{"slug":"LIT3144Hosea","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3144Hosea","title":"Book of Hosea","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:06Z","cost_usd":0.015635},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3144Hosea","work_id":"LIT3144Hosea","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"},"stats":{"passages":27,"english_words":5597,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":160,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":55,"work_notes":5,"external_links":5,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT3144Hosea","abstract":"The Geʿez version of Hosea, part of the Ethiopic Old Testament, follows the Septuagint tradition and was likely translated from Greek during the Aksumite period (4th–6th centuries), with later revisions from Syriac or Arabic. It is preserved within the broader canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, where the Minor Prophets are treated as a single book. The earliest known manuscripts date to the 14th century, though the translation tradition is older. The text includes a superscription linking Hosea’s ministry to 8th-century BCE kings, and its rendering of key names and themes reflects distinct Ethiopic interpretive traditions.","historical_context":"The Geʿez translation of Hosea was produced in the Aksumite kingdom (modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea) between the 4th and 6th centuries, a period when Christianity became the state religion and biblical texts were translated from Greek for liturgical use. The translation follows the Septuagint, as is standard for the Ethiopic Old Testament, and was later revised against Syriac or Arabic sources. The work is part of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church’s canon, where the Minor Prophets are grouped as a single book. No manuscripts predate the 14th century, but the translation tradition is considered older, reflecting the church’s early engagement with biblical literature. The text’s transmission history is uncertain, with no critical apparatus for variant readings or collation against the Greek Vorlage.","significance":"The Geʿez Hosea provides insight into the Aksumite reception of the Septuagint and the development of the Ethiopic biblical canon. Its interpretive choices, such as the treatment of names like Jezreel and Lo-ruhamah, reveal how Ethiopian Christianity adapted prophetic texts to its theological and liturgical context. The work is a key witness to the transmission of the Minor Prophets in the Horn of Africa.","timeline":[{"date":"8th c. BCE","event":"Historical ministry of the prophet Hosea in the northern kingdom of Israel."},{"date":"4th–6th c.","event":"Likely translation of Hosea into Geʿez during the Aksumite period."},{"date":"14th c.","event":"Earliest known manuscripts of the Geʿez Hosea."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Revisions of the Geʿez text against Syriac or Arabic sources."},{"date":"Modern era","event":"Publication of the Geʿez Hosea in the betmas edition without critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Septuagint","relation":"Vorlage for the Geʿez translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Masoretic Text","relation":"Divergent tradition not followed by the Geʿez version","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic Old Testament","relation":"Part of the broader canon","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Book of the Twelve","relation":"Hosea is the first of the Minor Prophets in this collection","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"2 Kings 9–10","relation":"Referenced in the Geʿez treatment of Jezreel","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Book of Hosea","label":"Wikipedia article on the Book of Hosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Hosea","reason":"Provides background on the biblical book and its historical context."},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Wikipedia article on the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"Context for the community that preserves the Geʿez version."},{"key":"wikipedia:Septuagint","label":"Wikipedia article on the Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint","reason":"The Greek source for the Geʿez translation."},{"key":"wikipedia:Aksumite Empire","label":"Wikipedia article on the Aksumite Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum","reason":"Historical setting for the translation."},{"key":"wikipedia:Geʽez","label":"Wikipedia article on the Geʿez language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez","reason":"Language of the translation."}],"cautions":["The dating of the Geʿez translation is uncertain; no manuscripts earlier than the 14th century survive.","The translation tradition is older but cannot be precisely dated.","The edition lacks a critical apparatus for variant readings or collation against the Greek Vorlage.","The Geʿez text’s relationship to Syriac or Arabic revisions is not fully documented."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000494,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:18:50Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3144Hosea","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":27,"translated":27,"commentary_passages":27,"commentary_units":160,"english_words":5597,"source_letters":12648,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text of Hosea follows the Septuagint tradition, not the Masoretic Hebrew, as is standard for the Ethiopic Old Testament.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic version of Hosea was likely translated from Greek in the Aksumite period (4th–6th centuries) and later revised against Syriac or Arabic sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3144Hosea","label":"source edition: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Hosea is part of the broader canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, which includes the Minor Prophets as a single book called 'Hosea' or 'The Twelve'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The dating of the Geʿez translation of Hosea is uncertain; no manuscript earlier than the 14th century is known, though the translation tradition is older.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3144Hosea","label":"source edition: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not provide a critical apparatus for variant readings among Ethiopic manuscripts of Hosea, nor does it collate against the Greek Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 27 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":27},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3144Hosea":{"label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"},"ed:LIT3144Hosea":{"label":"source edition: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Text of the EOTC printed Bible\n\nChapter 1\n\nቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኮነ፡ ኀበ፡ ሆሴዕ፡ ወልደ፡ ብኤርም፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ኦዝያን፡ ወኢዮአታም፡ ወአካዝ፡ ወሕዝቅያስ፡ ነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወበመዋዕለ፡ ኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nቀዳሜ፡ ቃሉ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኮነ፡ ኀበ፡ ሆሴዕ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሆሴዕ፡ ሑር፡ አውስብ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ዘማ፡ ወአዋልደ፡ ዘማ፡ እስመ፡ ዘምዎ፡ ትዜሙ፡ ምድር፡ እምድኅረ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወሖረ፡ ወአውሰበ፡ ጎሜርሃ፡ ወለተ፡ ቤዴልይም፡ ወፀንሰት፡ ወወለደት፡ ሎቱ፡ ወልደ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ስምዮ፡ ስሞ፡ ኢይዝራኤል፡ እስመ፡ ዓዲ፡ ኅዳጠ፡ እትቤቀል፡ ደሞ፡ ለኢይዝራኤል፡ ወእስዕር፡ መንግሥተ፡ እምቤተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወይከውን፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ እቀጠቅጥ፡ ቀስተ፡ እስራኤል፡ በቆላተ፡ ኢይዝራኤል።\n\nወፀንሰት፡ ካዕበ፡ ወወለደት፡ ወለተ። ወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ስምያ፡ ስማ፡ ኢሥህልት፡ እስመ፡ ኢይደግም፡ እንከ፡ ተሣህሎቶሙ፡ ለቤተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ዳእሙ፡ ተናክሮ፡ እትናከሮሙ።","english":"The Word of the Lord that came to Hosea son of Beeri in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash, king of Israel.\n\nThe first word of the Lord that came to Hosea, and the Lord said to Hosea, \"Go, take a wife of harlotry and children of harlotry, for the land commits harlotry after the Lord.\"\n\nAnd he went and took Gomer daughter of Diblaim, and she conceived and bore him a son.\n\nAnd the Lord said, \"Name him Jezreel, for soon I will avenge the blood of Jezreel and cut off the kingdom from the house of Israel.\"\n\nAnd it shall be that on that day I will break the bow of Israel in the valley of Jezreel.\n\nAnd she conceived again and bore a daughter. And the Lord said, \"Name her Lo-ruhamah, for I will no longer have mercy on the house of Israel; rather, I will fight against them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኮነ፡ ኀበ፡ ሆሴዕ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez opens with a superscription identifying the work as the word of the Lord that came to Hosea, followed by a narrative of divine command and symbolic naming.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"በመዋዕለ፡ ኦዝያን፡ ወኢዮአታም፡ ወአካዝ፡ ወሕዝቅያስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The superscription lists four kings of Judah (Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah) and Jeroboam II of Israel, placing Hosea’s ministry in the 8th century BCE, though the Geʿez text conflates reigns spanning several decades.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዘማ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ዘማ፡ (zama) is rendered 'harlotry' in the English draft, but its semantic range includes both literal prostitution and metaphorical apostasy, reflecting the prophetic theme of Israel’s infidelity to God.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይዝራኤል፡","severity":"info","text":"The name Jezreel (Geʿez: ኢይዝራኤል) alludes to the valley where Jehu’s massacre occurred (2 Kings 9–10); the Geʿez text explicitly connects it to divine vengeance and the cutting off of the Israelite kingdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢሥህልት፡","severity":"info","text":"The name Lo-ruhamah (Geʿez: ኢሥህልት) is a transliteration of the Hebrew לֹא רֻחָמָה, meaning 'not pitied,' and in the Geʿez tradition it underscores the theme of divine judgment against Israel, a motif elaborated in Ethiopic homiletic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሖረ፡ ወአውሰበ፡ ጎሜርሃ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text states Hosea 'went and took Gomer,' but the Hebrew original (Hos 1:3) uses a verb for 'took' (וַיִּקַּח) that may imply marriage; the Geʿez rendering does not clarify the legal status of the union, leaving ambiguity about whether it is a literal or symbolic marriage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez term ዘማ፡ (zama) may denote either literal prostitution or metaphorical apostasy; the translation 'harlotry' is retained but the ambiguity is noted.","The Geʿez does not specify whether Hosea’s taking of Gomer is a legal marriage or a symbolic act; the narrative treats it as literal, but the prophetic context allows a figurative reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወእሣሃሎሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወአድኅኖሙ፡ አነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ፡ ወኢያድኅኖሙ፡ በቀስት፡ ወበኵናት፡ ወኢ፡ በሠረገላት፡ ወኢ፡ በጸባኢት፡ ወኢ፡ በአፍራስ፡ ወኢ፡ በመስተፅዕናን።\n\nወአኅደግዋ፡ ጥበ፡ ለኢሥህልት፡ ወፀንሰት፡ ዳግመ፡ ወወለደት፡ ወልደ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ስምዮ፡ ስሞ፡ ኢ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ እስመ፡ አንትሙ፡ ኢኮንክሙ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ ወአነሂ፡ ኢኮንኩ፡ አምላክክሙ።\n\nወይከውን፡ ኍልቆሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ከም፡ ኆፃ፡ ባሕር፡ ዘኢይሰፈር፡ ወዘኢይትኌለቊ፡ ወይከውኑ፡ በውእቱ፡ ብሔር፡ በኀበ፡ ይቤሎሙ፡ ኢኮንክሙ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ አንትሙ፡ እስመ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ይሰመዩ፡ ውሉደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያው።\n\nወእም፡ ዝ፡ ይትጋብኡ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ኅቡረ፡ ወይሠይሙ፡ አሐደ፡ መልአከ፡ ወያዐርጎሙ፡ እምድር፡ እስመ፡ ዐባይ፡ ዕለቱ፡ ለእስራኤል።\n\nChapter 2\n\nወበልዎ፡ ለእኁክሙ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ ወለእኅትክሙ፡ ሥህልት። ተዋቀሥዋ፡ ለእምክሙ፡ እስመ፡ ይእቲኒ፡ ኢኮነት፡ ብእሲትየ። ወአነሂ፡ ኢኮንኩ፡ ምታ።","english":"And I will save them, the children of Judah, and I will save them, I am the Lord their God, and I will not save them with bow and with spear, nor with chariots, nor with shields, nor with horses, nor with cavalry.\n\nAnd she left the bread for the harlot, and conceived again, and bore a son.\n\nAnd the Lord said to him, \"Call his name 'Not My People,' because you are not My people, and I am not your God.\"\n\nAnd the number of the children of Israel will be like the sand of the sea, which cannot be counted and cannot be measured, and they will be in that land, where I said to them, \"You are My people,\" because they will be called the living children of the Lord.\n\nAnd after this, the children of Judah and the children of Israel will gather together, and they will send one angel, and he will raise them from the earth, because the great day for Israel has come.\n\nChapter 2\n\nAnd say to your brother, \"My people,\" and to your sister, \"Harlot.\" Blame your mother, because she was not my wife, and I was not a husband.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በልዎ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a divine command to address kin as 'My people' and 'Harlot', marking a shift from narrative to direct speech that introduces Chapter 2.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሥህልት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ሥህልት' (šəḥəlt) is rendered 'harlot' in the English draft, consistent with its use in the previous passage for Gomer, but here it is applied as a label to a sister, indicating a symbolic or allegorical reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢኮንክሙ ሕዝብየ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Not My People' (ኢኮንክሙ ሕዝብየ) echoes Hosea 1:9 in the Geʿez tradition, where the naming of a child symbolizes the broken covenant between God and Israel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኆፃ ባሕር","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of the children of Israel to 'sand of the sea' (ኆፃ ባሕር) is a common biblical trope for multitude (cf. Genesis 22:17, Joshua 11:4), but here it emphasizes both countless number and dispersion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወያዐርጎሙ እምድር","severity":"info","text":"The raising of the children of Judah and Israel from the earth by an angel reflects an eschatological hope in Ethiopic Christian tradition, linking Hosea's prophecy to resurrection and the great day of judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ተዋቀሥዋ","severity":"caution","text":"The verb 'ተዋቀሥዋ' (tawāqəšəwwā) is ambiguous: it may mean 'blame' or 'reproach' as in the English draft, but could also imply 'accuse' or 'test', affecting the interpretation of the mother's role.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'mother' in the final command is unclear—whether she is Gomer, a symbolic figure, or the land of Israel. The verb 'ተዋቀሥዋ' may also carry a legal or cultic nuance not captured by 'blame'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወናሁ፡ ይእዜ፡ እስዕር፡ ዝሙታ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጻ፡ ወመሐዛኒሃ፡ እማእከለ፡ አጥባቲሃ። ወእቀፍጻ፡ ዕራቃ፡ ወእሬስያ፡ ከመ፡ አመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ንእሳ፡ ወከመ፡ ዕለት፡ ቀዳሚት፡ እንተ፡ ባቲ፡ ተወልደት።\n\nወእገብራ፡ ከመ፡ ምድር፡ ወእሬስያ፡ ከመ፡ በድው፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ማይ፡ ወእቀትላ፡ በጽምእ።\n\nወኢይሠሃሎሙ፡ እንከ፡ ለደቂቃ፡ እስመ፡ ትውልደ፡ ዘማ፡ እሙንቱ።\n\nእስመ፡ ዘመወት፡ እሞሙ፡ ወአስተኀፈረቶሙ፡ ወላዲቶሙ። እስመ፡ ትቤ፡ በልባ፡ ኣሐውር፡ እትልዎሙ፡ ለመሐዛንየ፡ እለ፡ ይሁቡኒ፡ ስቴየ፡ ወመብልዕየ፡ ወይኤርዙኑ፡ አልባሰየ፡ ወመዋጥሕየ፡ ወይሁቡኒ፡ ቅብዕየ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘይደሉ፡ ያመጽኡ፡ ሊተ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ናሁ፡ አነ፡ ኣሐጽር፡ ፍኖታ፡ በሦክ፡ ወእፌጽም፡ መንገዳ፡ ወተኀጥእ፡ እንከ፡ ምኅላፊ።\n\nወትዴግኖሙ፡ እንከ፡ ለመሐዛኒሃ፡ ወኢትእኅዞሙ፡ ተኀሥሦሙ፡ ወኢትረክቦሙ፡ ወትብል፡ ኣሐውር፡ እንከሰ፡ ኀበ፡ ምትየ፡ ዘትካት፡ እስመ፡ ይኄይሰኒ፡ ዘቀዲሙ፡ እምይእዜ።","english":"And now, I will scatter their remnant from before their face, and their poor from the midst of their goats, and I will cut off their young shoots, and I will make them like the days of childhood, and like the first day on which they were born.\n\nAnd I will make them like the earth, and I will make them like a desert without water, and I will kill them with thirst.\n\nAnd they will no longer be called children, for they are a generation of what?\n\nFor death is their mother, and their mother has shamed them. For she says in her heart, \"I will go and give drink to my poor ones, those who give me my drink and my food, and who clothe me with my garments and my coverings, and who give me my veil and everything I need, and bring it to me.\"\n\nBecause of this, now I will shorten her path with a thorn, and I will block her way, and she will no longer pass by.\n\nAnd she will no longer give drink to her poor, and she will not find their thirst, and she will not find them, and she will say, \"I will go now to my death, which is better, for it is more beautiful to me than what was before.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"እስዕር፡ ዝሙታ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I will scatter their remnant' echoes the divine punishment theme in Hosea, where God disperses the people as a consequence of their unfaithfulness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መሐዛኒሃ፡","severity":"info","text":"The term 'poor ones' (መሐዛኒሃ) carries a dual sense of material poverty and spiritual destitution, common in Geʿez prophetic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ምድር፡ ወእሬስያ፡ ከመ፡ በድው፡","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of making the people like earth and a desert without water recalls Hosea 2:3, where God threatens to make Israel like a barren land.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ፡ ዘመወት፡ እሞሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The personification of death as the mother of the people reflects a common motif in Ethiopic Christian exegesis, where death is seen as a consequence of sin and divine abandonment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ናሁ፡ አነ፡ ኣሐጽር፡ ፍኖታ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from divine threats to a narrative of the mother's internal monologue, creating a structural contrast between God's actions and the human perspective.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይሠሃሎሙ፡ እንከ፡ ለደቂቃ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they will no longer be called children' is ambiguous: it may mean they lose their status as God's people or that they are no longer considered legitimate offspring. The Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the poor ones' (መሐዛኒሃ) is unclear: they could be the faithful remnant or a specific group within the community.","The phrase 'generation of what' (ትውልደ፡ ዘማ፡) is elliptical, leaving the nature of the generation unspecified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ወይእቲሰ፡ ኢያእመረት፡ ከመ፡ አነ፡ ወሀብክዋ፡ እክለ፡ ወወይነ፡ ወቅብዐ፡ ወአብዛኅኩ፡ ላቲ፡ ወርቀ፡ ወብሩረ፡ ወይእቲሰ፡ ገብረት፡ ለበዓል።\n\nወበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ እትመየጥ፡ ወአስተጋብእ፡ እክልየ፡ ዘበበ፡ ጊዜሁ፡ ወወይንየ፡ ዘለለ፡ ዕለቱ፡ ወእሰልባ፡ አልባሲሃ፡ ወመዋጥሒሃ፡ ከመ፡ ኢትክድን፡ ኀፍረታ።\n\nወናሁ፡ ይእዜ፡ እከሥት፡ ኀፍረታ፡ በቅድመ፡ መሐዛኒሃ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘያድኅና፡ እምእዴየ።\n\nወእመይጥ፡ ኵሎ፡ በዓላቲሃ፡ ወፍስሓሃ፡ ወአውራኂሃ፡ ወአሥርኅሃ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ሕገጊሃ።\n\nወአጠፍእ፡ ወይና፡ ወበለሳ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘትቤ፡ ደነስየ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘወሀቡኒ፡ መሐዛንየ። ወእሬስያ፡ በድው፡ ወአነብሮ፡ ስምዐ፡ ይኩና፡ ወይበልዕዋ፡ አራዊተ፡ ገዳም፡ ወአዕዋፈ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወአራዊተ፡ ምድር።\n\nወእትቤቀላ፡ ከመ፡ አመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ በዓሊም፡ ዘሦዐት፡ ሎሙ፡ ወተሠርገወት፡ አእኑጊሃ፡ ወባዝግናሃ፡ ወሖረት፡ ወተለወቶሙ፡ ለመሐዛኒሃ። ሊተሰ፡ ረስዐተኒ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ናሁ፡ አንጎግዋ፡ ወአሐውራ፡ በድወ፡ ወአዘነግዕ፡ ልባ።","english":"And she, she knew that I gave her grain and wine and oil, and I multiplied for her silver and gold. And she, she served Baal.\n\nAnd because of this, I will be angry and gather my grain at its time and my wine on its day, and I will strip her of her garments and her veils, so that her shame may be uncovered.\n\nAnd now, I will uncover her shame before her poor, and there is none who can save her from my hands.\n\nAnd I will destroy all her lords and her feasts and her months and her tenths and all her festivals.\n\nAnd I will destroy the wine and the balm and all that she says, \"It is he who gave me,\" my poor. And I will sow the field and make it a wilderness, so that it may become a desolation, and the beasts of the field and the birds of the sky and the beasts of the earth will devour it.\n\nAnd I will be avenged as in the days of Baalim, when he gave them drink and they were intoxicated, and her goats and her flocks went and followed her poor. \"She has accepted me,\" says the Lord.\n\nBecause of this, now I will make her go astray and turn her into the wilderness, and I will make her heart forget.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅብዐ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ቅብዐ (qəbʿa) means 'oil', typically olive oil, a staple alongside grain and wine in biblical imagery of divine provision.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"በዓል።","severity":"info","text":"በዓል። (baʿalfa) is a form of the name Baal, the Canaanite deity, here rendered in Geʿez as a proper noun with the definite article.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በዓሊም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'days of Baalim' (መዋዕለ በዓሊም) echoes the Hebrew plural Baalim, referring to multiple local Baal cults, as in Judges 2:11 or Hosea 2:13.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage forms a divine judgment speech, structured as a series of punitive actions (gather, strip, destroy, sow wilderness) following the accusation of serving Baal.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መሐዛኒሃ","severity":"info","text":"The term መሐዛኒሃ (mäḥazzaniha) 'her poor' may refer to the economically disadvantaged who depended on the cult, or metaphorically to the prophet's followers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአስተጋብእ","severity":"caution","text":"The verb አስተጋብእ (ʾastägabeʾ) 'I will gather' is ambiguous: it could mean collecting grain for punishment or withdrawing provision; the context supports the latter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'her poor' (መሐዛኒሃ) may refer to cultic dependents or a specific group; the identity is not explicit.","The verb 'I will make her go astray' (አንጎግዋ) could imply leading into error or physical wandering; the wilderness context suggests the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ወእሁባ፡ ጥሪታ፡ ዘእምህየ፡ ወእከሥት፡ ምክረ፡ በቆላተ፡ አካን፡ ወተኀሥር፡ በህየ፡ ከመ፡ አመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ንእሳ፡ ወከመ፡ ዕለተ፡ ልደታ፡ እምከርሠ፡ እም፡ ወከመ፡ አመ፡ ተዐርግ፡ እምግብጽ።\n\nወይከውን፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ትብለኒ፡ ምትየ፡ ወኢትብል፡ እንከ፡ በዓሊም።\n\nወእስዕር፡ አስማቲሆሙ፡ ለበዓሊም፡ እምአፉሃ፡ ወኢትዜከሮሙ፡ እንከ፡ አስማቲሆሙ።\n\nወይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ እትካየድ፡ ኪዳነ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ አራዊተ፡ ገዳም፡ ወምስለ፡ አዕዋፈ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወምስለ፡ ዘይትሐወስ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ወእስዕር፡ ቀስተ፡ ወኲናተ፡ ወጸብአ፡ እምድር፡ ወኣነብረኪ፡ ተአሚነኪ።\n\nወእፍኀረኪ፡ ሊተ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ለዓለም፡ በጽድቅ፡ ወበርትዕ፡ በሣህል፡ ወበምሕረት።\n\nወእፍኅረኪ፡ ሊተ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ወተአምርኒ፡ እንከ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወይከውን፡ ይእተ፡ ዕለተ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እሰጠዎ፡ ለሰማይ፡ ወሰማይኒ፡ ይሰጠዋ፡ ለምድር።\n\nወምድርኒ፡ ትሰጠዎሙ፡ ለእክል፡ ወለወይን፡ ወለቅብዕ፡ ወእሙንቱሂ፡ ይሰጠውዎሙ፡ ለእስራኤል።","english":"and I will give her her portion from here, and she will find counsel in the valleys of Akkān, and she will be destroyed there, as in the days of fire, and as on the day of her birth from the womb of the mother, and as when she ascended from Egypt.\n\nAnd this will be, saying, the Lord says: \"You will call me 'my lord,' and you will not call Baal.\"\n\nAnd I will erase the names of the Baals from her mouth, and you will not remember their names.\n\nAnd this, saying, I will make a covenant with all the beasts of the field and with the birds of the sky and with what crawls in the earth, and I will set the bow and the spear and the arrow from the earth, and I will make you trust in me.\n\nAnd I will love you, woman, forever, in righteousness and in justice, in mercy and in compassion.\n\nAnd I will love you in faith, and you will know me, says the Lord.\n\nAnd this will be the day, says the Lord: \"I will give to the sky, and the sky will give to the earth.\"\n\nAnd the earth will give to the grain and to the wine and to the oil, and they will give to Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"በቆላተ፡ አካን፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'valleys of Akkān' is obscure; it may refer to a specific location or be a symbolic name for a place of ruin, possibly echoing the valley of Achor in Joshua 7:26.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ አመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ንእሳ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as in the days of fire' likely alludes to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24-28) or to divine judgment by fire in prophetic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ አመ፡ ተዐርግ፡ እምግብጽ።","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'ascended from Egypt' may reflect the Exodus tradition or a later Ethiopian tradition of migration from Egypt, possibly linked to the Queen of Sheba or the Ark narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"በዓሊም፡","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Baals' (በዓሊም፡) is a plural form of Baal, the Canaanite deity, used here to denote multiple local manifestations of the god, as in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Judges 2:11).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a first-person divine speech (vv. 1-2) to a third-person narrative frame ('And this will be, saying'), then back to direct divine address, creating a layered prophetic oracle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኪዳነ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ አራዊተ፡ ገዳም፡","severity":"info","text":"The covenant with beasts, birds, and crawlers echoes the theme of cosmic peace in prophetic eschatology (cf. Hosea 2:18) and is interpreted in Ethiopian tradition as a sign of restored harmony after judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Akkān' is uncertain; it may be a place name or a symbolic term. The phrase 'ascended from Egypt' could refer to the Exodus or to a later Ethiopian tradition. The covenant with animals is ambiguous in its literal or metaphorical intent."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ወእዘርዕ፡ ላቲ፡ ሰላመ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ወእሣሃላ፡ ለእንተ፡ ኢኮነት፡ ሥህልተ፡ ወአፈቅራ፡ ለእንተ፡ ኢኮነት፡ ፍቅርተ።\n\nወእብሎ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ ለዘኢኮነ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ ወውእቱኒ፡ ይብለኒ፡ እግዚእየ፡ ወአምላኪየ፡ አንተ።\n\nChapter 3\n\nወይቤለኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አፍቅር፡ ብእሲተ፡ አንተ፡ እክይ፡ ወዝሙት፡ ባቲ፡ በከመ፡ አፍቀሮሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል። ወእሙንቱሰ፡ ይኔጽሩ፡ ኀበ፡ አምላክ፡ ነኪር፡ ወያፈቅሩ፡ ዘይነሥእ፡ ሐፍሰ፡ ወይነ፡ ዘቢብ።\n\nወተዐሰብኩ፡ ሊተ፡ በዐሠርቱ፡ ወኀምስቱ፡ ጠፋልሐ፡ ብሩር፡ ወበመስፈርተ፡ ቆሮስ፡ ሰገመ፡ ወበመስፈርተ፡ ኔባል፡ ወይነ።\n\nወእቤላ፡ ንበሪ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ብዙኀ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ወኢትዘምዊ፡ ወኢታብኢ፡ ካልአ፡ ብእሴ፡ ወአነ፡ እሄሉ፡ ምስሌኪ።\n\nእስመ፡ ብዙኀ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወዘእንበለ፡ መልአክ፡ ወዘእንበለ፡ መሥዋዕት፡ ወዘእንበለ፡ ካህናት፡ ወዘእንበለ፡ ራእይ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ኤፉድ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ሱራፌን።","english":"and I will sow peace for her in the land, and I will forget for the sake of Akkān the counsel, and I will love for the sake of Akkān the love.\n\nAnd I will say to my people, to the one who is of my people, and he also will say to me, “My Lord and my God, you.”\n\nChapter 3\n\nAnd the Lord said to me, “Love a woman, you evil and adulterous one, as the Lord loved the children of Israel.” But they look to a foreign god and love what takes away shame and gives wine.\n\nAnd I was astonished at myself with fifteen silver talents and with a measure of a horn of wheat and with a measure of a nebel of wine.\n\nAnd I said to her, “Dwell with me many days, and do not commit adultery, and do not seek another man, and I will be with you.”\n\nFor many days the children of Israel dwelt without a king and without an angel and without sacrifice and without priests and without a vision, and there is no ephod and no seraphim.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 3","severity":"info","text":"The chapter break after the first two paragraphs is a structural marker inserted by the editor, not original to the Geʿez text. It separates the divine speech from the following narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢኮነት (Akkān)","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Akkān' appears twice in this passage. It is not a known biblical location; it may be a corruption or a local Ethiopic tradition. The term is left untranslated in the draft.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤለኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አፍቅር፡ ብእሲተ፡ አንተ፡ እክይ፡ ወዝሙት፡ ባቲ፡ በከመ፡ አፍቀሮሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል።","severity":"info","text":"The Lord's command to 'love a woman' as He loved Israel echoes Hosea 3:1, where God instructs the prophet to take a wife as a symbol of the covenant. The Geʿez text adapts the metaphor to a direct imperative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በዐሠርቱ፡ ወኀምስቱ፡ ጠፋልሐ፡ ብሩር፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'fifteen silver talents' and measures of grain and wine reflects economic transactions in the Ethiopic context, possibly alluding to bride-price or tribute. This detail is not in the biblical Hosea and may be a local interpolation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአልቦ፡ ኤፉድ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ሱራፌን።","severity":"info","text":"The list of missing cultic items (king, angel, sacrifice, priests, vision, ephod, seraphim) reflects a later Ethiopic concern with proper worship. 'Seraphim' here likely refers to liturgical vestments or icons, not angels.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእሣሃላ፡ ለእንተ፡ ኢኮነት፡ ሥህልተ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'I will forget for the sake of Akkān the counsel' is syntactically ambiguous: 'forget' may be a misreading of a verb meaning 'to sow' or 'to plant,' and 'counsel' may be a corruption. The draft follows a literal reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity and location of 'Akkān' are uncertain; it may be a place name or a symbolic term.","The phrase 'I will forget for the sake of Akkān the counsel' is grammatically unclear and may be corrupt.","The list of missing cultic items (king, angel, etc.) does not correspond to any known biblical passage and may be a later addition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ወእም፡ ዝ፡ ይትመየጡ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወየኀሥሥዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ፡ ወለዳዊት፡ ንጉሦሙ፡ ወይዜክርዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወለሠናይቱ፡ በደኃሪ፡ መዋዕል።\n\nChapter 4\n\nስምዑ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ እስመ፡ ይትዋቀሦሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለእለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር።\n\nእስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ምሕረት፡ ወአልቦ፡ አእምሮ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ሐሰት፡ ወቀትል፡ ወስርቅ፡ ወዝሙት፡ መልአ፡ ምድረ፡ ወይዴምሩ፡ ደመ፡ ምስለ፡ ደም።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ትላሑ፡ ምድር፡ ወትውሕድ፡ ምስለ፡ ኲሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስቴታ፡ ወምስለ፡ አራዊተ፡ ገዳም፡ ወምስለ፡ አዕዋፈ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወአራዊተ፡ ምድር፡ ወየኀልቁ፡ ዓሣተ፡ ባሕር።\n\nወአልቦ፡ እንከ፡ መኑሂ፡ ዘይትዋቀሥ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይዛለፍ፡ ወኢመኑሂ፡ ወሕዝብየስ፡ ካህናት፡ እለ፡ ይትዋሥኡ፡ ኮኑ፡ ከመ፡ ዘኢይትዋሥኡ።\n\nወይደክሙ፡ በፍኖት፡ ካህን፡ ወነቢይ፡ ወሕዝብ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ወትመስል፡ እምክሙ፡ ሌሊተ።","english":"And from this, the children of Israel will be tested, and they will seek their Lord God and their King David, and they will remember the Lord and his goodness at the end of days.\n\nChapter 4\n\nHear the word of the Lord, children of Israel, for the Lord will judge those who dwell in the land.\n\nFor there is no justice, no mercy, no understanding of the Lord in the land, without falsehood, murder, theft, and fornication filling the land, and blood mingling with blood.\n\nBecause of this, the land will be destroyed and will perish together with all who dwell in it, and with the beasts of the field, and with the birds of the sky, and with the beasts of the earth, and the fish of the sea will vanish.\n\nAnd there is none who will judge, and none who will intercede, and no one at all; and the people, the priests who are ordained, have become as if they were not ordained.\n\nAnd the priest, the prophet, and the people together will grow weak on the path, and you will resemble the night.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 4","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new chapter (Chapter 4) with a prophetic call to hear the word of the Lord, shifting from the preceding narrative to a judgment oracle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ይትዋቀሦሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ይትዋቀሦሙ (yətwāqäśomu) means 'he will judge them' (from the root wqś, 'to judge, punish'). The English draft renders it as 'will judge,' consistent with the legal-eschatological tone.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይዜክርዎ ለእግዚአብሔር ወለሠናይቱ በደኃሪ መዋዕል","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they will remember the Lord and his goodness at the end of days' echoes eschatological themes found in Hosea 3:5 (LXX) and later apocalyptic literature, though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3144Hosea","label":"source edition: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለዳዊት ንጉሦሙ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'their King David' is anachronistic for the historical Hosea (8th c. BCE) but reflects the Ethiopic tradition's typological reading, where David symbolizes righteous kingship and messianic hope.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ካህናት እለ ይትዋሥኡ","severity":"info","text":"The critique of priests who 'have become as if they were not ordained' reflects a common Ethiopic homiletic trope condemning clerical corruption, likely shaped by later monastic reform movements.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትመስል እምክሙ ሌሊተ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'and you will resemble the night' is ambiguous: it may mean the people become like night (i.e., darkness, ignorance) or that they resemble the night in a ritual sense. The Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Akkān' in the previous passage is unclear; it may be a proper name or a corruption.","The phrase 'you will resemble the night' (ወትመስል እምክሙ ሌሊተ) is syntactically ambiguous: it could mean 'you will be like the night' or 'you will resemble each other at night.'","The relationship between the judgment oracle in Chapter 4 and the preceding narrative about Akkān is not explicit."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ወይመስሉ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ ከመ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ልብ፡ እስመ፡ ለከሂ፡ ኀደገከ፡ ልብከ፡ ወአነሂ፡ ኀደጉከ፡ ኢትሡዕ፡ ሊተ፡ እስመ፡ ረሳዕከ፡ ሕገ፡ አምላክከ፡ ወአነሂ፡ እረስዖሙ፡ ለደቂቅከ።\n\nበከመ፡ ብዝኆሙ፡ ከማሁ፡ አበሱ፡ ሊተ፡ ወእሬስዮ፡ ኀሳረ፡ ለክብሮሙ።\n\nወትበልዖሙ፡ ኀጢአቶሙ፡ ለሕዝብየ፡ ወይነሥእዋ፡ ለነፍሶሙ፡ በጌጋዩሙ።\n\nወይከውን፡ በከመ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ከማሁ፡ ካህን፡ ወእትቤቀሎሙ፡ በፍኖቶሙ፡ ወእትፈደዮሙ፡ በከመ፡ ምግባሮሙ።\n\nይበልዑ፡ ወኢይጸግቡ፡ ይዜምዉ፡ ወኢይፈደፍዱ፡ እስመ፡ ኀደግዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ፡ ይዕቀቡ፡ ዝሙተ፡ ወስታየ፡ ወስካረ።\n\nእስመ፡ አፍቀረ፡ ልቦሙ፡ ለሕዝብየ፡ ሰገለ፡ ይስአል፡ ወበትሩ፡ ይሰጠዎ፡ ወበመንፈሰ፡ ዝሙት፡ ስሕቱ፡ ወዘመዉ፡ እምአምላኮሙ።\n\nወይሠውዑ፡ ውስተ፡ አድባር፡ ወውስተ፡ አውግር፡ ወይዘብሑ፡ ታሕተ፡ ባሉጥ፡ ወቡጥም፡ ወገውዝ፡ ወለውዝ፡ ወታሕተ፡ ዕፅ፡ ዘሠናይ፡ ጽላሎቱ፡ በእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ይዜምዋ፡ አዋልዲክሙ፡ ወይትመሐዛ፡ መራዕዊክሙ።","english":"And they are like my people, as one without a heart, for you also have abandoned your heart, and I also have abandoned you. Turn back to me, for you have rejected the law of your God, and I also will reject your children.\n\nAs their number is great, so they have wronged me, and I will reject the honor of their glory.\n\nAnd I will recount to them the sins of my people, and they will take up their souls in their error.\n\nAnd it will be as this people, so also the priest, and I will pursue them on their path and I will judge them according to their deeds.\n\nThey will eat and not be satisfied, they will thirst and not be quenched, for they have abandoned their Lord God. They keep drunkenness and intoxication and inebriation.\n\nFor the heart of my people has loved the sword; they ask for the rod, and it is given to them, and with the spirit of drunkenness they are deceived, and they have forgotten their God.\n\nAnd they sacrifice in the mountains and in the fields, and they offer beneath the oak and the terebinth and the walnut and the almond, and beneath a tree whose shade is pleasant; because of this, your daughters will thirst and your pastures will be desolate.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage depicts God's rejection of a people who have abandoned divine law, leading to a cycle of sin and punishment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰገለ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ሰገለ፡' (sägälä) can mean 'sword' or 'weapon', but here it is used metaphorically for violence or conflict, reflecting the people's moral corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of sacrifices under specific trees (oak, terebinth, walnut, almond) reflects syncretic practices in ancient Israel condemned by prophets, as seen in Hosea 4:13.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they will eat and not be satisfied, they will thirst and not be quenched' echoes Hosea 4:10, where the people's spiritual emptiness is linked to their abandonment of God.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of divine judgment, alternating between God's direct speech and third-person description of the people's sins.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains ambiguous phrasing in the final sentence, where 'your daughters will thirst' may be a scribal error or a metaphorical expression for spiritual desolation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker shifts between God and the prophet, and the phrase 'your daughters will thirst' may be literal or metaphorical."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ወኢገሠጽክዎን፡ ለአዋልዲክሙ፡ ሶበ፡ ዘመዋ፡ ወኢ፡ ለመራዕዊክሙ፡ ሶበ፡ ተመሐዘዋ። እስመ፡ ተደመሩ፡ ምስለ፡ ዘማውያን፡ ወሦዑ፡ ምስለ፡ ሕጉላን፡ ሕዝብ፡ ወሕዝብ፡ ዘይሌቡ፡ ተደመረ፡ ምስለ፡ ዘኢይሌቡ።\n\nወአንተኒ፡ እስራኤል፡ ኢትእበድ፡ ወአንተኒ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ኢትሑር፡ ገልገላ። ወኢትዕርግ፡ ቤተ፡ አዎን፡ ወኢትምሐል፡ በሐሰት፡ በስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያው።\n\nእስመ፡ ከመ፡ እጐልት፡ እንተ፡ ተሀረብድ፡ ከማሁ፡ ሀርበደ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ወናሁ፡ ይእዜ፡ ይሬዕዮሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ አባግዕ፡ ውስተ፡ ፂኦት።\n\nከማሁ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ አፍቀረ፡ ጣዖተ፡ ወሤመ፡ ሎቱ፡ ዕቅፍተ።\n\nወአብደሮሙ፡ ለከናኔዎን፡ ዘምዎ፡ ዘመዉ፡ ወአብደሩ፡ ኀሳረ፡ በእከዮሙ።\n\nወበዕልወተ፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ እንተ፡ ይእቲ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ዝሙት፡ ወይትኀፈሩ፡ በምሥዋዓቲሆሙ።\n\nChapter 5\n\nስምዑ፡ ዝንተ፡ ካህናት። ወአጽምእዎ፡ ቤተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወይስምዕዎ፡ ቤተ፡ ነጋሢ፡ እስመ፡ በእንቲኣክሙ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ኵነኔ፡ እስመ፡ መሥገርተ፡ ኮንክምዎ፡ ለዘያስተሐይጽ፡ ወከመ፡ መሥገርት፡ እንተ፡ ሰፍሑ፡ ያሥግሩ፡ ባቲ፡ እለ፡ ይንዕዉ፡ ነዐውት፡ ተከልዎ።","english":"And I did not bring your children back when they were lost, nor your shepherds when they were wounded, for they mingled with the lost and drank with the foolish, people with people who have no heart, mingling with those who have no heart.\n\nAnd you, Israel, do not be lost, and you, Judah, do not be destroyed, do not go up to the house of sin, and do not swear falsely in the name of the living Lord.\n\nFor as the calf that was lost, so Ephraim was lost, and now the Lord sees them as sheep in the wilderness.\n\nAs Ephraim loved the idol and set up a shrine for it.\n\nAnd they destroyed the Canaanites, whose seed was lost, and they destroyed the harvest by their wickedness.\n\nAnd by the pride of their souls, which is the spirit of fornication, and they are ashamed in their assemblies.\n\nChapter 5\n\nHear this, priests, and make the house of Israel hear it, and let the house of the prince hear it, for because of you is all this punishment, for you have become a stumbling block to him who seeks, and like a net that is spread, they who walk stumble in it, they have set a snare.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 5","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with a chapter heading, 'Chapter 5', marking a structural division in the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጣዖተ (ṭāʿotā)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጣዖተ (ṭāʿotā) means 'idol' or 'idolatry', reflecting a standard translation for Hebrew terms related to false worship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Ephraim","severity":"info","text":"Ephraim is a prominent northern tribe of Israel, often used in prophetic literature to represent the entire northern kingdom, which fell to Assyria in 722 BCE.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ እጐልት እንተ ተሀረብድ (kama ʾəgʷalt ʾənta tähäräbd)","severity":"info","text":"The simile 'as the calf that was lost' echoes Hosea's frequent use of animal imagery for Israel's waywardness, though no single biblical verse is directly quoted.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Canaanites","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'Canaanites' here likely reflects a Geʿez interpretive tradition identifying Israel's enemies with the pre-Israelite inhabitants of Canaan, not a direct biblical citation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢገሠጽክዎን (wa-ʾan-gäśäṣəkəwwan)","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢገሠጸ (ʾu-gäśäṣä) is rare and its precise meaning is uncertain; the translation 'bring back' is conjectural.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the lost' and 'the foolish' in the first paragraph is ambiguous; they may refer to specific groups or be generic terms for sinners.","The phrase 'spirit of fornication' (መንፈሰ ዝሙት) could be metaphorical for idolatry or literal sexual immorality."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ወአንሰ፡ ነቢይ፡ መገሥጽክሙ።\n\nወአነ፡ አእመርክዎ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ወእስራኤልኒ፡ ኢርኅቀ፡ እምኔየ፡ እስመ፡ ይእዜ፡ ዘመወ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ወረኵሰ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወኢሜጡ፡ ልቦሙ፡ ከመ፡ ይግብኡ፡ ኀበ፡ አምላኮሙ፡ እስመ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ዝሙት፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ውእቱ፡ እሙንቱሰ፡ ኢያእመርዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።\n\nወኀሣሩ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወጽዕለቱ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ወይደክሙ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወኤፍሬም፡ በጌጋዮሙ፡ ወይደዊ፡ ይሁዳኒ፡ ምስሌሆሙ።\n\nምስለ፡ አልሕምት፡ ወአባግዕ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ወየሐውሩ፡ ይኅሥሥዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢይረክብዎ፡ እስመ፡ ኀደጎሙ።\n\nእስመ፡ ዐለውዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወተናከርዎ፡ ወከመ፡ ውሉደ፡ ነኪር፡ ኮንዎ፡ ወናሁ፡ ይእዜ፡ ይበልዖ፡ አናኵዕ፡ ለርስቶሙ።\n\nንፍኁ፡ ቀርነ፡ ውስተ፡ አድባር፡ ወአንሥኡ፡ ከበሮ፡ ውስተ፡ አውግር፡ ወወውዑ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ አዎን።\n\nበኀበ፡ ኀስረ፡ ብንያም፡ ኤፍሬምኒ፡ ኮነ፡ ለሙስና፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ይዘልፍዎሙ፡ ለሕዝብየ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወበህየ፡ ርኢኩ፡ ዝሙተ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ወርኵሶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል።","english":"But I, the prophet, rebuke you.\n\nAnd I knew Ephraim and Israel, and they were far from me, for now Ephraim is dead and Israel is rotten.\n\nAnd their hearts did not turn to go to their God, for the spirit of fornication was upon them; they did not know the Lord.\n\nAnd Israel was ashamed and bowed down before his face, and Israel and Ephraim grew weak in their errors, and Judah was drawn along with them.\n\nWith the calves and sheep they mingled, and they went about seeking the Lord, but they did not find him, for he had abandoned them.\n\nFor they had denied the Lord and rejected him, and they treated him as a child of a stranger; and now the locusts devour their inheritance.\n\nThey blew the horn in the mountains and beat the drum in the plains and played in the house of sin.\n\nWhere Benjamin was lost, Ephraim also came to ruin; in the days when they scattered my people Israel, there I saw the fornication of Ephraim and the rottenness of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንሰ፡ ነቢይ፡ መገሥጽክሙ።","severity":"info","text":"The prophet speaks in the first person, directly rebuking the audience, a rhetorical stance common in prophetic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዝሙት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term zəmūt (ዝሙት) is rendered 'fornication' in the English draft, but in this context it likely denotes spiritual infidelity or apostasy, not literal sexual misconduct.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤፍሬም","severity":"info","text":"Ephraim (ኤፍሬም) is a tribal name used in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Hosea 4:17) to represent the northern kingdom of Israel; its appearance here reflects the Geʿez adaptation of the prophetic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ፡ አዎን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'house of sin' (ቤተ አዎን) may allude to a cultic site of illegitimate worship, possibly Bethel, which in the Hebrew Bible was a center of idolatry (cf. Amos 4:4).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢሜጡ፡ ልቦሙ","severity":"info","text":"The passage alternates between first-person prophetic speech and third-person narrative description, a structural feature that underscores the prophet's role as both participant and observer.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አናኵዕ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of locusts (አናኵዕ) devouring the inheritance echoes a common motif in Ethiopic homiletic literature, where locusts symbolize divine punishment for apostasy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Benjamin' (ብንያም) is unclear: it may refer to the tribe of Benjamin or a place name; the text does not specify.","The phrase 'with the calves and sheep they mingled' (ምስለ አልሕምት ወአባግዕ ኅቡረ) is ambiguous: it could describe literal pastoral mingling or a metaphor for idolatrous practices."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ወኮኑ፡ መላእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ከመ፡ ዘይትዐዶ፡ ወሰነ፡ ወእክዑ፡ መዐትየ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ከመ፡ ማይ።\n\nወኮነ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ተዐጋሌ፡ ወኬዳ፡ ለፍትሕ፡ እስመ፡ አኀዙ፡ ይትልዉ፡ ፃሕወ።\n\nወአነ፡ እከውኖ፡ ከመ፡ ነቀዝ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ወከመ፡ ቊንቊኔ፡ ለቤተ፡ ይሁዳ።\n\nወርእያ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ለደዌሁ፡ ወለፃዕሩ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ርእያ። ወሖረ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ኀበ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወፈነዉ፡ ተናብልተ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኢያሬም። ወውእቱኒ፡ ኢክህለ፡ ፈውሶተክሙ፡ እስከ፡ ኀልቀ፡ ሕማም፡ በላዕሌክሙ።\n\nእስመ፡ አነ፡ እከውኖሙ፡ ከመ፡ ነምር፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ወከመ፡ አንበሳ፡ ለቤተ፡ ይሁዳ። ወአነ፡ እመሥጦሙ፡ ወእነሥኦሙ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘያድኅኖሙ።\n\nወእሰወጥ፡ ወአሐውር፡ ቤትየ፡ እስከ፡ አመ፡ ይጠፍኡ፡ ወየኀሥሡ፡ ገጽየ፡ በዕለተ፡ ምንዳቤሆሙ።\n\nChapter 6\n\nወይገይሡ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ወይብሉ፡ ንዑ፡ ንሑር፡ ወንትመየጥ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክነ።\n\nእስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ቀሠፈነ፡ ወይፌውሰነ፡ ወውእቱ፡ አቊሰለነ፡ ወይሤርየነ።","english":"And the angels of Judah were as one who is bound, and I knew their sickness, and my wrath was kindled against them like water.\n\nAnd Ephraim became a fugitive, and Judah went forth to judgment, for they took to shedding blood.\n\nAnd I knew them as a gnat for Ephraim and as a mosquito for the house of Judah.\n\nAnd Ephraim saw his wound, and Judah saw his affliction. And Ephraim went to Persia, and they sent ambassadors to the king of Uyarem. And he also was able to heal you until the disease that is upon you is gone.\n\nFor I knew them as a leopard for Ephraim and as a lion for the house of Judah. And I will crush them and lift them up, and there is none who will save them.\n\nAnd I will go out and pass through my house until they are destroyed and they seek my face in the day of their distress.\n\nChapter 6\n\nAnd they will cry out to me and say, \"Come, let us dwell and repent before the Lord our God.\"\n\nFor it is he who chastised us and will heal us, and it is he who bound us and will release us.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 6","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with a chapter break, marking a transition from narrative to a new section where the people cry out to the prophet.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢያሬም","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Uyarem' is unattested in biblical geography; it may be a corruption or a legendary location in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Persia (ፋርስ) reflects a post-biblical geopolitical context, possibly alluding to the Sasanian or later Persian presence in the region.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአነ፡ እከውኖሙ፡ ከመ፡ ነምር፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ወከመ፡ አንበሳ፡ ለቤተ፡ ይሁዳ","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of the prophet as a leopard and lion for Ephraim and Judah is not found in the biblical Book of Hosea; it is an Ethiopic expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮኑ፡ መላእክተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ከመ፡ ዘይትዐዶ፡ ወሰነ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'angels of Judah were as one who is bound' is ambiguous; 'bound' may be metaphorical or refer to a specific ritual or legal status.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአነ፡ እመሥጦሙ፡ ወእነሥኦሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The prophet's claim to crush and lift up the people reflects a theme of divine judgment and redemption common in Ethiopic homiletic expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'king of Uyarem' is unclear; it may be a legendary or corrupted name.","The relationship between the prophet's actions and the biblical narrative is loose; the passage appears to be a free Ethiopic composition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ወያሐይወነ፡ በሰኑይ፡ መዋዕል፡ ወአመ፡ ሣልስት፡ ዕለት፡ ንትነሣእ፡ ወነሐዩ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ናእምር። ወንዴግን፡ ከመ፡ ናእምሮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ጎህ፡ ድልወ፡ ንረክቦ፡ ወይመጽእ፡ ከመ፡ ዝናመ፡ ክረምት፡ ዘቀዳሚ፡ ወዘደኃሪ፡ ላዕለ፡ ምድር።\n\nምንተ፡ እግበር፡ ለከ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ወምንተ፡ እግበር፡ ለከ፡ ቤተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ናሁ፡ ሣህልክሙሰ፡ ከመ፡ ደመና፡ ነግሀ፡ ወከመ፡ ጠለ፡ ጽባሕ፡ እንተ፡ ተሐውር፡ ፍጡነ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ዐጸድክዎሙ፡ ለነቢያቲክሙ፡ ወቀተልክዎሙ፡ በቃለ፡ አፉየ፡ ወይወፅእ፡ ፍትሕየ፡ ከመ፡ ብርሃን።\n\nእስመ፡ ምጽዋተ፡ አበድር፡ እምነ፡ መሥዋዕት፡ ወአእምሮ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምቊርባን።\n\nወእሙንቱሰ፡ ኮኑ፡ ከመ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘየዐሉ፡ መሐላሁ፡ ወበህየ፡ ክሕዱኒ።\n\nገለአድ፡ ሀገር፡ እንተ፡ ትትጌበር፡ ከንቶ፡ ወትትሐመግ፡ በደም፡ ወኀይላኒ፡ ከመ፡ ብእሲ፡ ግዱድ።\n\nካህናትሰ፡ ኅሉፋነ፡ ፍኖት፡ ከበቱ፡ ፍኖተ፡ እግዚኦሙ፡ አመ፡ ቀተልዋ፡ ለሰቂማ፡ እስመ፡ ዐመፃ፡ ገብሩ፡ በቤተ፡ እስራኤል።","english":"And he will show us the appointed time, and on the third day we shall rise, and we shall live before him, we shall know and we shall understand, as we know the Lord, as we find him like a strong wall, and he will come like the early and late rain of winter upon the earth.\n\nWhat shall I do for you, Ephraim, and what shall I do for you, house of Judah? Behold, your mercy is like the morning cloud and like the morning dew that passes quickly.\n\nBecause of this, I have restrained your prophets and killed them with the word of my mouth, and my judgment will go forth like light.\n\nFor prayer is more precious than sacrifice, and the knowledge of the Lord is more than an offering.\n\nBut they were like a man who violates his oath, and in this they denied me.\n\nGilead, a land that is built up as before, and is defiled with blood and violence, like a wounded man.\n\nAs for the priests, they have changed the path; they have surrounded the path of their Lord when they killed Sekima, for they committed iniquity in the house of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወያሐይወነ፡ በሰኑይ፡ መዋዕል፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he will show us the appointed time' introduces an eschatological promise of resurrection on the third day, a motif that recurs in Ethiopic Christian literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሣህልክሙሰ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሣህል (saḥl) can mean 'mercy' or 'pity'; here it is used in a rhetorical question, contrasting divine compassion with human transience.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ፡ ምጽዋተ፡ አበድር፡ እምነ፡ መሥዋዕት፡","severity":"info","text":"The statement 'prayer is more precious than sacrifice' echoes a common biblical and patristic theme (cf. Ps 51:17 LXX; Sir 35:6), though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3144Hosea","label":"source edition: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ገለአድ፡ ሀገር፡","severity":"info","text":"Gilead is a region east of the Jordan, often associated with conflict in the Hebrew Bible. Its mention here as a land 'defiled with blood and violence' reflects a historical memory of warfare.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰቂማ","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Sekima' (ሰቂማ) is obscure; it may be a place or person. The text says the priests killed Sekima, but the referent is uncertain and may be a corruption or a local tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a prophetic oracle of resurrection (first paragraph) to a series of laments and accusations (Ephraim, Judah, Gilead, priests), typical of Hosea's rhetorical pattern.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3144Hosea","label":"source edition: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Sekima' (ሰቂማ) is unclear; it may be a toponym or personal name, possibly corrupt.","The phrase 'they have changed the path' (ኅሉፋነ፡ ፍኖት፡) could refer to a ritual or moral deviation, but the exact referent is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ወርኢኩ፡ በህየ፡ ዝሙተ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ግሩመ፡ ወርኵሰ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወይሁዳኒ፡ አኀዘ፡ መቅሥሞ፡ ለከ፡ አመ፡ መጠውኩከ፡ ፄዋ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nChapter 7\n\nወሶበ፡ ሰፋሕክዎ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ትትከሠት፡ ዐመፃሁ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ወእከየ፡ ሰማርያ፡ እስመ፡ ሐሰተ፡ ገብሩ። ወያበውእ፡ ሠርዌ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወይትፈየት፡ ወይሰልብ፡ በፍኖት፡ ከመ፡ ይኅበር፡ ማዕሌቶሙ።\n\nወአእመርኩ፡ ዘኀልዩ፡ በልቦሙ፡ ወተዘከርኩ፡ ኵሎ፡ እከዮሙ፡ ይእዜኒ፡ የዐግቶሙ፡ ኲሉ፡ እከዮሙ፡ ወጌጋዮሙ፡ ወበቅድመ፡ ገጽየ፡ ኮኖሙ።\n\nወተፈሥሑ፡ ነገሥት፡ በእከዮሙ፡ ወመላእክትኒ፡ በሐሰቶሙ።\n\nእስመ፡ ኲሎሙ፡ የሐውሩ፡ ኀበ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ብእሲ፡ ከመ፡ እቶን፡ ዘአንደዱ፡ ለኀቢዝ፡ ዘያንበለብል፡ ነዱ፡ እምሐሪፅ፡ ዘልውስ፡ እስከ፡ ይትበሐዕ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ነገሥቶሙ።\n\nወአኀዙ፡ መላእክት፡ ይትመዐዑ፡ እምወይን፡ ወሰፍሑ፡ እደዊሆሙ፡ ምስለ፡ ሥሑጻን፡ ኵላ፡ ሌሊተ።\n\nኤፍሬም፡ ጸግበ፡ ወኖመ፡ ኵላ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ወሶበ፡ ይነቅሁ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ነዱ፡ ከመ፡ ነበልባለ፡ እሳት፡ ኵሎሙ።","english":"And I saw the death of Ephraim, great and bitter, and the evil of Israel.\n\nAnd Judah took up his complaint against you when I sought you out, O my people Israel, with a sign.\n\nChapter 7\n\nAnd when I healed Israel, the iniquity of Ephraim was revealed, and the evil of Samaria, for they committed falsehood. And an army entered against him, and he was scattered, and he plundered on the road, as their covenant was broken.\n\nAnd I knew what was hidden in their hearts, and I remembered all their evil. Now I will gather all their evil and their sins, and before my face they were.\n\nAnd the kings rejoiced in their evil, and the angels also in their falsehood.\n\nFor all of them go to a woman, a man, like a fire that is kindled for a furnace that blazes, a fire from a thornbush that is twisted, until the time of their kings is consumed.\n\nAnd the angels began to be drunk with wine, and they stretched out their hands with the drunkards all night long.\n\nEphraim was sated and slept all night long, and when they awoke in the morning, they fled like a flame of fire, all of them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 7","severity":"info","text":"The chapter break after the first two verses is editorial, not original to the Geʿez text, and marks a transition from direct address to narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መቅሥሞ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'maqšəmo' (complaint) is rare in Geʿez and may carry a legal or covenantal nuance, suggesting a formal accusation rather than mere lament.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሶበ ሰፋሕክዎ ለእስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'when I healed Israel' echoes Hosea 7:1, where God's healing reveals Ephraim's iniquity, a theme of divine diagnosis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ሰማርያ","severity":"info","text":"Samaria, the capital of the northern kingdom, symbolizes political and religious corruption in prophetic literature, here linked to Ephraim's falsehood.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ እቶን ዘአንደዱ ለኀቢዝ","severity":"info","text":"The simile of a fire kindled for a furnace recalls imagery of divine judgment and purification, paralleling Hosea 7:4-7 where Israel's lust is compared to an oven.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"መላእክት","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez 'mala'əkt' can mean 'angels' or 'messengers'; here it likely refers to human envoys or officials, but the translation as 'angels' is ambiguous and may reflect a later interpretive layer.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'mala'əkt' (angels/messengers) is ambiguous; the context of drunkenness suggests human officials, but the Geʿez tradition may read them as angelic beings.","The phrase 'to a woman, a man' (ኀበ ብእሲተ ብእሲ) is syntactically unclear; it may indicate sexual misconduct or idolatrous practices."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ወወዕየ፡ ከመ፡ እቶን፡ ልቦሙ፡ ወበልዐቶሙ፡ እሳት፡ ለመኳንንቲሆሙ። ወወድቁ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ነገሥቶሙ፡ ወአልቦ፡ እንከ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ዘይጼውዐኒ።\n\nኤፍሬም፡ ተደመረ፡ ምስለ፡ ሕዝቡ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ኅቡአቲከ፡ ገፍትዐተከ።\n\nወበልዐ፡ ፀር፡ ኀይሎ፡ ወውእቱሰ፡ ኢያእመረ፡ ወበቈለ፡ ሲበቱሂ፡ ውስተ፡ ገጹ፡ ወዓዲ፡ ኢለበወ።\n\nወያኀስርዎ፡ ወይጼዕልዎ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ወኢተመይጡ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ፡ ወበዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ኢኀሠሥዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ።\n\nወኮነ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ አብደ፡ ከመ፡ ርግብ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ልብ፡ ለግብጽ፡ ይጼውዕዎሙ፡ ወኀበ፡ ፋርስ፡ የሐውሩ።\n\nወበከመ፡ የሐውሩ፡ ከማሁ፡ እዌሩ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ መሥገርትየ፡ ወከመ፡ አዕዋፈ፡ ሰማይ፡ አወርዶሙ፡ ወእቀሥፎሙ፡ እዘኒሆሙ፡ በምንዳቤሆሙ።\n\nአሌ፡ ሎሙ፡ እስመ፡ ነገዱ፡ እምኔየ፡ ድንጉፃኒሆሙ፡ እሙንቱ፡ እስመ፡ አበሱ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ወአንሰ፡ አድኀንክዎሙ፡ እሙንቱሰ፡ ሐመዩኒ፡ በሐሰት።\n\nወኢጸርሑ፡ ኀቤየ፡ በልቦሙ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ይግዕሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ምስካቦሙ፡ በእንተ፡ እክል፡ ወወይን፡ ወቅብዕ፡ ወተቀትሉ።","english":"And I saw that their hearts were like fire, and their princes devoured them. And all their kings fell, and there is none among them who calls to me.\n\nEphraim mingled with his people. Ephraim, your secrets are your sins.\n\nAnd the enemy devoured his strength, and he himself knew and spat upon his own old age in his face, and again he clothed himself.\n\nAnd they will diminish and mock Israel before his face, and they will not turn to the Lord their God. And because of all this, they will grieve the Lord their God.\n\nAnd Ephraim became a slave, like a dove without a heart. They call to Egypt, and they go to Persia.\n\nAnd as they go, so my snares come upon them, and like birds of the sky I bring them down and I strike them, their ears, with their own afflictions.\n\nWoe to them, for they have removed their guardians from me. They are the ones who have sinned against me, and I saved them; they, however, hated me with falsehood.\n\nAnd they did not hasten to me; with their hearts they said, \"Let us kill within their own tents for the sake of grain, wine, and oil,\" and they killed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The image of hearts like fire and princes devouring them depicts internal corruption and self-destruction within Israel's leadership.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኤፍሬም","severity":"info","text":"Ephraim here represents the northern kingdom of Israel, often used in Hosea as a synecdoche for the whole nation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'like a dove without a heart' echoes Hosea 7:11, where Ephraim is compared to a senseless bird, emphasizing spiritual emptiness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to calling Egypt and going to Persia reflects the historical context of Israel seeking alliances with foreign powers against Assyria.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hosea 7:11-12"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage alternates between divine accusation and lament, with a shift from third-person narrative to first-person divine speech in the final verses.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they will grieve the Lord their God' may be a Geʿez interpretive addition; the underlying Hebrew text is more ambiguous about divine emotion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'their guardians' (ድንጉፃኒሆሙ) is unclear; it may refer to divine protectors or human leaders.","The phrase 'they killed' (ወተቀትሉ) could be reflexive or transitive; the English draft takes it as intransitive."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ወኢተገሠጹ፡ በኀቤየ፡ ወአነ፡ አጽናዕኩ፡ መዝራዕትየ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ከመ፡ እግበር፡ እኩየ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ።\n\nወተመይጡ፡ ውስተ፡ ከንቱ፡ ወኮኑ፡ ከመ፡ ቀስት፡ ጠዋይ፡ ወይወድቁ፡ በኵናት፡ መላእክቲሆሙ፡ በእንተ፡ እበደ፡ ልቦሙ፡ ወልሳኖሙ። ከማሁ፡ አበሳሆሙ፡ ወዐመፃሆሙ፡ በምድረ፡ ግብጽ፡ ውስተ፡ ሕፅኖሙ፡ ከመ፡ መሬት።\n\nChapter 8\n\nወከመ፡ ንስር፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ ዐለዉ፡ ኪዳንየ፡ ወአበሱ፡ ላዕለ፡ ሕግየ።\n\nይኬልሑ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ወይብሉኒ፡ አእመርናከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ እስመ፡ እስራኤል፡ አግብአ፡ ሠናይቶ።\n\nወዴገኑ፡ ፀሮሙ፡ ወነግሡ፡ ለርእሶሙ።\n\nወአኮ፡ በእንቲኣየ፡ ዘወጠኑ፡ ወኢያእመሩኒ፡ ወገብሩ፡ ሎሙ፡ አማልክተ፡ ወርቆሙ፡ ወብሩሮሙ፡ ከመ፡ ይሠረዉ፡ ቦሙ።\n\nሚጢ፡ ላሕመኪ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወተሀውከት፡ መዓትየ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ። እስከ፡ ማእዜኑ፡ ኢይክሉ፡ ነጺሐ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወውእቱኒ፡ ጸራቢ፡ ገብሮ፡ ወኢኮነ፡ አምላከ፡ እስመ፡ ሳኰየ፡ ላሕምኪ፡ ሰማርያ።","english":"And they did not repent before me, and I strengthened my seed against them, as I would do evil against them.\n\nAnd they were mixed in falsehood, and they became like a bent bow, and their angels fall by the spears of their heart and tongue. Thus are their sins and their iniquities in the land of Egypt, in their bosom like a wound.\n\nChapter 8\n\nAnd like an eagle in the house of the Lord, for they violated my covenant and sinned against my law.\n\nThey cry out to me and say, \"We know you, O Lord, for Israel has gathered his good deeds.\"\n\nAnd they hid their enemies and stripped themselves.\n\nAnd not for my sake did they strive, and they do not know me, and they made for themselves gods of their gold and their silver, that they might be cut off from them.\n\nHow long, O Samaria, your flesh, and my wrath is kindled against them? Until when will they cease to persecute Israel?\n\nAnd he is a maker of falsehood, and he is not a god, for he has deceived your flesh, O Samaria.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢተገሠጡ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb 'and they did not repent' introduces a moral failure, contrasting with the speaker's punitive action ('I strengthened my seed against them').","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መዝራዕትየ","severity":"info","text":"'My seed' likely refers to the prophet's progeny or followers, a metaphor for divine retribution or legacy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ንስር ውስተ ቤተ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The eagle in the house of the Lord echoes prophetic imagery of desecration, possibly alluding to Hosea 8:1 (LXX) where the eagle symbolizes foreign invasion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰማርያ","severity":"info","text":"Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom, is personified as a sinful entity, reflecting the historical context of Israel's apostasy and Assyrian threat.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከማሁ አበሳሆሙ ወዐመፃሆሙ በምድረ ግብጽ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Egypt parallels the exodus narrative, where sins are carried 'in their bosom like a wound,' suggesting a recurring pattern of disobedience.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአኮ በእንቲኣየ ዘወጠኑ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'not for my sake did they strive' is ambiguous: it may mean the people's efforts were not for the prophet's benefit, or that they acted without divine intent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (prophet or God) is fluid; 'I strengthened my seed' could be divine or prophetic voice.","The phrase 'their angels fall by the spears of their heart and tongue' is metaphorical, unclear if referring to literal angels or human messengers.","The temporal sequence of the eagle imagery and the covenant violation is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"እስመ፡ ዘርዑ፡ ነፋሰ፡ ወአረሩ፡ አውሎ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ኀይል፡ ለከላስስቲሆሙ፡ ወኢይወፅእ፡ ሐሪፅ፡ እምውስቴቱ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ወፅአ፡ ፀር፡ ይበልዖ።\n\nተሰጥመ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወኮነ፡ ከመ፡ ዐራት፡ በውስተ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እስመ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ዐርጉ፡ ውስተ፡ ፋርስ።\n\nሠረጸ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ወኮነ፡ ከመ፡ አድገ፡ ገዳም፡ ወአፍቀረ፡ ሎቱ፡ አምኃ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ይትሜጠውዎሙ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ይእዜኒ፡ እሜጥዎሙ፡ ወይሴኵሱ፡ ሕቀ፡ ከመ፡ ይቅብዑ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ወመልአከ።\n\nእስመ፡ አብዝኀ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ መሥዋዕቲሁ፡ ለኀጢአት፡ ወገብረ፡ ሎቱ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ፍቅር።\n\nወጸሐፈ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ፍቅረ፡ እስመ፡ ለነኪር፡ ኮነ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ፍቁር።\n\nእመሂ፡ ሦዑ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ወበልዑ፡ ሥጋ፡ ኢይትዌከፎሙ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ይእዜኒ፡ እዜከር፡ ሎሙ፡ ኀጢአቶሙ፡ ወእትቤቀሎሙ፡ በጌጋዮሙ። እሙንቱሰ፡ ተመይጡ፡ ውስተ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወይበልዑ፡ ኵስሐ፡ በፋርስ።\n\nወረስዖ፡ እስራኤል፡ ለፈጣሪሁ፡ ሐነጸ፡ ለጤሜን፡ ወይሁዳኒ፡ አብዝኀ፡ አህጉረ፡ ጥቅም፡ ወእፌኑ፡ እሳተ፡ ውስተ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ፡ ወትበልዕ፡ መሠረታቲሆን።","english":"Because their seed is wind, and they have plowed evil and there is no strength for their harvest, and no blade comes forth from it; and if a blade comes forth, the enemy will devour it.\n\nIsrael has been drowned and has become like a stranger among the peoples, for they have ascended into Persia.\n\nEphraim has become corrupt and has become like a wild ass of the desert, and has loved for himself a hundred.\n\nBecause of this, the peoples will crush them; now I will crush them, and they will be left behind like a remnant, as if they were to bury a king and an angel.\n\nFor Ephraim has multiplied his sacrifices for sin, and has made for himself a sacrifice of love.\n\nAnd he has written upon himself love, for he has become a stranger to the sacrifice of love.\n\nIf they drink the sacrifice and eat the flesh, they will not be known, says the Lord. Now I will remember their sins and I will take vengeance upon them for their errors. For they have been mixed into Egypt and will eat locusts in Persia.\n\nAnd Israel has rejected his Creator; he has built for Teman, and Judah has multiplied the cities of profit; and I will put fire into their cities, and it will consume their foundations.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢይትዌከፎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ኢይትዌከፎሙ (ʿayt-wakfomu) is a negative form meaning 'they will not be known/recognized.' The Geʿez uses the prefix ኢይት- (ʿayt-) to negate the verb, indicating a future passive sense.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እስራኤል፡ ወኮነ፡ ከመ፡ ዐራት፡ በውስተ፡ አሕዛብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The image of Israel becoming a stranger among the peoples echoes Hosea 7:8-9, where Ephraim is described as mixing with foreign nations. The Geʿez text amplifies this with the specific mention of Persia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"Persia (ፋርስ) appears twice in this passage, reflecting the historical context of the Jewish diaspora under Persian rule. The reference to 'ascending into Persia' likely alludes to the exile or voluntary migration of Israelites to the Persian Empire.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ፡ አብዝኀ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ መሥዋዕቲሁ፡ ለኀጢአት፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage forms a chiastic structure: Ephraim's sacrifices for sin (line 5) are contrasted with his sacrifice of love (line 6), and the Lord's response (line 7) mirrors the earlier threat of crushing (line 4).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወረስዖ፡ እስራኤል፡ ለፈጣሪሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The statement that Israel rejected his Creator and built for Teman reflects a later Ethiopic exegetical tradition that identifies Teman with a place of idolatry or false worship, possibly Edom or a region in Arabia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአፍቀረ፡ ሎቱ፡ አምኃ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'loved for himself a hundred' (አፍቀረ ሎቱ አምኃ) is ambiguous. It may mean he loved a hundred (women or idols) or that he loved a hundredfold. The English draft interprets it as 'a hundred' without further specification.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'loved for himself a hundred' (አፍቀረ ሎቱ አምኃ) is ambiguous: it could refer to a hundred women, a hundred idols, or a hundredfold love. The English draft leaves it unspecified.","The reference to 'Teman' (ጤሜን) is unclear: it may be a place name (Edom) or a personification of idolatry. The Geʿez text does not clarify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Chapter 9\n\nኢትትፌሣሕ፡ ወኢትትሐሠይ፡ እስራኤል፡ ከመ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እስመ፡ ዘመውከ፡ እምአምላክከ፡ ወአፍቀርከ፡ ሀብተ፡ ዘእምኵሉ፡ ዐውደ፡ እክል፡ ወምክያደ፡ ወይን።\n\nወበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ እክልኒ፡ ኢያእመሮሙ፡ ወወይንኒ፡ ሐሰዎሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ነበሩ፡ ምድረ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወነበረ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ግብጸ፡ እንዘ፡ ይበልዕ፡ ኵስሐ፡ በፋርስ።\n\nወኢያወፅሑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወይነ፡ ወጼተሎ፡ ወኢያሠነዩ፡ ሎቱ፡ ኅብስቶሙ፡ ከመ፡ ኅብስተ፡ ልሔሞሙ፡ ወኲሉ፡ ዘበልዖ፡ ይረኵስ፡ ለነፍሶሙ፡ ወኢይበውእ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nምንተ፡ ይገብሩ፡ በዕለተ፡ ሕጎሙ፡ ወእመ፡ ዕለተ፡ በዓለ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ናሁ፡ የሐውሩ፡ ከመ፡ ኀሳሮሙ፡ ዘግብጽ፡ ወይትሜጠውዎሙ፡ ሜምፎስ፡ ወይቀብርዎሙ፡ በምክማስ፡ ወርቆሙኒ፡ በድበደ፡ ወይወርሶ፡ ሦክ፡ ውስተ፡ አብያቲሆሙ።\n\nበጽሐ፡ መዋዕለ፡ በቀል፡ ወፍዳ፡ ወይደዊ፡ እስራኤል፡ ምስለ፡ ነቢይ፡ ዘይለብስ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ጋኔን፡ በብዝኀ፡ ጌጋይከ፡ አብዛኅከ፡ ቊጣዐከ።","english":"Chapter 9\n\nDo not rejoice, and do not exult, O Israel, like the peoples, for you have turned away from your God, and you have loved the gift of grain from every threshing-floor, and the press, and wine.\n\nAnd because of this grain, they have been defiled, and wine has deceived them, in the land where the Lord dwelt.\n\nAnd Ephraim dwelt in Egypt, eating the husk in Persia.\n\nAnd they did not bring forth wine and must for the Lord, and they did not offer him their bread as the bread of their feasts; and everything they ate was foul for their souls, and they did not enter the house of the Lord.\n\nWhat will they do on the day of their festival, and on the day of the feast of the Lord?\n\nBecause of this, now they wander like their captives of Egypt, and they will be buried in Memphis, and they will bury them in Migdol, and their gold in the desert, and the thornbush will inherit within their houses.\n\nThe days of vengeance and punishment have arrived, and Israel will be judged with a prophet who puts on the spirit of a demon; because of the multitude of your errors, you have multiplied your punishment.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 9","severity":"info","text":"This passage begins a new chapter in the Geʿez text, continuing the prophetic condemnation of Israel's apostasy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢትትፌሣሕ፡ ወኢትትሐሠይ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verbs 'do not rejoice' and 'do not exult' are imperatives, emphasizing a prohibition against celebration, likely due to Israel's sinful state.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Ephraim dwelt in Egypt, eating the husk in Persia","severity":"info","text":"This conflates two geographical references: Ephraim (the northern kingdom) is said to dwell in Egypt, yet eats husk in Persia, possibly reflecting a symbolic or composite exile narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢያወፅሑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወይነ፡ ወጼተሎ፡","severity":"info","text":"The failure to offer wine and must to the Lord echoes Old Testament laws requiring firstfruits and tithes, as in Deuteronomy 14:22-29.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"the thornbush will inherit within their houses","severity":"info","text":"This imagery of desolation (thornbush inheriting houses) is a common prophetic motif in the Geʿez tradition, symbolizing divine abandonment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3144Hosea","label":"source edition: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይለብስ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ጋኔን፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'prophet who puts on the spirit of a demon' is ambiguous; it may refer to a false prophet or a demonic possession, but the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The geographical conflation of Egypt and Persia in the same verse is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a symbolic representation of exile.","The identity of the 'prophet who puts on the spirit of a demon' is ambiguous; it could be a false prophet or a literal demonic possession."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ኤፍሬም፡ ሰብአ፡ ዐይን፡ ምስለ፡ ነቢየ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወመሥገርት፡ እኪት፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ፍናዊሁ፡ ወርኵሶሙ፡ አንበሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወኀስሩ፡ ከመ፡ አመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ በዐሊም፡ ወናሁ፡ ይዜክር፡ ሎሙ፡ ኃጢከያቶሙ፡ ወይትቤቀሎሙ፡ በጌጋዩሙ።\n\nከመ፡ አስካል፡ በገዳም፡ ረከብክዎ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወከመ፡ በኲረ፡ በለስ፡ በገዳም፡ ክረምተ፡ ርኢክዎሙ፡ ለአበዊሆሙ። ወእሙንቱሰ፡ ቦኡ፡ ቤተ፡ ብዓል፡ ፌጎር፡ ወተናከሩ፡ ለኃሣሮሙ፡ ወኮኑ፡ ሰቀፐራረ፡ ፍቁራን።\n\nኤፍሬም፡ ክም፡ ዖፍ፡ ሰረረ። ክብሮሙ፡ እምፀኒስ፡ ወእምወሊድ፡ ወማህምም።\n\nወእመኒ፡ አልሀቁ፡ ውሎዶሙ፡ ያጠፍኦሙ፡ እምሰብእ፡ ወዓዲ፡ አሌሎሙ፡ ስጋየ፡ ወእቱ፡ ዘእምውስቴቶሙ።\n\nኤፍሬም፡ በከመ፡ ርኢኩ፡ ውስተ፡ መስገርተ፡ መዕገት፡ አስተጋብኤ፡ ውሉዶሙ፡ ወኤፍሬምኒ፡ አውፅአደቂቆ፡ ይርገዞሙ።\n\nሀቦሙ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ምንተ፡ ትሁቦሙ፡ ሀቦሙ፤ማህፀነ፡ መካነ፡ ወአጥባተ፡ ይቡሳተ።\n\nኲሉ፡ እከዩመ፡ በገልገላ፡ እስመ፡ በህየ፡ ጸላእክዎሙ፡ በእንተ፡ እከየ፡ ምጋባሮ። እሰድዶሙ፡ እምአብያቲሆሙ፡ ወኢይደግም፡ እንከ፡ አፍቅሮቱሙ፡ እስመ፡ ኲሎሙ፡ መላእክቲሆሙ፡ ዓላውያ።","english":"Ephraim, the men of the eye, with the prophet of the Lord, and evil counsel with all his paths, and their wickedness they placed within the house of the Lord.\n\nAnd they were lacking as in the days of the feast, and now he remembers their sins for them and reproaches them with their errors.\n\nAs a cluster of grapes in the wilderness I found Israel, and as a dried fig in the wilderness of winter I saw their fathers. And they were the house of Baal Peor, and they were devoted to their lack, and they were as a cup of poison, beloved.\n\nEphraim, like a bird, fled. Their glory from youth and from birth and pregnancy.\n\nAnd if they bring forth their offspring, they destroy them from among men, and again they have no flesh, and that which is from within them.\n\nEphraim, as I saw in the counsel of the assembly, I gathered their children, and Ephraim brought out his little ones to be trampled.\n\nGive them, O Lord, what will you give them? Give them a womb, a place, and breasts of milk.\n\nAll evil at Gilgal, for there I hated them because of evil intercourse. I will drive them from their houses, and I will no longer love them, for all their angels are corrupt.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰብአ፡ ዐይን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'men of the eye' is obscure; it may refer to a group with special insight or to a literal translation of a Hebrew idiom for 'seers' or 'prophets'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ፡ ብዓል፡ ፌጎር","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'house of Baal Peor' echoes Numbers 25:1–3, where Israel worshipped Baal Peor and engaged in licentious rites.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ገልገላ","severity":"info","text":"Gilgal is a site associated with Israel's early entry into Canaan and later with prophetic denunciations (e.g., Hosea 9:15). The Geʿez text here links it to evil intercourse.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤፍሬም፡ ክም፡ ዖፍ፡ ሰረረ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Ephraim, like a bird, fled' is ambiguous: it may mean Ephraim fled like a bird, or that the bird fled from Ephraim. The Geʿez syntax allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"መላእክቲሆሙ፡ ዓላውያ","severity":"info","text":"The statement 'all their angels are corrupt' reflects a Geʿez interpretive tradition that identifies the cultic functionaries of Baal as 'angels' (messengers), a term also used for priests.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'men of the eye' (ሰብአ፡ ዐይን) is unclear; it may be a title for prophets or a reference to a specific group.","The phrase 'Ephraim, like a bird, fled' (ኤፍሬም፡ ክም፡ ዖፍ፡ ሰረረ) is syntactically ambiguous as to who fled from whom."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ደወይ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ወየብሰ፡ ስረዊሁ፡ ወኢይፈሪ፡ እከ፡ ወአመኒ፡ ወለዱ፡ እቀትል፡ ውሉደ፡ ደርሦሙ፡ መፍትወ።\n\nገደፎሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ አበቱ፡ ሰሚዖቶ፡ ወይከውኒ፡ መታሕላነ፡ ውስተ፡ አህዛብ።\n\nChapter 10\n\nዐጸደ፡ ወይን፡ ዘሠረፀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወሠምረ፡ ፍሬሁ፡ ወበከመ፡ በዝኀ፡ አብዝኀ፡ መስዋዕተ፡ ወበአምጣነ፡ ስነ፡ ምድሩ፡ ሐነጹ፡ ሐውልተ።\n\nወተናፈቀ፡ ልቦሙ፡ ይእዜ፡ ይጠፍኡ፡ ለሊሁ፡ ይነስት፡ ምስዋዓቲሆሙ፡ ወየኀስሩ፡ ምስሎሙ።\n\nወናሁ፡ ይእዜ፡ ብሉ፡ አልብነ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስመ፡ ኢፈራህናሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወንጉሥኒ፡ ምተ፡ ይሬስየነ።\n\nዘይትናገር፡ ቃለ፡ ምክንያ፡ ሐሰት፡ ወይትዳየድ፡ ኪዳነ፡ በቊል፡ ፍትሕ፡ ከመ፡ ሣዕር፡ ውስተ፡ ገራህት፡ በገዳም።\n\nኀበ፡ ላህመ፡ ቤተ፡ አዎን፡ ኀበ፡ ነብሩ፡ ሰብአ፡ ሰማረያ፡ እስመ፡ ላሐውዎ፡ ህዝብ። ወበከመ፡ ምረርዎ፡ ከማሁ፡ ይስህቁ፡ ዲበ፡ ብሩ፤እስመ፡ ፈለሰ፡ እምኔሁ።\n\nወኪያሁኒ፡ ሐመይዎ፡ ወወሰድዎ፡ ብሔር፡ ፋርስ፡ አምኃሁ፡ ለኢሪያ፡ ንጉስ፡ ጸዎ፡ ወመጠዎ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ወተኀፍረ፡ እስራኤል፡ በምክሩ።","english":"Ephraim, and his garment dried, and he does not fear like, and he said, \"I will kill the children of their threshing-floor, the counsel.\"\n\nThe Lord cast them down because they were rebellious, and he will be our mockery among the peoples.\n\nChapter 10\n\nThe vine which Israel planted, and its fruit multiplied, and as it was abundant, they increased the sacrifice, and according to the measure of the beauty of his land, they built an altar.\n\nAnd their heart was comforted then; they will be lost to themselves; their altars will be destroyed, and they will be broken like them.\n\nAnd now, then, say, \"We have no king because we have made the Lord angry, and a king, when will he inherit us?\"\n\nHe who speaks a word of false counsel and who makes a covenant with a child of judgment like grass in the desert in the wilderness.\n\nWhere the house of iniquity was built, where the men of Samaria dwelt, because the people did not build it. And as they embittered it, so they will laugh over the fire, because he fled from him.\n\nAnd they also embittered him and carried him to the land of Persia, to the son of the king of the army, and they struck Ephraim, and Israel was ashamed of his counsel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 10","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text marks a chapter break here, corresponding to Hosea 10 in the biblical book, though the content is a free paraphrase.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ደወይ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ደወይ (daway) is a loan from Coptic ⲇⲁⲩⲉⲓⲇ (David), here used as a proper name for Ephraim, reflecting a conflation of figures.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይን ዘሠረፀ እስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"The vine imagery echoes Hosea 10:1, where Israel is a luxuriant vine, but the Geʿez expands with details of sacrifice and altar building not in the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ብሔር ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the land of Persia reflects the historical deportation of Israelites to Assyria, but the Geʿez tradition substitutes Persia, likely due to later cultural memory of Persian rule.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብአ ሰማረያ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of men of Samaria (ሰብአ ሰማረያ) shows the Geʿez text retains the northern kingdom context, but the narrative is adapted to fit Ethiopic homiletic patterns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወየብሰ ስረዊሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'his garment dried' is obscure; the Geʿez may be corrupt or reflect a lost idiom. The English draft interprets it literally, but the sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the men of the eye' in the previous passage is unclear; the Geʿez ደወይ may conflate David and Ephraim.","The phrase 'I will kill the children of their threshing-floor' is syntactically ambiguous in Geʿez."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"ገደፈቶ፡ ሰማሪያ፡ ለንጉሣ፡ ከመ፡ ሐሰር፡ ውስተ፡ ገጸ፡ ማይ።\n\nወይትነሠት፡ ወግረ፡ ጣዓቱ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ሦክ፡ ወአሜከላ፡ ይበቊል፡ ውስተ፡ ምስዋዓቲሆሙ፡ ወይብልዎሙ፡ ለአድባርለደቁ፡ ላዕሌነ፡ ወለአውግርኒ፡ ድፈፍኑነ።\n\nአምአመ፡ አውግር፡ አበሰ፡ እስራኤል፡ ህየ፡ ቆሙ፡ ኢይርከቦሙ፡ ቀትል፡ በውስተ፡ እር፡ ለደቂቀ፡ አመፃ።\n\nወመጽአሂ፡ ወቀሠፎሙ፡ ወይትጋብኡ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ አህዛብ፡ ሶበ፡ ይጌሥጽዎሙ፡ በክልኤሙ፡ ጌፋዩሙ።\n\nኤፍሬም፡ እጒልት፡ ኮነ፡ መፍቀሪተ፡ መዊዕ፡ ወአንሰ፡ እጸዓን፡ ዲበ፡ መሠንየ፡ ክሳዱ፡ እጼዐኖ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ወእፌፅሞ፡ ለይሁዳ፡ ወያዕቆብሰ፡ ለርእሱ።\n\nዝርኡ፡ ለክሙ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ወእሩሩ፡ ፍሬ፡ ሕይወት፡ አኀትዉ፡ ለክሙ፡ ማኀቶተ፡ ጥበብ፡ ኀስዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እስከ፡ ይበጽሕ፡ ማእረረ፡ ጽድቅክሙ።\n\nለምንጽኑ፡ ጽከብጹ፡ አመፃ፡ ወቀሠምክሙ፡ ኃጢአት፡ ወበላዕክሙ፡ ፍሬ፡ ሞት፡ እስመ፡ ተወከልከ፡ በሠረጋላከ፡ ወበብዝኀ፡ ሠራዊትከ።\n\nወይትነሣእ፡ ሞት፡ ላዕለ፡ ህዝብከ፡ ወይወድቅ፡ ኲሉ፡ አረፋከ፡ ከመ፡ መለስአከ፡ ሰሎሞን፡ በቤተ፡ ኢዩርብዓም፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ቀትል፡ ወነፅኁ፡ እመ፡ ላዕለ፡ ውሉዳ።","english":"He cast down Samaria for her king, like a pot on the surface of the water.\n\nAnd the sin of Ephraim was lifted up as a burden, and Israel’s garment was dried, and he does not fear like, and he said, \"I will kill the children of their threshing-floor, the counsel.\" The Lord cast them down because they were rebellious, and he will be our mockery a\n\nAnd he came and smote them, and they gathered together against them, the peoples, when they would smite them with both their wings.\n\nEphraim became a calf, a place of pasture for the flock, and I will go up upon the yoke of his neck, I will mount Ephraim, and I will make him flee to Judah, and Jacob for himself.\n\nSow righteousness for yourselves, and reap the fruit of life; I will show you the treasures of wisdom; hide yourselves for the Lord until the harvest of your righteousness arrives.\n\nWhy do you strengthen yourselves in transgression and sin, and consume the fruit of death? For you trusted in your own strength and in the multitude of your army.\n\nAnd death will rise up over your people, and all your remains will fall, as Solomon returned to you in the house of Jeroboam in the days of slaughter, and they were cleansed from over the children.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ገደፈቶ፡ ሰማሪያ፡ ለንጉሣ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez opens with a terse image of Samaria being cast down for its king, likely a prophetic metaphor for divine judgment against the northern kingdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኤፍሬም፡","severity":"info","text":"Ephraim is a standard Geʿez term for the northern kingdom of Israel, often used in prophetic contexts to denote its leading tribe.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ መለስአከ፡ ሰሎሞን፡ በቤተ፡ ኢዩርብዓም፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Solomon and Jeroboam echoes 1 Kings 11–12, where Jeroboam’s rebellion led to the division of the kingdom, a key background for Hosea’s oracles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ሰማሪያ፡","severity":"info","text":"Samaria, the capital of the northern kingdom, was besieged and destroyed by the Assyrians in 722 BCE, a historical event that underlies the prophetic imagery of judgment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይትነሣእ፡ ሞት፡ ላዕለ፡ ህዝብከ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a series of declarative judgments to a direct address in the second person, intensifying the rhetorical force of the prophetic warning.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነፅኁ፡ እመ፡ ላዕለ፡ ውሉዳ።","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause is ambiguous: 'they were cleansed from over the children' may refer to purification after slaughter, but the subject and agency are unclear in the Geʿez.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'they' in the final clause is unclear; it may refer to the people of Israel or to the children themselves.","The phrase 'he will be our mockery' (from the previous passage) has an uncertain referent, possibly Ephraim or the king of Samaria."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"ከማሁ፡ እገብረክሙ፡ ቤተ፡ እስራኤል፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጸ፡ ኃጢአትክሙ።\n\nChapter 11\n\nበጸባሕ፡ ተነፅኁ፡ ይነፅኀዎ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ እስመ፡ ሕፃን፡ ውእቱ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወአነ፡ አፍቀርክዎ፡ ወአምግብጽ፡ ጸዋዕክዎ፡ ለወልድየ።\n\nወበከመ፡ ጸዋዕክዎሙ፡ ከማሁ፡ ርኀቁ፡ እምገጽየ፡ እሙንቱሰ፡ ለበዓሊምዎዑ፡ ወለግልፎ፡ ዐጠኑ።\n\nወአነ፡ አዕቀፅክዎ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ወተመጠውክ፡ ዲበ፡ መዝራዕትየ፡ ወኢያእመሩ፡ ከመ፡ አነ፡ ፈወስድመሙ።\n\nወውስተ፡ ሙስና፡ ስብእ፡ ሰፋህክዎሙ፡ በማእሰረ፡ ፍቅርየ፡ ወኮነክዎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ዜጸፍዕዎ፡ ለብእሲ፡ ውስተ፡ መልታህቱ፡ ወእኔጽር፡ መንገሌሁ፡ ወእክሎ።\n\nነበረ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ውስተ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወአሶር፡ ውእቱ፡ ንጉሱ፡ እስመ፡ አበየ፡ ተመይጦ።\n\nወደክመት፡ ኲናት፡ በሀገሩ፡ ወሠዐራ፡ እምእደዊሁ፡ ወይበልዑ፡ እምውዴቶሙ።\n\nወህዝብየኒ፡ ስቁ፡ እምነ፡ ምንባሪሁ፡ ወይትመዐዕ፡ እዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ ክብሩ፡ ወኢያዐብዩ።\n\nእፎኑ፡ እንከ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ እስውቀከ፡ እፎኒ፡ እሬስየከ፡ እስራኤል፡ ከመ፡ አዳማኒ፡ ወሚመ፡ ከመ፡ ሳበማ፡ ልብየ፡ ተሀውከት፡ ወአስተርአየት፡ ምህረትየ።","english":"Thus I will do to you, O House of Israel, before the face of your sin.\n\nChapter 11\n\nAt dawn he was anointed; they anointed him for the king of Israel, for Israel is a child, and I loved him and I called him, and I summoned my son.\n\nAnd as I summoned them, thus their hunger fled from my face; for they are those who worship Baal and offer incense to calves.\n\nAnd I raised Ephraim and I carried him on my arm, and they did not know that I was their physician.\n\nAnd into ruin I scattered the people, binding them with my love, and I made them as one who stumbles over a man in his darkness, and I look upon his way and I restrain him.\n\nEphraim was in Egypt, and Assyria is his king, for he refused to be carried.\n\nAnd the spear was broken in his land, and the sword fell from his hands, and they eat from their own desire.\n\nAnd my people are weary of their dwelling, and they seek the Lord for his glory, and they do not magnify.\n\nHow then, Ephraim, shall I know you? How shall I recognize you, O Israel? Like Adam and like Eve, my heart was troubled, and my mercy was revealed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 11","severity":"info","text":"The chapter break at this point is editorial, not original to the Geʿez text, and marks a new section in the prophetic narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ለበዓሊምዎዑ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ለበዓሊምዎዑ' (lebaʿālimwoʿu) refers to the worship of Baal, a Canaanite deity, and is used here to denote idolatrous practices among the Israelites.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ አዳማኒ፡ ወሚመ፡ ከመ፡ ሳበማ፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Adam and Eve (አዳማኒ ወሚመ ከመ ሳበማ) echoes the Genesis narrative of the fall, drawing a parallel between Israel's sin and the original transgression.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤፍሬም፡ ውስተ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወአሶር፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Ephraim in Egypt and Assyria reflects the historical context of the northern kingdom's exile and political subjugation under Assyrian rule.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአነ፡ አዕቀፅክዎ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡","severity":"info","text":"The image of God raising Ephraim and carrying him on his arm parallels Hosea 11:3, where God speaks of teaching Ephraim to walk, emphasizing divine care and Israel's ingratitude.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢያዐብዩ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ወኢያዐብዩ' (wa-ʾiyāʿabəyyu) is ambiguous: it may mean 'they do not magnify' (the Lord) or 'they do not grow' (in faith). The translation follows the former, but the latter is possible.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker shifts between God and the prophet, and the Geʿez text does not always clarify the subject of verbs like 'he anointed' (ተነፅኁ).","The phrase 'ወኢያዐብዩ' could be read as either 'they do not magnify' or 'they do not grow', affecting the interpretation of the people's response."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"ወኢይገብር፡ እንከሰ፡ በመቅሠፍተ፡ መዐትየ፡ ወኢየኀድግ፡ ጥፍአዎ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ እስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አነ፡ ወአኮ፡ ሰብእ። ወቅዱስ፡ በላዕሌከ፡ ወእብል፡ ኢይበውእ፡ ሀገር።\n\nአሐውር፡ አትልዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እግዚእ፡ እስመ፡ ያድኀነነ። ከመ፡ አንበሳ፡ ይጥሕር፡ ወይደነግፁ፡ ውለዶ፡ ማይ።\n\nወያንክር፡ ከመ፡ ዖፈ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወከመ፡ ርግብ፡ እንተ፡ ብሔረ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወአገብኦሙ፡ ውስተ፡ አብያቲሆሙ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nሐፀሩኒ፡ በሐሰተ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ወቤተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወይሁዳ፡ በዓመፃ፡ ይእዜ፡ አእመርክዎሙ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ወህዝበ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ተሰምየ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።\n\nChapter 12\n\nኤፍሬምሰ፡ እኩይ፡ ጋኔን፡ ዜዴግነ፡ ክብረ፡ ወኲሎ፡ ከንቶ፡ ወሐሰተ፡ አብዝኀ፡ ወተካየደ፡ ላኪዳ፡ ስምለ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወያሐውሩ፡ ቅብአ፡ ግብፅ፡ ከመ፡ ይምሐርዎ።\n\nወይትዋቀስ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምስለ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወይትቤቀሎ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡ ወይፈድዩ፡ በከመ፡ ፍናዊሁ፡ ወበከመ፡ ምግባሩ።\n\nበውስተ፡ ከርስ፡ አዕቀጾ፡ ለእዕቀጾ፡ ለአኁሁ፡ ወበፃማሁ፡ ክህለ፡ ምስለ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"And I will not do as with the rod of my wrath, and I will not destroy Ephraim, for I am the Lord God, and I am not a man, and a holy one is over you, and I say, Do not enter the city.\n\nI will go and lead you to the Lord God, for He will save us. Like a lion, He will roar, and His offspring will leap like water.\n\nAnd He will cry out like a bird of Egypt, and like a dove of the land of Persia, and I will gather them into their houses, the house of the Lord God.\n\nThey have despised me with falsehood, Ephraim and the house of Israel and Judah, in iniquity. Now I have known them, O Lord, and the people of the holy one are called for the Lord God.\n\nChapter 12\n\nEphraim is evil, a demon of madness, full of pride, and all falsehood and deceit have increased, and he has been adorned with the crown of Persia, and they anoint with oil of Egypt as though to anoint him.\n\nAnd the Lord God will contend with Judah, and He will be angry with Jacob, and He will judge them according to their ways and according to their deeds.\n\nWithin the womb, He has set a trap for the trap of his brother, and at his coming, he is able with the Lord God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 12","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a chapter heading, 'Chapter 12', which marks a structural division in the Geʿez text, though the English draft does not include it.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጋኔን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ጋኔን' (gānēn) is glossed as 'demon' or 'evil spirit', here applied to Ephraim, intensifying the condemnation beyond mere moral failing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ላኪዳ፡ ስምለ፡ ፋርስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to a 'crown of Persia' and 'oil of Egypt' reflects geopolitical imagery familiar in Ethiopic tradition, associating Ephraim with foreign powers and idolatrous practices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"external","lemma":"ከመ፡ አንበሳ፡ ይጥሕር፡","severity":"info","text":"The simile 'like a lion, He will roar' echoes the biblical depiction of God as a lion (cf. Amos 3:8, Hosea 11:10), though not a direct quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በውስተ፡ ከርስ፡ አዕቀጾ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'within the womb, He has set a trap' is ambiguous; it may refer to a literal womb or metaphorically to a hidden scheme, and the subject of the action is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the first paragraph shifts between first-person divine and first-person prophetic, leaving the agent ambiguous.","The phrase 'within the womb, He has set a trap for the trap of his brother' is syntactically obscure; the referent of 'his brother' and the nature of the trap are uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ወጸምዐ፡ ወክህለ፡ ምስለ፡ መልአክ። በከዩ፡ ወተጋነዩ፡ ሊተ፡ በውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ አዎን፡ ኀበ፡ ረከቡኒ፡ ወበሕየ፡ ተናገሩኒ።\n\nእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክ፡ ዘኲሎ፡ ይለልክ፡ ተዝካሩ።\n\nወአንተሂ፡ ተመየጥ፡ ኀበ፡ አምላክከ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ወምጽዋ፡ ዕቀብ፡ ወቅረብ፡ ኀበ፡ አምላክከ፡ ኲሎ፡ ጊዜ።\n\nውስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ለከነአን፡ መዳወ፡ ዓመፃ፡ ወአፍቀረ፡ ትዕግልተ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ወዳእኩ፡ ብዕልኩ፡ ወረከብኩ፡ ዕረፍት፡ ለነፍስየ። ወእምኲሉ፡ ተግባሩ፡ ኢተረክበ፡ ሎቱ፡ በእነተ፡ ኃጢአት፡ ዘአበሰ።\n\nወአነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክለ፡ ዘአውፃእኩከ፡ እምድረ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወዓዲ፡ እነ፡ አንብረከ፡ ውስተ፡ ተዐይን፡ ከመ፡ አመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ በዐል።\n\nወእትናገሮሙ፡ ለነቢያ፡ ወአነ፡ አብዛኀኩ፡ ራዕየ፡ ወተመሰልኩ፡ በእደ፡ ነቢያት።\n\nሶበ፡ አኮጰ፡ ውሰተ፡ ገለአድ፡ ውእቱ። ወባሕቱ፡ ይስሕቱ፡ መላእክትኒ፡ እለ፡ ይሠውዑ፡ መስዋቲሆሙ፡ መከ፡ ማዕነቅ፡ ውሰተ፡ ሳዕረ፡ ገዳም።\n\nወሖረ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ውስተ፡ ገዳመ፡ ሶረያ፡ ዋታቃንየ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ በእንተ፡ ብዕሲቱ። ወዐቀባ፡ ለብእሲቱ።","english":"And they were silent, and he was able to be with the angel in the city, and they boasted to me within the house of Ayon, where they found me, and there they spoke to me.\n\nThe Lord God, who rules over all, remember.\n\nAnd you also, hasten to your God; righteousness and justice, keep and draw near to your God at all times.\n\nIn his hand, for Canaan, the measure of iniquity, and he loved patience.\n\nAnd Ephraim said, \"I have entered, I have become rich, and I have found rest for my soul.\" And from all his deeds, nothing was found for him except the sin which he committed.\n\nAnd I, the Lord God, am your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, and again I will place you in the eye, as in the days of Baal.\n\nAnd I will speak to the prophets, and I have multiplied visions, and I have been portrayed by the hand of the prophets.\n\nWhen he was not in Gilead, he was there. And only the angels, those who offer their sacrifices, what is the measure of the necklace in the grass of the desert?\n\nAnd Jacob went into the desert of Sorea, and Jacob lamented because of his wife, and he mourned for his wife.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"በከዩ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase በከዩ (bakayu) is rendered as 'in the city' in the English draft, but the term more commonly means 'in the midst' or 'among them'; the translation assumes a locative sense consistent with the narrative context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ከነአን","severity":"info","text":"The term ከነአን (kanaʿan) is a Geʿez borrowing from Hebrew 'Canaan', here used as a proper noun for the land or people, not a common noun. The English draft translates it as 'Canaan'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር አምላክ ዘኲሎ ይለልክ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'The Lord God, who rules over all, remember' echoes the biblical epithet of God as sovereign, reminiscent of Hosea's prophetic emphasis on divine authority (cf. Hos 12:12).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ አዎን","severity":"info","text":"The place name 'house of Ayon' (ቤተ አዎን) is unattested in the canonical Hosea; it may refer to a local sanctuary or a toponym in the Ethiopic tradition, possibly a corruption or variant of 'Beth-aven' (cf. Hos 4:15).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሖረ ያዕቆብ ውስተ ገዳመ ሶረያ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Jacob going into the desert of Sorea (ሶረያ) parallels the biblical story of Jacob's flight to Paddan-aram, but 'Sorea' is not a standard biblical toponym; it may reflect a Geʿez adaptation of 'Sorek' or a local tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"መከ ማዕነቅ ውሰተ ሳዕረ ገዳም","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'what is the measure of the necklace in the grass of the desert?' is obscure; the Geʿez ማዕነቅ (maʿnaq) may mean 'necklace' or 'collar', but the sense is uncertain, possibly a metaphor for value or a ritual object.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Ayon' (አዎን) is unclear; it may be a place name or a corruption.","The phrase 'in the eye' (ውስተ ተዐይን) is ambiguous; it could mean 'in the spring' or 'in the eye' as a metaphor.","The reference to 'Baal' (በዐል) in a positive divine context is unusual for Hosea; it may reflect a later tradition or a textual error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"ወበነቢይ፡ አውፅሶ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለእስራዔል፡ እምድረ፡ ግብፅ፡ ወበነቢይ፡ ተዐቀበ።\n\nተምዕዐ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ወተቆጥዐ፡ ወደሙሒ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ተክዕወ፡ ወኃሳረ፡ ይፈድዩ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nChapter 13\n\nበከመ፡ ቃሉ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ነስአ፡ ስርዓቶ፡ በእስራኤል፡ ወረሰዩ፡ ለበዣል፡ ወሞተ።\n\nወደገሙ፡ ዓዲ፡ አብሶ፡ ወገብሩ፡ ሎሙ፡ ስብኮ፡ እምወርቆሙ፡ ወብሩሮሙ፡ በአምሳለ፡ ዜገብሮ፡ ጸራቢ፡ ወይዘብሑ፡ ሎሙ። ወይብሉ፡ ሡዑ፡ ሰብአ፡ ላህምሰ፡ ኀልቀ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ዝናቱ፡ ከውኑ፡ ከመ፡ ደማ፡ ጽባሕ፡ ወከመ፡ ጠለ፡ ጎሕ፡ ዘየሐውር፡ ወከመ፡ ሐሰረ፡ ዐውድ፡ ዘእክል፡ ዘይነፍኖ፡ ነፋስ፡ ወከመ፡ ቲስ፡ እቶን።\n\nወአንሰ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክከ፡ ዘአጸንዖ፡ ለሰማይ፡ ወአነ፡ ፈጠርክዋ፡ ለምድር፡ ወእዴየ፡ አቀመ፡ ኲሎ፡ ኃይላተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወኢያርአይኩከ፡ ኪያሆሙ፡ ከመ፡ ኢትትለወዎሙ። ወአነ፡ አውፃእኩከ፡ እምድረ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወኢታእምር፡ እንከ፡ ለባዕደ፡ አምላከ፡ ዘእንበሌየ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘያድኀነከ፡ ዘእንበሌየ።","english":"And by the prophet, the Lord God brought Israel out of the land of Egypt, and by the prophet, he was hidden.\n\nEphraim was astonished and cut off, and his blood was poured out upon him, and the Lord God will cause destruction.\n\nChapter 13\n\nAccording to his word, Ephraim took his punishment; in Israel they appointed Baal and he died.\n\nAnd again they made an abomination and made for themselves a booth from their gold and their crystal in the form of a calf, and they sacrificed to them, and they said, \"Worship, O people, for your bread has perished.\"\n\nBecause of this, truly, like the blood of the morning and like the dew of the field that passes away, and like the destruction of the ear of grain that the wind blows away, and like smoke from a fire.\n\nAnd I, the Lord God, am your God, who established the heavens, and I created the earth, and my hand has set in place all the powers of the heavens, and I have not shown them to you as I have revealed them to them. And I brought you out of the land of Egypt, and you do not know, O you, a foreign god besides me, and there is none who can save you besides me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 13","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided by a chapter heading, 'Chapter 13', which marks a new section in the Ethiopic text, though the chapter divisions are not original to the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በከመ ቃሉ ለኤፍሬም ነስአ ስርዓቶ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Ephraim took his punishment' echoes the biblical theme of Ephraim's sin and judgment, as seen in Hosea 13:1-3, where Ephraim is condemned for idolatry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በእስራኤል ወረሰዩ ለበዣል","severity":"info","text":"The appointment of Baal in Israel refers to the biblical narrative of Israel's apostasy to Canaanite deities, a central theme in the prophetic books, including Hosea.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ስብኮ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ስብኮ' (sabko) is translated as 'booth' in the English draft, but it may also mean 'tabernacle' or 'shrine', referring to a cultic structure for idol worship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ደማ ጽባሕ ወከመ ጠለ፡ ጎሕ","severity":"info","text":"The similes comparing transience to morning blood, field dew, and wind-blown grain echo similar imagery in Hosea 13:3 and 14:7, emphasizing the fleeting nature of Israel's repentance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንሰ እግዚአብሔር አምላክከ ዘአጸንዖ ለሰማይ","severity":"info","text":"The divine speech asserting God's role as creator and deliverer from Egypt reflects a common homiletic expansion in Ethiopic Christian literature, reinforcing monotheistic teaching.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the prophet' in the opening lines is ambiguous; it may refer to Hosea or Moses, as both are associated with leading Israel from Egypt in Ethiopic tradition.","The phrase 'he was hidden' (ተዐቀበ) is unclear; it could refer to the prophet's concealment or a divine action."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"አነ፡ ረዐይኩከ፡ ውስተ፡ በድው፡ ወውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ኀበ፡ ዔልከ።\n\nበበመራዕይከ፡ ወጸገብክሙ፡ ዝስከ፡ ያጠልቀክሙ፡ ወአዕበይክሙ፡ ልበክሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ረስዑኒ።\n\nወእከውኖሙ፡ ከመ፡ አንበሳ፡ ወከመ፡ ነምር።\n\nውስተ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ፋስ፡ ወእትቤቀሎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ድብ፡ ርኁብ፡ ወእመትር፡ ስረወ፡ ልቦሙ፡ ወበህየ፡ ይበልዕዎሙ፡ አናብስተ፡ ገዳም፡ ወአራዊተ፡ ገዳም፡ ትማሠጥዎሙ።\n\nለኃሳርከ፡ እስራኤል፡ መኑ፡ ይረድአከ።\n\nአይቴ፡ ውስቱ፡ ዝኩ፡ ነጉስከ፡ ያድኀንከ፡ በኲሉ፡ አህጉርከ፡ ወይትቤቀል፡ ለከ፡ ዝኩ፡ ዘትቤለኒ፡ ሀበኒ፡ ንጉሰ፡ ወመልአከ።\n\nወወሀብኩከ፡ በመዐትየ፡ ወበቊጥዓየ።\n\nወተዐገስክዎ፡ ለማዕሌተ፡ ዐመፃከ፡ ወኃጢያቱ፡ ለኤፍሬም፡ ክቢት።\n\nወይእኀዞ፡ ማሕምም፡ ከመ፡ እንተ፡ ትልድ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ወልድከ፡ ጠቢብ፡ ዘኢይቀውም፡ በተግሳጸ፡ ውልዱ።\n\nእምእደ፡ ሞት፡ አድኀኖሙ፡ ወእምሲኦል፡ እቤዘዎሙ። አይቴ፡ ኲነኔከ፡ ሞት፡ ወአይቴ፡ ቀኖትኪ፡ ሲኦል፡ ተኀብአ፡ ፍስሐ፡ እምአዕ፡ ይንትየ።","english":"I saw you in the desert and in the land where you were able. By your visions, and you were silent until they would drown you, and I hardened your heart because of this, accept me. And their wickedness is like a lion and like a leopard. On the path of the sword, and I will seek vengeance for them like a hungry bear, and I will tear out their heart, and there the lions of the wilderness will devour them, and the wild beasts of the wilderness will tear them apart. For I have destroyed you, Israel; who will help you? Where is that king of yours who will save you in all your lands, and will be avenged for you, that one of whom you say to me, \"Give me a king and an angel\"? And I gave you in my wrath and in my anger. And I delayed the measure of your iniquity and the sin of Ephraim is heavy. And sickness will seize him like one who gives birth; this son of yours is wise, who will not stand in the discipline of his children. From the hand of death I saved them, and from Sheol I redeemed them. Where is your judgment, death, and where is your zeal, Sheol? Hide joy from the eyes, it will be scattered.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"አነ፡ ረዐይኩከ፡ ውስተ፡ በድው፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening 'I saw you in the desert' shifts the speaker to God addressing Israel, a common prophetic device in Hosea.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ፋስ","severity":"info","text":"ፋስ (fās) is a loanword from Greek φάσγανον, meaning 'sword'. Its use here reinforces the martial imagery of divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምእደ፡ ሞት፡ አድኀኖሙ፡ ወእምሲኦል፡ እቤዘዎሙ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'From the hand of death I saved them, and from Sheol I redeemed them' echoes Hosea 13:14 (LXX) and reflects the Geʿez tradition's emphasis on divine rescue from the underworld.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ሲኦል","severity":"info","text":"ሲኦል (siʾol) is the Geʿez term for Sheol, the Hebrew underworld, adopted into Christian Ethiopic literature as a place of the dead, distinct from Gehenna.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"አይቴ፡ ኲነኔከ፡ ሞት፡ ወአይቴ፡ ቀኖትኪ፡ ሲኦል፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with a rhetorical question addressed to Death and Sheol, personified as adversaries, marking a shift from narrative to direct apostrophe.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእከውኖሙ፡ ከመ፡ አንበሳ፡ ወከመ፡ ነምር።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'their wickedness is like a lion and like a leopard' is ambiguous: it may refer to the wickedness of Israel or of Ephraim; the Geʿez pronoun -ሙ (-omu) is plural but its antecedent is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker shifts between God and the prophet; the Geʿez does not mark person clearly.","The antecedent of 'their wickedness' (እከውኖሙ) is ambiguous—could be Israel, Ephraim, or the people generally."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ይትፈልጥ፡ እማእከለ፡ አኃዊኡ፡ ወያምጽ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሳዕሌሁ፡ እምገዳም፡ ነፋ፡ ሀሩር፡ ወያየብስ፡ ስረዊሑ፡ ወያነፅፍ፡ ዐዘቃቲሁ፡ ወያየብስ፡ ምድራ፡ ወኲሎ፡ ምስናየ፡ አብያቲሃ።\n\nChapter 14\n\nወያማስና፡ ለሰማርያ፡ እስመ፡ ዐለወቶ፡ ለአምላካ፡ ወይወድቁ፡ በኲናት፡ ኲሎሙ፡ ወለደቂቆሙ፡ ይነፅኀዎሙ፡ ወያነቅዕዎን፡ ለፅኑሳቲሆሙ።\n\nተመየጥ፡ እስራኤል፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክከ፡ እስመ፡ ደክሙ፡ በዐመፃክሙ።\n\nወንሥኡ፡ ነገረ፡ ወተመየጡ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክክሙ፡ ወበልዎ፡ ከመ፡ ኢትነሥኡ፡ ዓመፃ። ወይንሥኡ፡ ሠናየተ፡ ዘነዐስዩ፡ ለለእግዚአብሔር፡ ፍሬ፡ ከናፍሪነ።\n\nአሶሪሒ፡ ኢያድኀነነ፡ ወአፍራሰነኒ፡ ኢንጼዐን፡ ወኢንብሎሙ፡ እንከ፡ አማክቲነ፡ ለግብረ፡ እደዊነ፡ ዘበእንቲአከ፡ ይሠሀል፡ እጓለ፡ ማውታ።\n\nወእፌውሶሙ፡ ለበሐውርቲሆሙ፡ ወአፈቅሮሙ፡ እሙነ፡ ወናሁ፡ እመይጥ፡ መዐትየ፡ እምኔሆሙ።\n\nወእከውኖሙ፡ ከመ፡ ዝናም፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወይሥፅ፡ ከመ፡ ጽጌ፡ ወይጸንዕ፡ ስረዊሁ፡ ከመ፡ ሊባኖስ።","english":"For he shall be separated from the midst of his brothers, and the Lord shall bring his sword from the forest, a hot wind, and shall dry up his roots, and shall shake his branches, and shall dry up the land and all the produce of its houses.\n\nChapter 14\n\nAnd he shall destroy Samaria, for she turned away from her god, and all of them shall fall by the sword, and their children shall be dashed against the rocks, and their pregnant women shall be ripped open.\n\nReturn, O Israel, to the Lord your God, for you have grown weak in your iniquity.\n\nAnd take up the word, and return to the Lord your God, and say, \"How long shall we bear iniquity?\" And they shall take up the good which they have despised for the Lord, the fruit of our repentance.\n\nCry out, \"O that he might save us and our horses, O that we might be saved!\" And I shall not tell them, \"Behold, our strength is for the work of our hands, which for your sake the son of death may be slain.\"\n\nAnd I shall send to their beasts of burden, and I shall love them from me, and behold, I shall turn my wrath away from them.\n\nAnd I shall make them like rain for Israel, and it shall blossom like a flower, and his roots shall be firm like Lebanon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 14","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text marks a chapter break here, but the English draft does not. This division is editorial, not original to the prophetic book.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሀሩር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ሀሩር' (harur) means 'hot wind' or 'sirocco', a specific meteorological phenomenon. The English draft renders it literally, but the sense is a destructive, desiccating force.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወያነቅዕዎን ለፅኑሳቲሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'and their pregnant women shall be ripped open' echoes the violent imagery of Hosea 14:1 (MT), but the Geʿez expands the brutality, reflecting a tradition of heightened rhetorical violence in Ethiopic biblical paraphrase.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊባኖስ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Lebanon (ሊባኖስ) as a symbol of rootedness and stability is conventional in Geʿez literature, drawing on the biblical image of the cedar of Lebanon (cf. Ps 92:13 LXX).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አሶሪሒ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb 'አሶሪሒ' (asorəḥi, 'cry out') introduces a liturgical-sounding plea, suggesting this passage may have been used in Ethiopic prayer or homiletic contexts, though no direct evidence is cited.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢንብሎሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez 'ወኢንብሎሙ' (wa-ʾinbəllomu, 'and I shall not tell them') is negated, but the English draft reads 'And I shall not tell them' — the sense is clear, but the syntax is ambiguous: the speaker may be refusing to give false reassurance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the first-person sections (e.g., 'I shall send to their beasts of burden') is ambiguous: it could be the prophet Hosea, God, or a later redactor. The Geʿez does not clarify.","The phrase 'son of death' (እጓለ ማውታ) is ambiguous: it may refer to a mortal human, a sacrificial victim, or a specific figure in Ethiopic tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ወይወፍር፡ አዕጹቂኁ፡ ምክን፡ ከመ፡ ዘይት፡ ስሙር። ወምዕዛሁ፡ ከመ፡ ሊባኖስ።\n\nወይትመዩ፡ ወይነብሩ፡ ታህተ፡ ጽላሎቱ፡ ወየሐይው፡ ወይጸግቡ፡ እምስርናይ፡ ወይሠርፅ፡ ከመ፡ ወይን፡ ዝክሩ፡ ወከመ፡ ዋይነ፡ ሊባኖስ።\n\nለኤፍሬም፡ ለምንት፡ እንከ፡ ሎቱ፡ ጣዖት፡ ናሁ፡ አነ፡ አድከምክዎሂ፡ ወአነ፡ አጽናዕክዎሂ፡ ወአነ፡ አፈርዮ፡ ከመ፡ ጽ፡ ዘስሙር፡ ወይትረከብ፡ ፍሬከ፡ ኀቤየ።\n\nመኑ፡ እንከ፡ ጠቢብ፡ ወይሔልዮ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ወለባዊ፡ ወየአምሮ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ እስ፡ ርቱዓት፡ ፍናዋቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ጻድቃን፡ የሐውርዎን፡ ወኃጥኣንሰ፡ ይስእንዎን።","english":"And he shall shake his branches from the midst, like a vine that is pruned, and his trunk like Lebanon.\n\nAnd they shall be healed and dwell under his shade, and they shall live and be satisfied from his fruit, and they shall sprout like a vine, his memory, and like the wine of Lebanon.\n\nFor Ephraim, why is there still an idol for him? Behold, I have weakened him, and I have strengthened him, and I have made him fruitful like a vine that is pruned, and your fruit shall be found with me.\n\nWho is still wise and will understand this? And who will comprehend this until the righteous paths of the Lord? The righteous walk on them, and the sinners seek them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the Ethiopic Book of Hosea, marked as chapter 14 in the source edition, and shifts from narrative to a series of prophetic oracles and rhetorical questions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሊባኖስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ሊባኖስ' (Libanōs) refers to Lebanon, often symbolizing a place of fertility and strength in biblical imagery, here used for the trunk of a vine.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤፍሬም","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Ephraim' (ኤፍሬም) is a direct reference to the northern kingdom of Israel, frequently used in the biblical Book of Hosea as a symbol of apostasy and divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጣዖት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word 'ጣዖት' (ṭaʿot) means 'idol' and reflects the Ethiopic Christian polemic against idolatry, consistent with Hosea's condemnation of Israel's worship of foreign gods.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ዘይት ስሙር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'like a vine that is pruned' (ከመ ዘይት ስሙር) parallels Hosea 10:1 in the Hebrew Bible, where Israel is compared to a vine that is pruned for renewal, though here it is used in a context of judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ጻድቃን","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ጻድቃን' (ṣadqān) means 'righteous ones' and is used in Ethiopic Christian literature to denote saints or the faithful, reflecting a reception of the biblical text as moral instruction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3144Hosea","label":"betmas: Book of Hosea","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3144Hosea"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ከመ ዘይት ስሙር' could be interpreted as either a simile for pruning or for cutting down, affecting the tone of judgment versus renewal.","The identity of 'he' in the opening clause is ambiguous; it may refer to God or to Ephraim, based on the preceding context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}