ፡ በደመ፡ መስቀሉ፡ ለዘበሰማይ፡ ወለዘበምድር።\n\nወአንትሙሂ፡ ትካት፡ ፀሩ፡ ወነኪሩ፡ በልብክሙ፡ ወበእከየ፡ ምግባሪክሙ።\n\nወይእዜሰ፡ ተሣሀለክሙ፡ በነፍስተ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ወበሞቱ። ከመ፡ ይረሲክሙ፡ ቅዱሳነ፡ ወንጹሓነ፡ ወኅሩያነ፡ ለቅድሜሁ። በእንተ፡ መልእክት፡ ሐዋርያዊት\n\nለእመ፡ ጸናዕክሙ፡ እንከ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ እንዘ፡ ታጠብዑ። ወኢያንቀለቅል፡ ድደ፡ መሠረትክሙ፡ እምተስፋ፡ ትምህርተ፡ ወንጌል፡ ዘሰማዕክሙ። ከመ፡ ተሰብከ፡ በኵሉ፡ ዓለም፡ ዘመትሕተ፡ ሰማይ። ዘሎቱ፡ ተሠየምኩ፡ አነ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ዐዋዴ፡ ወላእክሂ።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ እትፌሣሕ፡ በሕማምየ። ወእፌጽም፡ ታሕጻጸ፡ ሕማሙ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ በሥጋየ። በእንተ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ እንተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ።","english":"And he is present before all, and all things stand in him for the sake of peace.\n\nAnd he is the head of the church, for he is the firstborn who rose from among all the dead, so that he might be the head of all.\n\nFor in him is perfected all that dwells upon him, and in him is mercy for all.\n\nAnd he made peace through the blood of his cross for those in heaven and for those on earth.\n\nAnd you also, you were bitter, hostile, and alienated in your heart and in your evil deeds.\n\nAnd now he has had mercy on you through the soul of his flesh and through his death, so that he may obtain for you the holy, pure, and chosen ones before him, through the apostolic epistle.\n\nIf you have persevered in faith while fasting, and do not uproot your foundation from the hope of the teaching of the gospel that you have heard, as it was preached throughout the whole world beneath the sky, for which I, Paul, was sent as a servant and messenger.\n\nAnd now I rejoice in my suffering, and I complete the measure of the suffering of Christ in my flesh, for the sake of his flesh, which is the church.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ህልው","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ህልው (ḥalāw) means 'present' or 'existing,' here emphasizing Christ's eternal presence before all creation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በኵር ቀደመ እምኵሎሙ ምዉታን ተንሥኦ","severity":"info","text":"This phrase echoes Colossians 1:18, where Christ is described as the 'firstborn from the dead' and the head of the church.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በደመ መስቀሉ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to peace made 'through the blood of his cross' reflects the atonement theology central to Ethiopic Christianity, linking Christ's sacrifice to cosmic reconciliation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንትሙሂ","severity":"info","text":"The shift from third-person praise of Christ to direct second-person address ('And you also') marks a rhetorical turn, rebuking the audience for past hostility.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ጳውሎስ ዐዋዴ ወላእክሂ","severity":"info","text":"Paul identifies himself as 'servant and messenger,' a self-designation that aligns with the apostolic authority claimed in the Ethiopic epistolary tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በእንተ ሥጋሁ እንተ ይእቲ ቤተ ክርስቲያኑ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'his flesh, which is the church' is ambiguous: it may identify the church as Christ's mystical body, but the syntax could also imply a more literal reading of suffering in the flesh.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'through the soul of his flesh' (በነፍስተ ሥጋሁ) is unclear: it may refer to Christ's incarnation or to a dualistic notion of soul and body.","The identity of 'the holy, pure, and chosen ones' (ቅዱሳነ ወንጹሓነ ወኅሩያነ) is unspecified—possibly angels, saints, or the elect community."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"እንተ፡ ላቲ፡ ተሠየምኩ፡ አነ፡ ላእከ፡ በሥርዐተ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ዘወሀበኒ፡ በእንቲኣክሙ፡ ከመ፡ እፈጽም፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወምክሮ፡ ዘኅቡእ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ዓለም፡ ወዘእንበለ፡ ይትፈጠር፡ ሰብእ።\n\nወይእዜሰ፡ አስተርአዮሙ፡ ለቅዱሳኒሁ። ለእለ፡ ፈቀደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይክሥት፡ ሎሙ፡ ብዕለ፡ ስብሐቲሁ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ምክሩ፡ በላዕለ፡ አሕዛብ። እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘየኀድር፡ ላዕሌክሙ፡ ተስፋ፡ ስብሐቲነ።\n\nዘንሜህር፡ ንሕነ፡ ወንጼውዕ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወንጌሥጽ፡ ኵሎ፡ ሰብአ። ወንነግሮ፡ ግብሮ፡ በኵሉ፡ ጥበብ። ከመ፡ ይቁም፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ ፍጹመ፡ በሃይማኖተ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nዘበእንቲኣሁ፡ እሠርሕ፡ ወእትጋደል፡ በከመ፡ ረድኤቱ፡ ዘይረድአኒ፡ በኀይሉ።\n\nምዕራፍ 2\n\nዘከመ፡ ይደሉ፡ ተጋድሎ፡ በእንተ፡ አኀው\n\nወእፈቅድ፡ ታእምሩ፡ መጠነ፡ እትጋደል፡ በእንቲኣክሙ፡ ወበእንተ፡ እለ፡ በሎዶቅያ። ወበእንተ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ኢርእዩኒ፡ ገጽየ፡ በሥጋየ።\n\nከመ፡ ይትፈሥሖሙ፡ ልቦሙ። ወይጽናዕ፡ ትምህርቶሙ፡ በተፋቅሮ፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ብዕለ፡ ፍጻሜ፡ በጥበብ፡ ወበሃይማኖት። ወበአእምሮ፡ ምክሩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘበእንተ፡ ክርስቶስ።","english":"I was sent for the sake of this, I who am beneath the ordinance of God, which he gave me for your sake, that I might fulfill the word of God.\n\nAnd the mystery which was hidden before the world, and before man was created.\n\nAnd now he has revealed it to his saints, to those whom God wished to reveal to them the abundance of the glory of this mystery over the nations. For it is Christ who dwells upon you, the hope of our glory.\n\nWe are taught and we cry out to him, and we instruct all men, and we proclaim his deed in all wisdom, that every man may stand perfect in the faith of Jesus Christ.\n\nFor his sake I labor and struggle, as his help which helps me with his power.\n\nChapter 2\n\nHow the struggle for the brothers is fitting.\n\nAnd I wish you to know how much I struggle for your sake, and for the sake of those in Laodicea, and for the sake of all those who have seen my face in my flesh.\n\nThat their hearts may be gladdened, and their teaching be strengthened in love and in all abundance of perfection, in wisdom and in faith, and in the understanding of the mystery of God concerning Christ.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 2","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text marks a chapter division (ምዕራፍ 2) at this point, introducing a new thematic section on the struggle for the brothers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምክሮ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ምክሮ (məkro) translates 'mystery' or 'counsel'; here it refers to the hidden divine plan revealed to saints.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኅቡእ እምቅድመ ዓለም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'hidden before the world' echoes Pauline language on the mystery of Christ (cf. Col 1:26), though no direct citation is given.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሎዶቅያ","severity":"info","text":"Laodicea (ሎዶቅያ) is a city in Phrygia, mentioned in Colossians and early Christian letters; its inclusion here ties the epistle to the broader Pauline circle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ተሠየምኩ","severity":"info","text":"The claim 'I was sent' (ተሠየምኩ) reflects the Ethiopic tradition's view of Paul as an apostle commissioned by God, reinforcing his authority in the Geʿez corpus.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘንሜህር ንሕነ","severity":"caution","text":"The shift to first-person plural ('we are taught') may indicate a liturgical or communal voice, but the Geʿez text does not clarify whether this is Paul or a later editor.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'mystery' (ምክሮ) refers to a specific Christological doctrine or a broader divine plan.","The identity of the speaker in the first-person plural section ('we are taught') is ambiguous—could be Paul or a collective voice."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ዘኀቤሁ፡ ሀሎ፡ ኵሉ፡ መዝገበ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወምክር፡ ኅቡእ።\n\nወዘኒ፡ ዘእብለክሙ፡ ከመ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘያስሕተክሙ፡ በኂጣነ፡ ነገር።\n\nአንሰ፡ ለእመ፡ ኢሀሎኩ፡ በሥጋየ፡ ኀቤክሙ፡ በመንፈስየ፡ ምስሌክሙ፡ አነ። ወናሁ፡ እትፌሣሕ፡ በዘእሬኢ፡ ግዕዘክሙ፡ ወሥርዐተክሙ፡ ወጽንዐ፡ ሃይማኖትክሙ፡ ዘበክርስቶስ። በእንተ፡ ጽንዐ፡ ሃይማኖት\n\nወበከመ፡ ተወከፍክምዎ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ቦቱ፡ ሑሩ።\n\nወተሣረሩ፡ ወተሐነጹ፡ ቦቱ። ወጽንዑ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ዘተመሀርክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ትብዝኁ፡ በአኰቴቱ።\n\nዑቁ፡ ኢይኂጡክሙ፡ በጥበበ፡ ነገር፡ ዘይዬውሁ፡ ለከንቱ። በሥርዐተ፡ ትምህርተ፡ ሰብእ፡ ለስሒተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ዓለም።\n\nወአኮ፡ በሕገ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘላዕሌሁ፡ ኀደረ፡ ኵሉ፡ መለኮቱ፡ በሥጋ፡ ሰብእ።\n\nወአንትሙሂ፡ ኩኑ፡ ፍጹማነ፡ ቦቱ። እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ርእሱ፡ ለኵሉ፡ መኰንን፡ ወለኵሉ፡ መንግሥት።\n\nዘቦቱ፡ ተገዘርክሙ፡ ግዝረተ፡ ዘኢኮነ፡ ግብረ፡ እደ፡ ሰብእ። በስልበተ፡ ሥጋ፡ ነፍስተ፡ ኀጢአት፡ በግዝረተ፡ ክርስቶስ።","english":"The one in whom is the entire treasury of wisdom and hidden counsel.\n\nAnd this I say to you: there is none who can lead you astray in the garment of falsehood.\n\nAs for me, if I were not with you in my body, in my spirit I am with you. And now I rejoice in seeing your character and your discipline and the steadfastness of your faith in Christ, on account of the steadfastness of faith.\n\nAnd in that you have received Christ our Lord, walk in him.\n\nAnd be joined together and be built up in him. And be steadfast in the faith which you have learned, that you may increase in his honor.\n\nBeware, lest they deceive you with the wisdom of speech which leads to vanity, through the discipline of human teaching for the sake of the pleasure of this world.\n\nBut not so under the law of Christ, in whose presence all his divinity dwells in the flesh of man.\n\nAnd you also be perfect in him, for he himself is the head of every ruler and of every kingdom.\n\nIn him you have received circumcision, which is not the work of human hands, by the sword of the flesh of the soul of sin, in the circumcision of Christ.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኀቤሁ፡ ሀሎ፡ ኵሉ፡ መዝገበ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወምክር፡ ኅቡእ","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase identifies Christ as the repository of hidden wisdom and counsel, a theme consistent with the epistle’s emphasis on divine mystery.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኂጣነ፡ ነገር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'garment of falsehood' (ኂጣነ፡ ነገር) likely refers to deceptive rhetoric or heretical teaching, a concern in early Christian communities.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በክርስቶስ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ቦቱ፡ ሑሩ","severity":"info","text":"The exhortation to 'walk in him' echoes Pauline language (cf. Colossians 3:12–17) and reinforces the Christocentric focus of the passage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3521Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዑቁ፡ ኢይኂጡክሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from praise to a warning ('Beware'), marking a rhetorical turn that contrasts true faith with deceptive human wisdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ግዝረተ፡ ክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The 'circumcision of Christ' is a spiritual metaphor, contrasting physical circumcision (a Jewish practice) with a symbolic, inner purification in Christ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በስልበተ፡ ሥጋ፡ ነፍስተ፡ ኀጢአት","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'by the sword of the flesh of the soul of sin' is syntactically dense and may reflect a textual corruption or a compressed theological expression; the exact sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'by the sword of the flesh of the soul of sin' is ambiguous; it may be a corrupt reading or a deliberate layered metaphor for spiritual purification."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ወተቀበርክሙ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ በጥምቀት፡ ወባቲ፡ ተንሣእክሙ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ በሃይማኖት። በረድኤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘአንሥኦ፡ እምዉታን። በእንተ፡ ድምሳሴ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ዕዳ\n\nወአንትሙሂ፡ እለ፡ ነበርክሙ፡ ምዉታነ፡ በኀጢአትክሙ፡ ወበቊልፈተ፡ ነፍስትክሙ። አሕየወክሙ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ወጸገወክሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኀጢአተክሙ።\n\nወደምሰሰ፡ ለነ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ዕዳነ፡ በሥርዐቱ፡ እምእደውነ። ወአእተቶ፡ እማእከሌነ፡ ወቀነዎ፡ በመስቀሉ።\n\nወበሰሊቦቱ፡ አስተኀፈሮሙ፡ ለቀደምት፡ ወለመኳንንት። ወአስተኀፈሮሙ፡ በተከሥቶ፡ ህላዌሁ። በእንተ፡ መብልዕ፡ ወመስቴ፡ ወካልኣን፡ ሕርመታት\n\nዑቁ፡ እንከ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይግእዘክሙ፡ ኢ፡ በመብልዕ፡ ወኢ፡ በመስቴ። ወኢ፡ በመክፈልተ፡ በዓላት፡ ወኢ፡ በአሥኅርት፡ ወኢ፡ በሰናብት።\n\nእስመ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ጽላሎቱ፡ ለዘሀለዎ፡ ይምጻእ።\n\nወአልቦ፡ ዘያስተአብድክሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ለክርስቶስ። ፈቂዶ፡ በተየውሆ፡ ወበተናሕስዮ፡ ርእስ። ከመ፡ ትትአዘዙ፡ ለሕርመተ፡ መላእክት፡ በዘኢርእየ። ወይትሜካሕ፡ በከንቱ፡ በምክረ፡ ሥጋሁ።","english":"and I was received with him in baptism, and in it I arose with him in faith. By the grace of God, who raised him from the dead, concerning the cancellation of the book of debt.\n\nAnd you also, who were dead in your sins and the negligence of your souls, he revived with him and granted you all your sins.\n\nAnd he canceled for us the book of our debt by his ordinance from our hands, and he removed it from our midst and hung it on his cross.\n\nAnd by his suffering he put to shame the former ones and the nobles, and he put them to shame by the revelation of his presence, concerning food and drink and other prohibitions.\n\nBehold, there is none who can lead you astray, neither in food nor in drink, nor in the payment of festivals, nor in vigils, nor in Sabbaths.\n\nFor this is the shadow of him who is to come.\n\nAnd there is none who can deceive you concerning the body of Christ, having finished in his form and in his incarnation, as you are commanded for the prohibition of angels in what is not seen, and he boasts in vain in the counsel of his body.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ተቀበርክሙ ምስሌሁ በጥምቀት","severity":"info","text":"The first-person plural suffix -ክሙ (-kəmmu) on ተቀበርክሙ indicates the author includes himself among the recipients, a rhetorical strategy that aligns the speaker with the community.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መጽሐፈ ዕዳ","severity":"info","text":"መጽሐፈ ዕዳ (mäṣḥäfa ʿəda) 'book of debt' is a metaphor for a record of sins or obligations, possibly echoing Pauline language of a 'bond' or 'chirograph' of sin (cf. Col 2:14).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቀነዎ በመስቀሉ","severity":"info","text":"The image of the debt book being hung on the cross (ቀነዎ በመስቀሉ) alludes to Christ's crucifixion as the act that cancels sin, a theme found in Col 2:14 and developed in patristic homilies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በሰሊቦቱ አስተኀፈሮሙ ለቀደምት ወለመኳንንት","severity":"info","text":"The reference to shaming 'former ones and nobles' (ቀደምት ወመኳንንት) may reflect a social context where elite converts were expected to abandon pagan feasts and ascetic practices, a concern in early Ethiopian monastic circles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአልቦ ዘያስተአብድክሙ በእንተ ሥጋሁ ለክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The warning against deception 'concerning the body of Christ' parallels the anti-docetic emphasis in Ignatius of Antioch's letters, where Christ's real flesh and suffering are affirmed against spiritualizing interpretations.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Ignatius of Antioch, Smyrnaeans"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይትሜካሕ በከንቱ በምክረ ሥጋሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'he boasts in vain in the counsel of his body' is syntactically ambiguous: the subject may be a false teacher or the devil, and the phrase 'counsel of his body' (ምክረ ሥጋሁ) is obscure, possibly a corruption or a rare idiom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the one who boasts in vain' in the final sentence is unclear; the Geʿez could refer to a human deceiver or a demonic figure.","The phrase 'counsel of his body' (ምክረ ሥጋሁ) is unattested elsewhere and may be a scribal error or a unique theological expression."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ወኢይጸንዕ፡ በርእስ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ የኀድር፡ ኵሉ፡ ሥጋ። ወይትዋደድ፡ በአሥራወ፡ ወመሌሊት። ወይልህቅ፡ ወይጸንዕ፡ ወይበዝኅ፡ ወይመልእ፡ በእግዚአብሔር።\n\nወእመ፡ ሞትክሙ፡ ምስለ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እምንብረተ፡ ዝ፡ ዓለም። በእፎ፡ ካዕበ፡ ከመ፡ ዘሕያዋን፡ ውስተ፡ ዓለም፡ ትገብሩ።\n\nወይቤሉክሙ፡ ኢትግስስ፡ ወኢትልክፍ፡ ወኢትጥዐም፡ ዘንተ። እስመ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ለሙስና፡ በከመ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ ሰብእ።\n\nዘያመስልዎ፡ ጥበበ፡ በእንተ፡ ትሕትና፡ ልብ፡ ወፍርሀተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወኢ፡ ምሂከ፡ ሥጋ፡ አልቦቱ፡ ክብር፡ ምንተኒ። አላ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘመልዕልተ፡ ሥጋ።\n\nምዕራፍ 3\n\nበእንተ፡ ትንሣኤ፡ ልቡና\n\nወእመሰ፡ ተንሣእክሙ፡ ምስለ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘላዕለ። ኅሡ፡ ኀበ፡ ሀሎ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ በየማነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይነብር።\n\nዘላዕሉ፡ ኀልዩ፡ ወአኮ፡ ዘበምድር።\n\nእስመ፡ ወዳእክሙ፡ ሞትክሙ። ወኅብእት፡ ሕይወትክሙ፡ ምስለ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ በኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወአመ፡ ይመጽእ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ይትዐወቅ፡ ሕይወትክሙ። ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ታስተርእዩ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ በስብሐት፡ ዐቢይ። በእንተ፡ መዊት፡ እምኀጢአት","english":"and it does not persist in the flesh of its own accord, but all flesh dwells and is united in the days and nights, and it increases and persists and multiplies and is filled in the Lord.\n\nAnd if you died with Christ from the life of this world, how then will you act like the living in the world?\n\nAnd they will say to you, \"Do not be sad and do not be troubled and do not taste this,\" because all this is for corruption, according to the command of men.\n\nWhich wisdom likens to humility of heart and fear of the Lord.\n\nAnd not quickly, for the flesh has no glory at all; rather, it is that which is above the flesh.\n\nChapter 3\n\nConcerning the resurrection of the mind.\n\nAnd if you have risen with Christ from below, go to where Christ is, at the right hand of the Lord he dwells.\n\nHis below is present, and not that which is on earth.\n\nBecause you have died and your life is hidden with Christ in the presence of the Lord.\n\nAnd when Christ comes, your life will be known; that which is hidden will be revealed with him in great glory, because of death from sin.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 3","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided by a chapter heading, 'Chapter 3,' which introduces a new thematic section on the resurrection of the mind, marking a structural break from the preceding discussion of flesh and death.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ልቡና","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ልቡና' (ləbbunā) is translated as 'mind' in the English draft, but it can also mean 'heart' or 'understanding,' reflecting a semantic range that aligns with the Coptic concept of 'nous' (νοῦς) as the intellectual or spiritual faculty.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመ ሞትክሙ ምስለ ክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'if you died with Christ' echoes Paul's teaching in Romans 6:3-5 and Colossians 2:20, where dying with Christ signifies baptismal union and separation from worldly life, a key theme in the Epistle to the Colossians.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በየማነ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Christ dwelling 'at the right hand of the Lord' reflects early Christian liturgical and theological imagery, common in Ethiopic tradition, symbolizing Christ's exalted status and intercessory role after the resurrection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘላዕሉ ኀልዩ ወአኮ ዘበምድር","severity":"info","text":"The contrast between 'below' and 'on earth' parallels the dualistic cosmology found in Gnostic and early Christian texts, where the spiritual realm is distinct from the material world, though here it is framed within orthodox resurrection theology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይጸንዕ በርእስ ዘቦቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The opening clause 'and it does not persist in the flesh of its own accord' is ambiguous: the subject 'it' may refer to the preceding discussion of grace or to the flesh itself, and the Geʿez syntax allows for multiple interpretations, affecting the coherence of the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of the initial 'it' in 'and it does not persist in the flesh' is unclear; it may be grace, faith, or the resurrected life from the previous passage.","The phrase 'ዘላዕለ' (from below) could be spatial or temporal, and its relationship to the resurrection of the mind is not fully specified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"አሙትዎ፡ ለነፍስትክሙ፡ ዘዲበ፡ ምድር፡ እምዝሙት፡ ወርኩስ፡ ወመንሱት። ወፍትወት፡ እኪት፡ ወትዕግልት፡ ዘውእቱ፡ አምልኮ፡ ጣዖት።\n\nዘበእንቲኣሁ፡ ይመጽእ፡ መቅሠፍተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ ውሉደ፡ ዐላውያን።\n\nዘቦቱ፡ ሖርክሙ፡ አንትሙሂ፡ ትካት፡ አመ፡ ሐየውክሙ፡ በዝንቱ፡ ግብር።\n\nወይእዜሰ፡ ኅድግዋ፡ ለመዓት፡ ወለቊጥዓ፡ ወለእከይ፡ ወለፅርፈት፡ ወለነገረ፡ ኀፍረት። ወነገረ፡ ከንቱ፡ ኢይፃእ፡ እምአፉክሙ።\n\nወኢተሐስዉ፡ ቢጸክሙ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ኅድግዎ፡ ለብሉይ፡ ብእሲ፡ ምስለ፡ እኩይ፡ ምግባሩ። በእንተ፡ ሐዲስ፡ ብእሲ\n\nወልበስዎ፡ ለሐዲስ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘይትሔደስ፡ በአእምሮ፡ አምሳለ፡ ፈጣሪሁ።\n\nዘአልቦ፡ በኀቤሁ፡ አይሁዳዊ፡ ወኢ፡ አረማዊ። ኢ፡ ግዙር፡ ወኢ፡ ቈላፍ፡ ኢ፡ ሐቃል፡ ወሀገሪት። ኢ፡ ነባሪ፡ ወኢ፡ አግዓዚ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በኵሉ፡ ወበኀበ፡ ኵሉ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nልበስዎ፡ እንከ፡ ከመ፡ ኅሩያነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ቅዱሳን። ወፍቁራን፡ በምሕረት፡ ወበተሣህሎ፡ ወበኂሩት፡ ወትሑት፡ ልብ፡ በየውሀት፡ ወበትዕግሥት።","english":"you die to your souls, which are upon the earth, from death and corruption and abomination and wickedness and evil and idolatry, which is the worship of idols.\n\nBecause of this, the punishment of the Lord comes upon the children of the wicked.\n\nYou yourselves have walked in that path when you lived in this deed.\n\nAnd now, abandon wrath and anger and evil and shame and the speech of disgrace and the speech of vanity; let no falsehood come out of your mouths.\n\nAnd do not be ashamed of your age; rather, abandon the old man with his evil deeds, because of the new man.\n\nAnd put on the new man, who is renewed in the image of his Creator.\n\nIn whom there is neither Jew nor Greek, neither circumcised nor uncircumcised, neither rustic nor citizen, neither foreigner nor native, but in all and for all, Christ.\n\nPut him on, then, as the chosen ones of God, the saints and beloved, in mercy and forgiveness and goodness and humility of heart, in generosity and patience.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አሙትዎ ለነፍስትክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'you die to your souls' is a striking inversion of the Pauline metaphor of dying to the flesh; here the soul itself is the object of mortification, aligning with ascetic renunciation of worldly life.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘውእቱ አምልኮ ጣዖት","severity":"info","text":"The equation of evil deeds with 'worship of idols' echoes Paul's rhetoric in 2 Corinthians and Galatians, where idolatry is a metaphor for submission to worldly passions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መቅሠፍተ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The 'punishment of the Lord' coming upon the 'children of the wicked' reflects a common Ethiopic homiletic motif linking divine retribution to collective sin, not found verbatim in the Pauline corpus.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይእዜሰ ኅድግዋ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from warning to exhortation with 'And now, abandon…', a rhetorical turn typical of paraenetic sections in Ethiopic homilies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ልበስዎ ለሐዲስ ብእሲ","severity":"info","text":"The command to 'put on the new man' directly parallels Colossians 3:9-10 and Galatians 3:27, but the Ethiopic text expands the metaphor with a list of social opposites (Jew/Greek, circumcised/uncircumcised).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ኅሩያነ እግዚአብሔር ቅዱሳን","severity":"info","text":"The call to imitate the 'chosen ones of God, the saints and beloved' reflects the Ethiopic monastic ideal of the elect community, a reception of Pauline language adapted to local asceticism.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez 'አሙትዎ ለነፍስትክሙ' could be read as a command to kill the soul (mortification) or as a metaphorical death to worldly attachments; the translation opts for the latter.","The phrase 'ዘቦቱ ሖርክሙ አንትሙሂ ትካት' is syntactically ambiguous: it may mean 'you yourselves have walked in that path' or 'you have gone to that place'; the English draft takes the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ጹርዎሙ፡ ለቢጽክሙ፡ ወተጻገዉ፡ በበይናቲክሙ። ኅድጉ፡ ለቢጽክሙ፡ ዘተኀየስክምዎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ጸገወክሙ። ከማሁ፡ አንትሙሂ፡ ግበሩ። በእንተ፡ ተፋቅሮ\n\nወምስለ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ተፋቀሩ፡ ዘልፈ። እስመ፡ ማእሰረ፡ ተፍጻሜቱ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወሰላሙ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ ይጽናዕ፡ በልብክሙ። ዘሎቱ፡ ተጸዋዕክሙ፡ በአሐዱ፡ ሥጋ።\n\nወሀልዉ፡ በአኰቴተ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወአንብቡ፡ መዝሙረ፡ ወስብሐተ፡ ወማሕሌተ፡ ቅድሳት። ወቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይጽናዕ፡ በኀቤክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ትብዐሉ፡ በኵሉ፡ ጥበብ። ወመሀሩ፡ ነፍሰክሙ፡ ወገሥጹ፡ በመንፈስ። ዘምሩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በልብክሙ።\n\nወኵሎ፡ ዘትገብሩ፡ በስመ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ግበርዎ። ወአእኵትዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አብ፡ በእንቲኣሁ። በእንተ፡ ሠሪዐ፡ ቤት\n\nወአንስትኒ፡ ተአዘዛ፡ ለአምታቲክን፡ ከመ፡ ዘለእግዚአብሔር።\n\nዕደውኒ፡ አፍቅሩ፡ አንስቲያክሙ፡ ወኢትግእዝዎን።\n\nውሉድኒ፡ ተአዘዙ፡ ለአዝማዲክሙ፡ በኵሉ። እስመ፡ ከማሁ፡ ርቱዕ፡ ወይሠምር፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"Correct them, your neighbors, and be reconciled among yourselves. Abandon your neighbors whom you have despised, as Christ commanded you. Likewise, you also do. Because of love.\n\nAnd with all this, love always, for the bond of its end is that.\n\nAnd may the peace of Christ be strengthened in your hearts, for which you were called in one body.\n\nAnd be in the honor of Christ, and read the Psalms and praise and holy hymns. And may the word of God be strengthened among you, so that you may increase in all wisdom. And teach your souls and rejoice in spirit. Sing to God in your hearts.\n\nAnd all that you do, do in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. And honor God the Father through her, because of the house of the assembly.\n\nAnd women, obey your husbands as those of God.\n\nMen, love your wives and do not rule over them.\n\nChildren, obey your parents in everything, for thus it is right and God wills.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ጹርዎሙ፡ ለቢጽክሙ፡ ወተጻገዉ፡ በበይናቲክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a preceding admonition against wickedness to a series of positive exhortations on neighborly reconciliation, domestic conduct, and liturgical practice, forming a parametric conclusion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ተፋቅሮ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ተፋቅሮ (tafāqro) means 'love' or 'affection,' here used as a concluding motive for the preceding commands, echoing the Pauline emphasis on agape.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ጸገወክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as Christ commanded you' likely alludes to the dominical command to love one's neighbor (cf. Matthew 22:39; Mark 12:31), though no direct citation is given.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በእንተ፡ ሠሪዐ፡ ቤት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'because of the house of the assembly' (ሠሪዐ፡ ቤት) refers to the church building or the Christian community, reflecting the early Ethiopic understanding of the church as a physical and social locus of worship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንስትኒ፡ ተአዘዛ፡ ለአምታቲክን","severity":"info","text":"The instruction for women to obey their husbands as 'those of God' reflects a patriarchal social ethic common in early Christian paraenesis, here adapted into the Ethiopic context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በእንቲኣሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'through her' (በእንቲኣሁ) is ambiguous; it may refer to the church (the 'house of the assembly') or to a female figure (e.g., Mary). The English draft interprets it as referring to the church, but the Geʿez allows either reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'through her' (በእንቲኣሁ) is unclear: it could be the church (the 'house of the assembly') or a female figure such as Mary. The English draft takes it as the church.","The phrase 'the bond of its end' (ማእሰረ፡ ተፍጻሜቱ) is obscure; it may mean that love is the ultimate binding force."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"አበውኒ፡ ኢታስተቈጥዑ፡ ውሉደክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይሕዝኑ።\n\nነባሪኒ፡ ተአዘዙ፡ ለአጋእዝቲክሙ፡ በስፉሕ፡ ልብ። ወአኮ፡ በአድልዎ፡ ለገጸ፡ ሰብእ፡ አላ፡ በፍርሀተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nተአምሩ፡ ከመ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ትትዐሰዩ፡ እስመ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ ትትቀነዩ።\n\nወዘሰ፡ ዐመፀ፡ ይረክብ፡ ፍዳሁ፡ ወኢያደሉ፡ ሎቱ።\n\nምዕራፍ 4\n\nአጋእዝትኒ፡ ዕሩየ፡ ግበሩ፡ ሎሙ፡ ለነባሪክሙ፡ ወፍትሑ፡ ጽድቀ። ተአምሩ፡ ከመ፡ ብክሙ፡ እግዚእ፡ በሰማያት። በእንተ፡ ተፀምዶ፡ ለጸሎት\n\nወተፀመዱ፡ ለጸሎት፡ እንዘ፡ ትተግሁ፡ በአኰቴት።\n\nጸልዩ፡ ወሰአሉ፡ ለነሂ፡ ከመ፡ ያርኁ፡ ለነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አናቅጸ፡ ቃል። ከመ፡ ንንግር፡ ምክረ፡ ዘእምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘበእንቲኣሁ፡ ተሞቃሕኩ።\n\nከመ፡ እክሥቶ፡ በከመ፡ ይደልወኒ፡ እንግር።\n\nሑሩ፡ በልቡና፡ በኀበ፡ ባዕዳን፡ እምሃይማኖት።\n\nወይኩን፡ ነገርክሙ፡ በጸጋ፡ ወቅሱመ፡ በጼው። ከመ፡ ታእምሩ፡ ዘትትዋሥኡ፡ ለለ፡ አሐዱ፡ አሐዱ። ዜና፡ መምህር፡ በረድእ","english":"Correct your children so that they may not grieve.\n\nYou servants, obey your masters with a generous heart, and not according to the face of man, but out of fear of God.\n\nKnow that you are separated from God, for you are consecrated to Christ.\n\nAnd whoever commits iniquity will receive his punishment, and it will not be light for him.\n\nChapter 4\n\nMasters, do good to your servants and dispense justice. Know that through you the Lord is in the heavens. On account of being diligent in prayer,\n\nAnd be diligent in prayer while you are humble in reverence.\n\nPray and ask for us as well, that God may grant us the gift of speech, so that we may proclaim counsel from God, for which I have been tested.\n\nAs I desire, so let me speak.\n\nGo in spirit to those who are far from the faith.\n\nAnd let your matter be in grace and sealed with a seal, so that you may know what you exchange one with another. News of the teacher Barad.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 4","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text marks a chapter division (ምዕራፍ 4) at this point, separating the preceding exhortations to servants from the following address to masters.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ነባሪ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ነባሪ (näbari) is used for 'servant' or 'slave,' reflecting the social hierarchy addressed in the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢታስተቈጥዑ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ኢታስተቈጥዑ (ʾuytastäqäṭṭəʿu) is a causative form meaning 'cause to grieve' or 'make sorrowful,' here used in a negative purpose clause.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ትትዐሰዩ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'you are separated from God' echoes Pauline language of separation from God due to sin, though no direct verse is cited.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዜና፡ መምህር፡ በረድእ","severity":"info","text":"The closing reference to 'news of the teacher Barad' likely indicates a scribal or editorial note, possibly naming a source or authority for the preceding instruction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ እክሥቶ፡ በከመ፡ ይደልወኒ፡ እንግር።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'As I desire, so let me speak' is ambiguous: it may be a personal plea of the author or a rhetorical expression of divine inspiration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'teacher Barad' is unclear; it may be a proper name or a title.","The phrase 'As I desire, so let me speak' could be read as either a personal or a divine voice."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ወኵሎ፡ ዜናየ፡ ይዜንወክሙ፡ ጢኪቆስ፡ እኁነ፡ ምእመን፡ ዘነኀብር፡ ተቀንዮ። ዘውእቱ፡ እኁክሙ፡ በእግዚአብሔር።\n\nዘፈነውክዎ፡ ኀቤክሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ግብር። ከመ፡ ታእምሩ፡ ዜናየ፡ ወያስተፍሥሕክሙ፡ ልበክሙ።\n\nምስለ፡ አናሲሞስ፡ እኁነ፡ ምእመን፡ ዘናፍቅር፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምኔክሙ። ወእሙንቱ፡ ያጤይቁክሙ፡ ግብረነ፡ ወዘሀሎነ፡ ቦቱ። አምኃ፡ ለአርድእት\n\nአምኁክሙ፡ አርስጥሮኮስ፡ ዘተፄወወ፡ ምስሌየ። ወማርቆስ፡ ወልደ፡ እኅወ፡ አቡሁ፡ ለበርናባስ፡ ዘበእንቲኣሁ፡ አዘዝኩክሙ።\n\nከመ፡ አመ፡ መጽአ፡ ኀቤክሙ፡ ትትወከፍዎ። ወኢያሱ፡ ዘተሰምየ፡ ኢዩስጦስ፡ እለ፡ እምሰብአ፡ ግዝረት። ወእሉ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ረድኤትየ፡ በግብረ፡ መንግሥተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአስተፍሥሑኒ።\n\nአምኀክሙ፡ ኤጳፍራስ፡ ዘእምኀቤክሙ፡ ውእቱ፡ ገብረ፡ ክርስቶስ። ወዘልፈ፡ ይጼሊ፡ በእንቲኣክሙ፡ ወይስእል፡ ከመ፡ ትኩኑ፡ ፍጹማነ፡ ወምሉኣነ፡ በኵሉ፡ ሥምረተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወአነ፡ ሰማዕቱ፡ ከመ፡ ፈድፋደ፡ ያፈቅረክሙ፡ ወይቴክዝ፡ በእንቲኣክሙ። ወለእለ፡ በሎዶቅያ፡ ወሀገረ፡ ኢያራ።","english":"And all my news will be told to you by Tykhikos, our faithful brother whom we are sending to you, who is your brother in the Lord, whom I have sent to you concerning this matter, so that you may know my news and he may comfort your heart. With Anasimos, our faithful brother whom we love, who is a man from among you, and they will inform you of our deeds and what we have there. Many greetings to the brethren. I greet you, Aristokos, who was sent with me, and Markos, the son of the sister of his father Barnabas, concerning whom I have commanded you, that when he comes to you, you should receive him. And also Jesus, who is called Justos, from among those of the circumcision. And these are my helpers in the work of the kingdom of God, and they have comforted me. I greet you, Epaphras, who is from among you, a servant of Christ, who continually prays for you and asks that you may be perfect and complete in all the will of God. And I bear witness that he loves you exceedingly and is zealous for you. And to those in Laodikeia and the city of Hierapolis.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ጢኪቆስ","severity":"info","text":"Tykhikos is a companion of Paul mentioned in the New Testament (Acts 20:4; Col 4:7; Eph 6:21). Here he is the bearer of news and a letter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢዩስጦስ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Jesus' is given the Latinized form 'Justos' (Justus), a common name among Jewish Christians. The Geʿez transliteration reflects the Greek Ἰοῦστος.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ትኩኑ ፍጹማነ ወምሉኣነ በኵሉ ሥምረተ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The wish that the Colossians be 'perfect and complete in all the will of God' echoes Colossians 4:12, where Paul prays for their spiritual maturity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሎዶቅያ ወሀገረ ኢያራ","severity":"info","text":"Laodicea and Hierapolis were cities in Phrygia, near Colossae. The letter is to be shared with Christians there, indicating a network of early churches.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤጳፍራስ","severity":"info","text":"Epaphras is described as a 'servant of Christ' who prays for the Colossians. This parallels Colossians 1:7-8 and 4:12, where he is a co-worker of Paul.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእሙንቱ ያጤይቁክሙ ግብረነ ወዘሀሎነ ቦቱ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'our deeds and what we have' reflects the letter's function as a report from Paul to the Colossian church, a common feature in early Christian epistles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Anasimos' (Anasimos) is uncertain; it may be a variant of Onesimus, a slave mentioned in Colossians 4:9, but the Geʿez form differs.","The phrase 'ዘበእንቲኣሁ አዘዝኩክሙ' (concerning whom I have commanded you) could refer to Markos or to the instruction about receiving him, but the syntax is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"አምኀክሙ፡ ሉቃስ፡ ዐቃቤ፡ ሥራይ፡ ፍቁርነ፡ ወዴማስ።\n\nአምኅዎሙ፡ ለአኀዊነ፡ እለ፡ በሎዶቅያ፡ ወንምፋን። ወእለ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን።\n\nወአንቢበክሙ፡ ዛተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ፈንውዋ፡ ሎዶቅያ፡ ያንብብዋ፡ በቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። ወካዕበ፡ አንብብዋ፡ አንትሙ፡ ለመልእክት፡ እንተ፡ ጸሐፍኩ፡ እምሎዶቅያ።\n\nወበልዎ፡ ለአክርጳ፡ ዑቅአ፡ መልእክተከ፡ ዘተሠየምከ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ትፈጽም።\n\nወአማኅኩክሙ፡ ጽሒፍየ፡ በእዴየ፡ አነ፡ ጳውሎስ። ተዘከሩ፡ መዋቅሕትየ፡ ጸጋ፡ ምስሌክሙ፡ አሜን።","english":"I entrust to you Luke, the overseer of works, our beloved, and Demas.\n\nI entrust them to our brothers who are in Laodicea and Nymphaeum, and those who are in the church.\n\nAnd I command you: this letter which I have sent to Laodicea, let them read it in the church; and also read it yourselves for the epistle which I wrote from Laodicea.\n\nAnd tell Akrigpa: \"The place of your epistle which you were appointed from God, that you may fulfill it.\"\n\nAnd I have entrusted to you my writing in my own hand, I, Paul. Remember my chains, the grace with you. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This final passage of the Epistle to the Colossians contains closing greetings and instructions, typical of epistolary conclusions in the Pauline corpus.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዐቃቤ፡ ሥራይ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase ዐቃቤ፡ ሥራይ (ʿaqqābe śerāy) translates as 'overseer of works,' a title for Luke that may reflect a local ecclesiastical role or a translation of a Greek term like ἐργεπιστάτης.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3521Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሎዶቅያ","severity":"info","text":"Laodicea (ሎዶቅያ) was a city in Phrygia, near Colossae, and a center of early Christianity. The mention of a letter sent there suggests a connection between the Colossian and Laodicean churches.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3521Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አክርጳ","severity":"info","text":"The name አክርጳ (Akrigpa) likely refers to a local figure, possibly a leader or bishop, whose 'epistle' (place of appointment) is to be fulfilled. This reflects the Geʿez tradition's preservation of local names.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3521Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቈላስይስ፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3521Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዴማስ","severity":"caution","text":"The name ዴማስ (Demas) is ambiguous; it may be a variant of Demas (a common name) or a corruption of a Greek name like Demetrius. The text does not clarify his identity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Demas (ዴማስ) is unclear; it may be a personal name or a title. The reading assumes it is a proper name.","The phrase 'the place of your epistle' (ዑቅአ፡ መልእክተከ) is ambiguous; it may refer to a physical location or a metaphorical 'place' of appointment."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}