{"slug":"LIT3097RepCh377","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","title":"Image of Libānos","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:07Z","cost_usd":0.002153},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","work_id":"LIT3097RepCh377","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"},"stats":{"passages":3,"english_words":496,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":17,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":6,"work_notes":5,"external_links":2,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT3097RepCh377","abstract":"The Image of Libānos is an anonymous Geʿez hagiography preserved in a single undated manuscript (Rep. Ch. 377). It praises Libānos, a saint venerated in the Ethiopian tradition, using a trinitarian and Marian invocation and a malkəʾ-hymn structure. The work adapts the salutation formula to describe Libānos's hair and stature, linking him to Christ's salvific role. Its date of composition is unknown, and it has minimal reception outside the manuscript, not being used in the liturgy. The edition lacks translation, commentary, or notes on lacunae.","historical_context":"The work belongs to the Ethiopian Christian tradition, composed in Geʿez, the classical liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The manuscript Rep. Ch. 377 is undated, and no palaeographic analysis has been published, so the date of composition remains unknown. The text survives in a single witness, suggesting limited circulation. Libānos is commemorated in the Ethiopian Synaxarion, but this hagiography is not known to have been used in the liturgy. The genre is hagiography, specifically adapting the malkəʾ-hymn form, which praises the saint's bodily parts. The work's invocation echoes Nicene and Johannine themes, common in Geʿez hymnography. Its transmission is isolated, with no other copies recorded in standard catalogues.","significance":"The Image of Libānos is significant as a rare witness to a hagiographic tradition for a saint venerated in Ethiopia but not among the Twelve Apostles. Its adaptation of the malkəʾ-hymn genre to Libānos illustrates the flexibility of Geʿez liturgical forms. The work's survival in a single manuscript highlights the fragility of Ethiopian textual heritage and the need for further study of its palaeography and content.","timeline":[{"date":"Unknown","event":"Composition of the Image of Libānos in Geʿez."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Manuscript Rep. Ch. 377 copied; no palaeographic analysis published."},{"date":"Pre-modern","event":"Libānos commemorated in the Ethiopian Synaxarion."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Edition of the text based on Rep. Ch. 377, without translation or commentary."}],"relations":[{"work":"Ethiopian Synaxarion","relation":"Libānos is commemorated in this liturgical text, but the hagiography is not used in the liturgy.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Malkəʾ-hymns","relation":"The work adapts the malkəʾ-hymn genre, using the salutation formula to praise Libānos's bodily parts.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Coptic tradition of Paphnutius","relation":"Libānos is identified as 'apostle and evangelist,' aligning with the Coptic tradition of Libānos (Paphnutius) as a desert father and evangelist.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Nicene Creed","relation":"The invocation echoes the Nicene Creed and the Prologue of John, common in Geʿez hymns.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"Manuscript Rep. Ch. 377","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377","reason":"The sole known manuscript witness for the work."},{"key":"ed:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"Edition of the work","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377","reason":"The edition based on the manuscript."}],"cautions":["The date of composition is unknown; the manuscript is undated and no palaeographic analysis has been published.","The text survives in a single manuscript witness, so variant readings and lacunae are not documented.","Attribution to a specific author is absent from the text.","The work's reception outside the manuscript is minimal, and it is not known to have been used in the liturgy."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000416,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:22:14Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3097RepCh377","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":3,"translated":3,"commentary_passages":3,"commentary_units":17,"english_words":496,"source_letters":1166,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a hagiography of Libānos, a saint venerated in the Ethiopian tradition. The Geʿez text is preserved in the manuscript source betmas.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"betmas: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives in a single known manuscript witness, Rep. Ch. 377, which is the basis for the edition. No other copies are recorded in standard catalogues.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"source edition: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The date of composition is unknown. The manuscript is undated; palaeographic analysis has not been published. Attribution to a specific author is absent from the text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Libānos is commemorated in the Ethiopian Synaxarion, but this hagiography is not known to have been used in the liturgy. Its reception outside the manuscript is minimal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a translation or commentary. Variant readings from other witnesses are absent, as only one manuscript is known. Lacunae in the manuscript are not noted.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"source edition: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 3 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":3},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377":{"label":"betmas: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"},"ed:LIT3097RepCh377":{"label":"source edition: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"በስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያው፡ ዘኢትመውት፡ አምላክ፨ ወበስመ፡ ማርያም፡ ድንግል፡ ሰዓሪተ፡ መርገም፡ ወሀውክ፨ ውዳሴ፡ መልክእከ፡ እጽሕፍ፡ እንዘ፡ አተሉ፡ በተውሳክ፨ ባርከኒ፡ አባ፡ በመስቀልከ፡ ቡሩክ፨ በዘወሀበከ፡ ገብርኤል፡ መልአክ፨\n\nኦክርስቶስ፡ ዘተወለድከ፡ እምድንግል፨ መድኃኒተ፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ ትኩን፡ ለሕዝበ፡ ሙስና፡ ወሀጕል፨ ስብሐተ፡ ሊባኖስ፡ ገብርከ፡ ሐዋርያ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወንጌል፨ ባርክ፡ በየማንከ፡ ወበእዴከ፡ መስቀል፨ አኮኑ፡ ለሊከ፡ ባርኮተ፡ ትክል፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምከ፡ ዘተበጽዐ፡ ፈድፋደ፨ ወለሥዕርትከ፡ ጸሊም፡ ዘድላሌሁ፡ ተንእደ፨ ሊባኖስ፡ በለኒ፡ ወአብስረኒ፡ ገሀደ፨ ዘበምድር፡ ወድሶትየ፡ ዐቅመ፡ ልብከ፡ ፈቀደ፨ በዓለመ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ምስሌየ፡ ትከውን፡ አሐደ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለቆምከ፡ ሐመልማለ፡ ገነት፡ ዘኮነ፨ ወለመልክእከ፡ ሐሤት፡ እንተ፡ ያረስዕ፡ ሐዘነ፨ ሊባኖስ፡ ፀሓይ፡ ዘተረሰይከ፡ ብርሃነ፨ ነዓ፡ ነዓ፡ እንበለ፡ ጐንድዮ፡ ፍጡነ፨ ወበላ፡ ለነፍስየ፡ ረዳኢኪ፡ አነ፨","english":"In the name of the living God who does not die, the Lord, and in the name of Mary the Virgin, who crushes the curse and the abyss, I shall write the praise of your image, while I add a supplement. Bless me, Father, with your blessed cross, which the angel Gabriel gave you.\n\nO Christ, who was born from the Virgin, may you be the salvation of the souls of the people of corruption and vanity. The praise of Libānos, your servant, the holy apostle and evangelist. Bless with your right hand and with the cross in your hand; may the blessing of the cross not be lacking for you.\n\nSalutation to the memory of your name, which has spread exceedingly, and to your black hair, whose locks are bowed down. Libānos, tell me and inform me openly; what in the world my desire has determined your heart to will? May I be one with you in the world of the righteous.\n\nSalutation to your stature, a verdant shoot of paradise that has become, and to your joyful image, which dispels sorrow. Libānos, sun whose light you were chosen, come, come without delay, without stumbling, and say to my soul, \"I am your helper.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያው፡ ዘኢትመውት፡ አምላክ፨ ወበስመ፡ ማርያም፡ ድንግል፡ ሰዓሪተ፡ መርገም፡ ወሀውክ፨","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a trinitarian and Marian invocation, a standard feature of Geʿez hymnography, establishing the liturgical frame before the praise of Libānos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"betmas: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰዓሪተ፡ መርገም፡ ወሀውክ፨","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'crusher of curse and abyss' for Mary is unusual; 'abyss' (ሀውክ) may echo the Coptic ϩⲁⲩⲕⲟⲥ or Geʿez tradition of Mary trampling chaos.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦክርስቶስ፡ ዘተወለድከ፡ እምድንግል፨","severity":"info","text":"The address 'O Christ, born from the Virgin' echoes the Nicene Creed and the Prologue of John, common in Geʿez hymns, linking Libānos to Christ's salvific role.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ሊባኖስ፡ ገብርከ፡ ሐዋርያ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወንጌል፨","severity":"info","text":"Libānos is identified as 'apostle and evangelist,' a title that aligns with the Coptic tradition of Libānos (Paphnutius) as a desert father and evangelist, though not one of the Twelve.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"betmas: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምከ፡ ዘተበጽዐ፡ ፈድፋደ፨","severity":"info","text":"The repeated 'salutation' (ሰላም) formula is characteristic of Geʿez malkəʾ-hymns, which praise the saint's bodily parts; this passage adapts the genre to Libānos, emphasizing his hair and stature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ለሥዕርትከ፡ ጸሊም፡ ዘድላሌሁ፡ ተንእደ፨","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'black hair, whose locks are bowed down' is ambiguous: it may describe Libānos's physical appearance or symbolize humility; the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The epithet 'crusher of curse and abyss' for Mary is not standard; 'abyss' may be a corruption or a rare theological term.","The reference to 'black hair' could be literal or metaphorical; the text does not clarify.","The identity of Libānos as 'apostle and evangelist' is ambiguous, as he is not among the Twelve Apostles in canonical lists."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ሰላም፡ ለመቃብሪከ፡ እንተ፡ በውስቴቱ፡ ተወድየ፨ ወርቀ፡ ሰብእናከ፡ ንጹሕ፡ ዘተመሰለ፡ ባሕርየ፨ ሊባኖስ፡ ፍቁሩ፡ ለዘሰቀለ፡ ሰማየ፨ በለኒ፡ በንባብከ፡ ጊዜ፡ ትወፅእ፡ ነፍስየ፨ እንዘ፡ ሀለውኩከ፡ አነ፡ ኢትፍራህ፡ ወልድየ፨\n\nከመ፡ ገብረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ብፁዕ፡ እምቤተ፡ መርዓ፡ ወፃእከ፨ ወከመ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ኅሩይ፡ ገዳመ፡ ትሩፋት፡ ዔልከ፨ እምነ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ሊባኖስ፡ መኑ፡ ከማከ፨ እንዘ፡ እብል፡ ዘልፈ፡ ለለ፡ ጊዜ፡ አነ፡ ገብርከ፨ በጽርሐ፡ መቅደስከ፡ አባ፡ እገኒ፡ ለክብርከ፨ አባ፡ እሴብሕ፡ ለስምከ፡ ወእዜምር፡ ለከ፨\n\nናሁ፡ ጸሐፍኩ፡ ስብሐተ፡ መልክእከ፡ ኵሉ፨ በበ፡ መዓርጊሁ፡ ወክፍሉ፨ አባ፡ ሊባኖስ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ድካም፡ መጽንዔ፡ ኀይሉ፨ አስተምሕር፡ በኢያርምሞ፡ ከመ፡ ምስሌየ፡ የሀሉ፨ ለንጉሠ፡ ሰላም፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ምሕረቱ፡ ወሣህሉ፨\n\nስብሐት፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ለፈጽሞ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ድርሳን፨ ዘጸገወነ፡ ሥልጣነ፡ እምዘዚአሁ፡ ሥልጣን፨ ባርከነ፡ አባ፡ ለደቂቅከ፡ ኄራን፨ ነጺሮሙ፡ ባርኮተከ፡ ወሰሚዖሙ፡ በእዝን፨ ቅዱሳን፡ መላእክት፡ ይበሉ፡ አሜን፨","english":"Hail to your tomb, wherein you were laid. The pure gold of your humanity, which was like the sea. Libānos, beloved of the one who hung the sky. Tell me, at the time of your reading, my soul will go forth, while I am with you, I do not fear, my son.\n\nAs the blessed Gabra Krǝstos went forth from the house of the wedding, and as the chosen Yoḥannǝs entered the desert of virtue. From among the saints, Libānos, who is like you? While I say continually, at every time, I am your servant. At the threshold of your sanctuary, Father, I bow for your honor. Father, I praise your name and I sing for you.\n\nNow I have written the entire praise of your image, according to its parts and divisions. Father Libānos, for the world of weakness, the strength of your power. Teach me, that by your mercy I may be like you. For the king of peace, Krǝstos, his mercy and his grace.\n\nPraise to God, who has completed this discourse, who has granted us authority from his authority. Bless us, Father, for your good children. Look upon them with your blessing and hear them with your ear. The holy angels say, Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the second of three in the work, following a prologue and preceding a conclusion. It shifts from invocation to direct praise of Libānos and his tomb.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"betmas: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለመቃብሪከ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'ሰላም፡ ለመቃብሪከ፡' (salām la-maqābreka) means 'Hail to your tomb,' a standard salutation in Ethiopic hymnody, often opening a stanza of praise.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Gabra Krǝstos","severity":"info","text":"Gabra Krǝstos (servant of Christ) is a known Ethiopian saint, often associated with monastic withdrawal. The reference to leaving a wedding house echoes a hagiographic trope of renunciation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Yoḥannǝs","severity":"info","text":"Yoḥannǝs (John) entering the desert of virtue parallels the ascetic ideal of John the Baptist or John the Evangelist, both models of desert spirituality in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትፍራህ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I do not fear' (ኢትፍራህ፡) expresses the devotee's confidence in Libānos's protection, a common theme in hagiographic prayers for intercession.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ድርሳን፡","severity":"info","text":"The term 'dǝrsān' (discourse) classifies this work as a formal hagiographic composition, used in liturgical reading. The closing blessing invokes angels, indicating a communal recitation context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"betmas: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the king of peace, Krǝstos' is ambiguous: it may refer to Christ or to a historical king named Krǝstos. The reading taken follows the hagiographic context, interpreting it as Christ."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ቅድመ፡ መንበረ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዘይትዐጸፉ፡ ስብሐተ፨ ሊባኖስ፡ ዘትቀውም፡ ኵሎ፡ ዕለተ፨ ወታቄርብ፡ ቅዳሴያተ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለከ፡ ሊባኖስ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምነ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ተስዓቱ፨ ለክርሶትስ፡ ዋሕድ፡ ወአኮ፡ ክልኤቱ፨ እንተ፡ ጾርከ፡ መስቀለ፡ ሞቱ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለከ፡ በአምኃ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ማሕሌት፡ ለዘረሰየ፡ ትውክልቶ፨ ሊባኖስ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ መምህረ፡ ቲቶ፨ ሥሙረ፡ ረሲ፡ መሥዋዕቶ፨ ወፍጡነ፡ ተወከፍ፡ ጸሎቶ፨","english":"Before the throne of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, who are adorned with praise. Libānos, who stands every day and offers the liturgies.\n\nHail to you, Libānos, one of the nine saints. For the one Christ, and not two. You who carved the cross of his death.\n\nHail to you, by the verses of this hymn, for the one who arranged the trust. Libānos, Paul, teacher of Titus. The receiver of the sacrifice of the head. And quickly accept his prayer.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅድመ፡ መንበረ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a trinitarian invocation before the throne, establishing a liturgical frame that recurs in Ethiopic hymnody.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"betmas: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ተስዓቱ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'täsʿatu' (nine) refers to the Nine Saints of Ethiopia, the traditional group of missionary monks from the Roman Empire who revived Christianity in the Aksumite kingdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"betmas: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊባኖስ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ መምህረ፡ ቲቶ፨","severity":"info","text":"Libānos is here linked to Paul and Titus, suggesting a typological association with the apostle and his disciple, common in hagiography to elevate the saint's authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"betmas: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥሙረ፡ ረሲ፡ መሥዋዕቶ፨","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'receiver of the sacrifice of the head' likely refers to Libānos's martyrdom by beheading, a motif in his passion narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"betmas: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አሐዱ፡ እምነ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ተስዓቱ፨ ለክርሶትስ፡ ዋሕድ፡ ወአኮ፡ ክልኤቱ፨","severity":"caution","text":"The line 'one of the nine saints. For the one Christ, and not two' may be a polemical insertion against miaphysite or dyophysite controversy, but the exact referent is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3097RepCh377","label":"betmas: Image of Libānos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3097RepCh377"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the one who arranged the trust' (ዘረሰየ፡ ትውክልቶ፨) is ambiguous; it may refer to a patron or a spiritual father of Libānos.","The phrase 'receiver of the sacrifice of the head' could be literal (beheading) or metaphorical (offering of the intellect)."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}