{"slug":"LIT3099RepCh379","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","title":"Image of Mar Behnam","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:07Z","cost_usd":0.002017},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","work_id":"LIT3099RepCh379","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"},"stats":{"passages":3,"english_words":505,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":17,"commentary_kinds":6,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":6,"work_notes":5,"external_links":1,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT3099RepCh379","abstract":"The 'Image of Mar Behnam' is a Geʿez hagiography of the Syriac martyr Mar Behnam, preserved in Ethiopic Christian tradition. The work is a translation, likely via Arabic, from a Syriac Vorlage. Its date of translation is unknown, and the edition (betmas) provides no colophon or internal dating. The text follows a common hagiographic form with salutations (ሰላም) and invokes the saint as a protector against evil. Mar Behnam is venerated in both Syriac and Ethiopic traditions, and the Geʿez version may have entered the Ethiopian Synaxarium, though liturgical use is not documented. The edition presents a single witness without critical apparatus, limiting textual analysis.","historical_context":"The original Syriac life of Mar Behnam dates to the 4th–5th century, reflecting the early Christian martyrdom tradition in Mesopotamia or Syria. The Geʿez version, of unknown date, was produced within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, which translated numerous hagiographies from Syriac via Arabic intermediaries. The text's preservation in Geʿez indicates the saint's integration into Ethiopic Christian piety, likely through monastic networks or the Synaxarium. The edition (betmas) does not specify the manuscript(s) used or the intermediary language, but the Syriac origin is clear from the saint's name and place names (Merqe, Lahb). The work's transmission reflects broader patterns of Syriac-Ethiopic cultural exchange, though the lack of colophons or critical apparatus limits precise dating and provenance.","significance":"The 'Image of Mar Behnam' exemplifies the transmission of Syriac hagiography into Ethiopic Christianity, highlighting cross-cultural exchange in late antique and medieval Christian traditions. It provides evidence for the veneration of a Syriac martyr in Ethiopia and the adaptation of hagiographic forms (e.g., salutation stanzas). The work also relates to the Ethiopian Synaxarium and broader apocryphal literature, such as the Apocalypse of Ezra.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–5th c.","event":"Original Syriac life of Mar Behnam composed in Mesopotamia or Syria."},{"date":"Unknown","event":"Geʿez translation produced, likely via Arabic, within Ethiopian Orthodox tradition."},{"date":"Unknown","event":"Text preserved in Ethiopic manuscripts, possibly used in the Synaxarium."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Edition published in betmas (LIT3099RepCh379) without critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Ethiopian Synaxarium","relation":"likely source or liturgical context","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Syriac Life of Mar Behnam","relation":"original Vorlage","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Apocalypse of Ezra","relation":"alluded to in the text","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Book of Ezekiel","relation":"alluded to in the text","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"Edition of Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379","reason":"Primary source edition used for this dossier."}],"cautions":["Date of Geʿez translation is unknown; no colophon or internal evidence.","Intermediary language (likely Arabic) is not specified in the edition.","Edition presents a single witness without critical apparatus; variants from other manuscripts are not recorded.","Liturgical use in the Ethiopian Synaxarium is not documented in the edition."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000395,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:19:57Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3099RepCh379","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":3,"translated":3,"commentary_passages":3,"commentary_units":17,"english_words":505,"source_letters":1102,"commentary_kinds":6},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a hagiography of Mar Behnam, a Syriac martyr, preserved in Geʿez. The title 'Image' suggests a translated or adapted life, not an original Ethiopic composition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text derives from a Syriac Vorlage, likely via Arabic. The source edition (betmas) does not specify the intermediary language or the manuscript(s) used for the translation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The original Syriac life of Mar Behnam dates to the 4th–5th century, but the Geʿez version's date of translation is unknown. The edition provides no colophon or internal dating evidence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"source edition: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Mar Behnam is venerated in both Syriac and Ethiopic traditions. The Geʿez version likely entered the Ethiopian Synaxarium, but the edition does not document its liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition (betmas) presents a single witness without critical apparatus. Variants from other Geʿez manuscripts or the Syriac original are not recorded, limiting textual analysis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"source edition: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 3 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":3},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379":{"label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"},"ed:LIT3099RepCh379":{"label":"source edition: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ኦዘወሀብከ፡ ለእጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡ አፈ፨ ወውስተ፡ ሰማያት፡ ስመከ፡ ቅዳስያነ፡ አእላፈ። እግዚአብሔር፡ ስቡሕ፡ ወቅዱሰ፡ ባሕርይ፡ ዘልፈ፨ ጸግወኒ፡ ጽዋዓ፡ ዕዝራ፡ ወዘሕዝቅኤል፡ መጽሐፈ፨ ዜና፡ ሰማዕትከ፡ እስብክ፡ ወእንግር፡ ኅሉፈ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለልደትከ፡ እምአበ፡ ዓለማት፡ አብ፨ ወዘይጼልላ፡ እምከ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ኪሩብ፨ መርምህናም፡ ደመና፡ ዘሀገረ፡ መርቄ፡ ወላህብ፨ ይጸልል፡ ዲበ፡ ርእስየ፡ ተሰፍሖትከ፡ ተድባብ፨ አመ፡ ለጽርሕት፡ ንደታ፡ ዕፁብ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምከ፡ ሠናየ፡ ዝክር፡ ወስም፨ ለዘይጼውዖ፡ ቀዳሚ፡ አርአያ፡ ማኅፈድ፡ ወጥቅም፨ መርምህናም፡ ነጋዲ፡ ዘኢሞአከ፡ ድካም፨ እፎኑመ፡ አንተ፡ ተሠየጥኮ፡ ወልደ፡ መሬት፡ አዳም፨ ለዘተሣየጠከ፡ ቃል፡ ንጹሕ፡ ደም፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለሥዕርተ፡ ርእስከ፡ እንተ፡ ኢወድቀት፡ አሐቲ፨ እንበለ፡ ያእምር፡ አቡከ፡ ሕሊና፡ መላእክት፡ ሐታቲ፨ መርምህናም፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ዘትርጓሜ፡ ስሙ፡ አእኳቲ፨ አድኅነኒ፡ እምአፅራርየ፡ ሰራዊተ፡ አርዌ፡ መስሐቲ፨ እስመ፡ ወልደ፡ መሬት፡ አነ፡ ወብእሲ፡ መዋቲ፨","english":"O you who have given to the son of the mother of life a mouth, and in the heavens your name, the holy ones, thousands. O Lord, glorious and holy in nature, eternal, grant me the gift of the vision of Ezra and the book of Ezekiel. The story of your martyrdom I shall proclaim and announce to the multitude.\n\nPeace to your birth from the father of worlds, the Father, and to that which is more shadowy than the Holy Spirit, the Cherub. Mar Behnam, cloud of the city of Merqe and Lahb, may your spreading canopy overshadow my head, when the wondrous roar of the thunderbolt occurs.\n\nPeace to the remembrance of your name, good memory and name, to him who invokes it first, the likeness of the hidden and the secret. Mar Behnam, shepherd, for whom your weakness is a concern. How then were you sold, O son of the earth, Adam? For the one who sold you, pure word, blood.\n\nPeace to the hair of your head, which fell out, one by one, without your father knowing, O thought of the angels, O penitent. Mar Behnam, Paul, whose name's interpretation is \"the one who knows.\" Save me from my enemies, the armies of the serpent of falsehood, for I am a son of the earth and a mortal man.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage consists of four stanzas, each beginning with ሰላም (salutation), a common hagiographic form. The first stanza is a prose introduction, while the following three are poetic salutations to different aspects of the saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መርምህናም","severity":"info","text":"The name Mar Behnam is a Syriac-derived title meaning 'Lord Behnam,' used in Ethiopic hagiography for a saint venerated in Syriac and Eastern Christian traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እዝራ ወሕዝቅኤል","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the vision of Ezra and the book of Ezekiel' alludes to apocryphal and biblical texts, likely the Apocalypse of Ezra and the Book of Ezekiel, common in Ethiopic Christian literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መርቄ ወላህብ","severity":"info","text":"Merqe and Lahb are place names associated with Mar Behnam's cult, possibly referring to locations in Mesopotamia or Syria, reflecting the saint's Syriac origins.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The invocation of Mar Behnam as a protector against 'the armies of the serpent of falsehood' reflects the saint's role in Ethiopic tradition as an intercessor against evil and heresy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the son of the mother of life' in the first line is ambiguous; it may refer to Christ or a specific figure in the saint's narrative.","The phrase 'more shadowy than the Holy Spirit' is obscure and may involve a textual corruption or a theological metaphor not fully explained."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ሰላም፡ ለመቃብሪከ፡ ውስተ፡ ንፍቀ፡ ማኅው፡ ብሩህ፨ ዝኒ፡ ኃሣር፡ ቅድመ፡ ሥጋከ፡ ንጹሕ፨ ወሬዛ፡ ኤዶም፡ መስቀል፡ መርምህናም፡ መካሕ፨ አኮኑ፡ ይፀድል፡ አክሊልከ፡ እምፀዳለ፡ ፀሐ፡ ወወርኅ፨ አመ፡ ለመዋኢ፡ ይገብእ፡ እምሰማይ፡ ፍትሕ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለፍልሰተ፡ ሥጋከ፡ አመ፡ ዘመን፡ ደኃሪ፨ ምስለ፡ ዘአ>ይኮ፡ ሕማመ፡ ኀበ፡ ነጊሠ፡ ትኤሪ፨ እንዘ፡ መርምህናም፡ ትገኒ፡ ለክብረ፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ፈጣሪ፨ አኮኑ፡ ኅሡር፡ በገጸ፡ እግዚኡ፡ ነባሪ፨ ወተግባረ፡ እዱ፡ ምኑን፡ ኀበቦ፡ ገባሪ፨\n\nብዙኃን፡ አብዕልት፡ እመ፡ አብኡ፡ ተሪፈ፡ መዛግብት፡ ንዋየ፨ መርምህናም፡ ተወከፍ፡ ጸሪቀ፡ መበለት፡ ነፍስየ፨ እመስፍርተ፡ መና፡ ትእምርተ፡ ከመ፡ ዓይነ፡ ልብከ፡ ርእየ፨ ዘቦ፡ ውሑድ፡ አመ፡ ኢኃጥአ፡ ሲሳየ፨ ወዘቦ፡ ብዙኅ፡ መስፈርቱ፡ ኢአብየ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡ መርምህናም፡ ወርኅ፡ ወማዕቀበ፡ እግዚእ፡ ፀሐይ። እንዘ፡ አርማንያ፡ ለክሙ፡ ዳግሚት፡ ሰማይ፨ ሥንክሙ፡ ዘይትረአይ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡ መርምህናም፡ ሣህል፡ ቀሊላነ፡ ሩጸት፡ ክልኤቱ፨ ሰጊዜ፡ ተራድኦ፡ ወኀይል፡ እስመ፡ ዝ፡ ውእቱ፨ ሰሐውጹነ፡ ለለ፡ ዕለቱ፨","english":"Salutation to your tomb, within the bright half of the sanctuary. This is a treasure before your pure body. And the root of Edom, the cross of Mar Behnam, the cave. Is it not that your crown is more radiant than the radiance of the sun and the moon? When the judge comes from heaven for the trial.\n\nSalutation to the translation of your body at the end of time. With that which is not, the pain, to the king of Tyre. While Mar Behnam, you sing for the glory of the sole Creator. Is it not that the one who exists is lacking in the face of the Lord? And the work of whose hand is mighty, to whom the Creator is present?\n\nMany treasures from the father have surpassed the storehouses of wealth. Mar Behnam, accept the prayer of the widow, my soul. From the measures of manna, the sign, as the eye of your heart has seen. She who has little when sin is her sustenance. And she who has much, whose measure is great, when she is great.\n\nSalutation to you, Mar Behnam, the moon, and the fortress of the Lord, the sun. While Armenia is for you a second heaven. Your likeness is seen.\n\nSalutation to you, Mar Behnam, mercy, our little swiftness, both of you. At the time of your help and power, for this is he. He reconciles us each day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም","severity":"info","text":"The passage is composed of five stanzas, each beginning with ሰላም (salutation), a common structural marker in Ethiopic hymns and hagiographic poetry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መርምህናም","severity":"info","text":"Mar Behnam is a Syriac saint venerated in Eastern Christian traditions; the Geʿez text preserves the Syriac name, indicating transmission from Syriac sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤዶም","severity":"info","text":"Edom (ኤዶም) here likely refers to the biblical Edomites, but in hagiographic context may symbolize enmity or a specific location associated with the saint's martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መና","severity":"info","text":"The reference to መና (manna) echoes Exodus 16, where manna is divine sustenance; here it is used metaphorically for spiritual nourishment or grace.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አርማንያ","severity":"info","text":"Armenia (አርማንያ) is described as a 'second heaven,' reflecting the saint's association with Armenian Christian tradition and the veneration of Mar Behnam in Armenian contexts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢኃጥአ","severity":"caution","text":"The word ኢኃጥአ (sin) appears in a context where the text may be corrupt; the phrase 'she who has little when sin is her sustenance' is ambiguous and may reflect a scribal error or obscure theological metaphor.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the widow' (መበለት) is unclear; it may refer to a specific figure or be a metaphorical self-reference by the author.","The phrase 'the root of Edom' (ሬዛ ኤዶም) is ambiguous; it could denote a geographical location or a symbolic enemy."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡ ሰላመክሙ፡ ወንጌል፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ሰበከ፨ እንዘ፡ ይጸይሕ፡ ዕብነ፡ ወአስዋከ፨ አጋዕዝትየ፡ በልዎ፡ ነግሀ፡ ወሰርከ፨ ሰላመ፡ ነሣእነ፡ ወሰላመ፡ ኀደግነ፡ ለከ፨ እግዚአብሔር፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌከ፨","english":"Salutation to you. Your salutation, and the Gospel of John preached, while it carved stone and set it in place. My masters, say to him, “By morning and evening.” We took salutation and we left salutation for you. May the Lord be with you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡ ሰላመክሙ፡ ወንጌል፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ሰበከ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a salutation formula typical of Ethiopic hymnody, shifting from the previous passage's direct address to the tomb to a narrative of preaching.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላመክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'salutation' (ሰላም) is repeated in a possessive form, possibly indicating a liturgical exchange or a formulaic response in a hymn.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወንጌል፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ሰበከ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of the Gospel of John preaching likely alludes to the prologue of John (John 1:1-18), which describes the Word and creation, though no direct quotation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እንዘ፡ ይጸይሕ፡ ዕብነ፡ ወአስዋከ","severity":"info","text":"The image of carving stone and setting it in place may refer to the construction of a church or shrine, a common motif in hagiography for Mar Behnam's cult site.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አጋዕዝትየ፡ በልዎ፡ ነግሀ፡ ወሰርከ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'my masters, say to him, by morning and evening' suggests a liturgical or monastic context, where daily prayers are directed to the saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3099RepCh379","label":"betmas: Image of Mar Behnam","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3099RepCh379"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላመ፡ ነሣእነ፡ ወሰላመ፡ ኀደግነ፡ ለከ","severity":"caution","text":"The line 'we took salutation and we left salutation for you' is ambiguous: it may indicate a ritual exchange or a textual corruption, as the syntax is elliptical.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'we took salutation and we left salutation for you' could be a liturgical formula or a scribal error; the reading taken assumes a ritual exchange.","The reference to 'carving stone' may be metaphorical or literal; the reading taken assumes a construction context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}