{"slug":"LIT3145Amos","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3145Amos","title":"Book of Amos","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:06Z","cost_usd":0.011898},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3145Amos","work_id":"LIT3145Amos","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"},"stats":{"passages":21,"english_words":4359,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":124,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":44,"work_notes":4,"external_links":3,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT3145Amos","abstract":"The Book of Amos in the Geʿez version is part of the Ethiopic biblical canon, transmitted with the Minor Prophets in manuscripts of the Octateuch and Prophetic books. The translation likely dates to the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.), though the earliest extant manuscripts are medieval. In the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition, Amos is read liturgically during the season of the Prophets (Nabi’at) and cited in homilies and commentaries as a witness to social justice and divine judgment. This edition lacks a critical apparatus of variant readings and does not systematically compare the Geʿez with the Greek Vorlage.","historical_context":"The Geʿez translation of Amos belongs to the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.), when the Ethiopian church received biblical texts from Greek and Syriac sources. The translation was part of a broader effort to render the Old Testament into Geʿez, likely for liturgical and educational use. The earliest surviving manuscripts are medieval (13th–15th c.), complicating precise dating. The text was transmitted alongside the other Minor Prophets in the Ethiopic canon, which includes several books not in the Hebrew or Greek canons. In the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition, Amos is read during the season of the Prophets (Nabi’at) and cited in homilies and commentaries as a witness to social justice and divine judgment. The Geʿez text follows the Greek Vorlage closely, with some stylistic features unique to the Ethiopic tradition.","significance":"The Geʿez Amos is important for studying the reception of the Minor Prophets in the Ethiopian tradition and the history of biblical translation in the Aksumite period. It reflects the liturgical and homiletic use of prophetic books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church and provides a witness to the Greek Vorlage used by Ethiopian translators. The text's transmission alongside other canonical books in the Ethiopic tradition highlights the broader context of biblical formation in the Horn of Africa.","timeline":[{"date":"5th–7th c.","event":"Likely translation of Amos into Geʿez during the Aksumite period."},{"date":"13th–15th c.","event":"Earliest extant manuscripts of the Geʿez Amos."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Transmission of Amos in Ethiopic Octateuch and Prophetic books."},{"date":"Modern period","event":"Publication of the Geʿez text in the betmas edition."}],"relations":[{"work":"Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets","relation":"Part of the same collection in the Ethiopic canon","key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"},{"work":"Greek Septuagint of Amos","relation":"Vorlage for the Geʿez translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic Octateuch","relation":"Manuscript context for transmission","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic Prophetic books","relation":"Manuscript context for transmission","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Book of Amos","label":"Wikipedia article on the Book of Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Amos","reason":"Provides background on the biblical book and its historical context."},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Wikipedia article on the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"Context for the liturgical use of Amos."},{"key":"wikipedia:Geʽez","label":"Wikipedia article on the Geʽez language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez","reason":"Background on the language of the translation."}],"cautions":["The dating of the Geʿez translation of Amos is uncertain; it likely belongs to the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.) but the earliest extant manuscripts are medieval, complicating precise chronology.","This edition does not provide a critical apparatus of variant readings from the multiple Geʿez manuscript traditions, nor does it systematically compare the Geʿez with the Greek Vorlage."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000439,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:14:13Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3145Amos","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":21,"translated":21,"commentary_passages":21,"commentary_units":124,"english_words":4359,"source_letters":10065,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text of Amos is preserved in the broader Ethiopic biblical canon, transmitted alongside the other Minor Prophets in manuscripts of the Octateuch and Prophetic books.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition, Amos is read liturgically during the season of the Prophets (Nabi’at) and cited in homilies and commentaries as a witness to social justice and divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3145Amos","label":"source edition: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The dating of the Geʿez translation of Amos is uncertain; it likely belongs to the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.) but the earliest extant manuscripts are medieval, complicating precise chronology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not provide a critical apparatus of variant readings from the multiple Geʿez manuscript traditions, nor does it systematically compare the Geʿez with the Greek Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3145Amos","label":"source edition: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 21 narrative."},{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","text":"1 scriptural phrase match(es) noted: Psalm 81:3."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":21},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3145Amos":{"label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"},"ed:LIT3145Amos":{"label":"source edition: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Text of the EOTC printed Bible\n\nChapter 1\n\nቃለ፡ እግኢአብሔር፡ ዘኮነ፡ ኀበ፡ አሞጽ፡ በአቃሬም፡ ዘቴቆሔ። ዘርእየ፡ በእንተ፡ ኢየሩሳም፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ዖዝያን፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወበመዋለ፡ ኢዩርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ዩአስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራዴል፡ እምቅድመ፡ ክልኤ፡ ዓመት፡ ዘድልቅልቅ።\n\nወይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምጽዩን፡ ነበበ፡ እምኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወሀበለቃሎ፡ ላሐው፡ መራዕየ፡ ኖሎት፡ ወየብስ፡ ርእሱ፡ ለቀርሜሎስ።\n\nወይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእንተ፡ ሰላስ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡ ለደማስቆ፡ ላዋባእነተ፡ አርበዕ፡ ኢይመይጦሙ፡ እስመ፡ ወሠርዎን፡ በሞሠርተ፡ ኃፂን፡ ለፅኒሳ፡ ገለአድ።\n\nወእፌኑ፡ እሳተ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ አዛሔል፡ ወትበልዕ፡ መሠረታቲሑ፡ ለወልደ፡ አዴር።\n\nወእቀጠቅጥ፡ መናስግቲሐ፡ ለደማስቆ፡ ወእሤርዎሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ አሕቃላ፡ አዎን፡ በኀበ፡ እመትሮሙ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ ሰብአ፡ ካን፡ ወፄውዉ፡ ኄረ፡ ሕዝቦሙ፡ ለሶርያ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእንተ፡ ሠላስ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡ ለጋዛለ፡ ወበእነተ፡ አርባዕ፡ ኢይመይጦሙ፡ እስመ፡ ፄወዉ፡ ፄዋሁ፡ ለሰሎሞን፡ ከመ፡ ይዕጽውዎሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ኤዶምያ።","english":"The Word of the Lord that came to Amos in the days of Uzziah, king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam, son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.\n\nAnd the Lord said, He roared from Zion, from Jerusalem, and gave His voice to the shepherds, and the pastures withered, and the top of Carmel dried up.\n\nAnd the Lord said, concerning the three sins of Damascus, I will not turn away their four transgressions, because they threshed Gilead with iron sledges.\n\nAnd I will send fire upon the house of Hazael, and it will consume the foundations of the son of Ader.\n\nAnd I will shake the fortresses of Damascus, and I will banish those who dwell in the fields of Aven, until I destroy the peoples of the land of Ken, and they will carry away the good of the people of Syria, says the Lord.\n\nThus says the Lord, concerning the three sins of Gaza, and concerning the four transgressions I will not turn them away, because they carried away the captivity of Solomon, as they would lead them into Edom.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃለ፡ እግኢአብሔር፡ ዘኮነ፡ ኀበ፡ አሞጽ፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening formula identifies this as a prophetic book, with the superscription dating Amos's activity to the reigns of Uzziah of Judah and Jeroboam II of Israel, two years before an earthquake.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez spelling ኢየሩሳሌም (ʾiyārusālem) reflects the traditional Ethiopic vocalization of Jerusalem, distinct from the Hebrew or Greek forms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሀበለቃሎ፡ ላሐው፡ መራዕየ፡ ኖሎት፡ ወየብስ፡ ርእሱ፡ ለቀርሜሎስ።","severity":"info","text":"This verse echoes Amos 1:2, where the Lord roars from Zion and the pastures of Carmel wither, a prophetic image of divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3145Amos","label":"source edition: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሠርዎን፡ በሞሠርተ፡ ኃፂን፡ ለፅኒሳ፡ ገለአድ።","severity":"info","text":"The reference to threshing Gilead with iron sledges (Amos 1:3) alludes to the brutal military campaign of the Arameans against Israel, a historical context for the prophecy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእፌኑ፡ እሳተ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ አዛሔል፡","severity":"info","text":"The threat of fire on the house of Hazael (Amos 1:4) parallels the biblical account of divine punishment against the Aramean dynasty, consistent with the prophetic theme of retribution.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3145Amos","label":"source edition: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእንተ፡ ሠላስ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡ ለጋዛለ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text repeats the formula 'Thus says the Lord' for Gaza (Amos 1:6), a stylistic feature that emphasizes the oracular nature of the passage in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ሠላስ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ' (three sins) and 'አርበዕ፡ ኢይመይጦሙ' (four transgressions) may be a textual variant or interpretive gloss; the exact referent is unclear.","The identity of 'አዎን' (Aven) and 'ካን' (Ken) in the Geʿez is uncertain; they may be place names or symbolic terms."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወእፌኒ፡ እሳ፡ ውሰተ፡ አረፋ፡ ጋዛ፡ ወትበልዕ፡ መሠረታቲሓ።\n\nወእሤርዎሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ነብሩ፡ አዛጦን፡ ወይጠፍኡ፡ አህዛበ፡ አስቃን፡ ወአመጸእ፡ እዴየ፡ ላዕለ፡ አቃሮን፡ ወይጠፍኡ፡ ምስለ፡ ለለሕዛበ፡ ኢሎፍሊ፡ እለ፡ ተርፋ፡ ቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእንተ፡ ሠላስ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡ ለጢሮስ፡ ወበእነተ፡ አርባዕ፡ ኢይትመየጦሙ፡ እሰተመ፡ ዐጸዉ፡ ፄዋሁለለሰሎሞን፡ ውስተ፡ ኤዶምያስ፡ ወኢተዘከሩ፡ ኪዳነ፡ አኃዊሆሙ።\n\nወእፌኑ፡ እሳ፡ ላዕለ፡ አረፋተ፡ ጢሮስ፡ ወትበልዕ፡ መሠረታቲሓ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእተ፡ ሠላስ፡ ኃጢአተ፡ ኤዶምያስ፡ ወበእነተ፡ አርባዕ፡ ኢይመይጦሙ፡ እስመ፡ ዴገኖ፡ ለእኁሁ፡ ከኲና፡ ወአርኮሰ፡ ማሕፀነ፡ ዳበ፡ ምድር፡ ወበርበረ፡ ዘይዛለፎ፡ ወያደነግኦ፡ ወዐቀቦ፡ መራዶ፡ በዘይመፅእ።\n\nወእፌኑ፡ እሳ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቴማን፡ ወተበልዕ፡ መሰረታቲሃ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእነተ፡ ሠላስ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ አሞን፡ ወበእነተ፡ አርባዕ፡ ኢይተመየጦሙ፡ እስመ፡ አንቀዕዎን፡ ለፅኑሳ፡ ገለአድ፡ ከመ፡ ያርሕቡ፡ ደወሎሙ።","english":"And I will send fire upon the refuse of Gaza, and it will consume its foundations.\n\nAnd I will drive out those who dwell in Azotus, and the peoples of Ashkelon will perish, and I will stretch out my hand against Ekron, and they will perish together with the remaining peoples of the Philistines, those who are left of the house of the Lord.\n\nThus says the Lord: Because of the three sins of Tyre, and because of the four, I will not spare them, for they cut down the cedars of Solomon in Idumea, and they did not remember the covenant of their brothers.\n\nAnd I will send fire upon the refuse of Tyre, and it will consume its foundations.\n\nThus says the Lord: Because of the three sins of Idumea, and because of the four, I will not spare them, for he shut up his brother in a cave, and he bound the womb of the earth, and he burned what he left behind, and he hid it, and he concealed the fugitive from him who would come.\n\nAnd I will send fire upon Teman, and it will consume its foundations.\n\nThus says the Lord: Because of the three sins of the children of Ammon, and because of the four, I will not spare them, for they broke open the stronghold of Gilead, so that their drums might be silent.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a repetitive pattern: a divine threat of fire against a city (Gaza, Tyre, Teman), then a formulaic judgment speech introduced by 'Thus says the Lord' listing three and four sins.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢሎፍሊ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ኢሎፍሊ' (Philistines) is a transliteration of the Greek Φυλιστιειμ, reflecting the Septuagintal transmission of the book of Amos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠላስ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡ ለጢሮስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'three sins of Tyre' and 'four sins' is not found in the Masoretic Text of Amos; it likely reflects an expanded Ethiopic tradition or a lost source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤዶምያስ","severity":"info","text":"Idumea (Edom) is condemned for cutting down cedars of Solomon, a reference to the historical enmity between Edom and Israel, and possibly to the destruction of Jerusalem's temple wood.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"አርባዕ፡ ኢይትመየጦሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'because of the three sins... and because of the four, I will not spare them' is unique to this Ethiopic version and has no direct parallel in the Hebrew or Greek Amos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አረፋ፡ ጋዛ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'refuse of Gaza' (አረፋ፡ ጋዛ፡) is ambiguous; it may mean 'rubbish' or 'remnants,' and the Geʿez could reflect a misreading of a Hebrew or Greek Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'three sins' and 'four sins' for each city is not specified in the text, leaving the moral charges vague.","The phrase 'those who are left of the house of the Lord' (እለ፡ ተርፋ፡ ቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር) is unclear; it may refer to a remnant of Philistines or to temple personnel."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወአነድድ፡ እሳ፡ ላዕለ፡ አረፋተ፡ ራባ፡ ወትበልዕ፡ መሠረታቲሃ፡ በውውዓ፡ አመ፡ ዕለተ፡ ቀትል፡ ወድልቅልቅ፡ በዕለተ፡ ያኀለወቅዋ።\n\nወይፄውውዎሙ፡ ለነገስቶሙ፡ ወለመኳንንቲሆሙ፡ ወለካህናተሆሙ፡ ኀቡረ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nChapter 2\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእነተ፡ ሠላስ፡ ኃጢአተ፡ ሞአብ፡ ወበእንተ፡ አርባዕ፡ ኢይተመየቶሙ፡ እስመ፡ አውዐዩ፡ አዕፅምቲሁ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ኤዶምያ፡ ለግምስስ።\n\nወእፌኑ፡ እሳ፡ ላዕለ፡ ሞአብ፡ ዋትበልዕ፡ መሠረታ፡ አህጉሪሃ። ወትመውት፡ ሞአብ፡ በድከም፡ ወበውውዓ፡ ወበቃለ፡ ቀርን።\n\nወእሤርዎሙ፡ ለመኳንንቲሃ፡ ወለኲሎሙ፡ መላእክቲሃ፡ ምስሌሃ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእነተ፡ ሠላስ፡ ሃጢአቶሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወበእነተ፡ አርቦዕ፡ ኢይትመየጦሙ፡ እስመ፡ ዐለው፡ ህገ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢዐቀቡ፡ ትእዛዞ፡ ወስሐቶሙ፡ ከንቶሆሙ፡ ዘገብሩ፡ ወአበዊሆሙኒ፡ ተለው፡ ድኀሬሆሙ።\n\nወእፌኑ፡ እሳተ፡ ላዕለ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወትበልዕለ፡ መሠረተቲሓ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም።","english":"And I will send fire upon the refuse of Gaza, and it will consume its foundations in the time of destruction and confusion in the day of slaughter and upheaval, in the day when it is laid waste.\n\nAnd I will drive out their kings and their princes and their priests together, says the Lord.\n\nChapter 2\n\nThus says the Lord: Because of the three sins of Moab and because of the four transgressions of theirs, for they burned the bones of the king of Edom to lime.\n\nAnd I will send fire upon Moab, and it will consume the foundations of its cities; and Moab will perish by sword and by destruction and by the sound of the horn.\n\nAnd I will bind its princes and all its angels with it, says the Lord.\n\nThus says the Lord: Because of the three sins of the children of Judah and because of the four transgressions of theirs, for they transgressed the law of the Lord and did not keep his commandment, and they denied the deeds of their fathers and their ancestors, and they turned back after them.\n\nAnd I will send fire upon Judah, and it will consume the foundations of Jerusalem.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 2","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text inserts a chapter heading between the Gaza and Moab oracles, marking a structural division not present in the Hebrew Masoretic text of Amos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእነተ፡ ሠላስ፡ ኃጢአተ፡ ሞአብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The oracle against Moab (cf. Amos 2:1-3) is expanded in the Geʿez version with a specific accusation: burning the bones of the king of Edom to lime, a detail absent from the canonical Hebrew text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ለግምስስ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'to lime' (ለግምስስ።) refers to the practice of burning bones to produce quicklime, a method of desecration known in ancient Near Eastern warfare, here applied to the king of Edom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መላእክቲሃ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word መላእክቲሃ (angels) is used here for Moab's messengers or envoys, a translation choice that reflects the Ethiopic Christian understanding of angelic beings, though the context suggests political agents.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢዐቀቡ፡ ትእዛዞ","severity":"info","text":"The accusation against Judah—transgressing the law and not keeping the Lord's commandment—echoes Deuteronomistic themes and may reflect the Ethiopic Christian community's emphasis on obedience to divine law.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእነተ፡ ሠላስ፡ ሃጢአቶሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ይሁዳ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text repeats the formula 'Thus says the Lord: Because of the three sins... and because of the four transgressions' for both Moab and Judah, but the specific sins for Judah are not enumerated in the surviving text, leaving a potential lacuna.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify the three sins of Moab or the four transgressions of Judah beyond the one example given for Moab (burning the king of Edom's bones).","The phrase 'and they turned back after them' (ወአበዊሆሙኒ፡ ተለው፡ ድኀሬሆሙ።) is ambiguous: it may mean the children of Judah followed their fathers' sinful ways or that they rejected their fathers' example."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሑር፡ ላዕለ፡ ሠላስ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወላዕለ፡ አርባዕ፡ ኢይትመየቶሙ፡ እስመ፡ ሤጡ፡ ጻድቀ፡ በወርቅ፡ ወነዳየ፡ በእንተ፡ አሣእንን።\n\nበዘ፡ ይከይዱ፡ ምድረ፡ ወይኮርዑ፡ አርእሰተ፡ ነዳያን። ወይመይጡ፡ ፍትሐ፡ ምስኪናን፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ብኡ፡ ኀበ፡ አሀቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ከመ፡ ያርኲሱ፡ ስመ፡ እምላኮሙ።\n\nወየአስሩ፡ አልባሲሆሙ፡ ወይገብሩ፡ መንቶላዕተ፡ ውስተ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ወይሰትዩ፡ ወይነ፡ ትዕግልተ፡ በቤተ፡ አምላኮሙ።\n\nወአንሰ፡ አጥፋእክዎ፡ ለአሞራዎን፡ እምቅድሜሆሙ፡ ዘኑኀ፡ ከአውልዕ፡ መአጥፋእኩ፡ ፍሬሁ፡ አምላሌሁ፡ ወሥርዎሂ፡ በታህቴሁ።\n\nወአነ፡ አውፃእኩክሙ፡ እምድረ፡ ግብጽ። ወወሰድኩክሙ፡ ገዳመ፡ ሠላሳ፡ ዓመተ፡ ከመ፡ አውርስከሙ፡ ምድረ፡ አሞሬዎን።\n\nወነሣአኩ፡ እምደቂቅክሙ፡ ለነቢያ፡ ወእምወራዙቲክሙ፡ እለ፡ ይትቄደሱ፡ ኢኮነሁ፡ ከመዝ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራል፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወታሰትይዎሙ፡ ወይነ፡ ለቅዱሳ፡ ወትከልእዎሙ፡ ለነቢያ፡ ወትብለወዎሙ፡ ትትነበዩ።","english":"Thus says the Lord: Because of the three sins of Israel and because of the four transgressions of theirs—for they sold the righteous for silver and condemned the poor for the sake of a shekel—in that they oppress the land and cut off the heads of the poor, and pervert the judgment of the poor, father and son go to one woman as though to defile the name of their god. And they strip off their garments and make a mockery in the sanctuary, and they drink wine and show insolence in the house of their god. And I destroyed the Amorites before them, of old like a flood I destroyed their fruit, their produce, and their roots beneath them. And I brought you out of the land of Egypt and led you into the wilderness for forty years, until I made you inherit the land of the Amorites. And I took from your children for the prophets and from your youths those who are sanctified. Thus says the Lord: The children of Israel say, \"You give wine to the saints and you restrain the prophets, and you say to them, 'Prophesy.'","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሑር","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a prophetic speech formula, 'Thus says the Lord,' which is a structural marker for divine oracles in the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይትመየቶሙ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ኢይትመየቶሙ' (transgressions) is a Geʿez plural form derived from the root for 'transgression,' distinct from 'ኃጢአቶሙ' (sins), indicating a specific classification of offenses.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አሞራዎን","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the Amorites (አሞራዎን) recalls the biblical tradition of their destruction before Israel's entry into Canaan, as in Amos 2:9-10, linking the oracle to salvation history.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አውፃእኩክሙ፡ እምድረ፡ ግብጽ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I brought you out of the land of Egypt' echoes Exodus 12:51 and is a standard Geʿez formula for the exodus, reinforcing the covenant context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነሣአኩ፡ እምደቂቅክሙ፡ ለነቢያ","severity":"info","text":"The taking of children for prophets reflects a Geʿez tradition of prophetic recruitment, possibly linked to monastic or Nazirite practices, as seen in Ethiopic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወታሰትይዎሙ፡ ወይነ፡ ለቅዱሳ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'You give wine to the saints' is ambiguous: it may be a direct accusation or a reported speech of Israel; the Geʿez syntax does not clearly distinguish speaker from addressee.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the final sentence is unclear: it could be the Lord continuing or the children of Israel speaking.","The phrase 'for the sake of a shekel' (በእንተ፡ አሣእንን) is a translation choice; the Geʿez 'አሣእንን' may mean 'shekel' or 'weight,' but the exact monetary value is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"በእነተ፡ ዝናቱ፡ ናሁ፡ አነ፡ አንኮረኲረክሙ፡ በታሕቴክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ያንኮረኲር፡ ለሠረገላ፡ ዘመልአ፡ ህለተ።\n\nወኢይክለ፡ ረዋጺ፡ አምሥጦ፡ ወኃያኒ፡ ኢይእኀዝ፡ በፅኒዕ፡ ወመስታቃትልኒ፡ ኢድኀን፡ ነፍሶ።\n\nወነዳፊኒ፡ ኢይቀውም፡ ወረዋጺኒ፡ ኢያመሥጥ፡ ወመስተጽዕንኒ፡ ኢያወፅእ፡ ነፍሶ።\n\nወኃያኒ፡ ኢይረክቦ፡ ለልብ፡ በኃይል፡ ዘዕራዉ፡ ይዴግን፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nChapter 3\n\nስምዑ፡ ዘንተ፡ ነገረ፡ ዘይቤለክሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ቤተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወኲሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ዘውፅአክሙ፡ እምድረ፡ ግብጽ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል።\n\nዳእሙ፡ ኪያሙ፡ አእመርኩ፡ እምኲሉ፡ አሕዛበ፡ ምድር፡ በእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ እትቤቀለክሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ኲሉ፡ ኃጢአትክሙ።\n\nየሐውሩኑ፡ ኀቡረ፡ እንዘ፡ ኢይትራአዩ።\n\nይጥህርኑ፡ አንበሳ፡ በከ፡ በውስተ፡ ቡ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ዘይበልዕ፡ ይጥሕርኑ፡ እጓለ፡ አንበሳ፡ በውስተ፡ ግቡ፡ በከ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ዘይመስጥ።\n\nወይወድቅኑ፡ ዖፍ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ዘአተሠግረ፡ ትትጋባእኑ፡ መስገርት፡ ዘእነበለ፡ ተአኀዝ።","english":"Thus says the Lord: Behold, I will crush you under me as a chariot laden with hay crushes.\n\nAnd the righteous shall not be able to stand, and the wicked shall not be seized by force, and the oppressor shall not be saved, his soul.\n\nAnd the persecutor shall not stand, and the righteous shall not be oppressed, and the one who wrongs shall not bring forth his soul.\n\nAnd the wicked shall not find the heart by force; the one who is naked shall be covered. This she said, says the Lord.\n\nChapter 3\n\nHear this word which the Lord says to you, the house of Israel, and to all the people who came out of the land of Egypt, while he speaks.\n\nI have known you from among all the peoples of the earth; because of this I will be jealous for you because of all your sins.\n\nDo they walk together while they are not seen?\n\nDo lions roar in a thicket where there is no one to devour? Do lion cubs roar in a forest in a thicket where there is no one to suckle?\n\nAnd does a bird fall to the ground which has been shot? Do arrows miss when there is no one to seize?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a first-person divine speech (vv. 1-4) to a new section introduced by 'Chapter 3' and a second address formula, marking a structural break.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አንኮረኲረክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'አንኮረኲረክሙ' (I will crush you) is a rare intensive form, emphasizing forceful subjugation, paralleled in the simile of a chariot laden with hay.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the house of Israel' and 'all the people who came out of the land of Egypt' reflects a Geʿez tradition that identifies Israel's origins with the Exodus, a common trope in Ethiopic biblical interpretation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical questions about lions, cubs, and birds (vv. 8-10) echo similar imagery in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Amos 3:4-5) but are expanded here with a focus on unseen predation and missed targets.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘአተሠግረ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ዘአተሠግረ' (which has been shot) is ambiguous; it could refer to a bird shot by an arrow or one that has fallen from a snare. The English draft takes the former reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'she' in 'This she said' (v. 4) is unclear; possibly a prophetic figure or a personification of the land.","The relationship between the first section (vv. 1-4) and the second (Chapter 3) is not explicitly marked in the Geʿez, though the chapter break suggests a new unit."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ይነግኁኑ፡ ቀርነ፡ በሀገር፡ ወኢይደነግፁ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ይመጽእኑ፡ እኩይ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገር፡ ዘእግዚአብሔር፡ ኢገብረ።\n\nእስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይገብር፡ እጊዚአብሔር፡ ዘኢከተ፡ ወዘኢነገረ፡ ለአግብርቲሁ፡ ለነቢያት።\n\nአንበሳ፡ ይጥህር፡ ወመኑ፡ ዘኢይፈርህ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እግዚእ፡ ነበበ፡ መኑ፡ ዘኢይተኔበይ።\n\nዜንውዎሙ፡ ለበሐውርተ፡ ፋርስ፡ ለበሐውርተ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወበልዎሙ፡ ተጋብኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ደብረ፡ ሰማሪያ፡ ወርእዩ፡ ብዙኀ፡ መንክረ፡ በማእከላ፡ ወትዕግልተ፡ ዘውስቴታ።\n\nወኢያእመረት፡ ዘይመጽአ፡ ቅድሜሃ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እለ፡ ዘግቡ፡ ዓመፃ፡ ወሕርትምነ፡ ውስተ፡ በሐውርቲሆሙ።\n\nውነተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ከመዝ፡ ቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እግዚእ፡ ጢሮስ፡ ዘዐውድኪ፡ ይማስን፡ ምድርኪ፡ ወይሥዕሮ፡ ለኃይልኪ፡ እምኔኪ፡ ወይትበረበራ፡ በሐውርትኪ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይበ፡ እዚአብሔር፡ በከመ፡ ያነግፍ፡ ኖላዊ፡ እምአፈ፡ አንበሳ፡ ክልኤ፡ እረ፡ አው፡ ርእሰ፡ ከማሁ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወይፅኡ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ በሰማሪያ፡ አህዛበ፡ ደማስቆ።","english":"... the horns shall be sounded in the land, and the peoples shall not be silent. Evil shall come into the land of the Lord, and there is no one who acts. For there is none who acts for the Lord, none who obeys and none who heeds the words of his servants the prophets.\n\nThe lion roars, and who does not fear? The Lord God has spoken; who does not tremble?\n\nSend word to the horsemen of Persia, to the horsemen of Egypt, and say to them: Gather together on Mount Samaria, and see many wonders in its midst, and the marvels that are within it.\n\nAnd she does not know what will come before her, says the Lord, for those who have stored up iniquity and bitterness among their horsemen.\n\nAnd truly this is like: O Lord God, the city that you have surrounded, your land will be shaken, and your strength will be taken from you, and your horsemen will be thrown into confusion.\n\nBecause of this, it is like the Lord says: As the fisherman casts forth from the mouth of the lion two young of the flock, or the head of the same, so the children of Israel shall go forth, and those who dwell in Samaria, the peoples of Damascus.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a series of divine threats to a series of prophetic commands and observations, marked by the imperative 'Send word' and the rhetorical question 'who does not fear?'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"በሐውርተ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'horsemen of Persia' likely refers to a distant or legendary military force, possibly reflecting the Geʿez tradition's awareness of Persian power as a symbol of foreign might.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Mount Samaria is a specific geographical reference in the northern kingdom of Israel, central to the prophetic narrative of Amos, and its mention here grounds the passage in the historical context of the 8th century BCE.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ያነግፍ ኖላዊ እምአፈ አንበሳ","severity":"info","text":"The simile of the fisherman casting from the lion's mouth is not a direct biblical quotation but echoes prophetic imagery of deliverance and danger, possibly alluding to themes in Amos or other prophetic books.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'horsemen of Egypt' alongside Persia suggests a later reception context where these empires were seen as archetypal adversaries, possibly reflecting the Geʿez Christian worldview of the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢገብረ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez word 'ኢገብረ' (transliterated 'ʾugabra') is ambiguous; it may mean 'there is no one who acts' or could be a scribal error for a different verb form. The English draft interprets it as a negation of action.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'horsemen of Persia' and 'horsemen of Egypt' is unclear; they may be literal or symbolic. The phrase 'two young of the flock, or the head of the same' is ambiguous in its referent."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ስምዑ፡ ካህና፡ ወናሁ፡ እሰምዕ፡ ለቤተ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እግዚእ፡ ለኲሎ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nእስመ፡ በይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ አመ፡ ተበቀልክዎ፡ ኃጢአቶ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወተበቀልኩ፡ ምስዋዓቲሁ፡ ለቤቴል። ወይሰበር፡ አቅርንተ፡ ምስዋዕ፡ ወይወድቅ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር።\n\nወእክዕዎሙ፡ ወእቀትሎሙ፡ ለቤተ፡ ምክም፡ ዋላቤተ። ሐጋይ፡ ወይትሐጎሉ፡ አብያተ፡ ዘቀርነ፡ ነጌ፡ ወይተከሉ፡ አብያት፡ ካልዖን፡ በዙኃን፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nChapter 4\n\nስምዑ፡ ዝንተ፡ ነገረ፡ እጒልተ፡ በሳን፡ እ፡ ውስተ፡ አድባረ፡ ማሪ፡ እለ፡ ይትዔገላ፡ ነዳየ፡ ወይከይዳ፡ ምስኪነ፡ እለ፡ ይብላሆን፡ ለአጋእዚቲሆን፡ ሀቡነ፡ ንስተይ።\n\nመሐለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በቅዱሳሁ፡ ናሁ፡ ይመጽእ፡ መዋእል፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይነስኡክሙ፡ በነዋየ፡ ሐቀል፡ ወለእለሂ፡ ምስሌክሙ፡ ያበስሉክሙ፡ በጻሓራተ፡ እኩን፡ ወጽልሕዋን።\n\nወያወፅኡክሙ፡ ዕራቃኒክሙ፡ ወትትናጸሩ፡ በበይናክሙ፡ ወይገድፋክሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ደብረ፡ ሬማን፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እግዚእ።","english":"Hear, O priests, and behold, I shall hear for the house of Jacob, says the Lord God who rules over all.\n\nFor on that day when I avenged the sin of Israel and avenged the altars of Bethel, the horn of the altar shall be broken and shall fall to the ground.\n\nAnd I shall destroy them and kill them, the house of counsel and the house of the pilgrim, and the houses of the horn of the flute shall be demolished, and other houses shall be built with strength, says the Lord.\n\nChapter 4\n\nHear this word of the calves of Bashan within the mountains of Mārī, those who mock the poor and oppress the wretched, who devour their masters, saying, \"Give us to drink.\"\n\nThe Lord swore by his saint: Now the time shall come, says the Lord, and I shall strip you with the wealth of the field, and those who are with you shall announce to you with brightness and shadows.\n\nAnd they shall bring out your nakedness, and you shall quarrel among yourselves, and they shall cast you down into the mountain of Remmon, says the Lord God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እጒልተ በሳን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'calves of Bashan' echoes the biblical fattened cattle of Bashan (cf. Psalm 22:12; Amos 4:1 in the Masoretic tradition), but here it is applied to the rich who mock the poor.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ማሪ","severity":"info","text":"Mārī (ማሪ) is a Geʿez term for 'lord' or 'master,' often used for Christ or God; here it may refer to a place or a title, but the context suggests a toponym within the mountains.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ ምክም ወላቤተ ሐጋይ","severity":"info","text":"The 'house of counsel and house of the pilgrim' may allude to the sanctuaries at Bethel and Gilgal, which are condemned in the canonical Amos (Amos 4:4; 5:5).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 4","severity":"info","text":"The chapter division here is a later editorial insertion, not original to the Geʿez text; it marks a shift from oracles of destruction to a new prophetic address.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ደብረ ሬማን","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym 'mountain of Remmon' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of 'Rimmon' (a place in Judah) or a local Geʿez name. The reading is tentative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Mārī' (a title or a place) is ambiguous; the reading takes it as a toponym. The phrase 'calves of Bashan' may be a literal or metaphorical reference. The 'mountain of Remmon' is of uncertain location."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ቦእክሙ፡ ቤቴል፡ ወአበስክሙ፡ በገልገላሂ፡ አብዛኀክሙ፡ ኃጢአተክሙ፡ ወእምጻእክሙ፡ መስዋዕተክሙ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ወበሠሉ፡ ዓስራቲክሙ።\n\nወአንበብክሙ፡ ኦሪተ፡ በአፍአ፡ ወሰመይክምዎ፡ ምእመነ፡ ንግሩ፡ ዘአፍቀሩ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እግዚኦ።\n\nወአነ፡ እሁበክሙ፡ ትፅርሱ፡ ስነኒክሙ፡ በኲሉ፡ ለፍናዊክሙ፡ ወረኃበ፡ እክል፡ በኲሉ፡ ፍናዊክሙ፡ ወረኃበ፡ እክል፡ በኲሉ፡ በሐውርቲክሙ፡ ወኢተመየጥክሙ፡ ኃቤየ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወአነ፡ ከላእኩክሙ፡ ዝናመ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ አውራን፡ ዘማእረር፡ ወአዘንመ፡ ውስተ፡ ለሐቲ፡ ሀገር፡ ወውስተ፡ ላስእትሰ፡ ሀገር፡ ኢዘንም። በአሐዱ፡ ክ፡ ገጹ፡ ይዘንም፡ ወቤሔር፡ ኀበ፡ ኢይዘንምሰ፡ ይየብስ።\n\nወይትጋብኡ፡ ክልኤ፡ ሀገር፡ ወሳስ፡ ውስተ፡ አሐቲ፡ ሀገር፡ ይሰትያ፡ ማየ፡ ዋኢይረውያ፡ ወምስለ፡ ከመዝ፡ ኢተመየጥክሙ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወአነ፡ ቀሠፍኩክሙ፡ በፈፀንት፡ ወበብድብድ፡ ወሠሚሮ፡ አቅማሒክሙ፡ ወወይንክሙ፡ ወበለስክሙ፡ ወዘይትክሙ፡ በልዖ፡ አናኲዕ፡ ወምስለ፡ ከመዝ፡ ኢተመየጥክሙ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"I have entered you, Bethel, and I have corrupted you in Gilgal; I have multiplied your sin, and from the time you came forth, your sacrifice in the morning and in the evening, your tithes.\n\nAnd I have read the Law to you in the mouth, and I have named it “the faithful”; they have ruled, those whom the children of Israel loved, says the Lord God.\n\nAnd I shall give you to destroy your teeth with all your jaws, and the abundance of food with all your jaws, and the abundance of food with all your journeys, and you have not come to me, says the Lord God.\n\nAnd I have withheld from you rain before three years of drought, and I have poured it into the city of Laḥatti and into the city of Lāseʾtse; but in one part of its face it pours, and in the wilderness where it does not pour, it dries up.\n\nAnd two cities and a third shall be gathered into one city; it shall drink water and not be satisfied; and like this you have not come to me, says the Lord God.\n\nAnd I have punished you with the ax and with the adze, and I have broken your vineyards and your wine, and I have swallowed your oil and your olives; and like this you have not come to me, says the Lord God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the divine first-person speech of the previous passage, with the repeated formula 'says the Lord God' (ይቤ እግዚአብሔር) marking rhetorical units.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤቴል","severity":"info","text":"Bethel (ቤቴል) is a place name, here the object of divine entry and corruption, likely referring to the northern kingdom sanctuary condemned by Amos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ገልገላሂ","severity":"info","text":"Gilgal (ገልገላሂ) is another cultic site; the Geʿez form reflects the Hebrew גִּלְגָּל, a place associated with early Israelite worship and later prophetic critique.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦሪተ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I have read the Law (ኦሪተ) to you' echoes the reading of the Torah in public worship; the Geʿez term ኦሪት (Orit) is the standard word for the Pentateuch.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ለሐቲ","severity":"info","text":"The cities Laḥatti (ለሐቲ) and Lāseʾtse (ላስእትሰ) are not identifiable from known biblical geography; they may be symbolic or reflect a local Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft renders 'I have entered you, Bethel' but the Geʿez ቦእክሙ (bāʾekkemu) is second-person plural, not singular; the addressees are the priests or people, not Bethel alone.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the cities Laḥatti and Lāseʾtse is uncertain; they may be symbolic or drawn from non-canonical tradition.","The phrase 'in the mouth' (በአፍአ) could mean orally or literally at the entrance; the sense is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ወፈነውኩ፡ ላዕሌክሙ፡ ሞተ፡ በፍኖተ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወቀተልክዎሙ፡ በኲናት፡ ለወራዚቲክሙ፡ ወማህረኩ፡ አፍራሲክሙ፡ ወአምጻእኩ፡ እሳ፡ ላዕለ፡ ተዓኒክሙ፡ ወቀሠፍኩክሙ፡ ወበዝኒ፡ ኢተመየጥክሙ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nገፍታዕኩክሙሂ፡ ብክም፡ ገፍትዖሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሰዶም፡ ወለገሞራ፡ ወኮነክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ትንታ፡ እሳ፡ ዘአውፅእዎ፡ እምአፍሓም፡ ወበዚዚ፡ ኢተመየጥክሙ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ከከመዝ፡ እሬስየከ፡ እስራኤል፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ ከመዝ፡ እርስየከ፡ ተዳሎ፡ ከመ፡ ትጸውዕ፡ ስመ፡ አምላክከ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nእስመ፡ ኣና፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘአጸንዕ፡ ነጎድጓድ፡ ወእፈጥር፡ ነፋሰ፡ ወእዜኑ፡ ለሰብእ፡ በእንተ፡ መሲሑ፡ ዘይብር፡ ጊሜ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ወይትሌዐል፡ ውስተ፡ ኑኃ፡ ለምድር። እግዚአብሔር፡ እግዚእ፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ስሙ።\n\nChapter 5\n\nስምዑ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አወፅእ፡ ላዕሌክመሙአነ፡ ሰቆቃወ፡ ቤተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወድቀት፡ ወኢተንስአት፡ እንከ።","english":"And I sent death upon you on the road to Egypt, and I killed your fornicators with spears, and I taught your horses, and I brought fire upon your figs, and I scourged you. And by this, when you sought refuge with me, says the Lord.\n\nI have also overturned you as I overturned Sodom and Gomorrah, and I have made you like a firebrand that they have taken out of the furnace. And by this, when you sought refuge with me, says the Lord.\n\nBecause of this, I have forgotten you, O Israel, says the Lord, for I have forgotten you, and you have become as one who calls upon the name of your God, O Israel.\n\nFor I am the one who strengthens the thunder and creates the wind and announces to man concerning the Messiah who will be born in the morning and will ascend into the ark of the earth. The Lord God, who rules over all, is his name.\n\nChapter 5\n\nHear the word of the Lord: I have brought a lamentation upon the house of Israel, and it has fallen and will not rise again.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into four divine speeches, each ending with 'says the Lord', followed by a chapter heading and a short oracular statement. The first three speeches recount punitive actions; the fourth shifts to a cosmic and messianic declaration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ወራዚቲክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'warāzītīkmu' (your fornicators) is a plural noun derived from the root 'w-r-z', denoting sexual transgression. The English draft renders it as 'fornicators', which is appropriate in context of divine punishment for moral offenses.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰዶም ወገሞራ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to overturning Israel like Sodom and Gomorrah echoes the destruction narrative in Genesis 19. This is a common prophetic trope in the Hebrew Bible, here adapted into Geʿez to emphasize total annihilation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'the Messiah who will be born in the morning and will ascend into the ark of the earth' reflects a distinctive Geʿez Christian eschatological motif, possibly drawing on the Ethiopic Book of Enoch or local apocalyptic traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The chapter heading 'Chapter 5' and the final lamentation formula ('Hear the word of the Lord...') indicate that this Geʿez version of Amos was structured for liturgical reading, with divisions that may not correspond to the Hebrew or Greek chapter divisions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'when you sought refuge with me' appears twice in the Geʿez but is ambiguous: it could mean the people sought divine protection, or it could be a scribal insertion. The English draft follows the Geʿez closely, but the syntax is unusual.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'when you sought refuge with me' (ኢተመየጥክሙ ኀቤየ) is syntactically ambiguous: it may be a temporal clause or a conditional one. The reading taken is temporal.","The identity of 'the ark of the earth' (ኑኃ ለምድር) is unclear; it may refer to a cosmic vessel or a specific eschatological symbol."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ድንግለ፡ እስራኤል፡ ድኀፀት፡ ውስተ፡ ምድራ፡ ወኀጥአት፡ ዘያነሥኦ።\n\nእስመ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሀገር፡ እንተ፡ እምውስቴታ፡ ይወፅኡ\n\nይተርፉ\n\nወእን፡ እምኔሐ፡ ይወጽዘኡ\n\nይተርፋ\n\nለቤተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nእስመ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለቤተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ኀሡኒአ፡ ወተሐይው።\n\nወኢትኀሥሡ፡ ቤቴል፡ ወኢትሖሩ፡ ገልገላ፡ ወኢትዕርጉ፡ ኀበ፡ ዐዘቅተ፡ ማሐላ፡ እስመ፡ ገልገላኒ፡ ተፄውዎ፡ ተፄወወት፡ ወቤቴልኒ፡ ኮነት፡ ከመ፡ ዘኢሀለወት።\n\nኀስዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወተሐይው፡ ከመ፡ ኢትንድድ፡ እሳተ፡ ቤተ፡ ዩሳፍ፡ ወትበልኦሙ፡ ወየኀጥኡ፡ ዘያጠፍአ፡ ሎሙ፡ እሳሙ፡ ለቤተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ዜገብር፡ ፍትሐ፡ በሰማይ፡ ወይሠይም፡ ጽድቀ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር።\n\nዘይገብር፡ ኲሎ፡ ወያስተራትዕ፡ ወይመይጦ፡ ለብርሃን፡ መንገለ፡ መስዕ፡ ወያጸልም፡ መዓልተ፡ ከመ፡ ሌሊት፡ ዘይጼውኦ፡ ለማየ፡ ባሕር፡ ወይክዕዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ገጸ፡ ምድር፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዝኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ስሙ።","english":"Virgin Israel, shame and sin in her land, and sin that raises her up.\n\nFor thus says the Lord: A city from within which they go forth,\n\nthey will survive,\n\nand from which they go out,\n\nthey will survive,\n\nfor the house of Israel.\n\nFor thus says the Lord to the house of Israel: I have hidden you and preserved you.\n\nAnd do not hide yourselves in Bethel, and do not go to Gilgal, and do not ascend to the pit of the covenant, for Gilgal has been uprooted, it was uprooted, and Bethel has become as if it had never existed.\n\nHide yourselves for the Lord and be preserved, so that the fire of the house of Joseph does not burn and consume you, and they sin, those who destroy for them the name of the house of Israel.\n\nThe Lord who performs judgment in heaven and establishes righteousness on earth.\n\nHe who does all and reconciles, and turns light toward the path of the south, and darkens the day like night, who dries up the water of the sea and pours it out upon the face of the earth—the Lord, all this he rules, his name.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts abruptly from a first-person divine speech to a third-person hymnic praise of the Lord, suggesting a composite or redacted unit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ድንግል","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term dǝngǝl (ድንግል) means 'virgin' but can also denote a young woman or a city-state personified; here it likely personifies the nation Israel as a fallen virgin.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤቴል","severity":"info","text":"Bethel and Gilgal are prominent cultic sites in the northern kingdom, frequently condemned by the prophet Amos (cf. Amos 4:4, 5:5). The 'pit of the covenant' may allude to a local sanctuary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the 'fire of the house of Joseph' likely alludes to the destruction of the northern kingdom by Assyria; Joseph represents the northern tribes (Ephraim and Manasseh).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The final hymnic section (lines 14–18) is not found in the Masoretic text of Amos and appears to be an Ethiopic expansion, possibly influenced by later liturgical or apocalyptic traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3145Amos","label":"source edition: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains several repetitions and unclear pronominal references (e.g., 'they will survive' twice), which may indicate textual corruption or a conflated reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker shifts between God and the prophet; the phrase 'they will survive' is ambiguous in its antecedent.","The 'pit of the covenant' (ዐዘቅተ ማሐላ) is not clearly identified in biblical or extra-biblical sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ዘያነሥእ፡ ቅጥቃጤ፡ ላለ፡ ኃያላን፡ ወኃሣረ፡ ያመጽእ፡ ላለ፡ አጽዋን።\n\nእኖኖኅት፡ ጸልኡ፡ ዘይጌሥጾሙ፡ ወአስቆረሩ፡ ቃለ፡ ጽድቅ።\n\nእስመ፡ ይኮርዑ፡ አርእስተ፡ ነዳያ፡ ዋናሣእክሙ፡ ሕልያነ፡ በኀቤሆሙ፡ ወኀረይክሙ፡ አብተ፡ ሠናያ፡ ወተሐንጽ፡ ወኢትነብሩ፡ ውስቴቶሙ፡ ወትተክሉ፡ ወይነ፡ መፍትወ፡ ወኢትሰትይዎ፡ ለወይንክሙ።\n\nእስመ፡ ርኢኩ፡ ብዙኀ፡ ኃጢአተክሙ፡ ዐቢያ፡ ጌጋየክሙ፡ ትከይድዎ፡ ለጻድቅ፡ ወትነሥኡ፡ ቤታ፡ ወታቴክሉ፡ ነዳየ፡ በውስተ፡ ኖኀት።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ጠቢብኒ፡ ያረምም፡ ይእተ፡ እሚረ፡ እስመ፡ እኩ፡ መዋዕሊሁ።\n\nኃሱ፡ ሠነይ፡ ወአኮለእኩ፡ ከመ፡ ትህየው፡ ከመ፡ የሀሉ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምስሌክሙ፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ለበከመ፡ ትቤሎ።\n\nጸላእነ፡ እከየ፡ ወአፍቀርነ፡ ሠናየ፡ ወአግብኡ፡ ፍትሐ፡ በውስተ፡ አናቅጽ፡ ከመ፡ ይሠሀልክ፡ ግዚብሔር፡ አምላክ፡ ዘኰሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ለተረገፈ፡ ዩሴፍ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኰሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ውስተ፡ ኲሉ፡ መርሕብ፡ ብዳይ፡ ወውስተ፡ ኲሉ፡ ፍኖት፡ አውያት፡ ወይላሑ፡ ሐረሳዊ፡ ይበኪ፡ ወእለሂ፡ ያኣምሩ፡ ሰቆቃወ።","english":"... which raises up punishment for the strong, and a multitude brings forth for the strong of the righteous.\n\nThe innocent hate those who reprove them, and they have rejected the word of truth.\n\nFor they have stoned the heads of the poor; your sins are alive among them, and your crimes have destroyed the good, and you have been cleansed, and you do not dwell among them, and you plant a vine of desire, and you do not drink your wine.\n\nFor I have seen many of your sins, your great transgressions; you cover the righteous, and you raise up a house, and you plant the poor within the innocent.\n\nBecause of this, the wise one laments this city, for I am one of its inhabitants.\n\nI have hidden the good, and I have cried out that you may be, that the Lord may be with you, who rules over all, as you say to him.\n\nWe have hated evil and loved good, and we have brought judgment within the gates, that the Lord God who rules over all may forgive you, the cursed Joseph.\n\nBecause of this, thus says the Lord who rules over all, within every empty ship and upon every road of the wicked, and the farmer weeps, and those who mourn are bitter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኖኀት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኖኀት (noḫat) is here rendered 'innocent' but can also mean 'righteous' or 'just'; the ambiguity affects the moral alignment of the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይላሑ ሐረሳዊ","severity":"info","text":"The image of a weeping farmer (ሐረሳዊ) echoes Amos 9:7 in the Geʿez version, where agricultural lament follows divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዩሴፍ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'cursed Joseph' (ዩሴፍ) likely alludes to the northern kingdom of Israel (often called 'House of Joseph' in prophetic literature), here condemned.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በእንተ ዝንቱ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'Because of this' (በእንተ ዝንቱ) marks two parallel oracular conclusions, each introduced by a lament and a divine speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኃሣረ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኃሣረ (ḥasara, 'multitude') is used in Ethiopic exegesis to denote the collective righteous remnant, a key concept in the reception of Amos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እኖኖኅት","severity":"caution","text":"The word እኖኖኅት (ʾənonoḫt) is a hapax in this passage; its meaning 'the innocent' is conjectural, and the text may be corrupt or a scribal variant.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the wise one' (ጠቢብ) who laments the city is unclear; it may refer to the prophet Amos or a personified Wisdom.","The phrase 'empty ship' (መርሕብ ብዳይ) is ambiguous: it could be a metaphor for a desolate community or a literal vessel."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ይበክዩ፡ ውስተ፡ ኲሉ፡ ፍኖት፡ እስመ፡ አኀልፍ፡ እንተ፡ ማዕከሌኪ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nአሌሎሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይተትውዋ፡ ለእለተ፡ እዚአብሔ፡ ለምንት፡ ለክሙ፡ እለተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እኮኑ፡ ጽልመት፡ እቲ፡ ወኢኮነት፡ ብርሃን።\n\nከመ፡ ሶበ፡ ዘይጎይይ፡ ሰብ፡ እምንበሳ፡ ወይረክቦ፡ ድብ። ወይበውእ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤት፡ ወያስምክ፡ በአረፍት፡ በእደዊሁ፡ ወይነስኮ፡ አርዌ፡ ምድር።\n\nከማሁኬ፡ ጽልመት፡ ይእቲ፡ ዕለተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢኮነት፡ ብርሃነ፡ ወቆባር፡ ይኢቲ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ፀዳለ።\n\nጸላእኩ፡ ወአርቁ፡ በዓላቲክሙ፡ ወኢያጼኑ፡ መዐዛ፡ መስዋዕትክሙ።\n\nአኒ፡ መእጻእክሙ፡ ሊተ፡ መስዋዕተክሙ፡ ወቁርባነክሙ፡ ኢይትሜጠዎ፡ ለክሙ፡ ወኢይኔጽር፡ ለክሙ፡ መስዋዕተ፡ መድኃኒትክሙ።\n\nአርኀቁ፡ እምየ፡ ቃለ፡ ለመኀሌክሙ፡ ዋኢያጽዕ፡ መዝሙረ፡ መሰንቆክሙ።\n\nወይውኀዝ፡ ፍትሕ፡ ከመ፡ ማይ፡ ወዶጻኒ፡ ከመ፡ ወኂዘ፡ በድው።\n\nቦኑ፡ ዛኣባእክሙ፡ ሊተ፡ መስዋዕተ፡ ወቁርባነ፡ ሠላሳ፡ አመተ፡ በዳም፡ ቤተ፡ እስኤል፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"They weep in all the roads, for I have passed through the midst of you, says the Lord.\n\nWoe to those who cast down the feast of the Lord. Why is it for you the feast of the Lord? It is darkness, that one, and not light.\n\nAs when a man who pierces from a wound and finds a bear, and enters into a house, and claps with his hands in the air, and kills a serpent of the earth.\n\nLikewise, darkness is that day of the Lord, and not light; and a tomb is that one, and there is no salvation.\n\nI have hated and abhorred your lords, and they do not smell the fragrance of your offerings.\n\nI have rejected your offerings and your oblations to me; they are not pleasing to me for you, and I do not regard your offering of salvation for you.\n\nI have turned away my ear from your supplication, and I do not hear the melody of your harps.\n\nAnd justice flows like water, and judgment like a torrent in the desert.\n\nHave you not brought to me offerings and oblations for thirty years in the house of Bethel? says the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a divine speech (vv. 1–2) to a simile (v. 3), then back to oracular condemnation (vv. 4–9), ending with a rhetorical question (v. 10). The Coptic cues classify it as narrative, but the content is prophetic judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እለተ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'feast of the Lord' (Geʿez: ʿelata ʾəgziʾabəḥer) likely refers to a specific liturgical celebration, possibly Passover or another major festival, but the text does not specify which.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'thirty years in the house of Bethel' (v. 10) echoes the northern Israelite cultic center at Bethel, a site of prophetic critique in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Amos 7:10–13). The Geʿez version preserves this historical reference.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The simile of a man piercing a wound, finding a bear, entering a house, clapping, and killing a serpent (v. 3) does not correspond to any known biblical verse; it may be an original Ethiopic expansion or a lost tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez Book of Amos is part of the broader Ethiopic biblical canon, which includes additional prophetic material. This passage's vivid imagery and emphasis on rejected offerings reflect later monastic concerns with ritual purity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3145Amos","label":"source edition: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text in v. 3 contains a hapax legomenon (ያስምክ፡, yasmək) whose meaning is uncertain; the translation 'claps with his hands' is conjectural. The passage may be corrupt or use a rare verb.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'feast of the Lord' is unspecified; it may be a general term or a specific festival.","The simile in v. 3 has no clear biblical parallel; its source or symbolic meaning is uncertain.","The phrase 'thirty years in the house of Bethel' could be literal or symbolic; the Geʿez does not clarify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ወነሣእክሙ፡ ደብተራ፡ ሞሎሕ፡ ወኮከበ፡ አምለክሙ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ሬፋን፡ ዘገበርክሙ፡ በአርአያሆሙ።\n\nወአፍስክሙ፡ ርኁቀ፡ እምዳስቆ፡ ይቤ፡ እግግአብሔር፡ ዛኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ስሙ።\n\nChapter 6\n\nአሌሎሙ፡ ለእ፡ ሜንንዋ፡ ለጽዩን፡ ወለእለ፡ ትአመኑ፡ በደብረ፡ ሳማር፡ ቀሠምዎሙ፡ መላእክተ፡ አሕዛብወቦኡ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ቤተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nዕድዉ፡ ኲልክሙ፡ ዋርእዩ፡ ወኀልፋ፡ ውስተ፡ ኤሜርትርባ፡ ወረዱ፡ ውስተ፡ ጌት፡ ዘኢሎፍሊ፡ ለዘይጸንዑ፡ እምኲሉ፡ እሉ፡ ነገስት፡ እስመ፡ ዜበዝኃ፡ ብሔር፡ ዳዋላ፡ ዚሆሙ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nእለ፡ ትሜይ፡ ለዕለት፡ እኪት፡ ወለእለ፡ ስተቃርቡ፡ ወያስተላጽቁ፡ ሰንበታት፡ ሐሰት።\n\nእለ፡ ሰክቡ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓራታት፡ ዘቀርነ፡ ነጌ፡ ወይፈግዑ፡ ውስተ፡ ምስካባቲሆሙ፡ እለ፡ ይሴሰየ፡ መሐስአ፡ እምስተ፡ መራዕ፡ ወመቁዓለ፡ ላሕም፡ እምውስተ፡ አዕጻዳተ፡ ወፍር።\n\nእለ፡ ይጠፍሑ፡ የየኀብሩ፡ ምስለ፡ ቃለ፡ ዕንዚራ፡ ወይመስሎሙ፡ ዘኢየኀልፍ፡ ወኢየአምሩ፡ ከመ፡ ያመስጦመሙ።","english":"And I lifted up your book, Moloch, and the star of your god, whose name is Rephan, which you made in their likeness.\n\nAnd I removed you far from the sanctuary, says the Lord of Hosts, that one worships his name.\n\nChapter 6\n\nWoe to those who despise Zion and to those who trust in Mount Samaria; the angels of the nations have cursed them. They are the house of Israel.\n\nAll of you have gone astray and have entered into the valley of Emertrba and descended into Gehenna, which is prepared for those who endure all these kings, because the multitude of their land is their judgment.\n\nThose who await an evil day and those who approach and profane the Sabbaths falsely.\n\nThose who have drunk in the streets from the horn of the elephant and who sleep in their beds, those who cut the throat from the evil and the slaughter of the ox from the midst of the fields and the fruit.\n\nThose who blow the trumpet and gather together with the voice of the gazelle, and it seems to them that it does not pass away, and they do not know that it makes them forget.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሞሎሕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሞሎሕ (Moloch) refers to a Canaanite deity associated with child sacrifice, here listed alongside Rephan (the star-god).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሬፋን","severity":"info","text":"Rephan (ሬፋን) is a star-god, often identified with the planet Saturn or the deity Saturn in Hellenistic and early Christian polemics.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአፍስክሙ፡ ርኁቀ፡ እምዳስቆ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I removed you far from the sanctuary' echoes the biblical theme of expulsion from the temple for idolatry, reminiscent of Amos 5:5 or similar prophetic condemnations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጌት፡ ዘኢሎፍሊ፡","severity":"info","text":"Gehenna (ጌት ዘኢሎፍሊ) is the valley of Hinnom, a place of punishment in Jewish and Christian tradition, here depicted as prepared for those who endure the kings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 6","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new chapter (Chapter 6) with a woe-oracle against those who despise Zion and trust in Mount Samaria, marking a structural shift from the preceding narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤሜርትርባ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym ኤሜርትርባ (Emertrba) is obscure and may be a corruption or a unique Geʿez rendering; its identification is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym ኤሜርትርባ (Emertrba) is unattested elsewhere; its meaning and location are unclear.","The phrase 'those who await an evil day' may refer to eschatological expectation or to a specific historical event, but the text does not specify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","ref":"Psalm 81:3","text":"The English carries the scriptural phrase “blow the trumpet”, which matches Psalm 81:3. The match is on the English draft; check the Coptic before quoting the verse."}]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"እለ፡ ይሰትዩ፡ ወይን፡ ፀዓዳ፡ ወይትቀብኡ፡ ዕፍረተ፡ ቅድወ፡ ወኢየሐሙ፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ በቅጥቃጤሁ፡ ለዬሴፍ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ይጸወው፡ ይእዜ፡ ዓበይቶሙ፡ ይቀድሙ፡ ወየኀልቁ፡ አፍራሰ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ረዋጺያን።\n\nእስመ፡ መሐላ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በርእሱ፡ እንዘ፡ ብልአነ፡ አረኲሶ፡ ለኃሳረ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ወጸላእኩ፡ በሐውርቲሁ፡ ወአጠፍእ፡ አህጉሪሁ፡ ምስለ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስቴቶሙ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ ተርፋ\n\nውስተ\n\nቤት፡ ይመውቱ፡ ወይተርፋ፡ እለ፡ ተርፈ።\n\nወይነስእዎሙ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቤቶሙ፡ ይትኄየልዎሙ፡ ወያወፅኡ፡ አዕጽምቲሆሙ፡ እምነ፡ ቤት፡ ወይብሎ፡ ለዓቃቤ፡ ቤት፡ ቦሁ፡ ዘተርፈ፡ ኀቤከ።\n\nወይብል፡ አልቦ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ አርምዴ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይጸውዑ፡ ስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nእስመ፡ ናሁ፡ ይእዜ፡ ይኤዝዝ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቀስፎ፡ ለዓቢይ፡ ቤት፡ በድቀት፡ ወለንኡስ፡ ቤት፡ በንፅኃት።\n\nይርጹኑ፡ ፍራስ፡ ውስተ፡ ኮኲሕ፡ ወያረምሙኑ፡ እምንስተ፡ እስመ፡ አንትሙ፡ ሜጥክሙ፡ ፍትሓ፡ ውስተ፡ መዐት፡ ወአምረርክሙ፡ ፍሬ፡ ጽድቅ።","english":"Those who drink white wine and anoint themselves with myrrh before me, and I do not pity them, nor anything at all, by the rod of Joseph.\n\nBecause of this, they are called, now, their elders are before, and the horsemen of Ephraim, the charioteers, are destroyed.\n\nFor the oath of the Lord of Hosts, by himself, while we have devoured, I have made him a stranger to the loss of Jacob, and I have hated his journeys, and I have destroyed his cities together with those who dwell within them.\n\nAnd if any remain\n\nwithin\n\nthe house, they die and those who remain are left.\n\nAnd the men of their house take them up, they bury them, and they bring out their bones from the house, and he says to the steward of the house, Is there anything that remains with you?\n\nAnd he says, No, and he says to him, Bury them, so that they do not call upon the name of the Lord of Hosts.\n\nFor now, the Lord of Hosts commands and strikes the great house with humiliation and the small house with purity.\n\nWill they spread a bed in a corner and will they be merciful from women? For you have dissolved the opening in the belly and have embittered the fruit of righteousness.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፀዓዳ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ፀዓዳ (ṣāʿadā) is rendered 'white wine' in the English draft, but it can also mean 'new wine' or 'must'. The choice affects the ritual context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅጥቃጤሁ ለዬሴፍ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'rod of Joseph' (ቅጥቃጤሁ ለዬሴፍ) is unique to this passage; Joseph is not otherwise prominent in Amos. It may refer to a symbolic or tribal authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤፍሬም","severity":"info","text":"Ephraim (ኤፍሬም) is a northern tribe of Israel, often used in prophetic literature to represent the northern kingdom. The mention of 'horsemen of Ephraim' reflects military imagery.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መሐላ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'oath of the Lord of Hosts' (መሐላ እግዚአብሔር) echoes the divine oath motif found in Amos 4:2 and 6:8, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a first-person divine speech ('I have made him a stranger') to a third-person narrative ('the Lord of Hosts commands'), indicating a composite or redacted structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመሂ ተርፋ ውስተ ቤት","severity":"caution","text":"The line 'And if any remain within the house' is syntactically broken in the Geʿez, with a line break after ተርፋ. The English draft smooths it, but the original may be corrupt or lacunose.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Joseph' (ዬሴፍ) is unclear; it may refer to the patriarch or a later figure.","The phrase 'white wine' (ፀዓዳ) could also mean 'new wine', altering the ritual connotation.","The broken syntax after ተርፋ suggests possible textual corruption or a lacuna."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"እለ፡ ይትፌሥሑ፡ በነረ፡ ከንቱ፡ እለ፡ ትብሉ፡ አኮኑ፡ በኃይልነ፡ በቀፐለ፡ አቅረቲነ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝናቱ፡ ናሀ፡ አነ፡ አነስእ፡ አህዛበ፡ ላዕሌክሙ፡ ቤተ፡ እስራኡል፡ እለ፡ ይሣቅዩክሙ፡ ወኢያበውሑክሙ፡ ትባኡ፡ ኤማት፡ ዋእስከ፡ ፈለገ፡ ዐረብ።\n\nChapter 7\n\nከመዝ፡ አርአየኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወናሁ፡ ይመጽእ፡ አንበጣ፡ በጽባኅ፡ ወ\n\nወይበልዕ፡ ኲሎ፡ ሳዕረ፡ ምድር፡ ወያኀልቅ፡ ዋእቤ፡ እግዚኦ፡ እግኢኦ፡ ተሠሃ፡ መኑ፡ ያነስኦ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡ ለእስመ፡ ውሑድ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወነሰሐ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በአውንተ፡ ዝነቱ፡ ወዘኒ፡ ኢይመጽእ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nከመዝ፡ አርአየኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወናሑ፡ ጸውዓ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በቃሉ፡ ለእሳት፡ ዋባልዐት፡ ዐቢየ፡ ቅላየ፡ ወበልዐት፡ መክፍልቶሙ።\n\nወእቤ፡ አነ፡ እንቢክ፡ እግዚኦ፡ መኑ፡ ነስኦ፡ ሌዕቆብ፡ እስመ፡ ውሑድ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወነሰሐ፡ እግአብሔር፡ በበይነ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ዘነኒ፡ ኢይመጽእ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nከመዝ፡ አርአየኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወናሁ፡ ብእሲ፡ ይቀውም፡ ዳበ፡ አረፍተ፡ አብማስ፡ ወውስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ አድማስ።","english":"Those who rejoice in the lie, those who say, “Is it not by our strength, by the sword of our offering?”\n\nBecause of this rain, I shall lift up the peoples against you, O house of Israel, those who mock you and do not cause you to enter; you shall be called “Where?” until the river of the west.\n\nChapter 7\n\nAs the Lord showed me, and behold, a locust comes at dawn and\n\ndevours all the grass of the earth and destroys. And I said, “O Lord, O my Lord, who will lift up Jacob, for he is a small one?”\n\nAnd the Lord repented because of this, and this also shall not come, said the Lord.\n\nAs the Lord showed me, and behold, the Lord summoned fire by his word, and a great flame devoured, and it devoured their portions.\n\nAnd I said, “I weep, O Lord, who lifted up Jacob, for he is a small one?”\n\nAnd the Lord repented because of this, and this also shall not come, said the Lord.\n\nAs the Lord showed me, and behold, a man stands holding a measure of a cubit, and in his hand a diamond.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 7","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new chapter (7) in the Geʿez text, marked by the rubric 'Chapter 7'. This structural division is not present in the Hebrew Masoretic text of Amos and reflects the Ethiopic tradition's chaptering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አንበጣ (ʾanbagā)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word 'anbagā' means 'locust'. In the context of Amos, this likely alludes to a plague of locusts as a divine punishment, a common prophetic motif.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ አርአየኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር (kama za ʾarʾayani ʾǝgziʾabəḥer)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'As the Lord showed me' echoes the visionary language of the prophet Amos, reminiscent of Amos 7:1-9 in the canonical book, where the Lord shows visions of judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነሰሐ፡ እግዚአብሔር (wa-näsaḥa ʾǝgziʾabəḥer)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb 'näsaḥa' means 'repented' or 'relented'. In the Ethiopic tradition, this reflects a theological emphasis on God's mercy, as the Lord relents from the threatened punishment after the prophet's intercession.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወናሁ፡ ብእሲ፡ ይቀውም፡ ዳበ፡ አረፍተ፡ አብማስ፡ ወውስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ አድማስ (wa-nāhu bəʾəsi yəqawwəm daba ʾarəfta ʾabmas wa-wəsta ʾədehu ʾadmas)","severity":"info","text":"The vision of a man holding a measure (cubit) and a diamond parallels symbolic visions in other Ethiopic prophetic texts, such as the Ascension of Isaiah, where measuring instruments signify divine judgment or restoration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነሰሐ፡ እግዚአብሔር (wa-näsaḥa ʾǝgziʾabəḥer)","severity":"caution","text":"The repeated phrase 'the Lord repented' is ambiguous: it may mean God changed his mind (relented) or that the prophet's intercession caused a reversal. The Geʿez verb 'näsaḥa' can also mean 'to be sorry' or 'to repent', which may not align with the Hebrew original.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the river of the west' (ፈለገ፡ ዐረብ) is unclear; it may refer to the Mediterranean Sea or a symbolic boundary.","The phrase 'those who mock you and do not cause you to enter' is syntactically ambiguous in Geʿez, possibly referring to enemies or false allies."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ወይቤለኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምንተ፡ ትሬኢ፡ አሞጽ፡ ወእቤ፡ አድማስ፡ ዌቤለኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ናሁ፡ አነ፡ እኤዝዝ፡ አድማስ፡ መእከለ፡ ህዝብየ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወኢይደግም፡ እንከ፡ አናህስዩ፡ ሎሙ።\n\nወይማስንን፡ አውግረ፡ ዘውዕ፡ ወይጠፍኡ፡ ኄራቶሙ፡ ለእስራል፡ ወእተነሳእ፡ በኲናት፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ ኢዩርብዓም።\n\nወለአከለአሜስያስ፡ ካህነ፡ ለበቴል፡ ኀበ፡ ኢዩርብዐሳም፡ ንጉሰ፡ እስራኤል፡ እንዘ፡ ብል፡ መዕሌተአ፡ ይገብር፡ ላዕሌከአ፡ አሞጽ፡ በማእከለ፡ ቤተ፡ ስራኤል፡ ምድረኒኦ፡ ኢትክልደ፡ ጸዊሮቶአ፡ ለኲሉለ፡ ዜነብብአ።\n\nወይብለከአ፡ አሞጽአ፡ ምዡሰናትአ፡ ይመውትአ፡ ኢዩርብዓም፡ ወእስራኤልአ፡ ወጼውዉአ፡ እምበሔሮሙአ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ አሜስያስ፡ ለአሞጽ፡ ሖር፡ ፍስ፡ ብሔር፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወንበር፡ ህየ፡ ወበሕየ፡ ተነበይ።\n\nወኢትትነበይ፡ እነከ፡ በቤቴል፡ እስመ፡ ምሕራም፡ ነገስት፡ ይእቲ፡ ወቤተ፡ መንግስት፡ ይእቲ።\n\nወተሠጥዎ፡ አሞጽ፡ ለኤስያስ፡ ዋይቤሎ፡ አንሰ፡ ኢኪንኩ፡ ነቢየ፡ ወኢኮንኩ፡ ወልደ፡ ነቢይ፡ አላ፡ ኖላዊ፡ ወተቃራሜ፡ በለስ፡ አነ።","english":"And He said to me, the Lord, “What do you see, Amos?” And I said, “A swarm of locusts.” And He said to me, the Lord, “Behold, I shall send a swarm of locusts into the midst of my people Israel, and they shall not cease until they have consumed them.”\n\nAnd they shall devastate the fields of the fig tree, and they shall destroy the goods of Israel, and I shall rise up in judgment against the house of Jeroboam.\n\nAnd to Amaziah, the priest of Bethel, to Jeroboam, king of Israel, saying, “His command shall be executed against you, Amos, in the midst of the house of Israel, in the land of Nio, the birthplace of his mother, for all that he prophesies.”\n\nAnd Amos said to you, “The plagues shall die, Jeroboam and Israel, and they shall be scattered from their houses.”\n\nAnd Amaziah said to Amos, “Go, flee to the land of Judah, and dwell there, and prophesy there.”\n\n“And do not prophesy any more in Bethel, for it is the sanctuary of kings, and it is the house of the kingdom.”\n\nAnd Amos answered Amaziah and said to him, “I am not a prophet, nor am I the son of a prophet, but rather a herdsman and a gatherer of sycamore figs.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤለኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምንተ፡ ትሬኢ፡ አሞጽ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from third-person narrative to first-person dialogue, with the Lord addressing Amos directly. This marks a transition from the preceding vision report to a prophetic call narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዩርብዓም","severity":"info","text":"The name Jeroboam (ኢዩርብዓም) refers to Jeroboam II, king of the northern kingdom of Israel in the 8th century BCE. The Geʿez spelling reflects the Hebrew original via the Septuagint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አሜስያስ፡ ካህነ፡ ለበቴል፡","severity":"info","text":"Amaziah is the priest of Bethel, a royal sanctuary of the northern kingdom. His confrontation with Amos reflects the historical tension between prophetic critique and state-sponsored cult in 8th-century Israel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትክልደ፡ ጸዊሮቶአ፡ ለኲሉለ፡ ዜነብብአ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the birthplace of his mother' echoes Amos 7:10 in the Hebrew Bible, where Amaziah accuses Amos of prophesying against the king. The Geʿez version expands the narrative with locust imagery not found in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኖላዊ፡ ወተቃራሜ፡ በለስ፡","severity":"info","text":"Amos's self-identification as a 'herdsman and gatherer of sycamore figs' is a distinctive detail in the Ethiopic tradition, emphasizing his humble origins. This aligns with the biblical portrayal (Amos 7:14) but is elaborated in the Geʿez version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ምድረኒኦ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The place name 'Nio' (ምድረኒኦ፡) is obscure and does not appear in the Hebrew Bible. It may be a corruption or a local Ethiopic gloss; its identification remains uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Nio' (ምድረኒኦ፡) is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a reference to an unknown location.","The shift between second-person ('to you') and third-person ('to him') in the English draft reflects possible confusion in the Geʿez pronouns."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ወነስአኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እማእከለ፡ አባግዕ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ ተነበይ፡ ላዕለ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ ስማዕ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ንተ፡ ትቤ፡ ኢትትነበይ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወኢታንጥዩጁ፡ ለቤተ፡ ያዕቆብ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይበ፡ እግዚያብሔር፡ ብእሲትከኒ፡ ትዜመሙ፡ በሀገር፡ ዋዳቂቅከ፡ ወአዋልዲከ፡ ይወድቁ፡ በኲና፡ ወይሰፍርዋ፡ ለምድርከለ፡ በሐብል፡ ወንተሰ፡ ትምውት፡ ባምድረ፡ ርኲስት፡ ወይጼውውዎ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ እምነ፡ ምድሩ።\n\nChapter 8\n\nከመ፡ ዝ፡ አርአየኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወናሁ፡ ሙዳየ፡ ዔረግ።\n\nይቤለኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምንተ፡ ትሬኢ፡ አሞጽወ፡ ወእቤ፡ ሙዳ፡ ዔረግ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በጽሐቶሙ፡ ማኀለቅቶሙ፡ ለሕዝብየ፡ እሰስራኤል፡ ኢያነሐሲ፡ ሎሙ፡ እንከ፡ ዳግመ።\n\nወየአወይው፡ ምበኰራባቲሆ፡ ሙ፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር። እስመ፡ በዝኀ፡ አብድንቲሆሙ፡ ዜትነጻኀ፡ ወስተ፡ ኰሉ፡ በሐውርት፡ ወይትሐጎሉ።","english":"And He took me away, the Lord, from the midst of the sheep, and He said to me, “Prophesy against my people Israel.”\n\nAnd now, hear the word of the Lord: “You shall not prophesy against the house of Israel, and you shall not trouble the house of Jacob.”\n\nConcerning this, as the Lord says, “Your wife will be widowed in the city of Wadaqiq, and your children will fall by the sword, and they will measure your land with a rope, and you will die in a barren land, and they will expel Israel from his land.”\n\nChapter 8\n\nAs this, the Lord showed me, and behold, a basket of figs.\n\nThe Lord said to me, “What do you see, Amos?” And I said, “A basket of figs.” And the Lord said to me, “When the multitude and the abundance of my people Israel arrive, I will not yet give them to eat again.”\n\nAnd they will wail in their streets, for this is what the Lord says, “Because of the multitude of their destruction, they will be scattered, and in all the ways they will be dispersed and will be gathered together.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነስአኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እማእከለ፡ አባግዕ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a narrative transition: the Lord removes Amos from the midst of the sheep, marking a shift from the previous vision of locusts to a new prophetic command.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢትትነበይ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢትትነበይ (ʾittanabbay) is a negative imperative meaning 'do not prophesy,' reflecting a divine prohibition that contrasts with the earlier command to prophesy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢታንጥዩጁ፡ ለቤተ፡ ያዕቆብ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'do not trouble the house of Jacob' echoes the prophetic theme of divine restraint, though no direct biblical parallel is cited; it may reflect a Geʿez interpretive tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዋዳቂቅ","severity":"info","text":"The toponym Wadaqiq (ዋዳቂቅ) is unattested in the Hebrew Bible and likely represents a local Geʿez adaptation or a scribal invention for the prophetic setting.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሙዳ፡ ዔረግ","severity":"info","text":"The vision of a 'basket of figs' (ሙዳ፡ ዔረግ) is unique to the Geʿez Book of Amos and does not appear in the Masoretic Text, suggesting an apocryphal expansion in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይትሐጎሉ።","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'they will be gathered together' (ወይትሐጎሉ) may be textually corrupt or ambiguous, as it appears to contradict the preceding dispersal; the Geʿez could reflect a scribal error or a theological paradox.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym Wadaqiq is unattested and may be a scribal invention or a corruption.","The final clause's meaning is uncertain due to potential textual corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ስምዑ፡ ዘንተ፡ እለ፡ ታግዕሩ፡ ነዳይ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ወትትዔገሉ፡ ምስኪነ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር።\n\nእለ፡ ብሉ፡ ማእዜ፡ ይሠርቅ፡ ወርኀ፡ ንምላእ፡ ላዋናስተማልእ፡ ወሰንበታቲነ፡ ወናርኁ፡ መዛግብቲቲነ፡ ወንግበር፡ መስፈርተ፡ ንስቲተ፡ ወናዕቢ፡ ማዳዳልወ፡ ዓመፃ።\n\nወንቅንዩ፡ ለነዳይ፡ በዕን፡ ወይኲነነ፡ ምስኪነ፡ ዘንኬድ፡ ህየንተ፡ አሳእኒና፡ ውትራባህ፡ በተግባራተ፡ እክልነ።\n\nመሐለኬ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእንተ፡ ትዝኀርቱ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡ ከመ፡ ኢያኀልቅ፡ ተመውኦተክሙ፡ በእነተ፡ ኲሉ፡ ምግባሪክሙ።\n\nኢትተሀወክኑ፡ ምድር፡ በዝኒ፡ ወይላሕው፡ ኲሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስቴተ፡ ወይውኀዝ፡ ከመ፡ ፈልግ፡ ቀትል፡ ወይመልእ፡ ከመ፡ ፈለግ፡ ግብጽ።\n\nወይከውን፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክ፡ የዕርብ፡ ፀሃይ፡ መዓልተ፡ ቃትር፡ ወይጸልም፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ በዕለተ፡ ብርሃን።\n\nወእሬስዩ፡ ላሐ፡ ለበዓላቲክሙ፡ ወይከውነክሙ፡ ሰቆቃወ፡ ኲሉ፡ መኃዮክሙ፡ ወአቀንተክሙ፡ ብልባለውተ፡ ሐቃክመሙ፡ ወኢወዲ፡ ብረሐተ፡ ውስተ፡ ርእስ፡ ኲልክሙ፡ እሬስየክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ላሐ፡ ፍቁር፡ ወእለሒ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ይከውኑ፡ ከመ፡ ዕለተ፡ ማሕማም።","english":"Hear this, you who oppress the poor in the morning and mock the wretched upon the earth.\n\nYou who say, \"When will the moon steal? We will fill our measures and our Sabbaths, and we will break our balances, and we will make a false measure, and we will add iniquity to iniquity.\"\n\nAnd we will stone the poor with a stone, and we will condemn the wretched, saying, \"Where are our asses? And our oxen? In the works of our field.\"\n\nThe Lord has sworn by the remembrance of Jacob that He will not forget your deception in all your deeds.\n\nThe earth will be shaken by this, and all who dwell within it will lament, and blood will flow like a river, and it will fill like the river of Egypt.\n\nAnd this will be, says the Lord God: The sun will set at midday, and darkness will be upon the earth in the daytime.\n\nAnd I will send a plague upon your feasts, and all your festivals and your fasts will become mourning for you; the wisdom of the wise will be confounded, and I will put a rod of iron upon the head of each of you; I will send upon you a plague like a beloved plague, and those with him will be as a day of sickness.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ስምዑ፡ ዘንተ፡ እለ፡ ታግዕሩ፡ ነዳይ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ወትትዔገሉ፡ ምስኪነ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር።","severity":"info","text":"The opening address to oppressors of the poor and mockers of the wretched sets a prophetic tone of social critique, consistent with Amos's canonical themes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማእዜ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ማእዜ (maʿze) means 'when' and introduces a rhetorical question about the moon's theft, reflecting a concern with calendrical or economic corruption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወንቅንዩ፡ ለነዳይ፡ በዕን፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'stone the poor with a stone' echoes the legal and prophetic language of punishment in the Hebrew Bible, though not a direct quotation from canonical Amos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ፈለግ፡ ግብጽ።","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the 'river of Egypt' (likely the Nile) situates the prophecy within a broader Near Eastern geographical and symbolic framework, common in Ethiopic apocalyptic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from direct accusation (lines 1–3) to divine oath and cosmic upheaval (lines 4–6), then to a plague oracle (line 7), forming a three-part rhetorical structure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእሬስዩ፡ ላሐ፡ ለበዓላቲክሙ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'send a plague upon your feasts' may be textually corrupt or reflect a later apocalyptic addition; the Geʿez verb እሬስዩ (ʾersayu) is uncertain in this context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Wadaqiq' in the previous passage is unclear; the Geʿez text here does not mention it.","The phrase 'beloved plague' (ላሐ፡ ፍቁር፡) is ambiguous, possibly a scribal error or a deliberate oxymoron."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"እስመ፡ ናሁ፡ ይምጽእ፡ መዋዕል፡ ይቤ፡ እግኢአብሔር፡ ወእፌኑ፡ ረኃብ፡ ውስተ፡ ብሔር፡ አኮ፡ ረኃብ፡ እክል፡ ወአኮ፡ ጽምአ፡ መይ፡ ረኃብሰ፡ ዘእምሰሚዐ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወይትሐመግ፡ መየ፡ ባሕር፡ ወይረውጹ፡ እምደብቡ፡ እስከ፡ ጽባሕ፡ ይኀስሱ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢይረከቡ።\n\nይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይጠፍኦ፡ ደናግል፡ ላህያ፡ ወይጠፍኡ፡ ወራዙት፡ ሠናያን፡ በጽምእ።\n\nእለ፡ ይምሕለሉ፡ መብስሃለ፡ ሰማሪያ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብሉ፡ ሕይወተ፡ አምላክ፡ ዳ፡ ወሕወት፡ አምላክ፡ ቤርሳቤህ፡ ወኢይትንስኡ፡ እንከ።\n\nChapter 9\n\nርኢክዎ፡ ለእግኢአብሔር፡ ይቀውም፡ ዲበ፡ ምስዋዕ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ ዝብጥ፡ ዳበ፡ ምስሃል፡ ያድቀልቁ፡ ዴዴት፡ ወይመትርሙ፡ ርአስቲሆሙ። ለእለ፡ ተርፋ፡ እቀትሎሙ፡ በኲናት፡ ዋኣላዋቦ፡ ዘያመሥጥለእምእለ፡ ጎዬ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዜድኀን፡ እኔሁ።\n\nእመኒ፡ ወረዱ፡ ወስተ፡ ቀላይ፡ ምሐየኒ፡ ዴየ፡ ታወፅኦሙ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ርጉ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰመይ፡ እምህየ፡ አጸድፎሙ።","english":"Because now the day is coming, says the Lord of Hosts, and I will send a famine into the land—not a famine of grain, nor a thirst for water, but a famine of hearing the word of the Lord.\n\nThe water of the sea will be dried up, and they will flee from its depths until morning, seeking the word of the Lord, but they will not find it.\n\nThis is what I have said: it will destroy the virgins of the sanctuary, and the righteous will be destroyed by thirst.\n\nThose who mock the gospel of Samaria, saying, \"The life of the god of Dan and the life of the god of Beersheba,\" and they will not be moved from there.\n\nChapter 9\n\nI saw the Lord of Hosts standing upon the altar, and he said to me, \"Strike the altar of the idol; they will break the censers and cut off their heads. As for those who remain, I will kill them with the weapons of the wailing women, which are more bitter than those of the valley, and there is no mercy for them, for I am he.\"\n\nIf they descend into the valley, I will heal them; if they ascend into the sky, I will pursue them from there.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The famine of hearing the word of the Lord is a spiritual deprivation, contrasting with physical famine, emphasizing the people's disconnection from divine revelation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እግኢአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'əgziʾabəher' translates as 'Lord of Hosts,' a divine title emphasizing God's military and sovereign power, used here in a prophetic context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕይወተ አምላክ ዳ ወሕወት አምላክ ቤርሳቤህ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the life of the god of Dan and the life of the god of Beersheba' echoes the idolatrous cults of the northern and southern kingdoms, condemned in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., 1 Kings 12:28-30).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ደናግል ላህያ","severity":"info","text":"'Virgins of the sanctuary' likely refers to consecrated temple servants or celibate religious figures, a concept present in Geʿez Christian tradition, possibly influenced by Old Testament practices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage transitions from a prophetic oracle (verses 1-4) to a first-person vision narrative (Chapter 9), marked by the phrase 'I saw the Lord of Hosts,' indicating a shift in genre from warning to apocalyptic vision.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዋኣላዋቦ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'weapons of the wailing women' is obscure; 'wailing women' may refer to mourners or a specific ritual group, but the exact meaning is uncertain in this context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the virgins of the sanctuary' is ambiguous; they could be literal temple virgins or a metaphor for the faithful.","The phrase 'weapons of the wailing women' is unclear; it may denote a specific type of weapon or a symbolic expression."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"ወእመኒ፡ ተኀብኡ፡ ወስተ፡ ርእሰ፡ ቀርሜሎ፡ በሕየኒ፡ አኀስሦሙ፡ ወአወፅኦሙ። ወእመኒ፡ ተሠጥሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ቃላየ፡ ባሕር፡ እምቅድመ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ እኤዝዞ፡ ለከይሲ፡ ወይቀልጶሙ።\n\nወእመኒ፡ ፄወውዎሙ፡ ፀሮሙ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጽየ፡ በሕዪ፡ እኤዝዛ፡ ለኲናት፡ ወትቀትሎሙ። ወአወትረ፡ አዕይንትጰ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ በእይ፡ ወአኮ፡ በሠናይ።\n\nወእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክ፡ ለኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ዜገሣለ፡ ለኲላ፡ ምድር፡ ያንቀለቅላ፡ ወይላሕውኀዝ፡ ከመ፡ ፈለግ፡ ቀትል፡ ወይወርድ፡ ከመ፡ ፈለገ፡ ግብጽ።\n\nዘየሐንጽ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ጽርሖ፡ ዋይሣርር፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ትእዛዞ፡ ዘይጼውዖ፡ ለማየ፡ ባሕር፡ ወይክዕዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ገጸ፡ ምድር፡ እገዚአብሔር፡ ዛኲሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ስሙ።\n\nአኮኑ፡ ከመ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ኢትዩጵያ፡ እንትሙ፡ በኀቤየ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር። አኮኑ፡ እስራኤል፡ ዘአውፃእክዎ፡ እምግብጸ፡ ሜሎፍሊ፡ እምቅጳዶቅያ፡ ወለሶርያሂ፡ እምግብ።\n\nናሁ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ላእግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ መንግስተ፡ ኃጥአን፡ ወእስዕራ፡ እምገጸ፡ ምድር። ወባሕቱ፡ ለግመራ፡ አኮ፡ ለዘአጠፍኦ፡ ላቤተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"And if they hide on the summit of Mount Carmel, I will starve them out and bring them forth. And if they sink into the depths of the sea, before my eyes I will send a whale, and it will swallow them.\n\nAnd if they flee from before my face, I will send a sword, and it will kill them. And I will put out their eyes with my hand, and not with a good one.\n\nAnd the Lord God rules over all; he stirs up the whole earth and makes it tremble like a river of blood, and it descends like the river of Egypt.\n\nHe who builds in the sky, his command is heard on earth; he who commands the water of the sea and pours it upon the face of the earth—the Lord God, his name rules all.\n\nAre not the children of Ethiopia dead before me, the children of Israel? says the Lord. Are not Israel, whom I brought out of Egypt, Melolf, from Coptos, and also Syria, from Geb?\n\nNow the eyes of the Lord are upon the kingdom of sinners, and hair from the face of the earth. And only for Gomorrah, not for what I destroyed, the house of Israel, says the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage presents a series of conditional threats by God, escalating from hiding on Mount Carmel to sinking in the sea, with divine retribution through starvation, a whale, a sword, and blinding.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀርሜሎስ","severity":"info","text":"Mount Carmel (ቀርሜሎስ) is a biblical site in northern Israel, often associated with Elijah's contest with Baal's prophets; its mention here may evoke prophetic confrontation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ፈለገ ግብጽ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'like the river of Egypt' (ከመ ፈለገ ግብጽ) likely refers to the Nile, echoing biblical imagery of Egypt's river as a symbol of divine power or judgment (cf. Amos 8:8, 9:5).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሜሎፍሊ","severity":"info","text":"Melolf (ሜሎፍሊ) is a toponym of uncertain identification, possibly a corruption or variant of a place in Egypt or the Levant; its pairing with Coptos (ቅጳዶቅያ) suggests a geographical list of regions from which Israel was delivered.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ደቂቀ ኢትዩጵያ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'children of Ethiopia' (ደቂቀ ኢትዩጵያ) reflects the Geʿez Christian context, where Ethiopia is central; this may adapt the original Amos oracle to address an Ethiopian audience.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ግመራ","severity":"caution","text":"The reference to Gomorrah (ግመራ) is textually uncertain; the phrase 'only for Gomorrah, not for what I destroyed, the house of Israel' may be corrupt or reflect a variant tradition about divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Melolf (ሜሎፍሊ) is unclear; it may be a place name or a textual corruption.","The phrase 'hair from the face of the earth' (እስዕራ እምገጸ ምድር) is ambiguous, possibly a metaphor for destruction or a scribal error.","The reference to Gomorrah (ግመራ) is uncertain in context; it may be a gloss or a misreading."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"እስመ፡ ናሁ፡ እነ፡ እኤዝዝ፡ ወእዘርዎሙ፡ ለቤተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ውስተ፡ ኲሉ፡ አሕዛብ፡ በከመ፡ ይዘሮ፡ መበስ፡ ወድቁቅሂ፡ ኢይወድቅ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር።\n\nወይመውቱ፡ በኲናት፡ ኃጥአን፡ ሕዝብየ፡ እለ፡ ይብሉ፡ ኢትበጽሐነ፡ ወኢትረክበነ፡ እኪት።\n\nይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ አሐንጻ፡ ለቤተ፡ ዳዊት፡ እንተ፡ ወድቀት፡ ወአንስኦ፡ ወእነድቃ፡ መዝብራ፡ ከመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ዐለም።\n\nከመ፡ ይኀስስዎ፡ እለ፡ ተርፋ፡ ስብ፡ ወኲሎሙ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ስለ፡ ዲቤሆሙ፡ ተሰምየ፡ ስምየ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘገብረ፡ ዘንተ።\n\nናሁ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ይመጽ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወየኀብር፡ ቀስም፡ ምስለ፡ ሠርፅ፡ ወያነጸፈጽ፡ መዐር፡ እምአድባር፡ ወያሕመለምል፡ አውግር።\n\nወእመይጥ፡ ፄዋ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወይሕንጹ፡ አህጉረ፡ ዘማሰና፡ ወይነብሩ፡ ወይተክሉ፡ ወይነ፡ ወይሰትዩ፡ ወይኖሙ፡ ወይተክሉ፡ አዕጻዳተ፡ አቅማሕ፡ ወይበልዑ፡ ፍሬሁ።\n\nወእተክሎሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድሮሙ፡ ወአልቦ፡ እንከ፡ ዘያፅኦሙለ፡ እምድሮሙ፡ እንተ፡ ወሀብክዎሙ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክ፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ።","english":"For now I will command and sow the house of Israel among all the nations, as one sows millet and lentils—and a lentil does not fall upon the earth.\n\nAnd my sinful people who say, “It will not reach us, and evil will not find us” shall die by the spears.\n\nThis I say: I will rebuild the house of David, which has fallen, and I will raise it up, and I will cast down the altar of the high places like the days of old.\n\nAs those who remain seek after a staff, and all the nations because a name was named upon them, says the Lord who did this.\n\nNow the days shall come, says the Lord, and he will join the bow with the arrow, and he will uproot the forest from the mountains, and he will make the meadows flourish.\n\nAnd if my people Israel go out and build cities of Masānnā, and dwell, and plant, and press wine, and drink, and sleep, and plant gardens of wheat, and eat its fruit—\n\nAnd I will plant them in their land, and there is none who will drive them out of their land which I have given them, says the Lord God who rules over all.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the final unit of the Book of Amos in the Geʿez version, marked as narrative in the Coptic structural classification, though it contains divine speech and prophetic promises.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መበስ፡ ወድቁቅሂ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'millet and lentils' (መበስ፡ ወድቁቅሂ፡) is a specific agricultural simile for scattering, not found in the Hebrew Masoretic text of Amos, indicating a Geʿez interpretive expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The promise to rebuild the house of David and cast down the altar of the high places echoes themes from Amos 9:11 in the Septuagint tradition, but the Geʿez text here is an independent elaboration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ማሰና፡","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Masānnā' (ማሰና፡) is unattested in biblical geography; it may be a Geʿez scribal invention or a corruption, possibly related to a location in Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The closing assertion that the Lord God 'rules over all' (ዘኲሎ፡ ይመልክ።) reinforces a monotheistic emphasis typical of the Geʿez reception of prophetic books, adapting the source for an Ethiopian Christian audience.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains several hapax legomena and uncertain readings (e.g., ኢይወድቅ፡, መዋዕለ፡ ዐለም።), and the English draft smooths over ambiguities; the sense of 'days of old' may be a gloss for 'eternity'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3145Amos","label":"betmas: Book of Amos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3145Amos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Masānnā' is uncertain; it may be a place name or a textual corruption.","The phrase 'like the days of old' (ከመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ዐለም።) could also mean 'like the days of eternity', affecting the eschatological tone.","The Geʿez text's relationship to the Hebrew Vorlage is unclear; it appears to be a free expansion."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}