{"slug":"LIT3519Epistle","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3519Epistle","title":"መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"translated-elsewhere","coverage_claim":{"status":"translated-elsewhere","reference":"","text":"An English translation of this work is reported: citation not established. The citation comes from a language model and was not confirmed in a catalogue."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:07Z","cost_usd":0.009935},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3519Epistle","work_id":"LIT3519Epistle","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"},"stats":{"passages":18,"english_words":3396,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":100,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":31,"work_notes":5,"external_links":2,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT3519Epistle","abstract":"The Geʿez work መልእክተ ጳውሎስ ኀበ ሰብአ ኤፌሶን is a translation of the canonical New Testament Epistle to the Ephesians, attributed to Paul. It belongs to the Ethiopic biblical tradition and is used liturgically by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The translation likely derives from a Greek Vorlage via Arabic or Syriac intermediaries, a common path for Ethiopic biblical books. The source edition (betmas) provides no manuscript siglum or critical apparatus, limiting textual analysis. The Geʿez text includes interpretive headings and paraphrases not found in the Greek original, reflecting later theological elaboration within the Ethiopic tradition.","historical_context":"The Geʿez translation of the Pauline corpus is traditionally assigned to the Aksumite period (4th–7th centuries), when Christianity became the state religion of the Kingdom of Aksum (in present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea). The translation was likely produced by monastic scholars in the context of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, which maintains a canon that includes the Pauline epistles. The Geʿez version of Ephesians was transmitted through manuscript copies, often as part of larger biblical codices or lectionaries. The precise date of the manuscript underlying the betmas edition is unknown, and the translation may have been revised over time. The epistle's use in liturgy and hours underscores its integration into Ethiopic Christian worship. The text's Vorlage is uncertain, but it likely passed through Arabic or Syriac intermediaries, reflecting the multilingual transmission of biblical texts in the Horn of Africa.","significance":"This Geʿez version of Ephesians is significant as a witness to the reception of Pauline theology in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. Its liturgical use and interpretive additions, such as chapter headings and paraphrases, illustrate how the epistle was adapted for local theological and ritual contexts. It also contributes to the study of Ethiopic biblical translation techniques and the transmission of the New Testament in late antique and medieval Africa.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–7th c.","event":"Probable period of initial Geʿez translation of the Pauline corpus, including Ephesians, during the Aksumite era."},{"date":"4th c.","event":"Christianity becomes state religion of Aksum, fostering biblical translation."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Manuscript transmission and liturgical use of the Geʿez Ephesians in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Source edition (betmas) published without manuscript siglum or critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Epistle to the Ephesians (Greek New Testament)","relation":"source text for the Geʿez translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Geʿez Pauline corpus","relation":"part of the same translation tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church canon","relation":"canonical context","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"Source edition of the Geʿez Ephesians","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle","reason":"Primary source for the work"},{"key":"wikipedia:Epistle to the Ephesians","label":"Wikipedia article on the canonical epistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians","reason":"Background on the source text"}],"cautions":["The precise date of the Geʿez translation is uncertain; the Aksumite period is traditional but not securely documented for this manuscript.","The source edition (betmas) provides no manuscript siglum, critical apparatus, or variant readings, limiting textual analysis.","The Vorlage chain (Greek via Arabic or Syriac) is inferred from common practice but not confirmed for this specific witness."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000395,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:09:27Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3519Epistle","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":18,"translated":18,"commentary_passages":18,"commentary_units":100,"english_words":3396,"source_letters":8251,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez title መልእክተ ጳውሎስ ኀበ ሰብአ ኤፌሶን means 'Epistle of Paul to the Ephesians'. The work is a translation of the canonical New Testament letter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This Geʿez version derives from a Greek Vorlage, likely via Arabic or Syriac intermediaries, as is common for Ethiopic biblical books. The source edition (betmas) does not specify the manuscript base.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez translation of the Pauline corpus is traditionally dated to the Aksumite period (4th–7th c.), but the precise date of this manuscript witness is not given in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition, this epistle is read liturgically as part of the New Testament canon. Its Geʿez text is used in the liturgy of the hours and in lectionaries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The source edition (betmas) provides no critical apparatus, variant readings, or manuscript siglum. The user cannot assess the textual basis or editorial decisions behind this Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"An English translation of this work is reported: citation not established. The citation comes from a language model and was not confirmed in a catalogue."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 18 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":18},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3519Epistle":{"label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"},"ed:LIT3519Epistle":{"label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Introduction to the epistle\n\nEpistle\n\nText of the EOTC printed Bible\n\nምዕራፍ 1\n\nበእንተ፡ ሥጋዌሁ፡ ለክርስቶስ\n\nእምጳውሎስ፡ ሐዋርያሁ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ በፈቃደ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ለቅዱሳን፡ እለ፡ በኤፌሶን፡ ወምእመናን፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡ ወጸጋ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አቡነ፡ ወእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nይትባረክ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አቡሁ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። ዘባረከነ፡ በኵሉ፡ በረከተ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዘበሰማያት፡ በክርስቶስ፡ ኢየሱስ።\n\nበከመ፡ ኀረየነ፡ ሎቱ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ይትፈጠር፡ ዓለም። ከመ፡ ይረስየነ፡ ቅዱሳነ፡ ወንጹሓነ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ነውር።\n\nወበተፈቅሮ፡ ሠርዐነ፡ ትርሲተ፡ ወልዱ። በእንተ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ በከመ፡ ሥምረተ፡ ፈቃዱ።\n\nለክብር፡ ወለስብሐት፡ በጸጋሁ፡ ዘጸገወነ፡ በወልዱ፡ ፍቁሩ።\n\nዘበእንቲኣሁ፡ ረከብነ፡ መድኀኒተ። ወተኀድገ፡ ለነ፡ ኀጢአትነ፡ በደሙ፡ በከመ፡ ብዕለ፡ ጸጋሁ።","english":"Chapter 1\n\nConcerning the Incarnation of Christ\n\nFrom Paul, the apostle of our Lord Jesus Christ, by the will of God, to the saints who are in Ephesus and the believers in Jesus Christ.\n\nPeace to you and the grace of God, our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ.\n\nMay God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, be blessed, who blessed us with every blessing of the Holy Spirit, which is in the heavens through Christ Jesus.\n\nAs he chose us for himself before the world was created, that he might make us holy and pure before him without blemish.\n\nAnd by his love he ordained for us the dispensation of his Son, concerning Jesus Christ, according to the consent of his will.\n\nFor the glory and praise, by his grace which he bestowed upon us through his beloved Son.\n\nOn account of which we have found salvation, and the forgiveness of our sins through his blood, according to the abundance of his grace.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 1","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text opens with a chapter heading, 'Chapter 1', followed by a thematic title, 'Concerning the Incarnation of Christ', which is not present in the Greek original but reflects a later interpretive addition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሥጋዌሁ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ሥጋዌሁ' (śəggāwēhu) means 'his incarnation' and is a key Christological term in Geʿez, emphasizing the divine nature of Christ's embodiment, distinct from mere human birth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The greeting 'Peace to you' (ሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡) follows a standard epistolary formula in Geʿez Christian literature, echoing the Pauline salutation but adapted to local liturgical conventions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ኀረየነ፡ ሎቱ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ይትፈጠር፡ ዓለም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as he chose us for himself before the world was created' echoes the Pauline theme of pre-temporal election (cf. Ephesians 1:4-5), though it is a free paraphrase rather than a direct quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"በእንተ፡ ሥጋዌሁ፡ ለክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Concerning the Incarnation of Christ' reflects the Ethiopian Orthodox emphasis on Christ's incarnation as a central mystery, often highlighted in liturgical readings and commentaries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'saints' (ቅዱሳን) refers to a specific group in Ephesus or to all believers; the translation assumes the former.","The phrase 'by the will of God' (በፈቃደ፡ እግዚአብሔር) could be read as part of Paul's self-identification or as a separate clause; the English draft treats it as part of the address."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ዘአፈድፈደ፡ ላዕሌነ፡ በኵሉ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወምክር።\n\nወአርአየነ፡ ምክረ፡ ፈቃዱ፡ በከመ፡ ሥምረቱ፡ በዘሠርዐነ፡ በእንቲኣሁ።\n\nወዐቀመ፡ እስከ፡ ይበጽሕ፡ ዕድሜሁ። ከመ፡ ይትሐደስ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘበሰማይ፡ ወዘበምድር።\n\nወከፈለነ፡ በዘሠርዐነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወረድአነ፡ በከመ፡ ምክረ፡ ፈቃዱ።\n\nከመ፡ የሀበነ፡ ምክረ፡ ወስብሐተ፡ ለእለ፡ ተወከልነ፡ በክርስቶስ፡ ኢየሱስ።\n\nወአንትሙሂ፡ ሰማዕክሙ፡ ቃለ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ትምህርተ፡ ሕይወትክሙ። ወአመንክሙ፡ ወዐተቡክሙ፡ በመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዘአሰፈወ።\n\nዘውእቱ፡ ዐረቦነ፡ ርስትነ፡ ወመድኀኒተ፡ ሕይወትነ፡ በክብረ፡ ስብሐቲሁ። በእንተ፡ ተስፋ፡ ጽዋዔ\n\nወበእንተ፡ ዝ፡ አነሂ፡ ሰሚዕየ፡ ሃይማኖተክሙ፡ በእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። ወዘከመ፡ ታፈቅርዎሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን።\n\nኢያንተጉ፡ አእኲቶቶ፡ በእንቲኣክሙ፡ ወተዘክሮተክሙ፡ በጸሎትየ።\n\nከመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኩ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ አበ፡ ስብሐት። የሀብክሙ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወይክሥት፡ ለክሙ፡ ታእምሩ።","english":"He has poured out upon us all wisdom and counsel, and he has shown us the counsel of his will according to his pleasure, in that he has created us for his sake. And he has established it until his age is fulfilled, so that all that is in heaven and on earth may be renewed. And he has divided us in that which he has created, the Lord, and he has helped us according to the counsel of his will, so that he may give us counsel and praise to those who have trusted in Christ Jesus. And you also have heard the word of righteousness, the teaching of your life, and you have believed and have been sealed by the Holy Spirit, which he has bestowed. Which is the pledge of our inheritance and the salvation of our life in the glory of his praise, by reason of the hope of his covenant. And because of this, I have heard of your faith in our Lord Jesus Christ, and how you love all the saints. And I also have remembered you for your sake and have made mention of you in my prayer, so that the Lord God, the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give you the spirit of wisdom and may reveal to you that you may know.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the opening of the epistle, moving from a doxological address to a description of divine action and the recipients' response.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘአፈድፈደ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ዘአፈድፈደ (zaʾafaddada) means 'he poured out' and is used metaphorically for the bestowal of wisdom and counsel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዐረቦነ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ዐረቦነ (ʿarabona) means 'pledge' or 'earnest', reflecting a legal or covenantal concept of assurance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to being 'sealed by the Holy Spirit' echoes early Christian initiation rites, possibly baptism or confirmation, common in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Father of glory' (አበ፡ ስብሐት) parallels New Testament usage, e.g., Ephesians 1:17, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage reflects the Ethiopic liturgical emphasis on divine wisdom and the Holy Spirit's role in sealing believers, common in Geʿez homiletic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether 'he' refers to God the Father or Christ in the initial clauses; the translation assumes God the Father based on context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወያብርህ፡ አዕይንተ፡ አልባቢክሙ። ወታእምሩ፡ ምንት፡ ውእቱ፡ ተስፋሁ፡ ለጽዋዔክሙ። ወምንት፡ ውእቱ፡ ብዕለ፡ ስብሐተ፡ ርስቶሙ፡ ለቅዱሳን።\n\nወምንት፡ ፍድፋዴ፡ ጽንዐ፡ ኀይሉ፡ ዘላዕሌነ። ለእለ፡ ነአምን፡ በከመ፡ ዕበየ፡ ኀይሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ በክርስቶስ።\n\nዘአንሥኦ፡ እምዉታን፡ ወአንበሮ፡ በየማኑ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማያት።\n\nመልዕልተ፡ ኵሉ፡ መላእክት፡ ወመኳንንት፡ ወኀይላት፡ ወአጋእዝት፡ ወኵሉ፡ ስም፡ ዘይሰመይ። ወአኮ፡ በዝ፡ ዓለም፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ አላ፡ በዘይመጽእኒ፡ ዓለም።\n\nወኵሎ፡ አግረረ፡ ሎቱ፡ ታሕተ፡ እገሪሁ። ወኪያሁ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ መልዕልተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ረሰዮ፡ ርእሰ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ እንተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ሥጋሁ።\n\nወውእቱ፡ ፍጻሜሁ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ወይፌጽም፡ ኵሎ፡ በኵሉ።\n\nምዕራፍ 2\n\nበእንተ፡ ድኂን፡ እምኀጢአት፡ በክርስቶስ\n\nወአንትሙሂ፡ እንዘ፡ ምውታን፡ አንትሙ፡ በኀጢአትክሙ።\n\nበዘቦቱ፡ ሖርክሙ፡ ትካት፡ በንብረተ፡ ሥርዐተ፡ ዝ፡ ዓለም። ከመ፡ ሥምረተ፡ መልአክ፡ መኰንነ፡ ርእየተ፡ ነፋስ። ዘይኄይሎሙ፡ ይእዜ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ከሓድያን።","english":"And he will enlighten the eyes of your hearts, and you will know what his hope is for your calling, and what is the abundance of the glory of the inheritance of the saints.\n\nAnd what is the strength of the firm power that is above us, for those who believe, according to the greatness of the power that he wrought in Christ?\n\nHe who raised him from the dead and set him at his right hand in the heavens,\n\nabove all angels, archangels, powers, lords, and every name that is named—not only in this world, but also in the world to come.\n\nAnd he made all things subject under his feet. And him, who is above all, he appointed as head of the Church, which is his body.\n\nAnd he is the completion of all, and he completes all in all.\n\nChapter 2\n\nConcerning deliverance from sin through Christ.\n\nAnd you also, while you are dead in your sin,\n\nby which you have gone astray after the possession of the ordinance of this world, like the desire of an angel, the ruler of the vision of the wind, which now deceives the children of the heretics.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 2","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text marks a chapter division here, introducing a new section on deliverance from sin through Christ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ፍድፋዴ ጽንዐ ኀይሉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'strength of the firm power' (ፍድፋዴ ጽንዐ ኀይሉ) is a hendiadys emphasizing the divine power manifested in Christ's resurrection and ascension.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንበሮ በየማኑ ውስተ ሰማያት","severity":"info","text":"The image of Christ seated at the right hand in heaven echoes Psalm 110:1 (LXX) and is a common motif in early Christian creeds and hymns.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ለደቂቀ ከሓድያን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'children of the heretics' (ለደቂቀ ከሓድያን) reflects the Geʿez Christian polemical context, likely targeting groups such as the Arians or other non-Chalcedonian opponents.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ሥምረተ መልአክ መኰንነ ርእየተ ነፋስ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'like the desire of an angel, the ruler of the vision of the wind' is syntactically ambiguous; it may refer to a heretical teaching about angelic or demonic influence, but the exact referent is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'like the desire of an angel, the ruler of the vision of the wind' is obscure; it may be a corruption or a reference to a specific heretical doctrine not otherwise attested in Geʿez literature."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ወንሕነኒ፡ ነበርነ፡ ኵልነ፡ ትካት፡ በፍትወተ፡ ሥጋነ። ወገበርነ፡ ፈቃደ፡ ሥጋነ፡ ወዘኀለይነ። ወኮነ፡ ውሉደ፡ መንሱት፡ ከመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ኃጥኣን።\n\nወእግዚአብሔርሰ፡ በብዕለ፡ ስብሐቲሁ፡ ወበብዝኀ፡ ፍቅሩ፡ ዘአፍቀረነ።\n\nእንዘ፡ ምዉታን፡ ንሕነ፡ በኀጢአትነ። አሕየወነ፡ በክርስቶስ፡ ወድኅነ፡ በጸጋሁ።\n\nወአንሥአነ፡ ወአንበረነ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ በሰማያት፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nከመ፡ ያርኢ፡ በዓለም፡ ዘይመጽእ፡ ብዝኀ፡ ጸጋሁ። በበ፡ ምሕረቱ፡ ዘአፈድፈደ፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nእስመ፡ በጸጋሁ፡ ድኅነ፡ ወበአሚን። ወዳእሙ፡ ጸጋሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ውእቱ፡ ወኢኮነ፡ ዚኣክሙ።\n\nወአኮ፡ በምግባሪነ፡ ከመ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይትሜካሕ።\n\nእስመ፡ ተግባሩ፡ ንሕነ፡ ዘፈጠረነ፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ለምግባረ፡ ሠናይ። ዘአቅደመ፡ ሠሪዐ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በዘቦቱ፡ ነሐውር። አዘክሮ፡ ሕይወት፡ ቀዳሚ\n\nወተዘከሩ፡ አንትሙ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ትካት፡ በሕግ፡ ዘሥጋ፡ ሀሎክሙ። ወይብሉክሙ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቊልፈት፡ ከመ፡ ዝ፡ ይብሉክሙ፡ ሰብአ፡ ግዝረት። ወግዝረትሰ፡ ግብረ፡ እደ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዘይትገበር፡ ውስተ፡ ሥጋ።","english":"And we also, all of us, were a burden in the desire of our flesh, and we did the will of our flesh and what we had, and we were children of wrath like all sinners.\n\nBut the Lord, by the breadth of his glory and by the abundance of his love which he loved us,\n\nwhile we were dead in our sin, he gave us life in Christ and saved us by his grace.\n\nAnd he raised us up and placed us with him in the heavens, through Jesus Christ,\n\nso that he might show in the world which is to come the abundance of his grace, by his mercy which he multiplied through Jesus Christ.\n\nFor by his grace we are saved, and by faith; and his grace belongs to the Lord, and it is not theirs.\n\nAnd it is not by our deeds, as if there is none who can be praised.\n\nFor his deed is that he created us through Jesus Christ for good works, the Lord having first prepared a way in which we might live, reminding us of the former life.\n\nAnd you, the nations, remember the burden of the law of the flesh which you have; and the people of circumcision will tell you, and the people of circumcision will tell you this. For circumcision is a work of the hand of man which is done on the flesh.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ትካት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ትካት (təkāt) is rendered 'burden' in the English draft, but its semantic range includes 'load, weight, trouble'; here it metaphorically describes the oppressive weight of fleshly desire.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ውሉደ፡ መንሱት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ውሉደ፡ መንሱት (waluda mänsut) 'children of wrath' echoes Pauline language (cf. Eph 2:3) and is a fixed expression in Geʿez theological vocabulary for the state of sin before redemption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አሕየወነ፡ በክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The clause 'he gave us life in Christ' (አሕየወነ በክርስቶስ) alludes to the soteriological theme of resurrection and salvation through Christ, paralleling Rom 6:23 and 1 Cor 15:22.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብአ፡ ግዝረት","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'people of circumcision' (ሰብአ ግዝረት) reflects early Christian debates about the continued validity of Jewish law, a key concern in the Pauline corpus and in Ethiopic reception.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአኮ፡ በምግባሪነ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a confessional 'we' to a direct address 'you, the nations' (አንትሙ አሕዛብ), marking a rhetorical turn that contrasts the experience of believers with that of non-believers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ","severity":"caution","text":"The repeated phrase 'through Jesus Christ' (በኢየሱስ ክርስቶስ) may be a scribal expansion or liturgical formula; the Geʿez text shows redundancy not present in the Coptic Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase ዘአፈድፈደ (zaʾafädäfädä) 'which he multiplied' could be read as a divine attribute or as a specific act of mercy; the English draft takes the latter.","The identity of 'the people of circumcision' (ሰብአ ግዝረት) is ambiguous: it may refer to Jewish Christians or to non-Christian Jews."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ወኢተአምርዎ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ ውእተ፡ አሚረ። ወነኪራን፡ አንትሙ፡ እምሕገ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወነግዳን፡ እምሥርዐተ፡ ተስፋ። ወአልብክሙ፡ ወኢተአምርዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በውስተ፡ ዓለም።\n\nወይእዜሰ፡ ባሕቱ፡ አንትሙ፡ እለ፡ ትካት፡ ርሑቃን፡ ቀረብክሙ፡ በደሙ፡ ለክርስቶስ። ሰላመ፡ ክልኤቱ\n\nእስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሰላምነ፡ ዘረሰዮሙ፡ አሐደ፡ ለክልኤሆሙ። ወነሠተ፡ ዐረፍተ፡ ማእከል፡ በሥጋሁ።\n\nወሰዐረ፡ ጽልአ፡ ወአብጠለ፡ ሕገ፡ ትእዛዝ፡ በሥርዐቱ። ከመ፡ ይረስዮሙ፡ አሐደ፡ ሐዲሰ፡ ለክልኤሆሙ። ወገብረ፡ ሰላመ።\n\nወአብጽሖሙ፡ ለክልኤሆሙ፡ በአሐዱ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ለኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በመስቀሉ። ወለጽልእ፡ ቀተሎ፡ ቦቱ።\n\nወመጽአ፡ ወወሀበነ፡ ሰላመ፡ ለርሑቃን፡ ወሰላመ፡ ለቅሩባን።\n\nእስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ መርሐነ፡ ወአቅረበነ፡ ለክልኤነ፡ ኀበ፡ አቡሁ፡ በመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ። ኩነተ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቤቱ\n\nእምይእዜሰ፡ ኢኮንክሙ፡ ነግደ፡ ወፈላሴ። አላ፡ አንትሙ፡ ሰብአ፡ ሀገሪቶሙ፡ ለቅዱሳን፡ ወሰብአ፡ ቤቱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።","english":"And they did not know Christ, who is the one who reconciled and united you who were far from the law of Israel and strangers to the ordinance of hope, and you had no heart, and they did not know God in the world.\n\nAnd now, only you who were far off have approached through the blood of Christ, the peace of both.\n\nFor he is our peace, who made them one for both of them, and he removed the veil of the middle with his flesh.\n\nAnd he destroyed enmity and abolished the law of commandment with his ordinance, so that he might make them one new thing for both of them, and he made peace.\n\nAnd he brought both of them together in his one flesh to God on his cross, and he killed enmity there.\n\nAnd he came and gave us peace for the far-off and peace for the near.\n\nFor he is our guide and brought both of us to his Father through the Holy Spirit, the state of the people of his house.\n\nFrom now on, you are no longer a stranger and a foreigner. Rather, you are the people of their city, the saints, and the people of the house of God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰላመ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez noun ሰላመ (salāma) is rendered 'peace' in the English draft, but in this context it carries the sense of a covenantal reconciliation or treaty, not merely the absence of conflict.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነሠተ፡ ዐረፍተ፡ ማእከል፡ በሥጋሁ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'removed the veil of the middle with his flesh' echoes the tearing of the temple veil (cf. Mark 15:38) and the Pauline concept of Christ as mediator (1 Timothy 2:5), but is not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the law of Israel' and 'the ordinance of hope' reflects a typological contrast between the old covenant (law) and the new covenant (hope in Christ), common in Ethiopic homiletic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage forms a chiastic unit: it opens with ignorance of Christ, moves through reconciliation via his flesh and blood, and concludes with the transformation of the audience from strangers to citizens of the saints' city.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The final verse, addressing the audience as 'people of their city, the saints', reflects a liturgical or catechetical setting where the congregation is identified with the heavenly Jerusalem.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase ኢኮንክሙ፡ ነግደ፡ ወፈላሴ (ʾukonkamu nagda wa-falāse) is ambiguous: it could mean 'you are no longer a stranger and a foreigner' (as in the English draft) or 'you are no longer a merchant and a traveler', depending on the reading of ፈላሴ (falāse) as 'foreigner' or 'traveler'. The draft takes the former, aligning with the theme of belonging."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"እስመ፡ ተሐነጽክሙ፡ ዲበ፡ መሠረተ፡ ሐዋርያት፡ ወነቢያት። እንዘ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ርእሰ፡ ማእዘንተ፡ ሕንጻ።\n\nዘቦቱ፡ የኀድር፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕንጻ፡ ወይጸንዕ፡ ጽርሐ፡ መቅደሱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር። ወአንትሙሂ፡ ቦቱ፡ ተሐነጽክሙ፡ ማኅደረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ።\n\nምዕራፍ 3\n\nዘከመ፡ ከሠተ፡ ምሥጢረ፡ ሥጋዌሁ፡ ለሐዋርያት\n\nወእንበይነ፡ ዝ፡ አነ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ሙቁሑ፡ ለክርስቶስ። እንበይነ፡ ዚኣክሙ፡ አሕዛብ።\n\nሶበሰ፡ ሰማዕክሙ፡ ሀብተ፡ ጸጋሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘወሀበኒ፡ በእንቲኣክሙ።\n\nእስመ፡ ከሠተ፡ ሊተ፡ ምክሮ። ወአርአየኒ፡ በከመ፡ ጸሐፍኩ፡ ለክሙ፡ ኅዳጠ።\n\nበዘትክሉ፡ አእምሮ፡ ሶበ፡ ታነብቡ፡ ወተአምሩ፡ ኅሊናየ፡ በምክሩ፡ ለክርስቶስ።\n\nዘኢየአምሮ፡ ካልእ፡ ትውልድ፡ እምደቂቀ፡ ዕጓለ፡ እመሕያው። ከመ፡ ይእዜ፡ ተከሥተ፡ ለቅዱሳን፡ ሐዋርያት፡ ወነቢያቲሁ፡ በመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ።\n\nከመ፡ ይረስዮሙ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ መዋርስቲሁ፡ ወሥጋሁ። ወይኅበሩ፡ ተስፋ፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ በትምህርተ፡ ወንጌል።","english":"For you have been built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, while Christ is the head cornerstone of the building, in whom all the building dwells and the shelter of his sanctuary for God is made firm. And you yourselves have been built as a dwelling place of God in the Holy Spirit.\n\nChapter 3\n\nHow he revealed the mystery of his incarnation to the apostles\n\nAnd I, Paul, the prisoner of Christ, say this to you Gentiles. When you heard of the gift of grace of God which he gave to me for your sake, for he revealed counsel to me and showed me how I wrote to you briefly. In which you may understand, when you read and perceive my mind in the counsel of Christ, which no other generation of the children of the sons of men understood, as now it has been revealed to the holy apostles and his prophets in the Holy Spirit, that he might grant to the Gentiles his inheritance and his flesh, and that they might dwell in hope in Jesus Christ through the teaching of the Gospel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 3","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Chapter 3' marks a new section, shifting from the previous narrative to a focused revelation of the incarnation mystery to the apostles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ርእሰ፡ ማእዘንተ፡ ሕንጻ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'head cornerstone of the building' (ርእሰ፡ ማእዘንተ፡ ሕንጻ) is a key architectural metaphor for Christ as the foundational and unifying element of the church.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ፡ ተሐነጽክሙ፡ ዲበ፡ መሠረተ፡ ሐዋርያት፡ ወነቢያት","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of being built on the foundation of apostles and prophets echoes Ephesians 2:19-22, where the church is built on apostolic and prophetic witness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እንበይነ፡ ዚኣክሙ፡ አሕዛብ","severity":"info","text":"Paul addresses 'you Gentiles' (አሕዛብ), reflecting the Epistle to the Ephesians' audience of non-Jewish believers, emphasizing the universal scope of the gospel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥጢረ፡ ሥጋዌሁ","severity":"info","text":"The 'mystery of his incarnation' (ምሥጢረ፡ ሥጋዌሁ) is a central theme in Ethiopic Christology, emphasizing the revelation of Christ's divine-human nature to the apostles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኢየአምሮ፡ ካልእ፡ ትውልድ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'which no other generation understood' (ዘኢየአምሮ፡ ካልእ፡ ትውልድ) may be hyperbolic or reflect a specific claim of exclusive apostolic insight; the Geʿez text is ambiguous about whether this refers to all prior generations or a particular group.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘኢየአምሮ፡ ካልእ፡ ትውልድ' could be interpreted as 'no other generation' or 'no other race', leaving ambiguity about the scope of the claim.","The transition from the building metaphor to the incarnation mystery is abrupt; the text does not explicitly connect the two sections."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ዘሎቱ፡ ተሠየምኩ፡ አነ፡ ላእከ፡ ወዐዋዴ። በከመ፡ ሀብተ፡ ጸጋሁ፡ ዘወሀበኒ፡ ሊተ፡ በረድኤተ፡ ኀይሉ።\n\nሊተ፡ ዘአነ፡ እቴሐት፡ እምኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ወሀበኒ፡ ዘንተ፡ ጸጋሁ። ከመ፡ እምሀሮሙ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ ብዕለ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ አሰር፡ ወአብርሀ፡ ለኵሉ። በእንተ፡ ምክር፡ ኅቡእ\n\nምንት፡ ውእቱ፡ ሥርዐቱ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ምክር። ዘኅቡእ፡ እምዓለም፡ በኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ፈጠረ።\n\nከመ፡ ይእዜ፡ ይትዐወቅ፡ ለቀደምት፡ ወለመኳንንት፡ እለ፡ በሰማያት። በእንተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ጥበቢሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እንተ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ኅበሪሃ።\n\nዘሠርዓ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ዓለም፡ ወፈጸማ፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እግዚእነ።\n\nዘቦቱ፡ ረከብነ፡ ጸጋ፡ ወሞገሰ። ወመርሐነ፡ ውስተ፡ ተስፋ፡ ዘሃይማኖት።\n\nወበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ አስተበቊዖ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር። ከመ፡ ኢይትቈጥዓ፡ ለሕማምየ፡ እንተ፡ ረከበተኒ፡ በእንቲኣክሙ፡ ለክብርክሙ።\n\nወእሰግድ፡ ለአብ፡ በብረከ፡ ልብየ።\n\nዘኪያሁ፡ ይጼውዑ፡ ኵሉ፡ በሓውርት፡ ዘበሰማያት፡ ወዘበምድር።","english":"For this I have been sent, I, the least and the lowly, as the gift of his grace which he gave to me by the power of his might. To me, who am lower than all the saints, he gave this grace of his, as if from among them, for the nations, the greatness of Christ which has no bound, and he revealed it to all, concerning the hidden counsel. What is the ordinance of this hidden counsel, which is hidden from the world, with God who created all? So that now it may be known to the ancients and to the angels who are in the heavens, concerning the church, the wisdom of God, which has many forms. Which he ordained from before the world and completed in Jesus Christ our Lord. In whom we have found grace and favor, and he led us into the hope of faith. And concerning this, I have confessed to God, that my suffering which I received for your sake may not be cut off, for your honor. And I bow to the Father with the knee of my heart. Whom all the travelers in the heavens and on the earth call upon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምክር፡ ኅቡእ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'hidden counsel' (ምክር፡ ኅቡእ) likely refers to the divine plan of salvation, a key concept in Geʿez theological literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'ancients and angels in the heavens' reflects the Geʿez tradition of a primordial revelation of the church's mystery.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from Paul's personal reception of grace to a cosmic revelation of the hidden counsel, culminating in a doxological confession.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'completed in Jesus Christ our Lord' echoes New Testament soteriology, possibly alluding to Ephesians 1:4-5 on the preordination of Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The confession 'I bow to the Father with the knee of my heart' reflects a liturgical posture common in Ethiopic prayer, emphasizing humility.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the ancients' (ቀደምት) is ambiguous: it may refer to Old Testament patriarchs or to early church fathers.","The phrase 'all the travelers in the heavens and on the earth' could denote angels and humans, but the exact referent is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ከመ፡ የሀብክሙ፡ በከመ፡ ብዕለ፡ ስብሐቲሁ። ወያጽንዕክሙ፡ በኀይለ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ። በእንተ፡ ኅድረቱ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ ውስተ፡ ልበ፡ ሰብእ\n\nእስመ፡ እንተ፡ ውስጡ፡ ለሰብእ፡ የኀድር፡ ክርስቶስ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ውስተ፡ ልብክሙ፡ በተፋቅሮ። እንዘ፡ ይከውን፡ ጽኑዐ፡ ሥርውክሙሂ፡ ወመሠረትክሙሂ።\n\nከመ፡ ትክሀሉ፡ ረኪበ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን። ምንትኑ፡ ራሕቡ፡ ወኑኁ፡ ወላዕሉ፡ ወዕመቁ።\n\nለጠይቆ፡ ብዝኀ፡ አእምሮ፡ ፍቅሩ፡ ለክርስቶስ። ከመ፡ ትሠለጡ፡ በኵሉ፡ ፍጻሜ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።\n\nዘይክል፡ አጽንዖተክሙ፡ ትግበሩ፡ ኵሎ። ወታፈድፍዱ፡ ዘንስእል፡ ወዘንኄሊ፡ በከመ፡ ይረድአነ፡ ኀይሉ።\n\nዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ በቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ። በኵሉ፡ ትውልድ፡ ወለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።\n\nምዕራፍ 4\n\nበእንተ፡ ጽዋዔ፡ ምእመናን፡ ወማእሰረ፡ ሰላም\n\nአስተበቊዐክሙ፡ አነ፡ ሙቁሕ፡ በክርስቶስ። ከመ፡ ትሑሩ፡ በዘይደልዋ፡ ለጽዋዔክሙ፡ ዘተጸዋዕክሙ።\n\nእንዘ፡ ታቴሕቱ፡ ርእሰክሙ፡ በኵሉ፡ የውሀት። ወትትዔገሡ፡ ወኦሆ፡ ትብሉ፡ ለቢጽክሙ። ወትጽሕቁ፡ ለተፋቅሮ፡ ወተኀብሩ።","english":"as I have given you according to the greatness of his praise, and I will strengthen you by the power of the Holy Spirit, on account of the presence of Christ in the heart of man.\n\nFor it is within man that Christ dwells by faith in your heart through love, while it becomes a firm root and foundation for you,\n\nso that you may be able to be found with all the saints. What is his mercy, his grace, his compassion, and his favor?\n\nTo ask for much understanding of the love of Christ, so that you may be perfected in every end for God.\n\nThat which is able to strengthen you, you shall do all, and you shall multiply that which is little and that which is great, as his power helps us.\n\nWhose is praise in the church, in Jesus Christ, in every generation and forever and ever. Amen.\n\nChapter 4\n\nConcerning the calling of the faithful and the bond of peace.\n\nI have besought you, I, the humble in Christ, that you may walk in that which is fitting for your calling, to which you have been called,\n\nwhile you humble your heads in every gift, and you are patient, and you say, \"Yes,\" to your neighbor, and you strive for love and unity.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 4","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the beginning of Chapter 4, with a new heading: 'Concerning the calling of the faithful and the bond of peace.' This structural division is a later editorial addition, not original to the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ስብሐት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ስብሐት (səbḥat) is rendered 'praise' in the English draft, but in this context it carries the sense of 'glory' or 'doxology,' often used in liturgical settings. The term is central to the passage's emphasis on Christ's majesty.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ የሀብክሙ በከመ ብዕለ ስብሐቲሁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as I have given you according to the greatness of his praise' echoes Pauline language of grace and gift-giving, reminiscent of Ephesians 3:8, though not a direct quotation. The Geʿez text adapts the apostle's voice to a homiletic register.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ማእሰረ ሰላም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'bond of peace' (ማእሰረ ሰላም) reflects a key theme in Ethiopic ecclesiology, where unity among the faithful is seen as a sacramental bond. This aligns with the broader context of the Epistle to the Ephesians, which emphasizes ecclesial harmony.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አስተበቊዐክሙ አነ ሙቁሕ በክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The author's self-identification as 'the humble in Christ' (ሙቁሕ በክርስቶስ) is a common trope in Ethiopic homiletic literature, imitating Pauline humility. This reflects the reception of Paul's persona in the Geʿez tradition as a model for spiritual authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይክል አጽንዖተክሙ ትግበሩ ኵሎ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'That which is able to strengthen you, you shall do all' is syntactically ambiguous in Geʿez: the relative clause may refer to 'power' or 'action.' The English draft resolves it as a general exhortation, but the original could imply a specific divine agency.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not clearly distinguish between 'praise' (ስብሐት) and 'glory' in this context; the English draft opts for 'praise,' but a liturgical reading favors 'glory.'","The phrase 'ዘይክል አጽንዖተክሙ ትግበሩ ኵሎ' is ambiguous: it may mean 'that which is able to strengthen you, you shall do all' or 'you shall do all that is able to strengthen you.' The English draft takes the former reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ወትትዐቀቡ፡ በአሐዱ፡ መንፈስ፡ ወበማእሰረ፡ ሰላም።\n\nከመ፡ ትኩኑ፡ አሐደ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወአሐደ፡ መንፈሰ። በከመ፡ ተጸዋዕክሙ፡ ለአሐዱ፡ ተስፋክሙ።\n\nአሐዱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአሐዱ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ወአሐቲ፡ ጥምቀት።\n\nወአሐዱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አብ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ዘላዕለ፡ ኵሉ። ወእምኔሁ፡ ኵሉ፡ ወውእቱ፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ።\n\nወለለ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምኔነ፡ ተውህበ፡ ጸጋሁ፡ በመስፈርተ፡ ሀብቱ፡ ለክርስቶስ። በእንተ፡ ርደቱ፡ ወዕርገቱ፡ ለክርስቶስ\n\nእስመ፡ ይቤ፡ ዐረገ፡ ውስተ፡ አርያም፡ ፄዊወከ፡ ፄዋ። ወወሀብከ፡ ጸጋከ፡ ለዕጓለ፡ እመሕያው።\n\nወምንትኑ፡ እንከ፡ ዕርገቱ፡ ሶበ፡ ኢወረደ፡ መትሕተ፡ ምድር።\n\nዘወረደሂ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወዘዐርገሂ፡ ውእቱ። ወዘሀሎ፡ መልዕልተ፡ ሰማያት፡ ከመ፡ ይፈጽም፡ ኵሎ።\n\nወውእቱ፡ ወሀበ፡ ጸጋ፡ ወከፈለነ። ወረሰየ፡ እምሰብአ፡ ዚኣሁ፡ ሐዋርያተ። ወእምኔሆሙ፡ ነቢያተ፡ ወመምህራነ። ወእምኔሆሙ፡ ኖሎተ፡ ወእምኔሆሙ፡ ሊቃውንተ።\n\nበዘይጸንዑ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ለግብረ፡ መልእክቱ፡ ወለሕንጻ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ለክርስቶስ።","english":"and be on guard with one spirit and in the bond of peace,\n\nso that you may be one body and one spirit, as I have called you to your one hope.\n\nOne Lord, one faith, and one baptism.\n\nAnd one Lord, the Father of all, who is above all, and from whom is all, and who is in all.\n\nAnd to each one of us his grace has been given according to the measure of his gift for Christ, on account of the descent and ascent of Christ.\n\nFor he said, “He ascended into the height; your dust is dust, and you gave your grace to the son of the living one.”\n\nAnd what then is his ascent, when he descended beneath the earth?\n\nHe who descended is the same, and he who ascended is the same. And he who is above the heavens, that he may fulfill all.\n\nAnd it is he who gave grace and crowned us, and appointed from among his own people apostles, and from among them prophets and teachers, and from among them the righteous and from among them the laity,\n\nby which the saints are strengthened for the work of his mission and for the building up of the body of Christ.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"አሐዱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአሐዱ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ወአሐቲ፡ ጥምቀት።","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a hortatory address to a creedal enumeration of unity: one Lord, one faith, one baptism. This triadic formula echoes early Christian baptismal creeds and serves as a structural pivot.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ትኩኑ፡ አሐደ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወአሐደ፡ መንፈሰ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'one body and one spirit' echoes Ephesians 4:4, where Paul urges unity in the church. The Geʿez adapts the Pauline metaphor to local catechetical use.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወምንትኑ፡ እንከ፡ ዕርገቱ፡ ሶበ፡ ኢወረደ፡ መትሕተ፡ ምድር።","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question about Christ's descent and ascent reflects a Christological concern common in Ethiopic homiletics, possibly engaging with the Harrowing of Hell tradition or the descent into the tomb.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊቃውንተ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'laity' (ሊቃውንተ) is a Greek loanword (λαϊκός) used in Geʿez to distinguish non-clerical faithful from clergy, prophets, and teachers. Its inclusion here underscores the inclusive ecclesiology of the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለሕንጻ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ለክርስቶስ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'building up of the body of Christ' (ሕንጻ ሥጋሁ ለክርስቶስ) is a distinctive Ethiopic ecclesiological metaphor, likely drawn from Pauline ecclesiology but adapted to local architectural imagery of church construction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the son of the living one' (ዕጓለ እመሕያው) in the quotation is ambiguous: it may refer to Christ or to a generic human figure. The Geʿez allows both readings.","The phrase 'your dust is dust' (ፄዊወከ ፄዋ) is obscure; it may be a corruption or a local proverb. The sense is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"እስከ፡ ንከውን፡ ኵልነ፡ አሐደ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ወበአእምሮቱ፡ ለወልደ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ወንኩን፡ ከመ፡ ዘአሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ፍጹም፡ ብጹሐ፡ አምጣን፡ በዐቅመ፡ ፍጻሜሁ፡ ለክርስቶስ።\n\nከመ፡ ኢንኩን፡ እንከ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ዘይተነትን፡ ወይትሐወስ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ነፋስ። ኀበ፡ ትምይንተ፡ ትምህርተ፡ ዕጓለ፡ እመሕያው። እለ፡ ይትመነገኑ፡ በጉሕሉቶሙ፡ ከመ፡ ያስሕቱ።\n\nአላ፡ ንጽደቅ፡ እንከ፡ በተፋቅሮ። ወንብዛኅ፡ በኵሉ፡ ዘብነ፡ በክርስቶስ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ርእስ።\n\nዘቦቱ፡ የኀድር፡ ኵሉ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወይትዋደድ፡ በኵሉ፡ ሥርው፡ በበ፡ መስፈርተ፡ ሀብቱ። ዘይትወሀብ፡ ለለ፡ አሐዱ፡ መሌሊት፡ እምነ፡ መለያልይ፡ በዘይልህቅ፡ ሥጋ። ወይትፌጸም፡ ከመ፡ ይትፈጸም፡ ሕንጻሁ፡ በተፋቅሮ። በእንተ፡ ተፈልጦ፡ እምአሕዛብ\n\nዘንተ፡ እብል፡ ወአሰምዕ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በእንቲኣክሙ። ከመ፡ ኢትሑሩ፡ እንከ፡ ከመ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ የሐውሩ፡ በኅሊና፡ ልቦሙ።\n\nወጽሉም፡ ኅሊናሆሙ፡ ወነኪራን፡ እምሕይወተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእበዶሙ፡ ወበጽላሌ፡ ልቦሙ።","english":"until we are all one in the faith and in the understanding of the Son of God, and we become as one perfect man, full of the measure of the fullness of Christ.\n\nSo that we may not be like children who are shaken and troubled by every wind, at the vanity of the teaching of the children of men, who are puffed up in their ignorance as if to deceive.\n\nBut let us be justified rather in love, and let us increase in all that is in us in Christ, who is the head.\n\nIn whom every body dwells and is united in every member, each according to the measure of his gift, which is given to each one individually from the gifts, in what the body lacks, and it is completed as its building is completed in love, because of separation from the Gentiles.\n\nThis I say and make heard to the Lord for your sake, that you may not walk as the Gentiles who walk according to the thought of their heart.\n\nAnd their thought is dark, and they are alienated from the life of God by their pride and the darkness of their heart.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the parametric section of the homily, moving from unity in faith to a contrast with Gentile behavior, marked by the adversative 'አላ' (but).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አሐደ በሃይማኖት ወበአእምሮቱ ለወልደ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'one in faith and in the understanding of the Son of God' echoes the Nicene-Constantinopolitan creedal language of unity in faith and the Son's divinity, a common theme in Ethiopic homiletics.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ኢንኩን እንከ ደቂቀ ዘይተነትን ወይትሐወስ ምስለ ኵሉ ነፋስ","severity":"info","text":"The image of children shaken by every wind recalls Ephesians 4:14 (Vulgate: 'ne fluctuetis omni vento'), a common patristic metaphor for instability in faith.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ያስሕቱ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as if to deceive' (ከመ ያስሕቱ) reflects a concern with false teachers, a theme in early Christian polemics against Gnostic or heretical groups, possibly relevant to the Ephesian context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይትወሀብ ለለ አሐዱ መሌሊት እምነ መለያልይ","severity":"info","text":"The distribution of gifts 'each one individually from the gifts' parallels 1 Corinthians 12:4-11 on the diversity of charisms within the body of Christ, a common Pauline trope.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወጽሉም ኅሊናሆሙ ወነኪራን እምሕይወተ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The characterization of Gentile thought as 'dark' and 'alienated from the life of God' reflects a common Ethiopic homiletic trope contrasting Christian enlightenment with pagan ignorance, likely shaped by monastic catechesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'በዘይልህቅ ሥጋ' (in what the body lacks) is ambiguous: it may refer to a deficiency in the corporate body of Christ or to a physical lack in the individual, but the context of unity suggests the former.","The identity of 'አሕዛብ' (Gentiles) is ambiguous: it could refer to non-Christians generally or specifically to pagan philosophers, but the homiletic context favors a general contrast."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"እለ፡ ቅቡጻን፡ ተስፋሆሙ። ወመጠዉ፡ ርእሶሙ፡ ለሕርትምና፡ ወለርኩስ፡ ወለምርዓት።\n\nወአንትሙሰ፡ አኮ፡ ከማሁ፡ ዘተምህርክምዎ፡ ለክርስቶስ።\n\nወእመሰ፡ አማን፡ ትሰምዕዎ፡ ወትትሜሀሩ፡ በኀቤሁ፡ ጽድቀ። እስመ፡ ጽድቅ፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ውእቱ። አእትተ፡ ግእዝ፡ ዘትካት\n\nአእትቱ፡ እምላዕሌክሙ፡ ግእዘክሙ፡ ዘትካት። እብል፡ በእንተ፡ ብሉይ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘይማስን፡ በፍትወተ፡ ስሒት።\n\nሐድሱ፡ መንፈስ፡ ልብክሙ።\n\nወልበስዎ፡ ለሐዲስ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘሐደሶ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በጽድቅ፡ ወበርትዕ፡ ወበንጽሕ።\n\nወበእንተ፡ ዝ፡ ኅድግዋ፡ ለሐሰት፡ ወተናገሩ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ ምስለ፡ ቢጽክሙ። እስመ፡ አሐዱ፡ አባል፡ ንሕነ።\n\nተምዑ፡ ወኢተአብሱ፡ ወዘእንበለ፡ ይዕርብ፡ ፀሓይ፡ አቊርሩ፡ መዓተክሙ።\n\nወኢተሀብዎ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ለሰይጣን።\n\nዘይሰርቅኒ፡ ኢይስርቅ፡ እንከ፡ ለይትገበር። ወይጻሙ፡ እንከ፡ በእደዊሁ፡ ለሠናይ፡ በዘይረድኦ፡ ለነዳይ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገር፡ ሕሡም፡ ኢይፃእ፡ እምአፉክሙ። ዘእንበለ፡ ሠናይ፡ በዘይትሐነጽ፡ ትካዝክሙ። ከመ፡ ይርከቡ፡ ሞገሰ፡ እለ፡ ይሰምዑክሙ።","english":"those whose hopes are cut off, and who have bowed their heads to shame, to filth, and to defilement.\n\nBut you are not like that, you who have been taught Christ.\n\nAnd if you truly listen to him and are instructed by him, righteousness; for righteousness is in Jesus Christ. The interpretation of the Geʿez text is as follows:\n\nThe interpretation is from me, your Geʿez text. I speak concerning the old man who is tested by the desire of the flesh.\n\nRenew the spirit of your heart.\n\nAnd clothe the new man, whom God has renewed in righteousness, in uprightness, and in purity.\n\nAnd because of this, abandon falsehood and speak righteousness, all of you, with your strength; for we are one body.\n\nBe amazed and do not be ashamed, and before the sun sets, hasten your repentance.\n\nAnd do not give a path to Satan.\n\nLet him who would steal not steal, but let him work; and let him who would fast, fast, with his own hands, for the good, in that which helps the needy.\n\nAnd let every word that is sealed not come out of your mouth, except for good, in that which builds up your character, so that those who hear you may find favor.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"አእትተ፡ ግእዝ፡ ዘትካት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the interpretation of the Geʿez text is as follows' marks a shift from the translated Pauline material to an Ethiopic commentary or homiletic expansion, a common feature in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሕርትምና","severity":"info","text":"ሕርትምና (ḥərtəmma) is a Geʿez term meaning 'shame' or 'disgrace,' often used in moral exhortation. It is not a direct translation of a Pauline Greek term but reflects the Ethiopic interpretive tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አሐዱ፡ አባል፡ ንሕነ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'we are one body' echoes 1 Corinthians 12:12-13, a Pauline metaphor for unity in the church, adapted here to the Ethiopic context of moral and spiritual solidarity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐድሱ፡ መንፈስ፡ ልብክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The exhortation to 'renew the spirit of your heart' reflects a common Ethiopic ascetic theme of inner renewal, likely influenced by monastic traditions, and is not a direct citation from the Pauline corpus.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይሰርቅኒ፡ ኢይስርቅ፡ እንከ፡ ለይትገበር","severity":"info","text":"The ethical instruction on theft and fasting, with the call to work and give to the needy, reflects the Ethiopic church's emphasis on practical charity and moral reform, likely shaped by local homiletic traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አእትቱ፡ እምላዕሌክሙ፡ ግእዘክሙ፡ ዘትካት","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the interpretation is from me, your Geʿez text' is ambiguous: it may indicate a scribal gloss or a commentary voice, but the referent of 'me' is unclear, possibly the translator or a later redactor.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in 'the interpretation is from me' is unclear; it may be a scribal or commentary voice.","The transition from Pauline material to Ethiopic commentary is not explicitly marked in the source, leaving the extent of the original text uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ወኢታምዕዕዎ፡ ለመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ዐተቡክሙ፡ አመ፡ ድኅንክሙ።\n\nኵሎ፡ መሪረ፡ ወመዓተ፡ ወቊጥዐ፡ ወመርገመ፡ ወመንሱተ፡ ወፅርፈተ። አእትቱ፡ እምላዕሌክሙ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ እኩይ።\n\nወኩኑ፡ መሓርያነ፡ ቢጽክሙ፡ ወተጻገዉ፡ በበይናቲክሙ። በከመ፡ ጸገወክሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በክርስቶስ።\n\nምዕራፍ 5\n\nበእንተ፡ ተመስሎ፡ በእግዚአብሔር\n\nተመሰሉ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ውሉድ፡ ፍቁራን።\n\nወሑሩ፡ በተፋቅሮ፡ በከመ፡ አፍቀረክሙ፡ ክርስቶስ። ወመጠወ፡ ርእሶ፡ በእንቲኣክሙ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ወቊርባነ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ለመዓዛ፡ ሠናይ።\n\nወዝሙትሰ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ርኩስ፡ ወትዕግልት፡ ኢይሰማዕ፡ በላዕሌክሙ። በከመ፡ ይደልዎሙ፡ ለቅዱሳን።\n\nወኢ፡ ነገረ፡ ኀፍረት፡ ወነገረ፡ እበድ፡ ወነገረ፡ ሥላቅ፡ ዘኢይደሉ። ዘእንበለ፡ ዳእሙ፡ አእኵቶ፡ ህየንተ፡ ዝ፡ እኩይ።\n\nወዘንተ፡ አእምሩ። ከመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘማዊ፡ ወርኩስ፡ ወመስተዐግል፡ ወዘያጣዑ። አልቦ፡ መክፈልት፡ ውስተ፡ መንግሥተ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘእግዚአብሔር።","english":"And do not grieve the Holy Spirit, who has covered you since you were saved.\n\nAll bitterness, curse, wrath, malediction, and hatred, and shame—remove them from yourselves, along with every evil.\n\nAnd be merciful in your zeal, and be reconciled among yourselves, as God reconciled you through Christ.\n\nChapter 5\n\nOn Likeness to God\n\nBe like God, as beloved children.\n\nAnd walk in love, as Christ loved you. And offer yourself as a sacrifice and offering to God for a good fragrance.\n\nBut let no slander, nor any impurity, nor deceit be heard among you, as is fitting for the saints.\n\nAnd let no word of shame, nor word of ruin, nor word of mockery that is not fitting be spoken, except to condemn evil in its place.\n\nAnd know this: that everything that is foul, impure, perverse, and abominable has no place in the kingdom of Christ, which is God's.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 5","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text marks a new chapter (ምዕራፍ 5) with the heading 'On Likeness to God,' indicating a structural division not present in the Greek original.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መሓርያነ","severity":"info","text":"The term መሓርያነ (merciful) here modifies ቢጽክሙ (your zeal), a collocation not found in the Greek text; the Geʿez translator may be interpreting Pauline virtue language through local ascetic ideals.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ተመሰሉ በእግዚአብሔር ከመ ውሉድ ፍቁራን","severity":"info","text":"The exhortation 'Be like God, as beloved children' echoes 1 John 3:2 and the Pauline theme of divine filiation (cf. Romans 8:15-17), though no direct quotation is present.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"መሥዋዕተ ወቊርባነ","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of መሥዋዕተ (sacrifice) and ቊርባነ (offering) reflects Geʿez liturgical terminology, likely drawn from the Ethiopic Eucharistic tradition, rather than a direct Pauline phrase.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢታምዕዕዎ ለመንፈስ ቅዱስ","severity":"caution","text":"The opening clause 'do not grieve the Holy Spirit' is ambiguous: the Geʿez could mean either 'do not cause grief to the Spirit' or 'do not be grieved by the Spirit.' The English draft takes the former, but the latter is also grammatically possible.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ወኢ ነገረ ኀፍረት","severity":"info","text":"The prohibition of 'words of shame, ruin, mockery' reflects a monastic reception of Paul, emphasizing communal purity and silence, typical of Ethiopic ascetic commentaries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez 'ወኢታምዕዕዎ ለመንፈስ ቅዱስ' is ambiguous between 'do not grieve the Holy Spirit' (active) and 'do not be grieved by the Holy Spirit' (passive). The English draft adopts the active reading.","The phrase 'መሓርያነ ቢጽክሙ' (merciful in your zeal) is unusual; 'zeal' (ቢጽክሙ) may be a translation of Greek ζῆλος, but the modifier 'merciful' is not attested in the Pauline corpus."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"አልቦ፡ ዘያስሕተክሙ፡ በነገረ፡ ከንቱ። እስመ፡ በእንቲኣሁ፡ ይመጽእ፡ መዓተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ ውሉደ፡ ዐላውያን።\n\nኢትትመሰልዎሙኬ፡ እስመ፡ ትካት፡ ጽልመት፡ አንትሙ። ወይእዜሰ፡ ብርሃነ፡ ኮንክሙ፡ በእግዚእነ።\n\nከመ፡ ውሉደ፡ ብርሃን፡ ሑሩ፡ እንከሰ።\n\nእስመ፡ ፍሬሁ፡ ለብርሃን፡ ኵሉ፡ ምግባረ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወጽድቅ፡ ወርትዕ። በእንተ፡ አመክሮ፡ ዘያሠምሮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር\n\nወአመክሩ፡ ዘያሠምሮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።\n\nወኢትኀበሩ፡ ምስለ፡ እለ፡ አልቦሙ፡ ፍሬ፡ ምግባር፡ ዘጽልመት፡ ኵለንታሆሙ። አላ፡ ገሥጽዎሙ።\n\nእስመ፡ ዘበጽሚት፡ ይገብሩ፡ ኀፍረት፡ ለነጊር።\n\nወዘሰ፡ ክሡት፡ ኵሉ፡ ውስተ፡ ብርሃን፡ ይትዐወቅ። እስመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘገሃድ፡ ብርሃን፡ ውእቱ።\n\nእስመ፡ ይቤ፡ ንቃሕ፡ ዘትነውም፡ ወተንሥእ፡ እምዉታን። ወያበርህ፡ ለከ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nዑቁ፡ እንከ፡ ዘከመ፡ ተሐውሩ፡ ከመ፡ ጠቢባን፡ በንጽሕ። ወአኮ፡ ከመ፡ አብዳን።\n\nእንዘ፡ ታነሐስይዎ፡ ለዝ፡ ዓለም፡ እስመ፡ እኩይ፡ መዋዕሊሁ።","english":"There is none who will lead you astray with vain words, for soon the wrath of God will come upon the children of iniquity.\n\nDo not liken yourselves to them, for you were darkness, but now you have become light through our Lord.\n\nWalk as children of light.\n\nFor the fruit of light is every good deed, righteousness, and mercy, on account of the counsel that pleases God.\n\nAnd counsel that which pleases God.\n\nAnd do not associate with those who have no fruit of deed, who are of darkness entirely; rather, rebuke them.\n\nFor those who act in secret bring shame upon the day.\n\nAnd whatever is hidden, all of it is known in the light, for everything that is manifest is light.\n\nFor it is said, \"Awake, you who sleep, and arise from the dead, and Christ will shine for you.\"\n\nArise now, for you have been transformed like the wise in purity, and not like the lost.\n\nWhile you diminish this world, for its days are evil.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"አልቦ ዘያስሕተክሙ በነገረ ከንቱ","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase denies the existence of anyone who can lead the addressees astray with vain words, reinforcing the community's separation from false teaching.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትትመሰልዎሙኬ እስመ ትካት ጽልመት አንትሙ ወይእዜሰ ብርሃነ ኮንክሙ በእግዚእነ","severity":"info","text":"The contrast between former darkness and present light echoes the Pauline language of Ephesians 5:8, where believers are called from darkness to light through Christ.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ብርሃን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ብርሃን (bərhan) means 'light' and is used here both literally and metaphorically for divine truth and righteousness, a key concept in Ethiopic Christian literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ ይቤ ንቃሕ ዘትነውም ወተንሥእ እምዉታን ወያበርህ ለከ ክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"This is a direct quotation of a call to awaken and rise from the dead, reminiscent of the resurrection theme in 1 Corinthians 15 and the liturgical language of the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዑቁ እንከ ዘከመ ተሐውሩ ከመ ጠቢባን በንጽሕ ወአኮ ከመ አብዳን","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with a hortatory call to action, contrasting the wise (ጠቢባን) with the lost (አብዳን), a common rhetorical device in paraenetic literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እንዘ ታነሐስይዎ ለዝ ዓለም እስመ እኩይ መዋዕሊሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'while you diminish this world, for its days are evil' may be textually corrupt or ambiguous; the verb ታነሐስይዎ could be read as 'you diminish' or 'you despise,' affecting the ascetic tone.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'እንዘ ታነሐስይዎ ለዝ ዓለም' is ambiguous: the verb could mean 'diminish' (i.e., devalue) or 'despise,' with implications for the community's attitude toward the world.","The identity of 'children of iniquity' (ውሉደ ዐላውያን) is not specified; it may refer to heretics or non-believers in general."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"በእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ኢትኩኑ፡ አብዳነ። አላ፡ ኀልዩ፡ ፈቃደ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወኢትስክሩ፡ ወይነ፡ እስመ፡ ምርዓት፡ ውእቱ። አላ፡ ምልኡ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ቅዱስ።\n\nወአንብቡ፡ መዝሙረ፡ ወስብሐተ፡ ወማሕሌተ፡ ቅድሳት። ሰብሑ፡ ወዘምሩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በልብክሙ።\n\nወአእኵቱ፡ ዘልፈ፡ በእንተ፡ ኵሉ፡ በስመ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አብ። በእንተ፡ ሠሪዐ፡ ቤት\n\nአትሕቱ፡ ርእሰክሙ፡ ለቢጽክሙ፡ በፍርሀተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወአንስትኒ፡ ይትእዘዛ፡ ለአምታቲሆን፡ ከመ፡ ዘለእግዚእነ።\n\nእስመ፡ ብእሲ፡ ርእሳ፡ ለብእሲት። ከመ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ርእሳ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወመድኅነ፡ ሥጋሃ።\n\nወከመ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ትትኤዘዞ፡ ለክርስቶስ። ከማሁ፡ አንስትኒ፡ ይትአዘዛ፡ ለአምታቲሆን፡ በኵሉ።\n\nዕደውኒ፡ ያፍቅሩ፡ አንስቲያሆሙ። ከመ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ አፍቀራ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወመጠወ፡ ርእሶ፡ በእንቲኣሃ።\n\nከመ፡ ይቀድሳ፡ ወያንጽሓ፡ በጥምቀት፡ ማይ፡ ወበቃሉ።","english":"Concerning this, do not be destroyers, but rather fulfill the will of God.\n\nAnd do not become drunk with wine, for it is bitterness, but rather be filled with the Holy Spirit.\n\nAnd recite psalms, praise, and holy hymns; glorify and sing to God with your heart.\n\nAnd always bow down for everything in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ to God the Father, concerning the builder of the house.\n\nHumble your heads to your knees in the fear of God.\n\nAnd women also shall be obedient to their husbands, as to our Lord.\n\nFor the man is the head of the woman, as Christ is the head of the Church and the savior of her body.\n\nAnd as the Church is obedient to Christ, so also women shall be obedient to their husbands in all things.\n\nHusbands shall love their wives, as Christ loved the Church and gave himself for her.\n\nAs he sanctifies and purifies through the water of baptism and through his word.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትኩኑ፡ አብዳነ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez imperative 'do not be destroyers' echoes the earlier warning against vain words and aligns with the hortatory tone of the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምርዓት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'bitterness' (ምርዓት) is used metaphorically for wine, contrasting with the 'sweetness' of the Holy Spirit, a common ascetic trope in Ethiopic Christian literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አንብቡ፡ መዝሙረ፡ ወስብሐተ፡ ወማሕሌተ፡ ቅድሳት","severity":"info","text":"The instruction to recite psalms, praise, and holy hymns reflects liturgical practice rooted in the Psalms and New Testament exhortations to praise (e.g., Eph 5:19).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠሪዐ፡ ቤት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'builder of the house' likely refers to a patron or founder of a church or monastic community, a common figure in Ethiopic ecclesiastical contexts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ርእሳ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን","severity":"info","text":"The analogy of man as head of woman, like Christ as head of the Church, parallels Ephesians 5:23–24, a key New Testament passage on household hierarchy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አንስትኒ፡ ይትእዘዛ፡ ለአምታቲሆን","severity":"info","text":"The directive for women's obedience to husbands reflects the reception of Pauline household codes in Ethiopic Christian moral teaching, often cited in monastic and lay instruction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'builder of the house' (ሠሪዐ፡ ቤት) is ambiguous: it may refer to a literal builder, a church founder, or a spiritual figure; the reading taken is a patron or founder."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ወይረስያ፡ ሎቱ፡ ክብርተ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስትያኑ። ከመ፡ ኢይርከብ፡ በላዕሌሃ፡ ርስሐተ፡ ወጥልቀተ። ዳእሙ፡ ከመ፡ ትኩን፡ ንጽሕተ፡ ወቅድስተ።\n\nከማሁ፡ ዕደውኒ፡ ያፍቅሩ፡ አንስቲያሆሙ፡ ከመ፡ ነፍሶሙ። ዘአፍቀረ፡ ብእሲቶ፡ ርእሶ፡ አፍቀረ። ወአልቦ፡ ዘይክል፡ ጸሊአ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ግሙራ።\n\nሴስዩ፡ ወተማሕፀኑ፡ በከመ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ።\n\nእስመ፡ አባለ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ይእቲ።\n\nወበእንተ፡ ዝ፡ የኀድግ፡ ብእሲ፡ አባሁ፡ ወእሞ፡ ወይተልዋ፡ ለብእሲቱ። ወይከውኑ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ አሐደ፡ ሥጋ።\n\nዐቢይ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዝ፡ ነገር። ወአንሰ፡ እብሎ፡ ላዕለ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ አንትሙኒ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ ከማሁ፡ አንስቲያክሙ፡ አፍቅሩ፡ ከመ፡ ነፍስክሙ። ወብእሲትኒ፡ ትፍርሆ፡ ለምታ።\n\nምዕራፍ 6\n\nበእንተ፡ ውሉድ፡ ወአበው\n\nውሉድኒ፡ ተአዘዙ፡ ለአዝማዲክሙ፡ በእግዚእነ። እስመ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዝንቱ።\n\nወቀዳሚ፡ ትእዛዝ፡ በውስተ፡ ሥርዐት፡ አክብር፡ አባከ፡ ወእመከ።","english":"And give honor to the church, so that it may not find filth and defilement upon it, but rather that it may be pure and holy.\n\nLikewise, husbands should love their wives as their own souls. He who loves his wife loves himself, and there is no one who can hate his own body completely.\n\nFeed and clothe her as Christ does the church, for she is a member of his body.\n\nAnd because of this, a man should leave his father and mother and cleave to his wife, and the two of them become one flesh.\n\nThis is a great matter, and I speak it concerning Christ and concerning the church.\n\nBut you also, all of you, love your wives likewise as your own souls, and a wife also fears her husband.\n\nChapter 6\n\nConcerning Children and Parents\n\nChildren, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is righteousness.\n\nAnd the first commandment in the law: honor your father and your mother.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራፍ 6","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new chapter (ምዕራፍ 6) with the heading 'Concerning Children and Parents', marking a clear structural division from the preceding marital advice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ርስሐተ ወጥልቀተ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ርስሐተ ወጥልቀተ' (filth and defilement) likely reflects a Geʿez rendering of a Coptic or Greek concept of ritual impurity, emphasizing the church's purity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ክርስቶስ ለቤተ ክርስቲያኑ","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of a husband's care for his wife to Christ's care for the church echoes Ephesians 5:25-29, where the marital bond is analogized to Christ and the church.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይረስያ ሎቱ ክብርተ ለቤተ ክርስትያኑ","severity":"info","text":"The instruction to 'give honor to the church' reflects early Christian emphasis on the sanctity of church buildings, possibly influenced by Coptic monastic traditions that stressed purity in sacred spaces.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቀዳሚ ትእዛዝ በውስተ ሥርዐት አክብር አባከ ወእመከ","severity":"info","text":"The command to honor parents as the 'first commandment in the law' parallels the Decalogue (Exodus 20:12) and is a common trope in early Christian paraenesis, also found in the Didache.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአልቦ ዘይክል ጸሊአ ሥጋሁ ግሙራ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'there is no one who can hate his own body completely' is ambiguous: it may mean self-love is natural, or it may be a rhetorical exaggeration; the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወአልቦ ዘይክል ጸሊአ ሥጋሁ ግሙራ' could be interpreted as a general statement about human nature or as a specific theological point about the body's inherent worth.","The transition from marital advice to parental advice is abrupt; the chapter break may reflect a later editorial decision rather than original composition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ከመ፡ ሠናየ፡ ይኩንከ፡ ወይኑኅ፡ መዋዕሊከ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር።\n\nአበውኒ፡ ኢታስተቈጥዑ፡ ውሉደክሙ። አላ፡ ሕፅኑ፡ ወገሥጹ፡ በትምህርተ፡ እግዚአብሔር። በእንተ፡ ነባሪ፡ ወአጋእዝቲሆሙ\n\nነባሪኒ፡ ተአዘዙ፡ ለአጋእዝቲክሙ። እለ፡ ይኴንኑክሙ፡ በሥጋክሙ፡ በፍርሀት፡ ወበረዓድ፡ ወበልብ፡ ስፉሕ፡ ከመ፡ ዘለክርስቶስ።\n\nወአኮ፡ ከመ፡ ዘያደሉ፡ ለዐይነ፡ ሰብእ። አላ፡ ከመ፡ አግብርተ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እለ፡ ይገብሩ፡ ፈቃዶ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።\n\nወበኵሉ፡ ነፍስክሙ፡ ተቀነዩ፡ ሎሙ፡ በአፍቅሮ። ከመ፡ ዘለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወአኮ፡ ከመ፡ ዘለሰብእ።\n\nእንዘ፡ ተአምሩ፡ ከመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ሠናየ፡ ይትዐሰይ፡ በኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር። እመኒ፡ ነባሪ፡ ወእመኒ፡ አግዓዚ።\n\nወአጋእዝትኒ፡ ጽሩየ፡ ግበሩ፡ ሎሙ። እንዘ፡ ታቈርሩ፡ መዓተክሙ፡ ወተኀድጉ፡ ሎሙ፡ አበሳሆሙ። ተአምሩ፡ ከመ፡ ብክሙ፡ እግዚእ፡ በሰማያት፡ ዘኢያደሉ፡ ለገጽ። በእንተ፡ ተቃትሎ፡ ምስለ፡ መናፍስት\n\nእንከሰ፡ ጽንዑ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ ወበጽንዐ፡ ኀይሉ።","english":"...so that it may be good for you and prolong your days upon the earth.\n\nAnd you, fathers, do not neglect your children, but rather nurture and discipline them in the teaching of God, on account of the master and their lords.\n\nAnd you, masters, obey your lords, those who rule over you in your flesh, with fear and trembling and a humble heart, as for Christ.\n\nAnd not as one who serves the eye of man, but as servants of Christ, those who do the will of God.\n\nAnd with your whole soul, submit to them in love, as for God, and not as for man.\n\nWhile knowing that every good deed is stored up with God, whether of a master or of a lord.\n\nAnd you, lords, do rightly for them, while restraining your anger and forgiving them their offenses. Know that with you the Lord in heaven, who does not look upon the face, on account of the struggle with the spirits.\n\nFor be strong in God and in the strength of his power.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the parametric address of the preceding section, shifting from household ethics to reciprocal duties among masters, lords, and servants.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ነባሪ","severity":"info","text":"ነባሪ (näbari) is a Geʿez term meaning 'master' or 'lord,' here used in a social hierarchy context, distinct from the divine title እግዚአብሔር.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'with fear and trembling' echoes New Testament language (e.g., 1 Cor 2:3, Eph 6:5), though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The instruction for masters to 'restrain your anger and forgive offenses' reflects early Christian household codes (Haustafeln) adapted in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The final exhortation to 'be strong in God and in the strength of his power' is a formulaic closing in Ethiopic paraenetic literature, reinforcing divine reliance.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez term ነባሪ (näbari) may denote a temporal master or a spiritual lord; the context suggests a social hierarchy, but the parallel with Christ leaves room for allegorical reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ወልበሱ፡ ወልታ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በዘትክሉ፡ ተቃውሞቶ፡ ለመናግንተ፡ ሰይጣን።\n\nእስመ፡ ቀትልክሙ፡ ኢኮነ፡ ምስለ፡ ዘሥጋ፡ ወደም። ዘእንበለ፡ ምስለ፡ መኳንንተ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወአጋንንት፡ እኩያን፡ እለ፡ መትሕተ፡ ሰማይ።\n\nወበእንተ፡ ዝ፡ ንሥኡ፡ ወልታ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ከመ፡ ትክሀሉ፡ ተቃውሞታ፡ ለዕለት፡ እኪት። ወኩኑ፡ ድልዋነ፡ በኵሉ፡ ከመ፡ ትጽንዑ።\n\nቁሙ፡ እንከ፡ ቀኒተክሙ፡ ሐቌክሙ፡ በጽድቅ። ወልበሱ፡ ልብሰ፡ ኀጺን፡ ዘጽድቅ።\n\nተስኢነክሙ፡ ኀይለ፡ ወንጌል፡ ዘበሰላም።\n\nወምስለ፡ ዝ፡ ኵሉ፡ ንሥኡ፡ ንዋየ፡ ሐቅል፡ ዘሃይማኖት። በዘትክሉ፡ አጥፍኦተ፡ ኵሉ፡ አሕጻሁ፡ ለእኩይ፡ ርሱን።\n\nወንሥኡ፡ ጌራ፡ መድኀኒት፡ ላዕለ፡ ርእስክሙ። ወሰይፈ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ንሥኡ፡ በእደዊክሙ። ዘውእቱ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር። በእንተ፡ ጸሎት፡ ወትጋህ\n\nበኵሉ፡ ጸሎት፡ ወስእለት፡ እንዘ፡ ትጼልዩ፡ በኵሉ፡ ጊዜ፡ በመንፈስ፡ ትግሁ። ወተፀመዱ፡ ለጸሎት፡ ኵሎ፡ ጊዜ፡ በእንተ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን።","english":"...and put on the armor of God, that you may be able to resist the princes of Satan.\n\nFor you have already fought with those of flesh and blood, without the princes of darkness and evil demons who are under the sky.\n\nAnd because of this, take up the armor of God, that you may be able to resist the evil day, and be steadfast in all things, that you may prevail.\n\nStand now, with your loins girded with righteousness, and put on the garment of zeal for righteousness.\n\nTake up the power of the Gospel, which is in peace.\n\nAnd with all this, take up the weapon of the field of faith, that you may be able to destroy all the thorns of the evil root.\n\nAnd take up the sword of salvation over your head, and take up the sword of the Holy Spirit in your hands, which is the word of God, through prayer and vigilance.\n\nIn all prayer and supplication, as you pray at all times, be vigilant in spirit, and be constant in prayer at all times for all the saints.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ልበሱ፡ ወልታ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'put on the armor of God' echoes Pauline military imagery (cf. Eph 6:10–17) but is adapted here as a spiritual exhortation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"መኳንንተ፡ ጽልመት","severity":"info","text":"The 'princes of darkness' and 'evil demons under the sky' reflect a dualistic cosmology common in Ethiopic Christian literature, influenced by Jewish apocalyptic and early Christian demonology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰይፈ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ","severity":"info","text":"The 'sword of the Holy Spirit' as the word of God alludes to Eph 6:17 and Heb 4:12, but the phrasing is unique to this Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ቁሙ፡ እንከ፡ ቀኒተክሙ፡ ሐቌክሙ፡ በጽድቅ","severity":"info","text":"The imperative 'Stand now, with your loins girded with righteousness' marks a shift from exhortation to a series of martial commands, structuring the passage as a call to spiritual battle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ጸሎት፡ ወስእለት","severity":"info","text":"The emphasis on constant prayer for all saints reflects the Ethiopic liturgical tradition of intercessory prayer, which was central to monastic and lay piety.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘትክሉ' (that you may be able) is ambiguous: it could indicate purpose ('so that you may') or result ('so that you can'), but the context favors purpose.","The identity of 'the evil day' is unclear; it may refer to eschatological judgment or a specific historical persecution."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ወበእንቲኣየ፡ ከመ፡ የሀበኒ፡ ቃለ፡ ወይክሥት፡ አፉየ። ከመ፡ እንግር፡ ገሃደ፡ ሕርመተ፡ ትምህርት።\n\nዘበእንቲኣሁ፡ እተነብል፡ ሙቁሕየ፡ ከመ፡ እንግር፡ ገሃደ፡ በእንቲኣሁ። በከመ፡ ይደሉ፡ እንግር።\n\nወዘትፈቅዱሰ፡ ታእምሩ፡ አንትሙሂ፡ ዜናየ፡ ዘከመ፡ እገብር፡ ኵሎ። ያጤይቀክሙ፡ ጢኪቆስ፡ እኁነ፡ ዘናፈቅር፡ ላእከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምእመን።\n\nዘፈኖኩ፡ ኀቤክሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ዝ። ከመ፡ ታእምሩ፡ ዜናየ፡ ወይትፈሣሕክሙ፡ ልብክሙ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለአኀዊነ፡ ወተፋቅሮ፡ ምስለ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አቡነ፡ ወእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nወጸጋሁ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ያፈቅርዎ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ በኢ፡ ጥፍአት፡ አሜን።","english":"And concerning me, as he gave me the word, and my mouth is silent, that I may declare openly the mystery of the teaching.\n\nConcerning her, I speak the truth, that I may declare openly concerning her. As it is fitting, I declare.\n\nAnd if you wish, you yourselves also know my story, how I do everything. Tychicus, our brother whom we love, sent by the Lord God, the faithful, will inform you.\n\nI have sent him to you for this reason, that you may know my story, and your heart may rejoice.\n\nPeace to our brothers, and love with faith from God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ.\n\nAnd his grace with all those who love our Lord Jesus Christ with perfect love. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the work with a personal note from the author, a reference to Tychicus, and a doxology, typical of epistolary closings in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ቃለ፡ ወይክሥት፡ አፉየ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ቃለ፡ ወይክሥት፡ አፉየ' (literally 'word and my mouth is silent') likely indicates a vow of silence or a rhetorical trope of being speechless before divine mystery.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጢኪቆስ","severity":"info","text":"Tychicus (ጢኪቆስ) is a figure known from the New Testament (Acts 20:4, Ephesians 6:21, Colossians 4:7) as a trusted companion of Paul, here invoked as a faithful messenger sent by the Lord God.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3519Epistle","label":"source edition: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The closing doxology, invoking peace, love, faith, and grace from God and Christ, reflects the liturgical and devotional use of this text within Ethiopian Orthodox tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3519Epistle","label":"betmas: መልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኤፌሶን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3519Epistle"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕርመተ፡ ትምህርት","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ሕርመተ፡ ትምህርት' ('mystery of the teaching') is ambiguous: it may refer to esoteric Christian doctrine or to a specific teaching known to the audience but not fully explained in the text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'her' (በእንቲኣሁ) in the second sentence is unclear; it may refer to a personification of the teaching or to a female figure mentioned earlier in the work.","The phrase 'ከመ፡ ይደሉ፡ እንግር' ('as it is fitting, I declare') leaves open whether the declaration is about the truth or about the mystery."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}