{"slug":"LIT3150Zechar","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3150Zechar","title":"Book of Zechariah","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"translated-elsewhere","coverage_claim":{"status":"translated-elsewhere","reference":"","text":"An English translation of this work is reported: citation not established. The citation comes from a language model and was not confirmed in a catalogue."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:06Z","cost_usd":0.017842},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3150Zechar","work_id":"LIT3150Zechar","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"},"stats":{"passages":31,"english_words":6411,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":182,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":69,"work_notes":5,"external_links":4,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT3150Zechar","abstract":"The Geʿez translation of the Book of Zechariah, preserved in the Ethiopian Orthodox canon, is a late antique or early medieval version of the biblical prophetic book. Transmitted alongside other Minor Prophets in manuscripts of the Octateuch or larger prophetic collections, it is used liturgically during the season of the Prophets (Nabi’at) and in lectionary cycles emphasizing messianic prophecy. The translation likely dates to the Aksumite period (5th–7th centuries), but the exact date and translator are unknown. This edition, from the betmas digital corpus, relies on a single manuscript witness without a critical apparatus or variant collation, limiting its use for text-critical study.","historical_context":"The Geʿez translation of Zechariah was produced in the Aksumite kingdom (modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea) during the 5th–7th centuries, a period when Christianity became the state religion and biblical texts were translated from Greek (and possibly Syriac) into Geʿez. The translation was part of a larger project to render the Old and New Testaments for liturgical and educational use in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The book is transmitted in manuscripts of the Octateuch or prophetic collections, reflecting its integration into the broader Ethiopic biblical canon. In Ethiopian tradition, Zechariah is read during the season of the Prophets (Nabi’at) and in lectionary cycles that highlight messianic prophecies, such as Zechariah 9–14. The exact date and translator remain unknown, and no critical stemma or variant readings are provided in this edition, which relies on a single manuscript witness from the betmas digital corpus.","significance":"The Geʿez Zechariah is a key witness to the reception of the Minor Prophets in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, particularly its messianic interpretation. It relates to other Ethiopic biblical translations from the Aksumite period and to the broader Christian reception of Zechariah’s prophecies. The text’s liturgical use underscores its importance in shaping Ethiopian Christian eschatology and messianism.","timeline":[{"date":"5th–7th c.","event":"Probable translation of Zechariah into Geʿez during the Aksumite period."},{"date":"6th–7th c.","event":"Integration of the Geʿez Zechariah into the Ethiopic biblical canon."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Transmission in manuscripts of the Octateuch or prophetic collections."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"Digital edition by betmas based on a single manuscript witness."}],"relations":[{"work":"Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets (Geʿez)","relation":"part of the same prophetic collection","key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"},{"work":"Ethiopic Octateuch","relation":"transmitted alongside in some manuscripts","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Septuagint Zechariah","relation":"likely source of the Geʿez translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic Lectionary","relation":"used in liturgical readings","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Book of Zechariah","label":"Wikipedia article on the Book of Zechariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah","reason":"Provides background on the biblical book and its historical setting."},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Wikipedia article on the Ethiopian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"Context for the liturgical and canonical use of the Geʿez Zechariah."},{"key":"wikipedia:Geʽez","label":"Wikipedia article on the Geʿez language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez","reason":"Information on the language of the translation."},{"key":"wikipedia:Aksumite Empire","label":"Wikipedia article on the Aksumite Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum","reason":"Historical context for the translation period."}],"cautions":["The exact date and translator of the Geʿez Zechariah are unknown; the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.) is a scholarly estimate.","This edition relies on a single manuscript witness from the betmas digital corpus; no collation against other Geʿez manuscripts is provided.","The text lacks a critical apparatus or variant readings, limiting its use for text-critical study.","Chapter divisions are modern editorial additions, not original to the Geʿez text."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000463,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:23:50Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3150Zechar","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":31,"translated":31,"commentary_passages":31,"commentary_units":182,"english_words":6411,"source_letters":14698,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text of Zechariah is preserved in the broader Ethiopic biblical canon, transmitted alongside other Minor Prophets in manuscripts of the Octateuch or larger prophetic collections.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, Zechariah is read liturgically, especially during the season of the Prophets (Nabi’at) and in lectionary cycles that emphasize messianic prophecy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3150Zechar","label":"source edition: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez translation of Zechariah likely dates to the Aksumite period (5th–7th centuries), but the exact date and translator remain unknown; the edition does not provide a critical stemma.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition (betmas) does not include a full critical apparatus or variant readings from other Ethiopic manuscripts; users should consult additional sources for text-critical study.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The base text for this edition is taken from the betmas digital corpus, which itself relies on a single manuscript witness; no collation against other Geʿez manuscripts is provided.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"An English translation of this work is reported: citation not established. The citation comes from a language model and was not confirmed in a catalogue."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 31 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":31},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3150Zechar":{"label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"},"ed:LIT3150Zechar":{"label":"source edition: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Text of the EOTC printed Bible\n\nChapter 1\n\nበካልእ፡ ዓመተ፡ መንሥቱ፡ ለዳርዩስ፡ በሳምን፡ ወርኀ፡ ኮነ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኀበ፡ ዘካርያስ፡ ወልደ፡ በራክዩ፡ ወልደ፡ ሐዶ፡ ነቢይ፡ ወይቤሎ።\n\nተምዐ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ አበዊክሙ፡ ዓቢይ፡ መዐተ።\n\nወበሉም፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ታማያጡአ፡ ኀቤኩም፡ ይቤ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዛኩሉ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nወኢትኩኑ፡ ከመ፡ አበዊክሙ፡ እለ፡ ገሠጽዋሙ፡ ነቢያት፡ ቀደምት፡ ወይቤዎሙ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ተመየጡአ፡ እምፍኖትክሙ፡ እኩይ፡ ዋእእከየ፡ ምግባሪክም፡ ወአበዩ፡ ሰሚፆትየ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nአይቴአ፡ አበዊክሙ፡ ወነቢያቲክሙ፡ ቦኑአ፡ ለዓለም፡ የሐይዉ።\n\nይእዜኒአ፡ ተወከፉ፡ ቃልየ፡ ወሕግየ፡ ኩሉ፡ ዘአዘዝኩ፡ በነፍስየ፡ ለአግብትየ፡ ለነቢያትት፡ ቀደምት፡ እለ፡ ረከብዎሙ፡ ለአበዊክሙ፡ ወተሠጥዎ፡ ወይቤሉ፡ በከመ፡ ነበበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ከመ፡ ይገበር፡ ላዕሌነ፡ በከመ፡ ፍናዊነ፡ ወነከመ፡ ጌጋይነ፡ ከማሁ፡ ገብረ፡ ለነ።","english":"In the second year of the reign of Darius, in the eighth month, the word of the Lord came to Zechariah son of Berechiah, son of Iddo, the prophet, and he said to him:\n\nThe Lord is greatly wrathful against your fathers.\n\nAnd they said thus: The Lord of all says, “Return to me.” The Lord of all says, “All that rule.”\n\nAnd do not be like your fathers, whom the former prophets rebuked, and they said to them thus: The Lord of all says, “Return from your evil ways and your wicked deeds.” And they refused my commandments, says the Lord of all.\n\nWhere are your fathers and your prophets? Are they not alive forever?\n\nNow, therefore, accept my word and my law, all that I commanded by my soul to my servants, to the former prophets, whom they found for your fathers and they taught them, and they said, As the Lord of all prophesied, “Let him do to us according to our ways and according to our errors; thus he did to us.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 1","severity":"info","text":"The chapter division is a modern editorial addition, not original to the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዘካርያስ","severity":"info","text":"Zechariah (ዘካርያስ) is the prophet; his patronymic 'son of Berechiah, son of Iddo' follows the biblical genealogy (cf. Zech 1:1).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በካልእ፡ ዓመተ፡ መንሥቱ፡ ለዳርዩስ፡ በሳምን፡ ወርኀ፡","severity":"info","text":"The dating formula 'in the second year of Darius, in the eighth month' matches the opening of the biblical book of Zechariah (Zech 1:1).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዳርዩስ","severity":"info","text":"Darius I (r. 522–486 BCE) is the Persian king; the second year of his reign corresponds to 520 BCE, the historical setting for Zechariah's prophecies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ዘኩሉ ይመልክ' (all that rule) is obscure; it may be a corruption or a variant rendering of a divine title. The English draft's 'All that rule' is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ነቢያት፡ ቀደምት፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'former prophets' (ነቢያት ቀደምት) reflects the Geʿez tradition's awareness of earlier prophetic figures, possibly including Haggai and Zechariah's predecessors.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘኩሉ ይመልክ' is ambiguous; it may be a divine epithet or a textual corruption.","The identity of 'your fathers' and 'your prophets' in the address is not specified; it may refer to the post-exilic community or a specific group."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወአመ፡ ተሰዑ፡ ለጽልመት፡ ለዐሠርቱ፡ ወአሐዱ፡ ወርኀ፡ በወርኀ፡ ሳባጥ፡ ባካልእ፡ ዓመት፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለዳርዬስ፡ ኮነ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ኃበ፡ ዘካርያስ፡ ወልደ፡ በራክዩ፡ ወልደ፡ ሐዶ፡ ነቢይ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nርኢኩ፡ በሌሊት፡ ብእሴ፡ ዘይጼዐን፡ ዲበ፡ ፈረስ፡ ቀይሕ፡ ወይቀዉም፡ ማእከለ፡ ክልኤ፡ አድባር፡ ዘቦ፡ ጽላሎት፡ ወድኅሬሁ፡ አፍራስ፡ ቀይሓን፡ ወኮኩሳን፡ ወፀዓድዉ።\n\nወእቤሎ፡ ምንትኑ፡ እሉ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ መልአክ፡ ዘይተናገረኒ፡ አነ፡ እነግረክ፡ ምንት፡ ዉእቱ፡ ዝንቱ።\n\nወተሠጥወ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘይቀዉም፡ ማእከለ፡ አድባር፡ ወይበለኒ፡ እሉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ እለ፡ ፈነወ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይዑድዋ፡ ለምድር።\n\nወተሠጥዉዎ፡ ለመልአክ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘይቀዉም፡ ማእከለ፡ አድባር፡ ወይቤሉ፡ ፆድነ፡ ኩላም፡ ምድር፡ ወናሁ፡ ኩላ፡ ምድር፡ ትነብር፡ ወታረምም።\n\nወተሠጥዎ፡ መልእክ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ትመልክ፡ እስከ፡ መእዜኑ፡ ኢትሠሀላ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወለአህጉር፡ ይሁዳ፡ ዘአስተት፡ እምዛ፡ ሰብዓዓም።","english":"And when the darkness had passed, on the eleventh day of the month, in the month of Shebat, in the second year of the reign of Darius, the word of the Lord came to Zechariah son of Berechiah, son of Iddo, the prophet, and he said:\n\nI saw in the night a man riding on a red horse, standing between two mountains that had shadows, and behind him red horses and mules, and they were white.\n\nAnd I said to him, “What are these, my Lord?” And the angel who speaks with me said to me, “I will tell you what this is.”\n\nAnd the man who stood between the mountains was revealed, and he said to me, “These are those whom the Lord has sent to return to the land.”\n\nAnd they revealed to the angel of the Lord who stood between the mountains, and they said, “We have surveyed the whole land, and behold, the whole land is inhabited and flourishing.”\n\nAnd the angel of the Lord was revealed, and he said, “O Lord of all, until when will Jerusalem and the cities of Judah that were destroyed seventy years ago be rebuilt?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"በወርኀ፡ ሳባጥ፡","severity":"info","text":"The month Shebat (Geʿez: ሳባጥ) is the eleventh month of the Jewish civil calendar, corresponding roughly to January–February. The dating formula aligns with the biblical book of Zechariah 1:7.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአመ፡ ተሰዑ፡ ለጽልመት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'when the darkness had passed' is not found in the Masoretic or Septuagint text of Zechariah 1. It appears to be an expansion unique to the Ethiopic tradition, possibly harmonizing with the night vision that follows.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ቀይሕ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ቀይሕ (qayəḥ) means 'red'. The description of a man on a red horse echoes Zechariah 1:8, where the rider is on a red horse, but the Ethiopic adds 'red horses and mules' and notes they were 'white' (ፀዓድዉ), a detail absent from the standard text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እለ፡ ፈነወ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይዑድዋ፡ ለምድር።","severity":"info","text":"This line echoes Zechariah 1:16 (LXX) where the Lord sends angels to return to the land. The Ethiopic version expands the dialogue, adding a surveying motif not present in the Hebrew or Greek.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘአስተት፡ እምዛ፡ ሰብዓዓም።","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'seventy years' of destruction for Jerusalem and Judah aligns with the period of the Babylonian exile (c. 586–516 BCE). This chronological note is consistent with the historical setting of Zechariah's prophecies in the early Persian period.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተሠጥወ፡ ብእሲ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez verb ተሠጥወ (taśaṭṭawa) can mean 'was revealed' or 'was uncovered'. The subject shifts ambiguously: the man between the mountains is revealed, then the angel is revealed. The Ethiopic text may conflate the rider and the angel, a point of confusion in the vision narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the man on the red horse and the angel who speaks with Zechariah may be conflated; the Ethiopic text does not clearly distinguish them.","The phrase 'when the darkness had passed' is an addition not found in the source text, and its significance is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወተሠጥዎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለዝኩ፡ መልእክ፡ ዘተነገረኒ፡ ቃለ፡ ሠናየ፡ ወነገረ፡ ፍሥሐ።\n\nወይቤለኒ፡ ዝኩ፡ መልአክ፡ ዘይትናገረኒ፡ ክላሕ፡ ወበል፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ቀናእኩ፡ ላዕለ፡ እየሩሳሌም፡ ወላዕለ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ቅንአተ።\n\nወተምዐዕኩ፡ ላዕለ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ዓቢየ፡ መዐተ፡ እለ፡ ተቃወሙ፡ ሶበ፡ አነ፡ ታምዐዕኩ፡ ኀዳተ፡ ወእሙንቱለ፡ ወሰኩ፡ እኪተ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወእሠርዕ፡ መስፈርታ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ዓዲ።\n\nወዓዲ፡ ይቤለኒ፡ መልአክ፡ ዘይትናገረኒ፡ ክላሕ፡ ወበል፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ዓዲ፡ ትትከዐዉ፡ ሣናይት፡ ዉሰተ፡ አህጉር፡ ወይሠሀላ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዓዲ፡ ለጽዩን፡ ወየኀርያ፡ ለኢየሩሌም።\n\nወካዕበ፡ አንሣእኩ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ወርኢኩ፡ አርባዕተ፡ አቅንተ።\n\nወእቤሉ፡ ለዝኩ፡ መልእክ፡ ዘይትናገረኒ፡ ምንትኑ፡ ዝንቱ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ ዝንቱ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ ዝንቱ፡ አቅንት፡ ዘይዘርዎሙ፡ ለይሁዳ፡ ወለእራኤል፡ ወለኢየሩሳሌም።","english":"And the Lord said to Zechariah, the angel who spoke to me, a good word, and he told a joy.\n\nAnd the angel who spoke to me said to me, \"Again, say thus: The Lord of all says, 'I am jealous over Jerusalem and over Judah, a great jealousy.'\"\n\nAnd I was angry over the people, a great anger, those who opposed when I was angry, a destroyer, and they added evil.\n\nConcerning this, thus says the Lord of all: \"And I will build the walls of Jerusalem again.\"\n\nAnd again the angel who spoke to me said to me, \"Again, say thus: The Lord of all says, 'Again, good women will be established among the cities, and the Lord will again choose Zion and will choose Jerusalem.'\"\n\nAnd again I lifted my eyes and saw four craftsmen.\n\nAnd I said to Zechariah, the angel who spoke to me, \"What are these, my Lord?\" And he said to me, \"These, my Lord, these craftsmen are those who will scatter Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅንአተ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ቅንአተ (qənʾata) is here translated as 'jealousy', but in the context of divine speech it may carry the sense of protective zeal or righteous indignation, a key theme in Zechariah's visions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መልአክ","severity":"info","text":"The word መልአክ (malʾak) means 'angel' or 'messenger'. In this passage it refers to the interpreting angel who speaks to Zechariah, a standard figure in apocalyptic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእሠርዕ መስፈርታ ለኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"The promise 'I will build the walls of Jerusalem again' echoes the biblical theme of Jerusalem's restoration, found in Zechariah's canonical prophecies (e.g., Zech 2:7-9).","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3150Zechar","label":"source edition: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወካዕበ አንሣእኩ አዕይንትየ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I lifted my eyes and saw four craftsmen' marks a new visionary episode within the narrative, shifting from divine speech to visual revelation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አቅንት","severity":"caution","text":"The term አቅንት (ʾaqənt) is translated as 'craftsmen', but its meaning is uncertain; it may also refer to 'builders' or 'artisans'. The passage's interpretation depends on this lexical choice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ዘይዘርዎሙ ለይሁዳ ወለእራኤል ወለኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"The scattering of Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem by the craftsmen reflects a theme of diaspora and restoration common in Ethiopic Christian reception of Zechariah, linking to later traditions of exile and return.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3150Zechar","label":"source edition: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'four craftsmen' (አቅንት) is ambiguous; they may be symbolic figures of destruction or divine agents, and the text does not clarify their role beyond scattering.","The phrase 'good women will be established among the cities' (ሣናይት ዉሰተ አህጉር) is obscure; it may refer to virtuous women or be a metaphor for righteous communities."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ወከዕበ፡ ኣርአየኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አርባእተ፡ ጻረብተ።\n\nወእቤሎ፡ ምንተ፡ ይግበሩ፡ መጹኡ፡ እሱ፡ ወይበለኒ፡ እስ፡ ከፍኡ፡ እሉ፡ አቅርንት፡ ዘይዘርዉዎሙ፡ ለይሁዳዳ፡ ወለእስራኤል፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘአንሥአ፡ ርእሶ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ለይሁዳ፡ ወለእስራኤል፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘአንሥአ፡ ርእሶ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ወመጹኡ፡ ከመ፡ ያብልኀዎሙ፡ እሉ፡ በዉሰተ፡ እደዊሆሙ፡ እሉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ አርባዕቱ፡ አቅርንት፡ አሕዛብ፡ እንክ፡ እለ፡ አንሥኡ፡ ቀርኖሙ፡ ይዝርዉዋ፡ ለምድረ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nChapter 2\n\nወካዕበ፡ እንሣእኩ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ወርኢኩ፡ ወነዋ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወዉስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ሐብለ፡ መስፈርት።\n\nወእቤሉ፡ አይቴ፡ ተሐዉር፡ አንተ፡ ወየቤለኒ፡ ከመ፡ እስፈራ፡ ለእየሩሳሌም፡ ወአእምር፡ ሚመጠን፡ ኑኃወሚመጠን፡ ራሕባ።\n\nወእንዘ፡ ይቀዉም፡ ዝኩ፡ መልአክክ፡ ዘይትናኒ፡ ወዕ፡ ከልእ፡ ማልአክ፡ ወተቀበሎ።\n\nወይወርሶ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለይሁዳ፡ መክፈልቶ፡ በምድር፡ ቅድስት፡ ወዓዲ፡ የኀርያ፡ ለኢሩሳለሌም።","english":"And he showed me four horns, the Lord.\n\nAnd I said to him, \"What do these do, the horns?\" And he said to me, \"These are the horns that will gore Judah and Israel, and there is none who raises his head from among them, from Judah and Israel, and there is none who raises his head from among them. And the horns are like those who devour them with their hands. These are the four horns of the peoples, for they have raised their horns to scatter the land of the Lord.\"\n\nChapter 2\n\nAnd again I lifted up my eyes and saw, and there was a man, and in his hand a measuring rope.\n\nAnd I said to him, \"Where are you going?\" And he said to me, \"I am measuring Jerusalem, and I am learning how much its length and how much its breadth.\"\n\nAnd while that angel who speaks with me stood, another angel came and received him.\n\nAnd the Lord gives to Judah its portion in the holy land, and again he will rebuild Jerusalem.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወከዕበ፡ ኣርአየኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አርባእተ፡ ጻረብተ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a vision of four horns, a symbolic element that introduces a new prophetic image, distinct from the preceding dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጻረብተ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጻረብተ (ṣarābta) is translated as 'horns' and likely represents a symbolic motif of hostile powers threatening Judah and Israel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወካዕበ፡ እንሣእኩ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ወርኢኩ፡ ወነዋ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወዉስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ሐብለ፡ መስፈርት","severity":"info","text":"The vision of a man with a measuring rope echoes Zechariah 2:1-2, where the prophet sees a man measuring Jerusalem, a motif of divine restoration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐብለ፡ መስፈርት","severity":"info","text":"The measuring rope (ሐብለ፡ መስፈርት) is a standard tool in ancient Near Eastern city planning, symbolizing the rebuilding of Jerusalem under divine authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይወርሶ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለይሁዳ፡ መክፈልቶ፡ በምድር፡ ቅድስት፡ ወዓዲ፡ የኀርያ፡ ለኢሩሳለሌም","severity":"info","text":"The promise that the Lord gives Judah its portion in the holy land and rebuilds Jerusalem parallels Zechariah 2:12, emphasizing restoration after exile.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእንዘ፡ ይቀዉም፡ ዝኩ፡ መልአክክ፡ ዘይትናኒ፡ ወዕ፡ ከልእ፡ ማልአክ፡ ወተቀበሎ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'another angel came and received him' is ambiguous: it may indicate a change of angelic interlocutors or a textual corruption in the Geʿez transmission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'four horns' is unclear—whether they represent specific enemy nations or a general symbol of oppression.","The phrase 'another angel came and received him' could imply a substitution of the angelic guide or a lacuna in the narrative."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ወይፈርህ፡ ኰሎ፡ ዘነፍ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ ትስአ፡ እምነ፡ ደመና፡ ቅዳሳኒሁ።\n\nChapter 3\n\nወአሪአየኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለዮስዕ፡ ካህን፡ ዓቢይ፡ ይቅም፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ለመልአከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቀውም፡ ሰይጣን፡ በየማነ፡ ከመ፡ ዕቅፎ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ለሰይጣን፡ ለያኀስርከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኀረያ፡ ለኢየሩሳም፡ ወናሀከኩኮነ፡ ዝን፡ ከመ፡ ትንታ፡ ዘአውፅእዎ፡ አምእሳት።\n\nወዮሴዕኒ፡ ይለብስ፡ አልባሰ፡ ርሱሐ፡ ወይቀውም፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ለመልአከ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ለዘይቀውም፡ ቅድም፡ ገጹ፡ አእትት፡ አለወባሰ፡ ርሱሐ፡ እምሳዕሌሆ፡ ናሁሐ፡ እምላዕሌሁ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ናሁ፡ አእትትኩ፡ ኃጢአተከ፡ ወአልበስኩከ፡ ጳዴረ።\n\nወወደዩ፡ ሰበነ፡ ንጹሀ፡ ውስተርእሱ፡ ወአልበስዎ፤አልባሰ። ወቆመ፡ መልአከ፡ ግዚአብሔር።\n\nወአስዐ፡ ሎቱ፡ መልአከ፡ እግዚብሔር፡ ለዮሴዕ፡ ወይቤሎ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ እመ፡ በፍኖትየ፡ ሖርከ፡ ወዐቀብከ፡ ትእዛዝየ፡ ወአንተ፡ ትኳንን፡ ቤትየ፡ ወእመ፡ ዐቀብከ፡ ዐጸድየ፡ እሀበከ፡ ዜከውነከ፡ በማእለ፡ እሉ፡ እ፡ ይቀውመ።","english":"And all that have spirit tremble before the face of the Lord, for they flee from the cloud of his holiness.\n\nChapter 3\n\nAnd the Lord showed to Joshua the great priest a fire stand before the face of the angel of the Lord, and Satan stood at his right as if to accuse him.\n\nAnd he said to the Lord, to Satan, \"The Lord will rebuke you, who chose Jerusalem and brought us here, that you might be scattered, who brought out the abominations.\"\n\nAnd Joshua also wears a filthy garment and stands before the face of the angel of the Lord.\n\nAnd he said to him who stands before his face, \"Remove the filthy garment from him, for it is upon him.\" And he said, \"Now I have removed your sin and clothed you with a tunic.\"\n\nAnd they placed a pure turban on his head and clothed him with a garment. And the angel of the Lord stood.\n\nAnd the angel of the Lord called to Joshua and said to him,\n\n\"As the Lord says to all who rule, 'If you have gone in my path and kept my commandments, and you judge my house, and if you keep my court, I will give you your reward among these who stand.'","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 3","severity":"info","text":"The chapter break here is editorial, inserted in the Geʿez manuscript tradition to mark a new vision sequence. It does not correspond to a break in the biblical Book of Zechariah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዮስዕ","severity":"info","text":"The name Joshua (Geʿez: Yosēʿ) refers to the high priest Joshua (Yehoshua) of the post-exilic period, a central figure in Zechariah 3. The Geʿez form follows the Old Testament tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአሪአየኒ እግዚአብሔር ለዮስዕ ካህን ዓቢይ ይቅም ቅድመ ገጹ ለመልአከ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"This scene of the Lord showing Joshua a fire stand before the angel of the Lord echoes Zechariah 3:1-5, where the angel shows Joshua the high priest standing before the Lord, with Satan at his right to accuse him.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰይጣን","severity":"info","text":"Satan appears here as an accuser in the divine court, a role consistent with the Hebrew Bible's 'satan' as an adversary. In Geʿez tradition, this figure is often identified with the devil, but the text retains the judicial imagery.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አልባሰ ርሱሐ","severity":"info","text":"The removal of Joshua's filthy garment and his reclothing with a pure tunic and turban is interpreted in Ethiopic Christian exegesis as a symbol of priestly purification and reinstatement, prefiguring Christ's cleansing of sin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአስዐ ሎቱ መልአከ እግዚብሔር ለዮሴዕ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the angel of the Lord called to Joshua' is ambiguous: it may mean the angel summoned him or spoke to him. The Geʿez verb 'asʿa' can mean both 'call' and 'shout', and the context does not resolve the nuance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'angel of the Lord' is not specified; it may be a distinct figure or a manifestation of God.","The phrase 'fire stand' (ይቅም) is unclear: it could be a literal brazier or a visionary symbol of divine presence."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ስመዕ፡ ዮስዕ፡ ወልደ፡ ሴዴቅ፡ አንተ፡ ካህነ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ወቢጽከ፡ እለ፡ ነበሩ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጽከ፡ ስመ፡ ሰብአ፡ ዔን፡ እሙንቱ፡ ወናሁ፡ እነ፡ አምጽኦ፡ ለገብርየ፡ ሠረቃዊ።\n\nወእብነ፡ እንተ፡ ወሀብኩ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ለዮስዕለ፡ ዘዳበ፡ አሐቲ፡ እብን፡ ሰብዓ፡ አዕይነት፡ እሙንቱ። ወናሁ፡ አነ፡ አከሪ፡ በ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልከ፡ ወእገስሳ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኲሉ፡ ኃጢታ፡ ለይእቲ፡ ምድር፡ በአሐቲ፡ ዕለት።\n\nይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ኲልክሙ፡ ጸውዑ፡ ቢጸክሙ፡ ታህተ፡ ወይንክሙ፡ ወታሕተ፡ በለስክሙ።\n\nChapter 4\n\nወተመይጠ፡ መልአክ፡ ዘይትናገረኒ፡ ወአንስአኒ፡ ከመ፡ ሶበ፡ ይነቅህ፡ ሰብእ፡ እምንዋም።\n\nወይቤለኒ፡ ምንተ፡ ትርኢ፡ ወእቤ፡ ርኢኩ፡ ተቅዋመ፡ ማኀቶት፡ ዘኩለንታሃ፡ ወርቅ፡ ወማኀቶት፡ ዲቤሃ፡ ወሰበዓቱ፡ ማኀትው፡ በላዕሌሃ፡ ወሰብዓቱ፡ መሳውር፡ በዘይሰቅዋ፡ ለማኃትዊሃ፡ ዘዲቤሃ።\n\nወክልኤ፡ ዘይት፡ መልዕልታ፡ አሐቲ፡ በየማነ፡ ማኀቶት፡ ወአሐቲ፡ በጸጋማ።","english":"The names of Joshua, son of Jehozadak, you, the great priest, and the names of the men who were before your face, what are they? And behold, I have brought my servant the easterner.\n\nAnd the stone which I placed before the face of Joshua, which has one stone of seventy eyes, what are they? And behold, I, the Lord of all, say, I will rule and I will forgive every sin for that land in one day.\n\nHaving said this, the Lord of all says, All of you, call your rods under your wine and under your olive tree.\n\nChapter 4\n\nAnd the angel who speaks with me and awakens me, as when a man awakens from sleep.\n\nAnd he said to me, What do you see? And I said, I saw a lampstand of gold, all of it, and a lamp upon it, and seven lamps upon it, and seven wicks which kindle its lamp upon it.\n\nAnd two olive trees above it, one on the right of the lampstand and one on the left.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠረቃዊ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሠረቃዊ (śarāqāwi) is translated as 'easterner' in the English draft, but it may also mean 'morning' or 'oriental'. The context suggests a person from the east, possibly a symbolic figure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብዓ፡ አዕይነት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'one stone of seventy eyes' echoes Zechariah 3:9, where a stone with many eyes is described. This is a direct reference to the biblical vision of Zechariah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ማኀቶት","severity":"info","text":"The lampstand (ማኀቶት) with seven lamps and two olive trees is a clear allusion to the menorah in Zechariah 4, symbolizing divine light and the anointing of kingship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 4","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks a clear chapter division with 'Chapter 4', indicating a structural break in the narrative. The preceding chapter 3 ends with the Lord's speech, and chapter 4 begins a new vision.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ቢጸክሙ፡ ታህተ፡ ወይንክሙ፡ ወታሕተ፡ በለስክሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'call your rods under your wine and under your olive tree' is obscure. It may be a corruption or a metaphorical expression; the exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"እብነ፡ እንተ፡ ወሀብኩ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ለዮስዕ","severity":"info","text":"The stone placed before Joshua parallels the vision in Zechariah 3:9, where a stone with many eyes is shown to the high priest Joshua, symbolizing divine protection or judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'my servant the easterner' (ሠረቃዊ) is ambiguous; it may refer to a specific person or a symbolic figure.","The phrase 'call your rods under your wine and under your olive tree' is unclear and may be a textual corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ወእምዝ፡ ተሰአልክዎ፡ ለዝኩ፡ መልአከ፡ ዘይትናገረኒ፡ ወእቤሎ፡ ምንት፡ ዝንቱ፡ እግዚእየ።\n\nወየቤለኒ፡ ዝ፡ መልአክ፡ ዘይትናገረኒ፡ ኢተአምርኑ፡ ምንትኑዝ፡ ወእቤሎ፡ አልቦ፡ እግዚእየ።\n\nወይቤለኒ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘይቤሎ፡ ለዘሩባቤል፡ አኮአ፡ በኃይል፡ ዓቢይ፡ ወአኮአ፡ በጽን፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በመንፈስየ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nምንት፡ አንተ፡ ደብር፡ ዓቢይ፡ ቅድመ፡ ዘሩባቤል፡ ከመ፡ ታስተራትዕ፡ ወአመጽአ፡ ለእብነ፡ ርስት፡ ወአዔርያ፡ ወአሤንያ፡ ወአሞግሳ።\n\nወኮነ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሁር፡ ኀቤየ፡ ወይቤለኒ።\n\nእደወ፡ ዘሩባቤል፡ ሳረራሁ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ቤት፡ ወእደዊሁ፡ ይቤጽማሁ፡ ወተአምር፡ ከመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ፈነወኒ፡ ኀቤከ።\n\nእስመ፡ ዘአስተሐቀረ፡ ለኀዳጥ፡ መዋዕል፡ ወይተፌስሑ፡ ወይሬእይዋ፡ ለእብነ፡ ናእክ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ለዘሩባቤል። እሙንቱ፡ ሰብዓቱ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ውእቱ፡ ዜኔጽር፡ ኲሎ፡ ምድረ።","english":"And after that, I asked this angel who speaks with me, and I said to him, \"What is this, my Lord?\"\n\nAnd this angel who speaks with me said to me, \"Do you not know what this is?\" And I said to him, \"No, my Lord.\"\n\nAnd he said to me, \"This is the word of the Lord which he spoke to Zerubbabel: 'I am not with great might, and I am not with strength, but with my spirit,' says the Lord, 'who rules over all.'\"\n\n\"What are you, O great mountain, before Zerubbabel, that you should be proud? And I brought the stone of inheritance, and I illuminated, and I made beautiful, and I made glorious.\"\n\nAnd the word of the Lord came to me, and he said to me:\n\n\"The hands of Zerubbabel have laid the foundation of this house, and his hands will complete it. And know that the Lord, who rules over all, has sent me to you.\"\n\nFor he who has hidden the days of the end, they will be revealed, and they will see the stone of the ring in the hand of Zerubbabel. Those are the seven eyes of the Lord; it is he who sees all the earth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from dialogue between the prophet and the angel to a direct quotation of the Lord's word to Zerubbabel, then back to the angel's explanation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እብነ፡ ርስት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'stone of inheritance' (እብነ፡ ርስት፡) is a key symbol; it may refer to a foundation stone or a sign of divine promise, echoing the earlier 'stone of seventy eyes'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The angel's quotation 'I am not with great might, and I am not with strength, but with my spirit' echoes the biblical theme of divine power through spirit (cf. Hag 2:5; Zech 4:6).","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3150Zechar","label":"source edition: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Zerubbabel is the Persian-appointed governor of Judah who led the rebuilding of the Second Temple; the 'great mountain' may symbolize pride or opposition overcome by divine will.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'seven eyes of the Lord' (ሰብዓቱ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡) is a distinctive Geʿez image, possibly reflecting a tradition of divine omniscience or angelic guardianship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'stone of the ring' (እብነ፡ ናእክ፡) is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error or a variant for 'signet stone', and its exact referent is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'stone of the ring' (እብነ፡ ናእክ፡) is unclear; it may be a corruption or a unique symbol.","The relationship between the 'stone of inheritance' and the 'stone of seventy eyes' from the previous passage is not explicitly defined."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ወእቤሎ፡ ምንት፡ እላንቱ፡ ክሌኤቱ፡ ዜት፡ ዘበየማነ፡ ተቅዋመ፡ ማኀቶት፡ ወበፀጋ።\n\nወካዕበ፡ እቤሎ፡ ምንትኑ፡ አዕጹቀ፡ ዘይት፡ እሉ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ዘውስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ወክልኤቱ፡ አጥባት፡ ዘይውጥ፡ ወዘያስተናስእ፡ መሳውር፡ ዘወርቅ።\n\nወይቤለኒ፡ ተአምርኑ፡ ንትኑ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ወእቤሎ፡ አልቦ፡ እግዚኦ።\n\nወይቤለኒ፡ እሉኬ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ጠላት፡ እሙንቱ፡ እለ፡ ይቀውሙ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ኲላ፡ ምድር።\n\nChapter 5\n\nወካዕበ፡ ተመየጥኩ፡ ወርኢኩ፡ ማዕፅድ፡ ይሰርር።\n\nይቤለኒ፡ ምንተ፡ ትሬኢ፡ ወእቤሎ፡ እሬኢ፡ ማዕፅድ፡ ይሰርር፡ ወኑኁ፡ ዕስራ፡ በእመት፡ ወጽፍሑ፡ ዕስር፡ በእመት።\n\nወይቤለኒ፡ ዝንቱኬ፡ መርገም፡ ዘየሐውር፡ ውስተ፡ ኲሉ፡ ገጸ፡ ምድር፡ ኲሎ፡ ሰራቄ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ይትቤቀል፡ ዋይቀትለሎ፡ ወለኲ፡ ዘይምሕል፡ በሐሰት፡ ዝንቱ፡ ይተቤቀሎ፡ በሞት።\n\nወአወፅኦ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወይበውእ፡ ቤተ፡ ሰራቂ፡ ወቤተ፡ ኲሉ፡ ዘይምሕል፡ በሐሰት፡ በስምየ፡ ወየኀድር፡ በማእከለ፡ ቤቱ፡ ወያኀልቆ፡ ዕፀዊሁ፡ ወእበኒሁ።","english":"And I said to him, \"What are these two things, this which stands on the right side of the midst, and on the left?\"\n\nAnd again I said to him, \"What are these two rods which are in his hand, and these two fingers which go up and down, and these chains of gold?\"\n\nAnd he said to me, \"Do you not know what this is?\" And I said to him, \"No, my Lord.\"\n\nAnd he said to me, \"These are the children of the shadow, those who stand before the Lord of the whole earth.\"\n\nChapter 5\n\nAnd again I looked and saw a sword being drawn.\n\nHe said to me, \"What do you see?\" And I said to him, \"I see a sword being drawn, and its hilt is ten cubits, and its blade is ten cubits.\"\n\nAnd he said to me, \"This is the curse which goes over the whole face of the earth. Every thief, this one is slain; and for him who swears falsely, this one is slain by death.\"\n\nAnd he brought it out, saying, \"The Lord God who rules over all will enter the house of the thief and the house of every one who swears falsely in my name, and will dwell in the midst of his house, and will destroy his trees and his stones.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ክሌኤቱ ዜት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'these two things' refers to the two objects described in the previous passage, likely the two pillars or symbols of divine presence.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ደቂቀ ጠላት","severity":"info","text":"'Children of the shadow' (ደቂቀ ጠላት) is a Geʿez term for beings associated with darkness or obscurity, possibly angels or spirits of the underworld.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መርገም","severity":"info","text":"The 'curse' (መርገም) that goes over the whole earth echoes the concept of divine judgment found in Zechariah 5:1-4, where a flying scroll represents a curse.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ማዕፅድ","severity":"info","text":"The sword (ማዕፅድ) with a hilt and blade of ten cubits each is a symbolic weapon of divine justice, common in apocalyptic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 5","severity":"info","text":"The chapter division here marks a new vision, shifting from the children of the shadow to a sword being drawn, indicating a structural break in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ዘይምሕል በሐሰት","severity":"info","text":"The punishment for false swearing (ዘይምሕል በሐሰት) reflects Ethiopic Christian legal and moral teachings, where perjury was a grave sin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'children of the shadow' is ambiguous; they may be fallen angels or spirits of the dead.","The phrase 'two rods' and 'two fingers' could be symbolic of divine authority or judgment, but their exact meaning is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ወወፅአ፡ መልአክ፡ ዘኩ፡ ዜትናገረኒ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ ነጽር፡ በአዕይንቲከ፡ ወረኢ፡ ዘንተ፡ ዘየሐውር።\n\nወእቤለ፡ ምንትኑ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ ዝቱ፡ መስፈርት፡ ዘየሐውር፡ ኲላ፡ ምድር፡ ዓመፃሆሙ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወናሁ፡ መክሊተ፡ ዐረር፡ ይትነሣእ፡ ወብእሲት፡ ትነብር፡ ማእከለ፡ መስፈርት።\n\nወይቤለኒ፡ ዛቲ፡ ኃጢአት፡ ወረውዋ፡ ማእከለ፡ መስፈርት፡ ወወርዉ፡ እብነ፡ ዓረር፡ ውስተ፡ አፋሃ።\n\nወአንሳእኩ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ወርኢኩ፡ ክልኤተ፡ አንስተ፡ የሐውራ፡ ወነፋስ፡ ውስተ፡ ክነፊሆን፡ ወቦቶን፡ ክንፈ፡ ውስተ፡ እገሪሆን፡ ወነስኦሃ፡ ለይእቲ፡ መስፈርት፡ መእከለ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወምድር።\n\nወእቤሎ፡ ለመልአክ፡ ዜትናገረኒ፡ አይቴ፡ ይወስዳ፡ መስፈረተ፡ እላንቱ፡ አንስት።\n\nወይቤለኒ፡ ይሕንጻ፡ ቤተ፡ በምድረ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ወያስተዳዋሀ፡ ወያነብራሓ፡ ህየ፡ አስተዳዎን።\n\nChapter 6\n\nወተመየጥኩ፡ ወአንሣእኩ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ወርኢኩ፡ አርባዕተ፡ ሠረገላተ፡ እንዘ፡ የሐዉሩ፡ ማእከለ፡ ክልኡቱ፡ አድባር፡ ወአድባርሂ፡ ዘብርት።","english":"And the angel who was speaking with me came out and said to me, \"Look with your eyes and see this which passes by.\"\n\nAnd I said, \"What is this?\" And he said to me, \"This is the measure which passes over the whole earth; their wickedness is it.\"\n\nAnd behold, a millstone of hail arises, and a woman sits in the midst of the measure.\n\nAnd he said to me, \"This is sin and evil in the midst of the measure, and they cast a stone of hail into her mouth.\"\n\nAnd I lifted up my eyes and saw two women passing by, and wind in their wings, and they had a wing upon their feet, and they lifted up that measure between heaven and earth.\n\nAnd I said to the angel who was speaking with me, \"Whither do those women carry the measure?\"\n\nAnd he said to me, \"They will build a house in the land of Babylon, and they will cause it to dwell, and they will cause it to abide there in a dwelling.\"\n\nChapter 6\n\nAnd I was amazed, and I lifted up my eyes and saw four chariots passing between the two mountains, and the mountains were of brass.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መስፈርት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መስፈርት (masfart) is rendered 'measure' in the English draft. It likely denotes a measuring rod or standard, possibly with eschatological or juridical connotations in this visionary context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The millstone of hail (መክሊተ ዐረር) and the stone cast into the woman's mouth evoke imagery of divine judgment or punishment, possibly drawing on apocalyptic traditions found in other Ethiopic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided by a chapter break (Chapter 6) inserted after the angel's explanation about Babylon. The narrative shifts from a series of visions to the prophet's amazed reaction and a new vision of four chariots between brass mountains.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The image of winged women carrying a measure between heaven and earth has no direct parallel in the canonical Book of Zechariah, but resembles motifs in the Ethiopic Book of Enoch (e.g., the Watchers and angelic journeys).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of the Ethiopic version of Zechariah, which expands the canonical text with apocalyptic visions. The reference to Babylon may reflect later Christian polemic against Babylon as a symbol of worldly power or heresy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3150Zechar","label":"source edition: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'measure' (መስፈርት) is ambiguous: it may be a literal measuring device, a symbol of divine judgment, or a cosmic standard. The reading taken follows the English draft's 'measure' as a neutral rendering.","The phrase 'their wickedness is it' (ዓመፃሆሙ ውእቱ) is ambiguous: the plural possessive could refer to the measure or to unspecified agents; the English draft interprets it as referring to the measure's nature."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ወውስተ፡ ሠረገላ፡ ቀዳማይ፡ አፍራስ፡ ቀይሓን፡ ወዉስተ፡ ካልእ፡ ሠረገላ፡ አፍራስ፡ ጸሊማን።\n\nወዉሰተ፡ ሠረገላ፡ ሣልስ፡ አፍራስ፡ ፀዓዱዉ፡ ወዉስተ፡ ሠረገላ፡ ራብዕ፡ አፍራስ፡ ኮላኩሳን፡ ወሐመዳዉያን።\n\nወእቤለኒ፡ ዝኩ፡ ማልእክ፡ ዘይትናገረኒ፡ እሉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ነፋሳተ፡ ሰማይ፡ አርባዕቱ፡ ወየሐዉሩ፡ ይቁም፡ ቅደመ፡ እግዚአ፡ ኩላ፡ ምድር።\n\nወዘኀበ፡ ጸለማን፡ አፍራስ፡ የሐዉሩ፡ ደቡብ፡ ወእሉ፡ አፍራስ፡ ፀዓዱዉ፡ የሐዉሩ፡ ደኅሬሆሙ፡ ወየዐዉሩ፡ ቀይሓን፡ ምድረ፡ ሰሜን።\n\nወኮላኩላሳንስ፡ ይወፅኡ፡ ወይኔጸሩ፡ ወየሐዉሩ፡ ይሁድዋ፡ ለምድር፡ ወይቤ፡ ሖሩ፡ ወዕድዉ፡ ምድረ፡ ወፆድዋ፡ ለምድር።\n\nወከልሐ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ ናሁ፡ እለ፡ የሐዉሩ፡ ምድረ፡ ደቡብ፡ ያዕርፍዋ፡ ለመዐትየ፡ በምድረ፡ ደቡብ።\n\nወኮነ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኀቤየ፡ ወይቤለኒ።\n\nንሣእ፡ እምፃዋ፡ በኀበ፡ መላእክት፡ ወበኀበ፡ በቋዕያኒሃ፡ ወበኀበ፡ እለ፡ የአምርዋ፡ ወትበዉእ፡ አንተ፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ቤተ፡ ኢዩስያስ፡ ወልደ፡ ሰፎንያስ፡ ዘመጸአ፡ እምባቢሉን።","english":"And in the first chariot, red horses; and in the second chariot, black horses. And in the third chariot, white horses; and in the fourth chariot, dappled and tawny horses. And the angel who was speaking with me said to me, \"These are the four winds of heaven, and they go to stand before the Lord of the whole earth.\" And where the black horses go, the south; and these white horses go behind them, and the red ones go to the land of the north. And the dappled ones go out and look and go and draw the earth, and they say, \"Go and pass over the land and water the earth.\" And he said to me, \"Behold, those which go to the land of the south know my wrath in the land of the south.\" And the voice of the Lord came to me and said to me, \"Take from the command to the angels and to your companions and to those who know it, and you shall enter, you, the house of Ousyas, son of Sophonias, who came from Babylon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the previous vision of a millstone and a woman to a chariot procession with four horse colors, each linked to a cardinal wind. This is a distinct visionary tableau.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሠረገላ (śärägala)","severity":"info","text":"Geʿez ሠረገላ (śärägala) means 'chariot' and is a loanword from Greek σάρισσα or Aramaic, but here it denotes a war or processional chariot, not a cart.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The four horse colors (red, black, white, dappled/tawny) and their association with winds and cardinal directions echo ancient Near Eastern and Hellenistic cosmological schemes, though the specific Geʿez adaptation is unique.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እሉ እሙንቱ ነፋሳተ ሰማይ አርባዕቱ (ʾəllu ʾəmmuntu näfāsāta sämay ʾarbāʿtu)","severity":"info","text":"The identification of the four chariots as 'the four winds of heaven' recalls Zechariah 6:1-5 (four chariots from between two mountains) and Revelation 7:1 (four angels standing at the four corners of the earth).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The command to enter the house of Ousyas son of Sophonias from Babylon links the visionary to a named figure, possibly a pseudepigraphic author or a local Geʿez tradition about a post-exilic returnee.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text has ኮላኩሳን (kollakusan) and ኮላኩላሳንስ (kollakulāsans) for 'dappled'; the second form may be a scribal variant or error. The English draft renders both as 'dappled and tawny' but the Geʿez has only one term in each instance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez ኮላኩሳን (kollakusan) and ኮላኩላሳንስ (kollakulāsans) may be variant spellings of the same color term; the English draft splits them into 'dappled and tawny' but the Geʿez does not clearly distinguish two colors.","The phrase 'take from the command' (ንሣእ እምፃዋ) is ambiguous: it could mean 'take (as) a command' or 'take from the command'; the English draft opts for the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ወትነሥአ፡ ወርቀ፡ ወብሩረ፡ ወትገብሮ፡ አክሊላተ፡ ወታስተቄጽአ፡ ለዬሴዕ፡ ወልደ፡ ዬሴዴቅ፡ ካህን፡ ዓቢይ።\n\nወበሎ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ናሁ፡ ብእሲ፡ ሠራቃዊ፡ ስሙ፡ ወይሠርቅ፡ በመትሕቱ።\n\nወየሐንጽ፡ ቤጸ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወዉእቱ፡ ይነሥእ፡ ትርሲቶ፡ ወይነብር፡ ዲቦ፡ መንበሩ፡ ወይኳንን፡ ወካህን፡ በየማኑ፡ ወምክረ፡ ሰላም፡ በየማኑ፡ ወምክረ፡ ሰላም፡ ማእከለ፡ ከልኤሆሙ።\n\nወአክሉልስ፡ ለእለ፡ ይትዔገሥዎ፡ ወለበቋዕያኒሃ፡ ወለእለ፡ የአምርዋ፡ ወለትርሲቶሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ሰፎንያስ፡ ዋላማዝሩር፡ ዉስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚብሔር።\n\nወይመጹኡ፡ እለሂ፡ እምርኁቃ፡ እምኑሆሙ፡ ወየሐንጹ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወተምሩ፡ ከመ፡ ፈነወኒ፡ ኀቤክሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ። ወይክዉን፡ እመ፡ ሳሚዐ፡ ትስምዑ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክነ።\n\nChapter 7\n\nወእምዝ፡ በራብዕት፡ ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለዳዩስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኮነ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኀበ፡ ዘካርያስ፡ አመ፡ ረቡዑ፡ ለሠረቀ፡ ታስዕ፡ ወርኀ፡ ካሴል።","english":"And he took up gold and silver and made crowns and placed them upon Joshua son of Jehozadak, the high priest.\n\nAnd he said thus: The Lord who rules all says, Behold, a man named Seraqawi, and he will steal with his sword.\n\nAnd he will build the house of the Lord, and he himself will take up his inheritance and sit upon his throne, and he will judge, and a priest on his right, and counsel of peace on his right, and counsel of peace between the two of them.\n\nAnd the crown is for those who will be patient with him, and for his nobles, and for those who will serve them, and for the inheritance of the sons of Zephaniah, and for the descendants of Azrur within the house of the Lord.\n\nAnd they will come, those who are far from among them, and they will build the house of the Lord, and they will say, As the Lord who rules all sent me to you. And it will be, if you hear, you will hear the word of the Lord our God.\n\nChapter 7\n\nAnd then, in the fourth year of the reign of Darius the king, the word of the Lord came to Zechariah on the fourth day of the ninth month, the month of Kaseel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትነሥአ፡ ወርቀ፡ ወብሩረ፡ ወትገብሮ፡ አክሊላተ፡","severity":"info","text":"The subject of the verbs is ambiguous; the preceding passage describes the four chariots, but here the agent is not stated, likely the angel or Zechariah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሠራቃዊ፡","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Seraqawi' (ሠራቃዊ) is not found in the canonical Book of Zechariah; it may be a corruption or an apocryphal addition unique to the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ዬሴዕ፡ ወልደ፡ ዬሴዴቅ፡ ካህን፡ ዓቢይ።","severity":"info","text":"Joshua son of Jehozadak is the high priest in the early Persian period, a figure in Zechariah 3 and 6; the crowning here is an apocryphal elaboration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 7","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with a chapter break and a date formula (fourth year of Darius, fourth day of the ninth month, Kaseel), which aligns with Zechariah 7:1 in the canonical text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"በራብዕት፡ ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለዳዩስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The fourth year of Darius I (c. 518 BCE) is the historical setting for Zechariah 7; the Ethiopic text preserves this chronological marker.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወምክረ፡ ሰላም፡ ማእከለ፡ ከልኤሆሙ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'counsel of peace between the two of them' is repetitive and may be a scribal duplication; the Geʿez text shows an apparent dittography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The agent of the crowning and building actions is unclear; the text may imply Zechariah or the angel.","The name 'Seraqawi' and the reference to 'sons of Zephaniah' and 'descendants of Azrur' are not attested in the canonical Zechariah."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ፈነዎሙ፡ ንጉሥ፡ እምቤቴል፡ ለሴሬአጼር፡ ወለአሌሴር፡ ወለስብ፡ ኡሂ፡ ከመ፡ ይስኡሉ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወይቤልዎሙ፡ ለካህናት፡ እለ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወለነቢያት፡ ይቡልዎሙ፡ ቦኑ፡ ዘቦኡ፡ ዝየ፡ ቅድሳት፡ በኃምስ፡ ወርኀ፡ በከመ፡ ገበርነ፡ እምጉንዲይ፡ ዓመት።\n\nወኮነ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኃያል፡ ኅቤየ፡ ወይቤለኒ።\n\nበሉሙ፡ ለሕዝብ፡ ምድር፡ ወለካህናት፡ ቦኑአ፡ ዛጾምክም፡ ወበይክሙ፡ አመ፡ ኃሙስ፡ ወአመ፡ ሰብዕ፡ አምስብዓ፡ ዓመት፡ ቦኑ፡ ዘትተ፡ ጾመ፡ ዘጾምክሙ፡ ሊተ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ ባላዕክሙ፡ ወስተይክሙ፡ አኮኑ፡ ለርእስክሙ፡ ትበልዑ፡ ወለርእስክሙ፡ ትበልዑ፡ ወርእስክሙ፡ ትስትዩ።\n\nአኮኑ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ነገሩ፡ ዛናባባ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእደ፡ ነቢያት፡ ቃዳምት፡ አመ፡ ትነብ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወትትፌሣሕ፡ አህጉሪሃኒ፡ ወዘአዲያሚሃ፡ ወአሕቃላቲሃ፡ ወበሐዉርቲሃኒ፡ ንቡራን።\n\nወኮነ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአቤሔር፡ ኀበ፡ ዘካርያስ፡ ወይቤሎ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ኩነኔ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ኮንኑ፡ ወግበሩ፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ወምሕረተ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቢጸክሙ፡ ኩልክሙ።","english":"He sent them, the king from Bethel, to Sereʿaṣer and to ʾAleser and to Seb ʾUḥi, that they might hear the word of the Lord.\n\nAnd he said to the priests who were in the house of the Lord who rules all, and to the prophets: \"Tell them, 'Where is the fast that you fasted, the holy one, in the fifth month, as we did from the foundation of the year?'\"\n\nAnd the word of the Lord was strong with me, and he said to me:\n\n\"Say to the people of the land and to the priests: 'Where is the fast that you fasted for me? And in the fifth and in the seventh, in the fiftieth year, where is the fast that you fasted for me?'\n\nAnd if you have eaten and drunk, is it not for yourselves that you eat, and for yourselves that you eat, and for yourselves that you drink?\n\nIs this not the word that the Lord spoke through the prophets of old, when Jerusalem was built and her walls were rebuilt, and her gates and her towers and her streets were inhabited?\"\n\nAnd the word of the Lord was to Zechariah, and he said to him:\n\nThus says the Lord who rules all: \"Righteous judgment has been established; do righteousness and mercy upon your neighbor, all of you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ይስኡሉ ቃለ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'that they might hear the word of the Lord' introduces a prophetic commission, linking the king's messengers to divine authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሴሬአጼር","severity":"info","text":"Sereʿaṣer is a proper name, likely a Geʿez adaptation of a Hebrew or Aramaic original; its exact identity is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"በኃምስ ወርኀ","severity":"info","text":"The 'fifth month' (Ab) is a traditional Jewish fast period, associated with the destruction of the First Temple; this context suggests a post-exilic setting.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ ይቤ እግዚአብሔር ዘኩሉ ይመልክ","severity":"info","text":"The formula 'Thus says the Lord who rules all' echoes prophetic oracles in the Hebrew Bible, particularly Zechariah 1–8, where divine judgment and mercy are proclaimed.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3150Zechar","label":"source edition: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነ ቃለ እግዚአብሔር ኀበ ዘካርያስ","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a general address to a direct revelation to Zechariah, marking a structural transition in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አኮኑ ዝንቱ ነገሩ ዛናባባ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Is this not the word that the Lord spoke' is rhetorically ambiguous; it may be a question or a reproach, and the Geʿez syntax does not fully resolve the tone.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Sereʿaṣer, ʾAleser, and Seb ʾUḥi is unclear; they may be historical or symbolic figures.","The phrase 'from the foundation of the year' (እምጉንዲይ ዓመት) is obscure, possibly referring to a calendrical starting point.","The repeated 'for yourselves' (ለርእስክሙ) in the eating/drinking clause may be a scribal duplication or an emphatic rhetorical device."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ወእቤረ፡ ወእጓለ፡ ማዉታ፡ ወፈላሴ፡ ወነዳየ፡ እትትዐገሉ፡ ወኢትትቀየሙ፡ ቢጸክሙ፡ ወኢትጹሩ፡ ሎሙ፡ እክየ።\n\nወአበዩ፡ አጹምአ፡ ወሜጡ፡ ዘባኖም፡ ላዋኣስተሐቀሩ፡ ወጤዑ፡ አዝኖሙ፡ ወአስተሐቀሩ፡ ወጤዑ፡ አዝኖሙ፡ ኢይስዑ፡ ሕግየ፡ ወቃለ፡ ዛላኣኮ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኀቤሆሙ፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ በመንፈሱ፡ በእደ፡ ነቢያት፡ ቀደምት፡ ወኮነ፡ ዓቢየ፡ መዐተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nወበከመ፡ ይቤሎሙ፡ አበዩ፡ ሰሚዐ፡ ከማሁ፡ ይከልሑ፡ ወእይስምዖሙ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይልክ።\n\nወእዘርዎሙ፡ ዉሰተ፡ ኩሉ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ዘኢየአምሩ፡ ወትማስን፡ ምዱሮሙ፡ ምጻኀሬሆሙ፡ በሑረት፡ ወበግብአት፡ ወእሬስያ፡ ሙስንተ፡ ለምድር፡ ኀሪት።\n\nChapter 8\n\nወኮለ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ቀናእኩ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወላዕለ፡ ጽዩን፡ ዓቢየ፡ ቅአተ፡ ወተመዐዕኩ፡ ዓቢየ፡ መዐተ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ እትመየጣ፡ ለጽዩን፡ ወአኀድር፡ ማእከለ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወትሰመይ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ሀገረ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ወደብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ደብረ፡ መቅደስ።","english":"And he said, “And the dead, and the fugitives, and the exiles, and the wanderers, they shall be gathered together, and they shall not be changed in their form, and they shall not be hidden from them, for I am.”\n\nAnd the fathers refused to fast, and they sent from among them those who had inquired and sought their counsel, and they inquired and sought their counsel, and they did not carry the law and the word of this Lord of all, who rules, to them by his spirit, through the hands of the prophets of old, and the great wrath of the Lord of all, who rules, was.\n\nAnd as he said to them, the fathers who heard, likewise they would be stoned, and they would not hear them, said the Lord of all, who rules.\n\n“And I will scatter them among all the peoples who do not know, and their poverty will be forgotten, their arrival in haste and in entry, and I will make the poverty of the land desolate.”\n\nChapter 8\n\nAnd the word of the Lord of all, who rules, came, and he said:\n\nThus said the Lord of all, who rules: “I was jealous over Jerusalem and over Zion, a great jealousy, and I was filled with great wrath.”\n\nThus said the Lord of all, who rules: “I will be reconciled to Zion, and I will dwell in the midst of Jerusalem, and Jerusalem shall be called the city of righteousness and the mountain of the Lord of all, who rules, the mountain of the sanctuary.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 8","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided by a chapter heading, marking a transition from the preceding narrative to a new oracular section attributed to the Lord of all.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር ዘኩሉ ይመልክ","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'Lord of all, who rules' is a distinctive Geʿez rendering, emphasizing divine sovereignty and possibly reflecting a liturgical or theological emphasis in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእዘርዎሙ ዉሰተ ኩሉ አሕዛብ","severity":"info","text":"The threat of scattering among the nations echoes prophetic language found in the Hebrew Bible, e.g., Leviticus 26:33 and Deuteronomy 28:64, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአበዩ አጹምአ","severity":"info","text":"The refusal of the 'fathers' to fast may reflect a historical or liturgical dispute within the Ethiopic church regarding the observance of fasts, possibly tied to the fifth-month fast mentioned in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትሰመይ ኢየሩሳሌም ሀገረ ጽድቅ ወደብረ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The renaming of Jerusalem as 'city of righteousness' and 'mountain of the Lord' parallels Isaianic and post-exilic prophetic themes (e.g., Isaiah 1:26, Jeremiah 31:23) and may reflect Ethiopic theological emphasis on Zion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእቤረ ወእጓለ ማዉታ ወፈላሴ ወነዳየ","severity":"caution","text":"The opening list of categories ('dead, fugitives, exiles, wanderers') is syntactically ambiguous; it is unclear whether these are subjects of the gathering or separate entities, and the Geʿez may be corrupt or elliptical.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the fathers' who refuse to fast is unclear; they may be priestly or prophetic figures from the preceding narrative.","The phrase 'they would be stoned' (ይከልሑ) is ambiguous in the Geʿez, possibly indicating a threat of execution or a metaphorical rejection.","The relationship between the first-person divine speech ('I am') and the subsequent narrative is not fully resolved."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ዓዲ፡ ይነብሩ፡ አእሩግ፡ ወሊቃዉንት፡ ዉስተ፡ መርሕባ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወለኩሎሙ፡ ምርጉዞሙ፡ ዉስተ፡ እደዉሆሙ፡ በአንተ፡ ርሥአቶሙ።\n\nወይመልእ፡ መርሕበ፡ ሀገር፡ ደቀ፡ ወአዋልደ፡ ዘይትዋነዩ፡ ዉስተ፡ መርሕባ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ለእመ፡ ተስእኖሙ፡ ለሕዝብየ፡ ለእለ፡ ተርፉ፡ በቅድሜሆሙ፡ በእማንቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ወበቅድሜየሂ፡ ይስአንኑ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ናሁ፡ አነ፡ አድኀኖሙ፡ ለሕዝብየ፡ እምብሔረ፡ ጽባሕ፡ ወእምብሔረ፡ ዐረብ።\n\nወእወስዶሙ፡ ወአኀድሮሙ፡ ማእከለ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወበህየ፡ ይከዉኒኒ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ ወአነኒ፡ እክዉኖሙ፡ አምላኮሙ፡ በጽድቅ፡ ወበርትዕ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩለ፡ ይመልክ፡ ይጸንዓ፡ እደዊሆሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይሰምዑ፡ በእላንቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ዘንተ፡ ነገር፡ እምአፈ፡ ነቢያት፡ እምአመ፡ ሣረሩ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወእምአመ፡ ተሐንጸ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"Thus says the Lord of All: “Again the elders and the nobles shall dwell within the ship of Jerusalem, and all their provisions shall be in their hands, by your righteousness.”\n\nAnd the ship of the city shall be filled with boys and girls who shall be nurtured within the ship of Jerusalem.\n\nThus says the Lord of All: “If my people who remain before them in those days ask, and before me also they ask,” says the Lord of All.\n\nThus says the Lord of All: “Behold, I have saved my people from the land of the east and from the land of the west.\n\nAnd I shall bring them and settle them in the midst of Jerusalem, and there my people shall serve me, and I shall be their God in righteousness and in truth.”\n\nThus says the Lord of All: “The hands of those who hear in those days this word from the mouth of the prophets, from the time they built the house of the Lord of All, and from the time the house of the Lord of All was rebuilt, shall be strengthened.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'Thus says the Lord of All' (ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡) structures this passage as a series of divine oracles, typical of prophetic discourse in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መርሕባ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ship of Jerusalem' (መርሕባ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡) is a distinctive image in this text, likely symbolizing a vessel of salvation or gathering, rather than a literal ship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምብሔረ፡ ጽባሕ፡ ወእምብሔረ፡ ዐረብ።","severity":"info","text":"The reference to saving people 'from the land of the east and from the land of the west' echoes biblical language of ingathering from the diaspora, reminiscent of Isaiah 43:5-6 and Zechariah 8:7.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of building and rebuilding the 'house of the Lord of All' (ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡) likely alludes to the Second Temple in Jerusalem, a key theme in Zechariah's post-exilic context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አእሩግ፡ ወሊቃዉንት፡","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of 'elders and nobles' (አእሩግ፡ ወሊቃዉንት፡) reflects the Geʿez Christian reception of Jewish leadership structures, adapted to Ethiopian ecclesiastical hierarchy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በአንተ፡ ርሥአቶሙ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'by your righteousness' (በአንተ፡ ርሥአቶሙ።) is ambiguous in the Geʿez; the addressee may be God or a human figure, and the English draft's rendering assumes a divine address, but the text does not clarify.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the addressee in 'by your righteousness' is unclear; it could refer to God or a human leader.","The phrase 'ship of Jerusalem' may be metaphorical or refer to a specific structure; the text does not specify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"እምቅድመ፡ እላንቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ስብአኒ፡ ኢረከበ፡ ዕሤቶ፡ ዋእንስላኒ፡ ኢረከበ፡ ዓስቦ፡ ወኢየዐርፍ፡ ዘይበዉእኒ፡ ወዘይወፅእኒ፡ እምሕማም፡ ወአፈኑ፡ ኩሎ፡ ሰብአ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቢጹ።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ አኮ፡ ከመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ቀዲሙ፡ ዘእገብር፡ አነ፤ላዕለ፡ እለ፡ ተርፉ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዘኩለ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nዳእሙ፡ አርኢ፡ ሰላመ። ወወይንኒ፡ ይሁብ፡ ፍሬሁ፡ ወምድርኒ፡ ትሁብ፡ ማእረራ፡ ወሰማይኒ፡ ትሁብ፡ ዝናማ፡ ወአወርሶሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ተርፉ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ ዘንተ፡ ኩሉ።\n\nወበከመ፡ ኮንክሙ፡ መርገመ፡ ዉሰተ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ቤተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወቤተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ከማሁ፡ አድኀነክሙ፡ ወትከዉኑ፡ ለበረከት። አጥብዑ፡ ወአጽንዑ፡ እደዊክሙ።\n\nእስመ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ በከመ፡ መሐልኩ፡ አሕሥም፡ ላዕሌክሙ፡ በዘአምዕዑኒ፡ አበዊክሙ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nወኢነሳሕኩ፡ ከማሁ፡ መከርኩ፡ ወሐለይኩ፡ ባእላንቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ከመ፡ እግበር፡ ሠናይ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወለቤተ፡ የሁዳ፡ ተአመኑ፡ እንከ።","english":"From before those days, I have not found a man like him, and I have not found a reward like his, and I do not know what enters and what comes out from pain, and I have shut up all men under a yoke.\n\nAnd now it is not as in former days that I do, says the Lord of All who rules over all, for those who remain of my people.\n\nShow peace to them, and the vine shall give its fruit, and the earth shall give its harvest, and the sky shall give its rain, and I will bequeath all this to those who remain of my people.\n\nAnd as you were a curse among the nations, O house of Judah and house of Israel, so I have saved you, and you shall be for a blessing. Strengthen and make firm your hands.\n\nFor thus says the Lord of All who rules over all: As I have pitied you, I have had compassion on you because of what your fathers did to me, says the Lord of All who rules over all.\n\nAnd I did not forget; so I have counseled and I have thought in those days how I might do good for Jerusalem and for the house of Judah. Trust now.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The speaker shifts from a past condition of ignorance and oppression to a present divine promise of restoration, emphasizing a break from former days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢረከበ፡ ዕሤቶ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I have not found a man like him' uses the Geʿez verb 'ኢረከበ' (to find) with a masculine singular suffix, possibly referring to a specific figure (e.g., a priest or leader) not named in the immediate context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይንኒ፡ ይሁብ፡ ፍሬሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The promise that 'the vine shall give its fruit' echoes prophetic imagery of agricultural abundance as a sign of divine favor, reminiscent of Joel 2:22 and Zechariah 8:12.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'house of Judah and house of Israel' as a 'curse among the nations' reflects the post-exilic context of the divided kingdom and the prophetic hope for reunification under divine blessing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a divine speech with three movements: a retrospective contrast, a series of promises (peace, fertility, inheritance), and a concluding exhortation to trust, marked by the repeated formula 'says the Lord of All who rules over all'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢረከበ፡ ዕሤቶ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The opening phrase 'From before those days, I have not found a man like him' is ambiguous: the antecedent of 'him' is unclear, and the Geʿez could also be read as 'I have not found his gift' (ዕሤቶ፡ meaning 'gift' or 'man'). The English draft takes 'man' but the text may refer to a specific offering or person.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'man' (or 'gift') in the opening clause is not specified; the Geʿez 'ዕሤቶ፡' could mean 'his gift' or 'his man'.","The phrase 'what enters and what comes out from pain' is obscure; it may refer to physical or spiritual affliction, but the exact referent is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ዝንቱ፡ ዉእቱ፡ ነገር፡ ዘትገብሩ፡ ተናገሩ፡ ጹድቀ፡ ምስለ፡ ኩሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወምሰለ፡ ቢጽክሙ፡ ወኩነኔ፡ ሰላም፡ ኩንኑ፡ በዉሰተ፡ አናቅጺክሙ።\n\nወኩልክሙ፡ ኢትጹሩ፡ እከየ፡ በልብክሙ፡ ለቢጽክሙ፡ ወኢታፍቅሩ፡ እንድ፡ መሐላ፡ በሐሰት፡ እስመ፡ ዘንተ፡ ኩሉ፡ ጸላእኩ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nወኮነ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኀቤየ፡ ወይቤለኒ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ጾመ፡ ረቡዕ፡ ወጾመ፡ ኃሙስ፡ ወጾ፡ ለቡዕ፡ ወጾመ፡ ዓሥር፡ ይድዉን፡ ለቤተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ለፍሠሐ፡ ወለኃሤት፡ ወለበዓላት፡ ሠናያት፡ ወትትፌሤት፡ ወአፍቅሩ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ወሰላመ።\n\nናሁ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግአዚአብሔር፡ ዘኩሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ ዓዲ፡ ይመጹኡ፡ አህዛብ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ብዙኀ፡ አህጉር።\n\nወይበውኡ፡ ሰብእ፡ አህጉር፡ ውስተ፡ አሐቲ፡ ሀገር፡ ወይብሉ፡ ንሖር፡ ትንጋነይ፡ ለገጸ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኰሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወንኀሥሥ፡ ገጸ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወአሐውር፡ አነኒ።","english":"This is the matter which you do: speak righteousness with every man and with your neighbor, and let justice and peace be your custom within your gates.\n\nAnd all of you, look thus in your heart for your neighbor, and do not love an oath in falsehood, for all this I hate, says the Lord who rules over all.\n\nAnd the word of the Lord came to me, and he said to me:\n\nThus says the Lord who rules over all: the fast of Wednesday and the fast of Thursday and the fast of the sixth day and the fast of the tenth day shall be for the house of Judah for joy and for gladness and for good feasts and for rejoicing; and love righteousness and peace.\n\nNow thus says the Lord who rules over all again: the peoples who dwell in many cities shall come,\n\nAnd men of cities shall enter into one city and say, \"Let us go, let us prostrate ourselves before the face of the Lord who rules over all, and let us seek the face of the Lord who rules over all, and I also shall go.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዝንቱ ዉእቱ ነገር ዘትገብሩ ተናገሩ ጹድቀ ምስለ ኩሉ ሰብእ ወምሰለ ቢጽክሙ ወኩነኔ ሰላም ኩንኑ በዉሰተ አናቅጺክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from divine monologue to direct exhortation, marked by the opening phrase 'This is the matter which you do,' introducing a series of ethical commands.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጹድቀ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጹድቀ (ṣǝdqa) means 'righteousness' or 'justice,' a key ethical concept in Ethiopic Christian literature, often linked to divine order.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጾመ ረቡዕ ወጾመ ኃሙስ ወጾ ለቡዕ ወጾመ ዓሥር","severity":"info","text":"The four named fasts—Wednesday, Thursday, Friday (sixth day), and the tenth day—reflect Ethiopic Christian liturgical practice, with the tenth day likely referring to the fast of the tenth of the month.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ ይቤ እግዚአብሔር ዘኩሉ ይመልክ ጾመ ረቡዕ ወጾመ ኃሙስ ወጾ ለቡዕ ወጾመ ዓሥር","severity":"info","text":"The divine speech formula 'Thus says the Lord who rules over all' echoes prophetic oracles in the Hebrew Bible, but the specific fasts are not biblical; they are an Ethiopic Christian addition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኩልክሙ ኢትጹሩ እከየ በልብክሙ ለቢጽክሙ ወኢታፍቅሩ እንድ መሐላ በሐሰት","severity":"info","text":"The injunction against false oaths and the call to internalize righteousness reflect Ethiopic monastic and homiletic traditions, emphasizing moral reform over ritual.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይበውኡ ሰብእ አህጉር ውስተ አሐቲ ሀገር","severity":"info","text":"The vision of peoples from many cities gathering into one city to prostrate before the Lord parallels eschatological themes in Ethiopic literature, such as the gathering of nations in the Kebra Nagast.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the opening lines is ambiguous; it may be the Lord or a prophetic voice. The reading taken assumes a divine command.","The phrase 'fast of the tenth day' (ጾመ ዓሥር) is ambiguous: it could refer to the tenth day of the month or a specific liturgical fast; the reading taken follows Ethiopic practice."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ወይመጽኡ፡ ብዙኃን፡ አሕዛብ፡ ወብዙኀን፡ እንዘ፡ የኀሥሡ፡ ገጸ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኰሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወይትመሀለሉ፡ ለገጸ፡ እግዚአብሐየር፡ ዘኩሎ፡ የመልክ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እገዚአብሄር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይእኀዙ፡ ወሠርቱ፡ ዕደው፡ ዘእምኲሉ፡ በሐውር፡ አሕዛብ፡ ጽንፈ፡ ልብስ፡ ብእሲ፡ አይሁዳዊ፡ ወይብልዎ፡ ንሖር፡ ምስሌከ፡ እስመ፡ ሰማነ፡ ከመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሀሎ፡ ምስሌከ።\n\nChapter 9\n\nተረፈ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በምድረ፡ ሴድራ፡ ወዳማስቆ፡ መስዋዐቱ፡ እስመ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ከዉሎ፡ ዐይነ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወከዉሎ፡ ሕዝበ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወበኤመት፡ ብስተ፡ ደወለ፡ ጢሮስ፡ ወሲዶና፡ ስመ፡ ሐላዩ፡ ፈድፋደ።\n\nወሐነጸት፡ ጢሮ፡ አጽዋኒሃ፡ ዘገበት፡ ብሩረ፡ ከመ፡ መሬት፡ ወአስተጋብአት፡ ወርቀ፡ ከመ፡ ጽንጒነ፡ ፍኖት።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ገዚብሐየር፡ የወርሳ፡ ወይኤዝዝ፡ ውስተ፡ ባሕር፡ ኃይላ፡ ወይእቲኒ፡ በእሳት፡ ትጠፍእ።\n\nወትሬኢ፡ አስቃሎን፡ ወትፈርህ፡ ወጋዛሂ፡ ትደነገግፅ፡ ፈድፋድ፡ ወአቃሮንሂ፡ እስመ፡ ተኀፍረት፡ በጌጋያ፡ ወይትሕጐ፡ ንጉሥ፡ እምጋዛ፡ ወአስቃሎንሂ፡ ኢትሄሉ።","english":"And many nations shall come, and many, while they seek the face of the Lord, whom all shall rule in Jerusalem, and they shall walk about before the face of the Lord, whom all shall rule.\n\nAs it says: The Lord, whom all shall rule, she said, they shall take and do evil, which from all, in the journey of the nations, the hem of a garment of a Jewish man, and they shall say to him: Let us go with you, for we have heard that the Lord is with you.\n\nChapter 9\n\nThe remainder of the word of the Lord in the land of Sedra, and Damascus his altar, for to the Lord all the eye of man and all the people of Israel.\n\nAnd when upon the wall of Tyre and Sidon, the name of the one who saw was separate.\n\nAnd Tyre built her fortifications of a wall of brass like earth, and she gathered gold like the dust of the road.\n\nBecause of this, the Lord shall inherit and command in the sea, strength, and she also shall perish by fire.\n\nAnd you shall see Ashkelon, and it shall fear, and Gaza shall tremble, separate, and Akron also, for she was ashamed in Gath, and a king shall be removed from Gaza, and Ashkelon also shall be destroyed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ተረፈ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በምድረ፡ ሴድራ፡ ወዳማስቆ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'remainder of the word of the Lord in the land of Sedra and Damascus' marks the beginning of Chapter 9, a structural division not present in the Hebrew or Greek texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሴድራ፡","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Sedra' is unattested in biblical geography; it may be a corruption or a local Ethiopic gloss for a region associated with Damascus.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሐነጸት፡ ጢሮ፡ አጽዋኒሃ፡ ዘገበት፡ ብሩረ፡","severity":"info","text":"The description of Tyre building fortifications of brass and gathering gold echoes the oracles against Tyre in Zech 9:2–4, though the Ethiopic expands the imagery.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጢሮስ፡ ወሲዶና፡","severity":"info","text":"Tyre and Sidon are Phoenician city-states frequently condemned in prophetic literature; their mention here aligns with the anti-foreigner theme in Zechariah 9.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እገዚአብሄር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'the Lord whom all shall rule' reflects a distinctive Ethiopic theological emphasis on divine sovereignty, possibly influenced by later liturgical usage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይመጽኡ፡ ብዙኃን፡ አሕዛብ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The opening clause 'And many nations shall come' has no direct parallel in the Hebrew or Greek of Zechariah; it may be a scribal expansion or a conflation with another passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Sedra' is unclear; it may be a corruption of 'Sodom' or a local Ethiopic place name.","The phrase 'the Lord whom all shall rule' is ambiguous: it could mean 'the Lord who rules all' or 'the Lord whom all serve'.","The narrative sequence after Chapter 9 is disjointed; the relationship between the oracles against Tyre, Sidon, and the Philistine cities is not clearly structured."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ወይነብሩ፡ ካልኣን፡ አህዛብ፡ ውስተ፡ አዛጦን፡ ወእሥዕር፡ ጽዕለተ፡ ኢሎፍሊ።\n\nወአትት፡ ደሞሙ፡ እምአፋሆሙ፡ ወርኲሶሙ፡ እማእከለ፡ ስነኒሆሙ፡ ወይተርፍ፡ ውእቱ፡ ለአምለክነ፡ ወይከውኑ፡ ከመ፡ መሳፍንተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወአቃሮንሂ፡ ከመ፡ ኢያቡሴዎን።\n\nወአንስእ፡ ቤት፡ ወአቀውም፡ ከመ፡ ኢትሖሩ፡ ወኢትግብኡ፡ ወኢይኀልፍ፡ እንከ፡ ላዕሆሙ፡ ዜነድኦሙ፡ እስመ፡ ይእዜ፡ ርኢኩ፡ በአዕይንትየ።\n\nተፈስሒ፡ ፈድፋደ፡ ወለተ፡ ጽዮን፡ ወስብኪ፡ ወለተ፡ ኢሩሳሌም፡ ናሁ፡ ይመጽእ፡ ንጉስኪ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ወመድኀን፡ ወየዋህ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወይጼዐን፡ ዲበ፡ አድግ፡ ዋዲበ፡ እጓለ፡ አድግ።\n\nወያጠፍእ፡ ሠረገላ፡ እምኤፍሬም፡ ወአፍራሰ፡ እምኢየሩሳልም፡ ወየኀልቅ፡ ብዙኀ፡ ሰላም፡ እምአህዛብ፡ ወያውርድ፡ ማየ፡ እስከ፡ ባሕር፡ ወኣፍላፈ፡ ወሔላ፡ ምድር።\n\nወአንቲ፡ በደመ፡ ስርዓት፡ ፈነውኩ፡ መቁሖነኪ፡ እምዐዘቃት፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ማየ።\n\nወይነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ አጽዋን፡ መቁሓነ፡ ተዓይን፡ ወህየንተ፡ አሐቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ካዕበተ፡ እፈድየከ።","english":"And other nations shall dwell in Ashdod, and the burning of the wound of the Philistines shall cease. And their blood shall be from their mouths, and their spittle from the midst of their teeth, and the remnant shall be for our Lord, and they shall become like the governors of Judah, and Aaron also like the Jebusites.\n\nAnd I shall build a house and establish it, so that they may go forth and not enter, and no affliction shall pass over them, for now I have seen with my eyes.\n\nRejoice greatly, O Daughter of Zion, and be glad, O Daughter of Jerusalem; behold, your king comes, righteous and savior and gentle, and he shall ride upon donkeys and upon the foals of donkeys.\n\nAnd he shall remove the chariot from Ephraim and the horses from Jerusalem, and he shall destroy many peace from the nations, and he shall bring down water as far as the sea, and the rivers and the moisture of the land.\n\nAnd you, by the blood of the covenant, I have sent your bride-price from the cup that has no water.\n\nAnd they shall dwell in the fortresses, the bride-price of the eyes, and the mercy of one day, I shall give you twice.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ashdod","severity":"info","text":"Ashdod (Azotus) was one of the five Philistine city-states. Its mention here may reflect a post-exilic reimagining of Philistine territory under Judean or messianic control.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Daughter of Zion / Daughter of Jerusalem","severity":"info","text":"The address to 'Daughter of Zion' and 'Daughter of Jerusalem' echoes biblical personifications of Jerusalem (e.g., Isa 40:9; Lam 1:6) and is common in later Christian and Ethiopic liturgical poetry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መቁሖነኪ (maqəḥonäki)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'maqəḥonäki' (your bride-price) is a hapax in this corpus. It likely derives from the root qḥy (to buy, to acquire) and here carries a nuptial or covenantal sense, linked to the 'cup that has no water'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"chariot from Ephraim / horses from Jerusalem","severity":"info","text":"The removal of chariots from Ephraim and horses from Jerusalem parallels prophetic visions of disarmament and peace (cf. Zech 9:9-10). The Ethiopic text adapts this into a local eschatological tableau.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"destroy many peace","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'destroy many peace from the nations' is syntactically odd. The Geʿez 'yəḫalq bəzuḫa salām' may be a scribal error or a deliberate paradox; the intended sense might be 'establish peace' or 'remove conflict'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Aaron also like the Jebusites","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of Aaron to Jebusites is striking. In Ethiopic tradition, this may reflect a leveling of priestly and pre-Israelite figures, possibly influenced by the Aksumite integration of local and biblical genealogies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the king' (righteous, savior, gentle) is ambiguous: it could be a messianic figure, a historical Hasmonean, or a local Ethiopian ruler.","The 'cup that has no water' is obscure; it may refer to a ritual vessel or a metaphor for a blood covenant.","The phrase 'bride-price of the eyes' is unclear; it may be a poetic expression for a precious gift or a ransom."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"እስመ፡ መሰኩከ፡ መንገሌየ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወከመ፡ ቀስት፡ መላእክዎ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ወአንስኦሙ፡ ለደቂቅኪ፡ ጽዮን፡ ላዕለ፡ ደቂቀ፡ አረሚ፡ ወእገስኪ፡ ከመ፡ ኲናተ፡ መስተቃትል።\n\nወእግዚአብሔር፡ ያስተርኢ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ወትወፅእ፡ ማዕበልት፡ ከመ፡ መብረቅ፡ ወእግዚአብሔር፡ ለኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ይነፍኅ፡ በቀርን፡ ወየሐውር፡ መዐቱ፡ ከመ፡ ዐውሎ፡ ቴማን።\n\nወእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወሠውቆሙ፡ ወያኀልቅዎሙ፡ ወይደፍንዎሙ፡ በእብነ፡ ሞጸፍ፡ ወይሰትይዎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ወይን፡ ወይመልኡ፡ ምስዋዐ፡ ከመ፡ ዘይት።\n\nወይድኀኖሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ከመ፡ አባግዕ፡ ለሕዝቡ፡ እስመ፡ አእባን፡ ቅዱሳ፡ ያንኮረኲራ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር።\n\nእስመ፡ ዘሠናይኒ፡ ሎቱ፡ ወዘበረከትኒ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ እክል፡ ለወራዙት፡ ወወይነ፡ መዓ፡ ለደናግል።\n\nChapter 10\n\nአሉ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዝናመ፡ ጸደይ፡ ወመጸው። እግዚአብሔር፡ ብ፡ ለምትሐተ፡ ዐይን፡ ወይሁቦሙ፡ ዝናመ፡ ተወን፡ ወያበቊል፡ ሣዕረ፡ በገዳም።","english":"Because the ambush of the men of Judah was before me, and like a bow I bent them, Ephraim, and I destroyed the children of Zion upon the children of Aram, and I struck you like a weapon of war that fights.\n\nAnd the Lord shall appear over them, and a whirlwind shall go forth like lightning, and the Lord shall rule over all; he shall blow the horn, and his wrath shall pass like a whirlwind of the south.\n\nAnd the Lord shall rule over all, and he shall burn them, and he shall destroy them, and he shall cover them with a stone of hail, and he shall make them drunk like wine, and they shall be filled with tumult like oil.\n\nAnd the Lord shall save them; this he said like a shepherd for his people, because the holy stones shall thunder in the earth.\n\nBecause he has both the evil and the blessing; grain is with him for the sowers, and wine for the virgins.\n\nChapter 10\n\nThere is rain from the Lord in spring and autumn. The Lord is good for the sight of the eye, and he gives the rain of the season, and he makes grass grow in the desert.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 10","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a chapter break (Chapter 10) after a series of oracles. The preceding material in the Geʿez is not clearly demarcated as a separate chapter, suggesting a structural division introduced in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መሰኩከ (masakkuka)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መሰኩከ (masakkuka) is rendered 'ambush' in the English draft. It may also mean 'snare' or 'trap,' reflecting a military or hunting context. The choice affects the interpretation of the divine action against Judah's enemies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ቀስት፡ (kama qast)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'like a bow I bent them' echoes the imagery of a warrior's bow, common in prophetic literature (cf. Zech 9:13-14 in the Hebrew). The Geʿez text may adapt a lost Hebrew Vorlage or reflect a traditional Ethiopic rendering.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3150Zechar","label":"source edition: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ደቂቀ፡ አረሚ፡ (daqiqa arami)","severity":"info","text":"'Children of Aram' refers to the Arameans, historical adversaries of Israel. In the Ethiopic context, this may be an anachronistic or typological reference, as the Geʿez tradition often reinterprets biblical peoples for contemporary theological purposes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር፡ (ʾəgziʾabəḥer)","severity":"info","text":"The repeated use of 'Lord' (እግዚአብሔር) in theophanic imagery (whirlwind, lightning, horn) aligns with the Ethiopic Christian emphasis on divine sovereignty. This passage may have been read liturgically to underscore God's power over enemies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይመልኡ፡ ምስዋዐ፡ (wayəmalʾu məswāʿa)","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'filled with tumult like oil' is obscure. The Geʿez ምስዋዐ (məswāʿa) may mean 'tumult' or 'agitation,' but the simile with oil is unusual. The text may be corrupt or reflect a lost idiom; alternative readings exist in some manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3150Zechar","label":"source edition: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Ephraim' in line 1 is ambiguous: it may refer to the northern kingdom or a symbolic group. The Geʿez text does not clarify whether it is a target or an ally.","The transition between the first paragraph and Chapter 10 is abrupt; the connection between the preceding oracles and the rain imagery is unclear.","The phrase 'holy stones shall thunder' (አእባን፡ ቅዱሳ፡ ያንኮረኲራ) is ambiguous: it may refer to a theophany or a natural phenomenon, and its relation to the shepherd metaphor is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"እስመ፡ እለ፡ ትዋስኡ፡ ነበቡ፡ ፃማ፡ ወእለ፡ ሰግሉ፡ ርእዩ፡ ሐሰት፡ ወነገሩ፡ ህልመ፡ ሀሰት፡ ወከንቶ፡ መሐሩ፡ ወበእንተ፡ ዝናቱ፡ ደወዩ፡ ከመ፡ አባግዕ፡ ወየብሱ፡ እስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ሣህለ።\n\nእስመ፡ ነደት፡ መዐትየ፡ ላዕክ፡ ኖሎት፡ ወእዋሕየሙ፡ ለአባግዕየ። ወይሔውጾ፡ እግዚእሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ለመርዔቱ፡ ለቤተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወይርስሙ፡ ከመ፡ ፈረስ፡ ሥሙር፡ ለጸብእ።\n\nወእምኔሁ፡ ርእየ፡ ወእምኔሁ፡ ረሰየ፡ ቀስተ፡ ለመዐቱ፡ ወእምኔሁ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ኲሉ፡ ዘየነድእ፡ ቦቱ።\n\nወይከውኑ፡ ከመ፡ ዘይከይድ፡ ጽንጒነ፡ መርሕብ፡ እንዘ፡ ይትበአስ፡ በውስተ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ቀትል፡ ወይረውዱ፡ ወኢይክልዎ፡ እስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ወይትኀፈሩ፡ መስተጽዕናነ፡ አፍራስ።\n\nወአጸንዖ፡ ለቤተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ውኅኖ፡ ለቤተ፡ ዩሴፍ፡ ወእመይጦሙ፡ እስመ፡ አፍቀርክዎሙ፡ ወይከውነኑከመ፡ አመ፡ ሜጥክዎሙ፡ እስመ፡ አነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ፡ እሠጠዎሙ።\n\nወይከው፡ ከመ፡ መስተቃትላነ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ወይትፌሥሖሙ፡ ልቦሙ፡ ከመ፡ ዘበወይን፡ ወይሬእዩ፡ ውሉዶሙ፡ ወይትኀሠዩ፡ ወይትፌሣሕ፡ ልቦሙ፡ በእግዚአብሔር።","english":"Because those who fasted read the thirst, and those who bowed saw falsehood, and they spoke a dream of falsehood, and they sharpened the truth, and because of the rain they turned aside like sheep, and they wore out, for there is no mercy.\n\nBecause my wrath burned against you, the dead, and I saved my sheep. And the Lord will pasture all that he will rule for the pasture of the house of Judah, and they will trample like a horse trained for battle.\n\nAnd from him he saw, and from him he chose a bow for his wrath, and from him all that I know will come forth from him.\n\nAnd they will be like one who pierces the anchor of a ship while it is burned on the path of slaughter, and they will rejoice, and they cannot, because the Lord is with him, and the trainers of horses will be ashamed.\n\nAnd I strengthened the house of Judah and weakened the house of Joseph, and I will destroy them because I loved them, and they will be to me as when I despised them, because I am the Lord their God, I will save them.\n\nAnd they will be like the warriors of Ephraim, and their hearts will rejoice like one with wine, and they will see their children, and they will be silent, and their hearts will rejoice in the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The opening lines describe paradoxical actions: those who fasted read thirst, and those who bowed saw falsehood. This may invert expected piety, suggesting a critique of insincere or misguided religious practice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፃማ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ፃማ (ṣāma) means 'thirst' but also carries a connotation of spiritual longing or aridity, common in Ethiopic ascetic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ፈረስ ሥሙር ለጸብእ","severity":"info","text":"The image of a horse trained for battle (ከመ ፈረስ ሥሙር ለጸብእ) echoes martial imagery found in the Hebrew Bible, e.g., Jeremiah 8:6, though no direct citation is given.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of the house of Judah and the house of Joseph reflects the divided kingdom context after the schism, a common trope in Ethiopic apocalyptic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage alternates between divine wrath and pastoral care, with a repeated pattern of judgment followed by salvation, typical of prophetic oracles in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they will be like one who pierces the anchor of a ship while it is burned on the path of slaughter' is syntactically obscure and may reflect a textual corruption or a lost metaphor.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'those who fasted' and 'those who bowed' is unclear; they may refer to specific groups or be generic. The phrase 'they will be like one who pierces the anchor of a ship while it is burned on the path of slaughter' is ambiguous and may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"እትኤመሮሙ፡ ወእትዌከፎሙ፡ እስመ፡ አነ፡ እባልሖሙ፡ ይበዝኁ፡ በከመ፡ ብዝኖመ።\n\nእዘርዎሙ፡ ውስተ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ወእለሂ፡ ርኁቃን፡ ይዜከሩኒ፡ ወይሐፅኑ፡ ውሉዶሙ፡ ወይትመየጡ።\n\nወእሜጦሙ፡ እምፋርስ፡ ወእወስዶሙ፡ ገለአድ፡ ወውስተ፡ ሊባኖስ፡ ወኢይተረፍ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምኔሆሙ።\n\nወየኀልፋ፡ እንተ፡ ባህር፡ ጻባብ፡ ወይከይዱ፡ ዲበ፡ መዕበለ፡ ባሕር፡ ወይየብሱ፡ ኲሉ፡ ጽዕለተ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወይትአተት፡ በትረ፡ ግብጽ።\n\nወአጸንኦሙ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ እላኮሙ፡ ወይትሜክሑ፡ በስምየ፡ ይቤ፡ እዚአብሔር።\n\nChapter 11\n\nአርኁ፡ አናቅጺከ፡ ሊባኖስ፡ ወትብላዕ፡ እሳት፡ አርዘከ።\n\nለየአውዩ፡ ባሕሩስ፡ እስመ፡ ወድቀ፡ ዘግባ፡ እስመ፡ ፈድፋደ፡ ኀሥሩ፡ መኳንንት፡ ለየአውዩ፡ ፆመ፡ ባሳን፡ እስመ፡ ተገዝመ፡ ፆመ፡ ሐዲስ።\n\nቃለ፡ ኖሎት፡ እለ፡ ስቆቅዉ፡ እስመ፡ ኀስረ፡ ዕበዮሙ። ቃለ፡ አናብስት፡ እለ፡ ይጥሕሩ፡ እስመ፡ ኀስረ፡ አድያመ፡ ዮርዳኖስ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ረዐይዎን፡ ለአባግዐ፡ ቃትል።","english":"I will entreat them and I will rebuke them, because I will speak to them, they will increase, as the increase of the locust.\n\nI will sow them among the peoples, and those who are far off will remember me and will sharpen their children and will be tested.\n\nAnd I will bring them from Persia and I will bring them to Gilead and into Lebanon, and not one of them will remain.\n\nAnd the one who passes over the sea of reeds will pass, and they will go over the storm of the sea, and they will dry up all the moisture of Persia, and the rod of Egypt will be broken.\n\nAnd I will strengthen them in the Lord, I will send them, and they will be anointed in heaven, says the Lord.\n\nChapter 11\n\nOpen your door, Lebanon, and let fire consume your cedar.\n\nThe cypress has withered because the juniper has fallen, because the princes have been destroyed one after another; the fast of Bashan has withered because the new fast has been cut off.\n\nThe word of the nobles who have been silenced because their greatness has been destroyed; the word of the lions who roar because the strength of the Jordan has been destroyed.\n\nThus says the Lord to all who will rule: the shepherds of the sheep of Qatl.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 11","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a chapter break (Chapter 11) in the Geʿez text, marking a new section after the preceding narrative. This structural division is editorial and not original to the prophetic book.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እትኤመሮሙ (ʾətteʾemarromu)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb እትኤመሮሙ (ʾətteʾemarromu) is a first-person singular imperfect with pronominal suffix, meaning 'I will entreat them' or 'I will persuade them'. The root አመረ (ʾamara) carries the sense of teaching or showing, but here it is in the reflexive/reciprocal stem, implying persuasion or entreaty.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Persia, Gilead, Lebanon","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Persia, Gilead, and Lebanon reflects a geographical scope spanning from the Iranian plateau to the Levant. This may allude to the return of exiles or the dispersal of peoples, a theme in Zechariah's prophecies concerning the restoration of Judah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"the rod of Egypt will be broken","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the rod of Egypt will be broken' echoes prophetic oracles against Egypt, such as in Isaiah 19:1-4 or Ezekiel 30. The 'rod' symbolizes authority or military power, and its breaking signifies divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"the shepherds of the sheep of Qatl","severity":"caution","text":"The final phrase 'the shepherds of the sheep of Qatl' is obscure. 'Qatl' (ቃትል) may be a place name or a transliteration of a Hebrew/Aramaic term. The Geʿez text is unclear, and the English draft retains the ambiguity. No certain identification is available.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Open your door, Lebanon, and let fire consume your cedar","severity":"info","text":"This verse parallels Zechariah 11:1 in the Hebrew Bible, where Lebanon's cedar is a symbol of pride or royal power. The imagery of fire consuming the cedar is a common prophetic motif for divine destruction (cf. Isaiah 10:4-5).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Qatl' (ቃትል) is uncertain; it may be a place name or a corruption.","The phrase 'the fast of Bashan' and 'the new fast' are unclear in context; they may refer to ritual practices or metaphorical expressions.","The relationship between the first part (Chapter 11 break) and the preceding narrative is not explicit; the chapter division may be editorial."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"ወእለሂ፡ አድምዑ፡ ረገዙ፡ ወኢነስሑ፡ ወእለሒ፡ ይሠይጥዎን፡ ይብሉ፡ ይተባክ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወብዕልነ፡ ወእለሂ፡ ይሬዕይዎን፡ አያጽህቆሙ፡ ወኢምንትኒ፡ በእንቲአሆሙ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ኢይምሕኮሙ፡ እንከ፡ ለእለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድረ፡ ይበ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ወናሁ፡ አነ፡ አገብኦ፡ ለሰብእ፡ አሐዱ፡ አሐዱ፡ ውስተ፡ እደ፡ ካልኡ፡ ወውስተ፡ እደ፡ ንጉስ፡ ወያኀልቅዋ፡ ለምድር፡ ወኢያድኅኖሙ፡ እምእዴሆሙ።\n\nወእርዕዩን፡ ለአባግዐ፡ ቀትል፡ ውስተ፡ ከናአን፡ ወአንስእ፡ ሊተ፡ ክልኤ፡ አብትረ፡ ለአሐቲ፡ ሰመይክዋ፡ ስነ፡ ወለካልእታ፡ ሰመይክዋ፡ ለሐብለ፡ ወእርዕዮን፡ ለአባግዕየ።\n\nወአጠፍኦሙ፡ ለሠልስቱ፡ ነሎት፡ በአሐዱ፡ ወርኀ፡ ወትከብድ፡ ነፍስየ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ እስመ፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ ግዕረት፡ ላዕሌየ።\n\nወእቤለሙ፡ ኢይረዕየክሙ፡ ዘሞተሂ፡ ለይሙት፡ ወዘተርፈ፡ ለይብላዕ፡ ሠጋ፡ ቢጹ።\n\nወአንስኦ፡ ለበትርየ፡ ስን፡ ወእገድፋ፡ ከመ፡ አእሚጥ፡ ኪዳንየ፡ ዘተካየድኩ፡ ምስለ፡ ኲሉ፡ አህዛብ።","english":"And those who have become deaf, they have stumbled and will not repent, and those who will mock me, they will say, \"He is mad,\" the Lord and our master. And those who will see me, I will make them blind, and there is nothing for them because of me.\n\nBecause of this, He will have mercy on them, indeed, for those who dwell in the land, says the Lord. And behold, I have brought man, one by one, into the hand of another, and into the hand of the king, and they will destroy the land, and they will not save them from their hands.\n\nAnd I will see the sheep of slaughter in Canaan, and I will raise up for myself two rods for one; I have named one \"Beauty\" and the other I have named \"Rope,\" and I will see my sheep.\n\nAnd I destroyed three hundred in one month, and my soul is heavy upon them, for their soul is a burden upon me.\n\nAnd I will say to them, \"I will not see you; let the dead die, and let the survivor eat grass, cut off.\"\n\nAnd I raised my rod, a tooth, and I cast it like a spear, my covenant which I covenanted with all the peoples.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእለሂ፡ አድምዑ፡ ረገዙ፡ ወኢነስሑ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez describes those who have become deaf, stumbled, and will not repent, linking physical impairment to spiritual obduracy, a motif found in prophetic judgment oracles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢይምሕኮሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The verb ኢይምሕኮሙ፡ (ʾayəmḥəkomu) means 'he will have mercy on them,' from the root ምሕቀ (məḥqə) 'to have compassion.' The negative particle ኢይ (ʾay) indicates a future negation, but the context suggests a conditional or ironic divine mercy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእርዕዩን፡ ለአባግዐ፡ ቀትል፡ ውስተ፡ ከናአን፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'sheep of slaughter in Canaan' echoes the prophetic imagery of Zechariah 11:4–6, where the Lord speaks of a flock destined for destruction in a land of judgment, though the Geʿez text expands the metaphor with named rods.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአጠፍኦሙ፡ ለሠልስቱ፡ ነሎት፡ በአሐዱ፡ ወርኀ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from first-person divine speech to a narrative report of destruction ('I destroyed three hundred in one month'), marking a structural break that intensifies the theme of retribution.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንስኦ፡ ለበትርየ፡ ስን፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'I raised my rod, a tooth' is obscure; ስን፡ (sən) 'tooth' may be a scribal error or a metaphor for a tusk or pointed object, and the covenant imagery that follows is disjointed, possibly reflecting textual corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'two rods' named 'Beauty' and 'Rope' is unclear; they may symbolize dual aspects of divine judgment or covenant.","The phrase 'I raised my rod, a tooth' is ambiguous, possibly a corruption or a cryptic symbol.","The relationship between the destruction of 'three hundred in one month' and the preceding pastoral imagery is not explicitly connected."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ወእትመየጥ፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ወየአምርዎን፡ ከናአን፡ ለአባግዕየ፡ እለ፡ ተዐቅባ፡ እስመ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወእቤሎሙ፡ እመ፡ አስመርኩክሙ፡ በቅድሜክሙ፡ ሀቡኒ፡ ዐስብየ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ኅድጉ። ወደለዉ፡ ሊተ፡ ዓስብየ፡ ሠላሣ፡ ብሩረ።\n\nወይቤለኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ደዩ፡ ውስተ፡ ሕንቅርት፡ ወፍትኖ፡ ለእመ፡ ጽሩይ፡ ውእቱ፡ በከመ፡ አመከርዎ፡ እሙንቱ። ወነሳእኩ፡ ዝሎ\n\nብሩረ፡ ወወደይክዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ሕንቅርት፡ በቤተ፡ እግዚብሔር።\n\nወገደፍኩ፡ ካልእተ፡ በትርየ፡ ሐብለ፡ ከመ፡ እሚጥ፡ ምኲናነ፡ ዘማእለ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወዘማእከለ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወይቤለኒ፡ እግዝአብሔር፡ ዓዲ፡ ንሳእ፡ ለከ፡ ንዋየ፡ ኖሎት፡ ዘኖላዊ፡ አብድ።\n\nእስመ፡ ናሁ፡ አነ፡ አነስ፡ እኖላቄ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ዘተገድፈ፡ ኢይርድእ፡ ወዘተዘርወሂ፡ ኢያስተጋብእ፡ ዋዛቆስለ፡ ኢይፌውስ፡ ወዘሐይወኒ፡ ኢያረትዕ፡ ወይበልዕ፡ ስጋ፡ ዘሠብሐ፡ ወያጒዕ፡ አገዳሆን።\n\nአሌሎሙ፡ ለእ፡ ከንቶ፡ ይርዕዩ፡ እለ፡ የኀደጉ፡ አባግዐ፡ መጥባሕት፡ ውስተ፡ መዝራዕ፡ ወውስተ፡ ዐይኑ፡ ዘየማን፡ ወመዝራዕቱኒ፡ የቢ፡ ይየብስ፡ ዋዓይኒሂ፡ ዘየማን፡ ነቊረ፡ ይነቊር።","english":"And that which is false, she said, and they do not know Canaan for my sheep, those who have hidden themselves, because the word of the Lord is he.\n\nAnd I said to them, \"If I have taught you before you, give me grass; and if not, leave me.\" And they chose for me grass, thirty pieces of silver.\n\nAnd the Lord said to me, \"Throw it into the furnace and test it, if it is pure, as they advised him.\" And I took this\n\npiece of silver and threw it into the furnace in the house of the Lord.\n\nAnd I struck the second with my rod, a rope, like a bowstring, from within Judah and from within Israel.\n\nAnd the Lord said to me, \"Again, take for yourself the property of Noah, which is of Noah the servant.\"\n\nFor behold, I am a man who weeps in the land that has been abandoned, and I do not know; and what has been sown, I do not gather; and the harvest, I do not reap; and what has lived, I do not recognize; and it eats the flesh of the slain, and it breaks their bones.\n\nWoe to them, for truly they see those who have abandoned the sheep of the pasture in the field, and in his right eye, and his field becomes dry, and his right eye becomes blind.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ከናአን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'Canaan' here likely refers to the biblical land or people, but its function in this passage is obscure; it may be a proper name or a symbolic reference.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠላሣ ብሩረ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'thirty pieces of silver' echoes the betrayal price in Zechariah 11:12-13, though the context here is a test of purity, not a payment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3150Zechar","label":"source edition: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ሕንቅርት","severity":"info","text":"The 'furnace' (ሕንቅርት) is a metallurgical term, reflecting a testing process for precious metals, common in prophetic imagery for divine judgment or purification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a narrative of testing (silver in furnace) to a lament about abandonment and blindness, suggesting a composite or allegorical structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኖላቄ","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'ኖላቄ' (weeps) is uncertain; the Geʿez may be corrupt or a hapax legomenon, and the English draft interprets it as 'weeps,' but the sense could be 'mourns' or 'laments.'","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of blindness and abandonment of sheep echoes pastoral imagery in Ethiopic homiletics, where the shepherd represents Christ or a prophet, and the sheep the faithful.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Canaan' (ከናአን) is ambiguous: it may be a person, a place, or a symbolic figure.","The phrase 'property of Noah' (ንዋየ ኖሎት) is unclear; it may refer to a biblical figure or a symbolic inheritance.","The lament section (from 'For behold, I am a man...') shifts abruptly in tone and may be a separate textual unit or a gloss."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Chapter 12\n\nተረፈ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለእስራኤል። ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘለፍሐ፡ ሰማየ፡ ወሣረረ፡ ምድረ፡ ወይፈጥር፡ ነፍሰ፡ ላዕለ፡ ሰብእ።\n\nናሁ፡ አነ፡ እርስያ፡ ለእየሩሳሌም፡ ከመ፡ ድርኲኲተ፡ ማዕጾ፡ ዘይትሀወክ፡ እምኲሉ፡ አህዛብ፡ እለ፡ አድያም፡ ወበይሁዳ፡ ይከውን፡ ጥቅማ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም።\n\nወይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ እሬሰያ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ከመ፡ እብን፡ እንተ፡ ይከይዳ፡ ኲሉ፡ አህዛብ፡ ወኲሉ፡ ዘኬዳ፡ ስላቀ፡ ይሳቅ፡ ወይትብኡ፡ ላዕሌሃ፡ ኲሉ፡ አሕዛበ፡ ምድር።\n\nይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሉ፡ ይመልክ፡ እቀስፍ፡ ኲሎ፡ ይልክ፡ እቀስፍኲ፡ አብራሰ፡ በድንጋፄ፡ ወመስተጽዕናነ፡ በዝንዔ፡ ወእከስት፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወእቀስፍ፡ ኲሎ፡ አፍራሰ፡ አህዛብ፡ በዐዊር።\n\nወይብሉ፡ መሳፍንተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ በልቦመ፡ ሙረከብነ፡ ለነ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ አምኮመሙ፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nይእተ፡ አሚር፡ እሬስዩሙ፡ ለቤተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ከመ፡ ትንታገ፡ እሳት፡ ማዕከለ፡ ዕፀው፡ ወከመ፡ ነበልባለ፡ እሳት፡ ውስተ፡ ሐሠር፡ ወትበልዕ፡ ኲሎ፡ አሕዛበ፡ ዘዐውዶሙ፡ ዘይምኖሙ፡ ወዘፅግሞሙ፡ ወትነብር፡ እንከ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ባሕቲታ።","english":"The remainder of the word of the Lord upon Israel. The Lord said: He who has stretched out the sky and spread out the earth and creates the soul upon man.\n\nBehold, I shall pasture Jerusalem like a fold of a gate which is troubled by all the peoples who are of the lands, and in Judah there shall be profit for Jerusalem.\n\nAnd this I have said: I shall pasture Jerusalem like a stone which repels all the peoples, and all who have lied, a lie shall laugh and be cast upon her, all the peoples of the earth.\n\nThis I have said: The Lord said, He who rules all, I shall strike all; he who rules, I shall strike her; I shall break the horses with hail and the chariots with storm, and I shall cover my eyes upon the house of Judah, and I shall strike all the horses of the peoples with blindness.\n\nAnd the princes of Judah said, \"In the heart of the sea we have found for ourselves those who dwell in Jerusalem, by the Lord's faith, who rules all.\"\n\nThis I have said: I shall pasture the house of Judah like a spark of fire in the midst of wood, and like a flame of fire in the midst of dry grass, and it shall consume all the peoples who surround them, who are to their right and to their left, and it shall dwell still, Jerusalem alone.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ተረፈ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለእስራኤል።","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase 'The remainder of the word of the Lord upon Israel' marks a new section, likely a continuation or appendix to the preceding vision, consistent with the narrative classification.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እሬሰያ፡","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'እሬሰያ፡' (ʾərēsəyā) is a first-person singular imperfect of 'rāsāyā' meaning 'to pasture' or 'to tend'. It is used metaphorically for divine care or governance, not literal shepherding.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ድርኲኲተ፡ ማዕጾ፡","severity":"info","text":"The simile 'like a fold of a gate' (ድርኲኲተ ማዕጾ) echoes pastoral imagery found in the Hebrew Bible, e.g., Micah 2:12, but no direct quotation is present; it is a free adaptation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በልቦመ፡ ሙረከብነ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'In the heart of the sea we have found' (በልቦመ ሙረከብነ) is a Geʿez idiom for a remote or inaccessible place, possibly reflecting the Ethiopian highland context rather than a literal maritime reference.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ትንታገ፡ እሳት፡","severity":"info","text":"The image of Judah as a 'spark of fire' consuming enemies is a common motif in Ethiopic apocalyptic literature, emphasizing divine protection and eschatological victory.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the first person sections (the Lord or the prophet) is ambiguous; the text shifts between divine and prophetic voice without clear markers.","The phrase 'እቀስፍ ኲሎ ይልክ እቀስፍኲ' is syntactically unclear; it may be a textual corruption or a deliberate repetition for emphasis."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ወያድኀን፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አህጉረ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ከመ፡ ትካት፡ ከመ፡ ኢዕብዩ፡ ትዝኀርቶሙ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ ዳዊት፡ ወትንሣኤሆሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ላዕለ፡ ይሁዳ።\n\nወይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይቀውም፡ ሎሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለእለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወውእ፡ አሚረ፡ ዘድኩም፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ይከውን፡ ከመ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወከመ፡ መልአከ፡ እዚአብሔር፡ በቅድሜሆሙ።\n\nውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ እትኀሠሦሙ፡ ለኲሎሙ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ ይምጽኡ፡ ኢየሩሳላሌም፡ ከመ፡ አእትቶሙ።\n\nወእክዑ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ ዳዊት፡ ወላዕለ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ መንፈሰ፡ ትፍሥሕት፡ ወኃሤት፡ ወሐለዎሙ፡ ይርአይዎ፡ ለዘ፡ ወግእዎ፡ ወይላሕውዎ፡ ከመ፡ ዜፈቅርዎ፡ ወየሐሙ፡ ሕማመ፡ ከመ፡ ዘለበኲር።\n\nይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ የዐቢ፡ ላሓ፡ ለኢየሩሳም፡ መጠነ፡ ውኂዝ፡ ዘይውኀዝ፡ በገዳም፡ ወይላሕው፡ ላሐ።\n\nወትበኪ፡ ምድር፡ በበሕዘቢሆሙ፡ ወሕዝብኒ፡ በባሕቲቶሆሙ፡ ወአንስቲሆሙኒ፡ በበሕቲቶ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ቤተ፡ ዳዊት፡ በበሕቲቶሙ፡ ወአንስቲሆሙኒ፡ በባሕቲቶን።","english":"...and the Lord will pasture the land of Judah like a gate, like a great one; He will remember them over the house of David and raise up those who dwell in Jerusalem over Judah.\n\nAnd this is what the Lord will establish for those who dwell in Jerusalem, and He is the one who will be a refuge from among them, like the house of the Lord and like the angel of the Lord before them.\n\nThis is what He will do: He will gather all the peoples who come to Jerusalem, as if He had brought them in.\n\nAnd He will place upon the house of David and upon those who dwell in Jerusalem a spirit of joy and gladness, and they will see Him and bow down to Him and embrace Him, as if they love Him, and they will bear pain as if for a firstborn.\n\nThis is what He will do: the river will increase for Jerusalem, the measure of the river that flows in the wilderness, and it will embrace the river.\n\nAnd the earth will weep for its peoples, and the people for their own, and their women for their own; the people of the house of David for their own, and their women for their own.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወያድኀን፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አህጉረ፡ ይሁዳ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the divine speech from the previous unit, marked by the conjunction ወያድኀን (and He will pasture), maintaining the prophetic address.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢዕብዩ","severity":"info","text":"ኢዕብዩ (great one) is a Geʿez term likely referring to a prominent figure or a divine attribute, possibly the Lord Himself, though the syntax is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ፡ ዳዊት፡","severity":"info","text":"The house of David (ቤተ ዳዊት) is a standard biblical term for the Davidic dynasty, central to Ethiopian royal ideology and messianic expectation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወከመ፡ መልአከ፡ እዚአብሔር፡","severity":"info","text":"The comparison to the house of the Lord and the angel of the Lord echoes Old Testament theophanic language, possibly alluding to Zechariah’s angelic visions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"መንፈሰ፡ ትፍሥሕት፡ ወኃሤት፡","severity":"info","text":"The spirit of joy and gladness (መንፈሰ ትፍሥሕት ወኃሤት) reflects a theme of eschatological renewal common in Ethiopic homiletic and liturgical reception.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይላሕውዎ፡ ከመ፡ ዜፈቅርዎ፡ ወየሐሙ፡ ሕማመ፡ ከመ፡ ዘለበኲር።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'bear pain as for a firstborn' is obscure; it may refer to a ritual or metaphorical suffering, but the exact sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the great one' (ኢዕብዩ) is unclear; it may refer to God or a Davidic figure.","The phrase 'bear pain as for a firstborn' (ዘለበኲር) is ambiguous, possibly a cultural or liturgical reference."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"ሕዝበ፡ ቤተ፡ ናታን፡ በባሕቲቶሙ፡ ወአንስቲያሆሙኒ፡ በባሕቲቶን፡ ሕዝበ፡ ቤተ፡ ሌዊ፡ በባህቲቶሙ፡ ወአንስቲያሆሙኒ፡ በባህቲቶን፡ ህዝበ፡ ቤተ፡ ስምዖን፡ በባሕቲቶሙ፡ ወአንስቲሆሙኒ፡ በባህቲቶን።\n\nኲሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ በባሕቲቶሙ፡ ዘተረፈ፡ ወአንስቲያሆሙኒ፡ በባህቲቶን።\n\nChapter 13\n\nወውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይትረኀው፡ ኲሉ፡ በሐውርተ፡ ቤተ፡ ዳዊት።\n\nወከመ፡ ዝ፡ ይከውን፡ ውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ወይጠፍእ፡ ስማቲሆሙ፡ ለጣዖታት፡ እምኲሉ፡ ምድር፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዜዜከሮሙ፡ እንከ፡ ወአወዕዩሙ፡ እምድር፡ ለሐሳውያነ፡ ነቢያት፡ ወለመንፈሰ፡ ሐሰት።\n\nወእመቦ፡ ዘተነበየ፡ ብእሲ፡ ይብልዎ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወእመሙእለ፡ ወለድዎ፡ ሶበ፡ ተነበየ፡ ኢይከውን፡ እስመ፡ ሐሰተ፡ ተናገርከ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይርዝዎ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወእሙ፡ እለ፡ ወለድዎ፡ ሶበ፡ ተነበየ።\n\nወውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይትኀፈሩ፡ ነቢት፡ ኲሎሙ፡ በዘርእዩ፡ ሶበ፡ ተነበዩ፡ ወይለብሱ፡ ሠቀ፡ ዘጸጉር፡ እስመ፡ ሐሰው።\n\nወይብሉ፡ አንሰ፡ ኢኮንኩ፡ ነቢየ፡ አላላመስተብረ፡ ምድር፡ አነ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ተቀነይኩ፡ እምንእስየ።","english":"The people of the house of Nathan, each by themselves, and their women, each by themselves; the people of the house of Levi, each by themselves, and their women, each by themselves; the people of the house of Simeon, each by themselves, and their women, each by themselves.\n\nEvery people, each by themselves, that remained, and their women, each by themselves.\n\nChapter 13\n\nAnd that Amira will be revealed, all of them, in the journey of the house of David.\n\nAnd as this will be, that Amira will destroy the names of the idols from all the earth, and there will be no remembrance of them at all; and they will uproot from the earth the false prophets and the spirit of falsehood.\n\nAnd if a man prophesies, his father and mother who bore him will say to him, when he prophesies, “You will not be, because you have spoken falsely before the Lord,” and his father and mother who bore him will stone him when he prophesies.\n\nAnd that Amira will cause all the prophets to be ashamed of what they saw when they prophesied, and they will wear a garment of hair because they lied.\n\nAnd they will say, “I was not a prophet; I was only a deceiver of the earth; I bowed down to men from my youth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 13","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks a new chapter division, shifting from the listing of tribes to eschatological prophecy concerning the figure Amira.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አሚረ (Amira)","severity":"info","text":"Amira is a title or name for a messianic or eschatological figure, possibly derived from Arabic 'amīr (commander) or Geʿez 'ammīr (prince). The text presents Amira as a revealer and destroyer of idols.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"house of Nathan, house of Levi, house of Simeon","severity":"info","text":"These three houses are priestly or tribal groups in Israelite tradition. Nathan is a prophet, Levi the priestly tribe, Simeon a son of Jacob. Their separate listing reflects post-exilic community organization.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይርዝዎ (and they will stone him)","severity":"info","text":"The stoning of a false prophet echoes Deuteronomy 13:5 (stoning for apostasy) and the punishment of false prophecy in the Old Testament, though not a direct quote.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"garment of hair","severity":"info","text":"Wearing a garment of hair (sackcloth) is a traditional sign of mourning or penance in Ethiopian Christian practice, here imposed on false prophets as a mark of shame.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመቦ (and if)","severity":"caution","text":"The conditional clause about a man prophesying and being stoned by his parents is ambiguous: it may be a hypothetical legal scenario or a narrative of future events. The text does not clarify the timeframe.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Amira is not specified; it may be a title for a messianic figure or a proper name. The relationship between the tribal listing and the prophecy is unclear. The stoning passage could be a legal prescription or a narrative prediction."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ወይቤሎ፡ ምንትኑ፡ ዝንቱ፡ መቅሠፍት፡ ዘማእከለ፡ እደዊከ፡ ወይብል፡ ቁሰልኩ፡ በቤተ፡ ዐርክየ።\n\nተንስኢ፡ ኲናት፡ ላዕለ፡ ኖሎት፡ ወላዕለ፡ ብእሴ፡ ሀገሩ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ እቀት፡ ለኖላዊ፡ ወይዘረዉ፡ አባግዐ፡ መርዔቱ፡ ወአመጽእ፡ እኤየ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኖሎት።\n\nወይከውን፡ ውስተ፡ ኲሉ፡ ምድር፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ የኀልቅ፡ ክልኤ፡ ለእድ፡ ወይተርፍ፡ ሣልስተ፡ እዴሃ፡ ውስቴታ።\n\nወእወስዶሙ፡ ውስተ፡ እሳት፡ ለእልክቱ፡ ሣልስተ፡ እድ፡ ወአረስኖሙ፡ ከመ፡ ረስንዎ፡ በብሩር፡ ወእገትኖሙ፡ ከመ፡ ይፈትንዎ፡ ለወርቅ። ወውእቱስ፡ ይጼውዕ፡ ስምየ፡ ወአነሂ፡ እሠጠዎ፡ ወእብል፡ ሕዝብየ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ወውእቱኒ፡ ይብለኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኪየ።\n\nChapter 14\n\nናሁ፡ እይመጽእ፡ መዋዕለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይተካፈሉ፡ በርበረኪ፡ በውስቴትኪ።\n\nወአስተጋብኦሙ፡ ለኲሉ፡ አህዛብ፡ ይተቃተልዋ፡ ለኢየሩሳም፡ ወትትቀተል፡ ሀገር፡ ወይትበረበሩ፡ አቢያተ፡ ወይረኲሳ፡ አንስት፡ ወይፄወዉ፡ መንፈቀ፡ ሀገር፡ ወእለ፡ ተረፋ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ ይጠፍኡ፡ እምሀገሮሙ።","english":"And he said, \"What is this rod in the middle of your hands?\" And he said, \"I have cut it in the house of my ark.\"\n\nHe rose up, a weapon against the people of Noah and against the man of his country. The Lord said, \"All of it will rule, the fire will burn for the people of Noah, and they will scatter the sheep of his pasture, and I will bring my hand against the people of Noah.\"\n\nAnd it will be in all the land. The Lord said, \"Two parts of the hand will be destroyed, and a third of her hand will remain within it.\"\n\nAnd I will cast them into the fire, those three parts of the hand, and I will purify them as I purified them with silver, and I will refine them as they refine gold. And he will call my name, and I will be silent, and I will say to my people, \"He is this one,\" and he will say to me, \"The Lord is my God.\"\n\nChapter 14\n\nBehold, the days of the Lord come, and they will be divided in your blessing within you.\n\nAnd I will gather all the peoples; they will fight against Jerusalem, and the city will be destroyed, and the houses will be shaken, and women will be widowed, and they will go out into the midst of the city, and those who remain of my people will flee from their country.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided by two chapter markers, Chapter 13 and Chapter 14, which are editorial divisions not present in the biblical Book of Zechariah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መቅሠፍት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መቅሠፍት (maqšäft) means 'rod' or 'staff', but in this context it may carry a symbolic or punitive sense, as the following verses describe destruction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'two parts of the hand will be destroyed, and a third of her hand will remain' echoes Zechariah 13:8-9, where a shepherd's staff is broken into three parts, though the Geʿez text adapts the imagery to a hand.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the people of Noah' (ኖሎት) is an apocryphal or interpretive addition, not found in the canonical Zechariah, and may reflect Ethiopic traditions about Noah's descendants.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The purification of the three parts of the hand with silver and gold (lines 7-8) reinterprets Zechariah's smithing imagery as a ritual of cleansing, typical of Ethiopic homiletic expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they will be divided in your blessing within you' (Chapter 14) is syntactically ambiguous; it may mean the days of the Lord are apportioned as a blessing, or that the blessing itself is divided.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the opening dialogue ('he said... and he said') is unclear; it may be Zechariah and an angel, or the Lord and the prophet.","The phrase 'the people of Noah' (ኖሎት) is ambiguous: it could refer to a specific group or to all humanity descended from Noah.","The 'hand' (እድ) in the destruction of two parts and preservation of a third is ambiguous: it may be a literal hand, a symbolic measure, or a scribal error for 'staff'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"ወይወፅእ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይትቃተሎሙ፡ ለእሙንቱ፡ አህዛብ፡ ከመ፡ አመ፡ ተቃተለ፡ በዕለተ፡ ቀትል።\n\nወይቀውማ፡ እገሪሁ፡ ውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ውስተ፡ ደብረ፡ ዜት፡ ዘቅድመ፡ ኢሩሳሌም፡ ጽባሒሃ፡ ወይነቅዕ፡ ደብረ፡ ዜት፡ መንፈቁሂ፡ መንገለ፡ ጽባሕ፡ ወባሕር፡ ዋይትቁለቁል፡ መንፈቁ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ደብር፡ መንገለ፡ ደቡብ፡ ወይከወን፡ ዓቢየ፡ ጥቀ፡ ጸድፈ፡ ወመንፈቁሂ፡ ለሰሜን።\n\nወይትሐፀር፡ ቆላተ፡ አድባርየ፡ ዌበጽህ፡ ቆላተ፡ አድባርየ፡ እስከ፡ ኢያሶን፡ ከመ፡ አመ፡ ተፈጸመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ድቅልቅ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ዖዝያን፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወይመጽእ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምኪየ፡ ወኲሙ፡ ቅዱሳኒሁ፡ ምስሌሁ።\n\nወውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ አልቦ፡ ብርሃነ፡ ወትከውን፡ አሐቲ፡ ዕለተ፡ ቊር፡ ወበረድ።\n\nወይእቲዕለት፡ እምርት፡ ባኀበ፡ እግዚአብሑር፡ ወኢኮነት፡ ሌሊተ፡ ወፍናሰርክ፡ ይበርህ፡ ብርሃን።\n\nወውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ማየ፡ ሕይወት፡ እምኢየሩሳሌም፡ መንፈቁ፡ መንገለ፡ ባሕር፡ ቀዳሚት፡ ወመንፈቁ፡ መንገለ፡ ባሕር፡ ቀዳሚት፡ ወመንፈቁ፡ መንገለ፡ ባሕር፡ ደኃሪት፡ ወከማሁ፡ ይከውን፡ በክረምት፡ ወበሐጋይ።","english":"And the Lord will go out and will fight against those peoples, as he fought on the day of the slaughter.\n\nAnd his anger will be kindled; that is the one who said, \"In the Mount of Olives, to the east of Jerusalem, and he will split the Mount of Olives in its middle toward the east and the sea, and its middle will be shattered, that mountain toward the south, and there will be a great, strong earthquake, and its middle toward the north.\"\n\nAnd the plains of my mountains will be dried up, and the plains of my mountains will be parched, as far as Yason, as when the days of the earthquake were completed in the days of Uzziah, king of Judah. And the Lord will come, and his saints with him, having brought them.\n\nAnd that one who said, \"There is no light,\" and there will be one day of hail and frost.\n\nAnd that day will be bitter before the Lord, and there will be no night, and at dawn the light will shine.\n\nAnd that one who said, \"The water of life will come out from Jerusalem, half toward the former sea and half toward the latter sea, and likewise it will be in winter and in summer.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይወፅእ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይትቃተሎሙ፡ ለእሙንቱ፡ አህዛብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the previous narrative of the rod and the ark to a series of eschatological oracles, each introduced by a formulaic phrase such as 'that is the one who said' or 'that one who said'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቀውማ፡ እገሪሁ፡ ውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ውስተ፡ ደብረ፡ ዜት፡ ዘቅድመ፡ ኢሩሳሌም፡","severity":"info","text":"The splitting of the Mount of Olives echoes Zechariah 14:4 (LXX) and may allude to the eschatological topography in the Ethiopic Apocalypse of Zechariah, though no direct canonical verse is cited.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ አመ፡ ተፈጸመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ድቅልቅ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ዖዝያን፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the earthquake in the days of Uzziah, king of Judah, recalls the historical earthquake of ca. 760 BCE mentioned in Amos 1:1 and Zechariah 14:5, used here as a typological precedent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይእቲዕለት፡ እምርት፡ ባኀበ፡ እግዚአብሑር፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'that day will be bitter before the Lord' uses the Geʿez term እምርት (ʿəmrət) for 'bitter', which can also connote 'sorrowful' or 'grievous', intensifying the eschatological tone.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ማየ፡ ሕይወት፡ እምኢየሩሳሌም፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'water of life' flowing from Jerusalem toward two seas (former and latter) parallels the eschatological river in Ezekiel 47:1-12 and the Ethiopic tradition of the Fountain of Life in the Mount of Olives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይነቅዕ፡ ደብረ፡ ዜት፡ መንፈቁሂ፡ መንገለ፡ ጽባሕ፡ ወባሕር፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'split the Mount of Olives in its middle toward the east and the sea' is ambiguous: 'sea' may refer to the Dead Sea or the Mediterranean, and the directional logic is unclear in the Geʿez.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'that one who said' in each oracle is not specified; it may be a prophetic figure or the Lord himself.","The location 'Yason' is obscure; possibly a place name or a corruption of 'Jason' or 'Jashan'.","The phrase 'half toward the former sea and half toward the latter sea' is ambiguous: 'former sea' and 'latter sea' may refer to the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, or to eschatological bodies of water."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"ወይነግስ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኲሉ፡ ምድር፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይከውን፡ አሐዱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአሐዱ፡ ስሙ።\n\nወይበጽህ፡ ኲሎ፡ ምድረ፡ ወየዐውድ፡ ገዳመ፡ እምጋበሔ፡ እስከ፡ ሬማን፡ ወደቡባሒ፡ በእየሩሳሌም። ወሬማሰ፡ ትነብር፡ ብሔራ፡ እምአናቅጸ፡ ብንያም፡ እስከ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ደወለ፡ ጸናፊ፡ አንቀጸ፡ መዓዝን፡ እስከ፡ ማሐፈድ፡ ዘቤተ፡ ንጉስ፡ እስከ፡ ምክያድ፡ ዘቤተ፡ ንጉስ።\n\nይነብርዋ፡ ወኢትከውን፡ እንከ፡ ውግዝተ፡ ወትነብርእንከ፡ ተአሚና፡ እየሩሳሌም።\n\nወዛቲ፡ ይእቲ፡ ድቀቶሙ፡ እንተ፡ ይመትሮሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኲሎሙ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ ተቃተልዋ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም። ወይትመሰው፡ ስጋሆሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ይቀውሙ፡ በእገሪሆሙ፡ ወይውኀዝ፡ አዕይንቲሆሙ፡ እምውስተ፡ ግበቢሆሙ፡ ወይትመሶ፡ ልሶኖሙ፡ በውስተ፡ አፋሆሙ።\n\nወይከውን፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ድንጋፄ፡ ላእሌሆሙ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይእኀዝ፡ አሀዱ፡ በእደ፡ ካልኡ፡ ወትጠግዕ፡ እዴሁ፡ በእደ፡ ካልኡ።\n\nወይትቃተላ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ለኢየሩሳም፡ ወያስታብእ፡ ኃይለ፡ ኲሉ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ዘዐውዳ፡ ወርቀ፡ ወብሩረ፡ ዋኣልባሰ፡ ብዙኀ፡ ፈድፋደ።","english":"And the Lord will rule over all the earth. This is the one who said, \"One is the Lord, and one is his name.\"\n\nAnd he will reach all the earth, and he will turn the desert from Gabre to Reman, and the south in Jerusalem. And Remas will dwell in the region from the border of Benjamin to the border of Dawal, the border of Sanafi, the border of Me'azin, to Mahafad of the house of the king, to Mekyad of the house of the king.\n\nThey will dwell, and there will be no more war, and Jerusalem will dwell in trust.\n\nAnd this is their downfall, that the Lord will slay all the peoples who fought against Jerusalem. And their flesh will be cut off while they stand on their feet, and their eyes will be plucked from their sockets, and their tongues will be cut off in their mouths.\n\nAnd this will be the one who said, \"A great plague upon them from the Lord.\" And one will seize the hand of another, and his hand will be cut off by the hand of another.\n\nAnd Judah will fight for Jerusalem, and will bring forth the strength of all the peoples who turned away, and silver and gold and many splendid garments.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the eschatological narrative from the previous passage, shifting from divine warfare to the Lord's universal rule and the punishment of Jerusalem's enemies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይነግስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ወይነግስ (waynäggəs) means 'and he will rule' or 'and he will reign,' indicating the Lord's sovereign authority over all the earth.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አሐዱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአሐዱ፡ ስሙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'One is the Lord, and one is his name' echoes the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4) and is a common liturgical affirmation in Ethiopic Christianity, here attributed to the Lord's own speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ገዳመ፡ እምጋበሔ፡ እስከ፡ ሬማን","severity":"info","text":"The place names Gabre, Reman, and the borders of Benjamin, Dawal, Sanafi, Me'azin, Mahafad, and Mekyad are not identifiable from known sources; they likely represent legendary or symbolic geography in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The graphic description of the enemies' punishment—flesh cut off, eyes plucked, tongues cut—reflects a tradition of apocalyptic vengeance common in Ethiopic Christian literature, emphasizing divine justice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሬማሰ፡ ትነብር፡ ብሔራ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Remas will dwell in the region' is ambiguous; 'Remas' may be a place name or a corruption; the English draft treats it as a proper noun, but the Geʿez could also be read as a verb form.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Remas' is uncertain; it may be a place name or a textual corruption.","The geographical list (Gabre, Reman, etc.) lacks external attestation and may be symbolic or legendary."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"ወዛቲ፡ ይእቲ፡ ድቀተ፡ አፍራሲሆሙ፡ ወአብቅሆሙ፡ ወአግማሆሙ፡ አእዱጊሆሙ፡ ወኲሉ፡ እንስሳሆሙ፡ ዘሀሎ፡ ውስተ፡ ትዕይንቶሙ፡ ወከመዝ፡ ውእቱ፡ ድቀቶሙ።\n\nወኲሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ተርፋ፡ እምኲሉ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ መጽኡ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኢሩሳሌም፡ ወይዕርጉ፡ በበዓመት፡ ይስግዱ፡ ለንጉስ፡ አግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ አምላኮሙ፡ ወከመ፡ ይግበሩ፡ በዓለ፡ መጸለት።\n\nወኲሉ፡ ዘኢዐርጉ፡ እምኲሉ፡ አሕዛበ፡ ምድረ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ከመ፡ ስግዱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወእሉሂ፡ ይትዌሰኩ፡ ዲበ፡ እልክቱ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ ህዝበ፡ ግብጽ፡ ኢዐርጉ፡ ወኢመጽኡ፡ ህየ፡ ላዕሌሆሙኒ፡ ይከውን፡ ድቀት፡ ዘይቀስፎሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኲሉ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እለኢዐርጉ፡ ይግበሩ፡ በዓለ፡ መጸለት።\n\nወዛቲ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡ ለግጽ፡ ወኃጢአቶሙ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ለአለ፡ ኢዐርጉ፡ ይግበሩ፡ በዐለ፡ መጸለት።\n\nውእተ፡ አሚር፡ ይከውን፡ ዘውስተ፡ ልጓመ፡ ፈረስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወይከውነ፡ ጻሕራት፡ ዘቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ኮራት፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ለምስዋዕ።","english":"And this is the fall of their horses, and their mules, and their donkeys, and their camels, and all their animals that are in their possession, and thus is their fall.\n\nAnd all those who remain from all the nations who came against Jerusalem, and they will go up annually, they will worship the King, the Lord God, who rules over all, their God, and they will celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles.\n\nAnd all who go up from all the nations of the land of Jerusalem, as they worship the Lord God who rules over all, and these will be bound upon the pillars.\n\nAnd if the people of Egypt go up and come there, upon them also will be the fall that the Lord God will inflict upon all the nations who go up to celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles.\n\nAnd this is their sin, the sin of Egypt, and the sin of the nations who do not go up to celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles.\n\nAnd there will be an emir who will be in the stable of the holy horse of the Lord God who rules over all, and there will be lamps of the house of the Lord God, like the horns before the face of the altar.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ድቀተ አፍራሲሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the fall of their horses' likely refers to the defeat or destruction of the enemy's cavalry, a common motif in apocalyptic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"በዓለ መጸለት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'በዓለ መጸለት' (baʿala maṣṣalot) is translated as 'Feast of Tabernacles' (Sukkot), a Jewish pilgrimage festival. Its mention here reflects the text's engagement with Old Testament ritual.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ይስግዱ ለንጉስ አግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'worship the King, the Lord God' echoes Zechariah 14:9, where all nations are called to acknowledge the Lord as king, though the wording is adapted to the Ethiopic context.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3150Zechar","label":"source edition: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"Jerusalem (ኢሩሳሌም) is the central eschatological site in this passage, where nations gather annually for worship. This reflects the Ethiopic Christian tradition of Jerusalem as a symbol of divine rule.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመሂ ህዝበ ግብጽ","severity":"info","text":"The conditional clause 'if the people of Egypt go up' introduces a specific case within the broader narrative of nations, highlighting Egypt as a distinct entity in the eschatological schema.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አሚር","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'አሚር' (amir) is an Arabic loanword meaning 'emir' or 'commander', unusual in Geʿez apocalyptic texts. Its presence may indicate later redaction or influence from Islamic contexts, but the exact sense here is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'emir' (አሚር) is unclear; it may refer to a foreign ruler or a symbolic figure. The phrase 'bound upon the pillars' (ይትዌሰኩ ዲበ እልክቱ) is ambiguous, possibly indicating punishment or ritual binding."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"ወይሄልዋ፡ ኲሉ፡ ጻሕራት፡ ውስተ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወውስተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ቅሱስ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወይመጽኡ፡ ኲሎሙ፡ ወይሠውዑ፡ ወይነስኡ፡ እምውስቴቶሙ፡ ወያበስሉ፡ ቦቱ፡ ወኢይትረከብ፡ እንከ፡ ውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ከነናዊ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ።","english":"And all the fields within Jerusalem and within Judah are consecrated to the Lord, so that all of them may rule, and all of them may come and offer sacrifices and lift up from among themselves, and proclaim there, and no Canaanite shall be found within the house of the Lord, so that all of them may rule.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይሄልዋ፡ ኲሉ፡ ጻሕራት፡ ውስተ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወውስተ፡ ይሁዳ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez declares that all fields within Jerusalem and Judah are consecrated to the Lord, establishing a sacred territory.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ከነናዊ፡","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Canaanite' (ከነናዊ) here denotes a non-Israelite or foreigner, likely a generic designation for those excluded from the sanctified precincts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይትረከብ፡ እንከ፡ ውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ከነናዊ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡","severity":"info","text":"The exclusion of Canaanites from the house of the Lord echoes biblical purity laws (e.g., Deut 23:3–4) and post-exilic restoration themes in Zechariah 9:8.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ወይሠውዑ፡ ወይነስኡ፡ እምውስቴቶሙ፡ ወያበስሉ፡ ቦቱ፡","severity":"info","text":"The ritual actions—offering sacrifices, lifting up from among themselves, and proclaiming—reflect the liturgical practice of the Feast of Tabernacles, as described in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'so that all of them may rule' (ዘኲሎ ይመልክ) frames the passage as a chiastic conclusion, emphasizing universal sovereignty under divine authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3150Zechar","label":"betmas: Book of Zechariah","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3150Zechar"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ዘኲሎ ይመልክ' is ambiguous: it may mean 'so that all may rule' (as translated) or 'so that all may serve' (if ይመልክ is read as a form of መልከ 'to serve'). The reading 'rule' is adopted based on the context of divine kingship.","The identity of 'Canaanite' is ambiguous: it could refer to a specific ethnic group or be a generic term for any non-Israelite."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}