{"slug":"LIT3095RepCh375","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","title":"Image of Cyricus","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:07Z","cost_usd":0.002674},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","work_id":"LIT3095RepCh375","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"},"stats":{"passages":4,"english_words":629,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":23,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":7,"work_notes":5,"external_links":2,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT3095RepCh375","abstract":"The Image of Cyricus is an anonymous Geʿez hagiography recounting the martyrdom of the child saint Cyricus (Quiricus). The text follows a conventional structure of trial, torture, and execution, and includes an opening invocation to Christ and a series of salutations. It survives in a single manuscript, Bet Mas 375, which is post-15th century. The work likely served as a liturgical reading for Cyricus's feast day on 15 Sane in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The Geʿez version derives from earlier Greek and Syriac traditions, but its precise date of composition is unknown.","historical_context":"The Geʿez hagiography of Cyricus cannot be securely dated; the sole manuscript witness, Bet Mas 375, is post-15th century, but the narrative itself originates from earlier Greek and Syriac traditions. Cyricus was venerated in Eastern Christian communities, and his cult was adopted in Ethiopia, where the text was used liturgically on 15 Sane. The work belongs to the genre of martyrdom hagiography, common in Ethiopic literature, and its structure—including an invocation and salutations—reflects Geʿez encomiastic conventions. The lament of the rivers Tigris and Gihon, drawn from Genesis, illustrates the integration of biblical imagery into local poetic forms. The text's survival in a single manuscript suggests limited circulation, possibly within a monastic or liturgical context.","significance":"The Image of Cyricus is important as a witness to the transmission of Eastern Christian martyr cults into Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. It exemplifies how Greek and Syriac hagiographic narratives were adapted into Geʿez for liturgical use, incorporating local poetic devices such as the salutation (ሰላም) and cosmic imagery. The work also highlights the role of child martyrs in Ethiopic piety and the blending of biblical and apocryphal motifs.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–5th c.","event":"Earliest Greek and Syriac traditions of Cyricus's martyrdom emerge."},{"date":"Post-15th c.","event":"Earliest extant Geʿez manuscript (Bet Mas 375) copied."},{"date":"Unknown","event":"Geʿez version of the hagiography composed, likely for liturgical use."},{"date":"15 Sane (Ethiopian calendar)","event":"Feast day of Cyricus in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church."}],"relations":[{"work":"Greek and Syriac martyrdom accounts of Cyricus","relation":"Source traditions for the Geʿez version","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic Synaxarium","relation":"Contains commemoration of Cyricus on 15 Sane","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Geʿez malkəʾ-hymns","relation":"Shares structural features (salutations, invocations)","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Genesis 2:10-14","relation":"Alludes to the rivers Tigris and Gihon","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Matthew 17:5","relation":"Possible allusion to the cloud at Transfiguration","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"Manuscript Bet Mas 375","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375","reason":"Primary witness for the Geʿez text"},{"key":"ed:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"Edition of the text","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375","reason":"Source for the edition used"}],"cautions":["The Geʿez version cannot be securely dated; the manuscript is post-15th century, but the composition may be earlier.","The text survives in a single manuscript witness, limiting knowledge of its circulation and textual stability.","The meaning of the term ኖትያ (notia) is uncertain; it may be a corruption or loanword."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000432,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:32:42Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3095RepCh375","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":4,"translated":4,"commentary_passages":4,"commentary_units":23,"english_words":629,"source_letters":1551,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text is a hagiography of Cyricus, a child martyr, composed in Geʿez. It follows the conventional structure of martyrdom narratives, including a trial, torture, and execution.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work survives in a single known manuscript witness, Bet Mas 375, which is the basis for the edition. No other Geʿez copies are recorded.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"source edition: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Cyricus is venerated in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on 15 Sane. The Geʿez text likely served liturgical reading on his feast day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez version cannot be securely dated. The manuscript is post-15th century, but the underlying narrative derives from earlier Greek and Syriac traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a critical apparatus or translation. Variant readings from other traditions (e.g., Greek, Latin) are not collated here.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"source edition: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 4 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":4},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375":{"label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"},"ed:LIT3095RepCh375":{"label":"source edition: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ኦክርስቶስ፡ ናዝራዊ፡ ዘተወከፍከ፡ ሕማመ፨ ፀሓይ፡ ብሩህ፡ ወጽዱል፡ አመ፡ ሱራሬሁ፡ አጽለመ፨ መጽሐፈ፡ ዜናሁ፡ ለቂርቆስ፡ መንፈሳዊ፡ ወዘመልክኡ፡ ሰላመ፨ ጸሐፍ፡ ውስተ፡ ልብየ፡ እንዘ፡ ትገብር፡ ቀለመ፨ ደመከ፡ አምላካዊ፡ በመስቀል፡ ዘዘንመ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምከ፡ ቂርቆስ፡ ሕፃን፨ ዘፍካሬሁ፡ ተብህለ፡ ጽጌ፡ ምዑዝ፡ ዕፍራን፨ ለዝስምከ፡ ነጋሢ፡ ዘኢየዐርቆ፡ ሥልጣን፨ ሶበ፡ ይጼውዖ፡ ልሳንየ፡ ውስተ፡ ገጸ፡ ኵሉመካን፨ ይደንግፅ፡ ሞት፡ ወይጕየይ፡ ሰይጣን፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለሥዕርተ፡ ርእስከ፡ ዘሠረፁ፡ ወበቈሉ፨ ለርእስከ፡ በላዕሉ፨ በለኒ፡ ቂርቆስ፡ ዘይቤ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ እግዚአ፡ ኵሉ፨ ሀብተ፡ በረከቱ፡ ወሞገሰ፡ ቅዱስ፡ መስቀሉ፨ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ እምይእዜ፡ ምስሌከ፡ የሀሉ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ሰላም፡ ወሰላም፡ እብሎን፨ ለአፃᎅከ፡ ዐሥር፡ ምስለ፡ አጽፋሪሆን፨ ኀድፈኒ፡ ቂርቆስ፡ ኖትያ፡ መንገለ፡ መርስ፡ ወዛኅን፨ እስመ፡ ናሁ፡ አስጠሙ፡ ኅሊናየ፡ በዝዘመን፨ ሰቆቃው፡ ጤግሮስ፡ ወግዮን፡ ኀዘን፨","english":"O Christ the Nazarene, who accepted suffering. The sun is bright and pure when its rays are darkened. The book of the spiritual account of Cyricus and of the grace of his form. Write within my heart while you make ink. The divine cloud at the cross that was adorned.\n\nSalutation to the memory of your name, Cyricus the child, whose thought is called a sweet flower of plants. To your name, the herald who surpasses authority. When my tongue calls you in the face of every place, death trembles and Satan flees.\n\nSalutation to the hair of your head, which they shaved and cut. To your head, the overlord. Tell me, Cyricus, who said to Christ, the Lord of all: \"The gift of his blessing and the favor of the holy cross, for the world of the world from now, with you it will be.\"\n\nSalutation, salutation, and salutation I say to your ten fingers with their nails. Despise me, Cyricus, turn the direction of the west and the south, for now my mind is troubled in this time. The lament of Tigris and Gihon, sorrow.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦክርስቶስ፡ ናዝራዊ፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening invocation to Christ the Nazarene is a standard hagiographic preamble, establishing the divine frame before the salutation to Cyricus.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡","severity":"info","text":"The repeated term ሰላም (salutation) marks each stanza as a formal greeting, a common structure in Geʿez encomia and malkəʾ-hymns.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"source edition: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘዘንመ፨","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'divine cloud at the cross that was adorned' may allude to the cloud at the Transfiguration or Crucifixion, echoing Matthew 17:5 and patristic typology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቂርቆስ፡","severity":"info","text":"Cyricus (Quiricus) is a child martyr venerated in Eastern Christian traditions; his cult is attested in Ethiopic synaxaria and hagiographies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ጤግሮስ፡ ወግዮን፡","severity":"info","text":"The lament of Tigris and Gihon (two of the four rivers of Paradise, Genesis 2:10-14) is a poetic trope in Geʿez literature, evoking cosmic sorrow.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኖትያ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The term ኖትያ (notia) is ambiguous; it may mean 'turn' or 'direction' but could be a corruption or loanword; the reading 'turn the direction' follows the English draft.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"source edition: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘዘንመ' (that was adorned) could refer to the cross or the cloud; the English draft takes it as the cross.","The identity of 'the herald who surpasses authority' (ለዝስምከ፡ ነጋሢ፡ ዘኢየዐርቆ፡ ሥልጣን) is unclear; it may be a title for Cyricus or Christ."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ሰላም፡ ለበድነ፡ ሥጋከ፡ በሰረገላሁ፡ ዘተኀብአ፨ ለነቢይ፡ ኤልያስ፡ በሕገ፡ አምላክ፡ ዘቀንአ፨ መምህረ፡ መምህራን፡ ቂርቆስ፡ እንተ፡ ታጸድቅ፡ ኃጥአ፨ ጌጋይየ፡ ሥረይ፡ ለአባሲ፡ በከመ፡ መምህርከ፡ ሠርዐ፨ ወኅድግ፡ አበሳየ፡ በበ፡ ስብዕ፡ ስብዓ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለሕማምከ፡ ወለግፍዕከ፡ ብዙኅ፨ እንተ፡ ያበኪ፡ አልባበ፡ ከመ፡ ግᎈ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ርኅሩኅ፨ ክረምተ፡ ፍሥሓየ፡ ቂርቆስ፡ ለብእሴ፡ ሰቆቃው፡ ወላሕ፨ ያንጠብጥብ፡ በላዕሌየ፡ መጠነ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ አውራኅ፨ ነጠብጣበ፡ ትፍሥሕት፡ በረከትከ፡ ወዝናም፡ ንጹሕ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለነቅዐ፡ ደምከ፡ ዘተቶስሐ፡ በደሙ፨ ለበግዐ፡ መስቀል፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እንተ፡ ያደንግፅ፡ ዜና፡ ሕማሙ፨ እኅወ፡ ሰማዕታት፡ ቂርቆስ፡ ወለሐዋርያት፡ ወልዶሙ፨ ለእለ፡ ገብሩ፡ ተዝካረከ፡ ጸጋ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሀቦሙ፨ ወዕሤተ፡ ጽድቅ፡ በሰማይ፡ አስተዳሉ፡ ሎሙ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለህላዌከ፡ ማእከለ፡ ሰባዕቱ፡ ነገድ፨ እለ፡ ስኡላን፡ በነድ፨ አስተምሕር፡ ቂርቆስ፡ ቅድመ፡ መንበረ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፨ ኀበ፡ ተሐንጸ፡ መርጡልከ፡ ወዘዚአከ፡ ዐጸድ፨ ኢይምጻእ፡ በዓለም፡ ዘይቀትል፡ ብድብድ፨","english":"Salutation to the wound of your flesh, which was hidden in the chariot, to the prophet Elijah, who was zealous in the law of God. Cyricus, teacher of teachers, who justifies the sinner. Forgive my transgression and error, as your teaching has ordained, and overlook my fault seven times seven.\n\nSalutation to your suffering and to your manifold affliction, which makes hearts weep, like the compassionate Christ. Cyricus, winter of my joy, to the man of sorrow, bitter; let it drip upon me for a period of three months, the drop of joy, your blessing, and pure rain.\n\nSalutation to the flow of your blood, which was mingled with the blood of the Lamb of the Cross, Christ, which proclaims the news of his passion. Cyricus, brother of martyrs and son of apostles. To those who have celebrated your commemoration, grant them the grace of the Holy Spirit, and pour out for them the banquet of righteousness in heaven.\n\nSalutation to your dwelling among the seventy-two nations, who are swift in zeal. Teach, Cyricus, before the throne of the Father and the Son, where your martyrdom and your enclosure are built. May no one come into the world who kills with a sword.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለበድነ፡ ሥጋከ፡ በሰረገላሁ፡ ዘተኀብአ፨","severity":"info","text":"Each stanza opens with ሰላም (salutation), a standard feature of Geʿez hymnody, marking this as a malkǝʾ-hymn structure. The passage comprises four such stanzas, each addressing a different aspect of Cyricus’s passion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ለነቢይ፡ ኤልያስ፡ በሕገ፡ አምላክ፡ ዘቀንአ፨","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Elijah as zealous in the law of God echoes 1 Kings 19:10, where Elijah is depicted as a prophet fervent for the divine law. This aligns with the hagiographic tradition linking Cyricus to Old Testament prophetic models.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰረገላሁ","severity":"info","text":"ሰረገላሁ (chariot) likely alludes to the chariot of fire in 2 Kings 2:11, associated with Elijah’s ascension. In this context, it may symbolize Cyricus’s hidden wound as a mark of divine favor or martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ማእከለ፡ ሰባዕቱ፡ ነገድ፨","severity":"info","text":"The seventy-two nations (ሰባዕቱ ነገድ) is a common Geʿez trope for the totality of humanity, derived from the Table of Nations in Genesis 10. It underscores Cyricus’s universal role as teacher and intercessor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ቂርቆስ፡ እንተ፡ ታጸድቅ፡ ኃጥአ፨","severity":"info","text":"The epithet “who justifies the sinner” reflects a soteriological emphasis in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, where Cyricus is venerated as a saint who intercedes for the faithful, akin to Christ’s redemptive role.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"source edition: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይምጻእ፡ በዓለም፡ ዘይቀትል፡ ብድብድ፨","severity":"caution","text":"The final line “may no one come into the world who kills with a sword” is ambiguous: it may be a prayer for peace or a curse against persecutors. The Geʿez syntax allows both readings, and the intended sense is debated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'hidden in the chariot' (በሰረገላሁ ዘተኀብአ) is unclear: it may refer to Cyricus’s wound being concealed in a literal chariot or metaphorically in Elijah’s fiery chariot. The text does not specify.","The final line's curse or blessing is ambiguous: 'may no one come into the world who kills with a sword' could be a petition for peace or a condemnation of violence, but the Geʿez lacks clear disambiguation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"በሰላመ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሰላም፡ ሰላም፨ ለሥነ፡ ቆምኪ፡ አዳም፨ ኢየሉጣ፡ ገነት፡ ዘመዐዛኪ፡ ጥዑም፨ ይትከዐው፡ ውስተ፡ አፉየ፡ ሐሊበ፡ አጥባትኪ፡ ዮም፨ ከመ፡ እምደመና፡ ይትከዐው፡ ወይወርድ፡ ዝናም፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለመልክኣትኪ፡ አርብዓ፡ ወሠለስቱ፨ ዓዲ፡ ሰላም፡ ለጠባይዕኪ፡ አርባዕቱ፨ ኢየሉጣ፡ ቅድስት፡ ለቂርቆስ፡ ወላዲቱ፨ ሰአሊዮ፡ በእንቲአየ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይጥፋእ፡ በከንቱ፨ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ዘብዙኅ፡ ምሕረቱ፨\n\nለዝንቱ፡ ቃለ፡ ማሕሌት፡ ወለዝንቱ፡ ድርሳን፨ ለዘጸሐፎ፡ በአእዳው፡ ወለዘአንበቦ፡ በልሳን፨ ወለዘሰምዐ፡ ቃላቲሁ፡ በክልኤ፡ አእዛን፨ ኅቡረ፡ ይባርኩነ፡ በእዘዘ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ብርሃን፨ ቅዱሳት፡ አፃብዒሁ፡ ለቂርቆስ፡ ሕፃን፨\n\nማሕሌተ፡ መልክኡ፡ ለቂርቆስ፡ ወዘኢየሉጣ፡ አባሉ፨ ናሁ፡ ጸሐፍኩ፡ እንዘ፡ አስተዋፅእ፡ እምነ፡ ገድሉ፨ ባርኪ፡ ሊተ፡ ማርያም፡ እግዝእተ፡ ኵሉ፨ ዘባረኪ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ቡሩክ፡ በላዕሉ፨ ወዘቀድስኪ፡ ለዓለም፡ ዘይሄሉ፨ from","english":"Salutation of the Holy Spirit, salutation, salutation. To the beauty of your stature, Adam; to the garden of Eden, whose fruit is sweet, which you traversed. May milk from your breasts flow into my mouth today, like rain that falls and descends from the clouds.\n\nSalutation to your thirty-three forms; again, salutation to your four natures. O holy Julitta, mother of Cyricus, intercede for me, that I may not perish in vain before the Lord God, the God of righteousness, whose mercy is abundant.\n\nFor this hymn of praise and for this discourse, for the one who wrote it with his hands, for the one who read it with his tongue, and for the one who heard its words with both ears, may the holy fingers of Cyricus the child bless us together by the command of Christ the Light.\n\nThe hymn of the image of Cyricus and of Julitta, his mother. Behold, I have written it, having excerpted it from his Acts. Bless me, O Mary, Lady of all, who blessed upon the earth the blessed one above, and who sanctified for the world that which endures.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለመልክኣትኪ፡ አርብዓ፡ ወሠለስቱ","severity":"info","text":"The salutation to thirty-three forms and four natures of Julitta echoes the structure of Ethiopian mälkəʿ hymns, which enumerate physical and spiritual attributes of a saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየሉጣ","severity":"info","text":"The name Julitta (Geʿez: ኢየሉጣ) is a variant of the Greek name Ioulitta, referring to the mother of Cyricus in hagiographic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ማሕሌተ፡ መልክኡ፡ ለቂርቆስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'hymn of the image of Cyricus' indicates this passage is part of a mälkəʿ, a genre of hymn praising the saint's image, often excerpted from longer hagiographic Acts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ለዘጸሐፎ፡ በአእዳው፡ ወለዘአንበቦ፡ በልሳን","severity":"info","text":"The blessing for scribe, reader, and hearer reflects the liturgical use of such hymns in Ethiopian Orthodox worship, where copying and recitation were meritorious acts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ እምደመና፡ ይትከዐው፡ ወይወርድ፡ ዝናም","severity":"info","text":"The simile of milk flowing like rain from clouds may allude to Old Testament imagery of divine provision (e.g., Psalm 78:23 LXX), though no direct citation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሉጣ፡ ቅድስት፡ ለቂርቆስ፡ ወላዲቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The text identifies Julitta as 'holy mother of Cyricus,' but some hagiographic traditions vary her role; the Geʿez here follows a specific local tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'thirty-three forms' may refer to the age of Christ or a symbolic number; the exact referent is unclear.","The relationship between the milk imagery and the preceding salutation to Adam and Eden is ambiguous; it may be a metaphorical plea for spiritual nourishment."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ኦክርስቶስ፡ ናዝራዊ፡ ዘተወከፍከ፡ ሕማመ። ፀሐይ፡ ብሩህ፡ ወጽዱል፡ እስከ፡ ሡራሔሁ፡ አጽለመ፨ መጽሐፈ፡ ዜናሁ፡ ለቂርቆስ፡ መንፈሳዊ፡ ወዘመልክዑ፡ ሰላመ፨ ጸሐፍ፡ ውስተ፡\nልብየ፡ እንዘ፡ ትገብር፡ ቀለመ። ደመከ፡ አምላካዊ፡ በመስቀል፡ ዘዘንመ፨","english":"O Christ the Nazarene, who accepted the bright and pure passion of the sun until his radiance darkened. The book of the spiritual history of Cyricus and the salutation of his image. Write within my heart while you make the divine ink of your blood with the cross that was adorned.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ናዝራዊ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'Nazrawi' (Nazarene) is a Christological title referring to Jesus of Nazareth, used here to invoke Christ's earthly identity and passion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕማመ ፀሐይ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'passion of the sun' likely metaphorically describes Cyricus's martyrdom as radiant and pure, echoing solar imagery common in hagiography to denote sanctity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from direct address to Christ to a request for the inscription of Cyricus's spiritual history, marking a transition from invocation to petition within the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ ዜናሁ ለቂርቆስ","severity":"info","text":"The 'book of the spiritual history of Cyricus' refers to the hagiographic account of Saint Cyricus (Quiricus), a child martyr venerated in Geʿez tradition, whose story often emphasizes innocence and divine favor.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀለመ ደመከ አምላካዊ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'divine ink of your blood' is ambiguous: it may refer to Christ's blood as ink for writing the saint's history, or to the martyr's own blood as a medium of sanctification. The Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3095RepCh375","label":"betmas: Image of Cyricus","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3095RepCh375"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'divine ink of your blood' (ቀለመ ደመከ አምላካዊ) is ambiguous: 'your' could refer to Christ or to Cyricus, and 'blood' may be Christ's sacrificial blood or the martyr's. The reading taken here follows the preceding address to Christ, but the text does not resolve the referent."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}