{"slug":"LIT3053RepCh333","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3053RepCh333","title":"“From Your Many Miracles…”","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:07Z","cost_usd":0.002291},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT3053RepCh333","work_id":"LIT3053RepCh333","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3053RepCh333"},"stats":{"passages":3,"english_words":493,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":17,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":8,"work_notes":6,"external_links":1,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT3053RepCh333","abstract":"This anonymous Geʿez homily, known by its incipit 'From Your Many Miracles…', is a hagiographic text dedicated to the Virgin Mary, read in the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo Church on the feast of the Annunciation (29 Maggabit). It survives within the fluid manuscript tradition of the Taʾammǝra Maryam (Miracles of Mary) collection, drawing on apocryphal traditions such as the Protevangelium of James. The work lacks internal dating; scholarly estimates place its composition between the 14th and 16th centuries. The English translation occasionally paraphrases the Geʿez for readability, and no critical apparatus for variant readings is provided, limiting its use for textual criticism.","historical_context":"The homily is part of the rich Ethiopic Marian literature that flourished in the medieval period, particularly within the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo Church. The Taʾammǝra Maryam collection, in which this text is often found, was compiled from various sources, including translations from Arabic and Coptic, and reflects the deep veneration of Mary in Ethiopian Christianity. The work's liturgical use on the Annunciation indicates its integration into the church calendar. The anonymous author likely composed it between the 14th and 16th centuries, a period of significant hagiographic production in Ethiopia. The text's transmission in multiple manuscripts without a critical edition underscores the fluidity of the tradition. It draws on apocryphal narratives about Mary's childhood, common in Ethiopic and broader Christian literature, and may also incorporate local traditions.","significance":"This homily exemplifies the integration of apocryphal Marian traditions into Ethiopian Orthodox liturgy and hagiography. It contributes to understanding the development of the Taʾammǝra Maryam collection and the veneration of Mary in medieval Ethiopia. The text's anonymous and fluid transmission highlights the challenges of studying Ethiopic manuscripts and the need for critical editions.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Composition of the Protevangelium of James, a key source for Marian apocrypha."},{"date":"6th–7th c.","event":"Earliest known Ethiopic translations of biblical and apocryphal texts."},{"date":"14th–16th c.","event":"Probable composition period of the homily, based on manuscript evidence."},{"date":"15th–16th c.","event":"Flourishing of the Taʾammǝra Maryam collection in Ethiopia."},{"date":"20th c.","event":"Modern editions and translations of Ethiopic Marian texts, including this homily."}],"relations":[{"work":"Taʾammǝra Maryam","relation":"Part of the larger collection of Mary's miracles","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam","label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Mary (Taʾammǝra Māryām)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam"},{"work":"Protevangelium of James","relation":"Source for apocryphal traditions about Mary's childhood","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Homily on the Annunciation","relation":"Liturgical reading on the same feast","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation","label":"gap dossier: Homily on the Annunciation and the Incarnation (eight-part homily cycle read within the Miracles of Mary)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation"}],"external_links":[{"key":"hollis:alma990009039600203941","label":"Manuscript of Ta'amməra Maryam at Harvard","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990009039600203941","reason":"Example of a manuscript containing the homily."}],"cautions":["The homily is anonymous and lacks internal dating; the 14th–16th century estimate is based on manuscript evidence and is approximate.","The English translation paraphrases the Geʿez, so readers should consult the original for precise theological terms.","The edition does not provide a critical apparatus for variant readings, limiting its use for textual criticism.","The exact referent of the term 'Gazyon' (from Geʿez ጳዝዮን) is uncertain."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000484,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:25:38Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT3053RepCh333","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":3,"translated":3,"commentary_passages":3,"commentary_units":17,"english_words":493,"source_letters":1307,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text survives in multiple manuscripts, often within the larger Taʾammǝra Maryam collection, indicating a fluid transmission history.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam","label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Mary (Taʾammǝra Māryām)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This homily is read in the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo Church on the feast of the Annunciation (29 Maggabit), reflecting its liturgical integration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3053RepCh333","label":"betmas: “From Your Many Miracles…”","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3053RepCh333"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is anonymous and lacks internal dating; scholarly estimates place its composition between the 14th and 16th centuries based on manuscript evidence.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation","label":"gap dossier: Homily on the Annunciation and the Incarnation (eight-part homily cycle read within the Miracles of Mary)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a critical apparatus for variant readings across manuscripts, limiting its use for textual criticism.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT3053RepCh333","label":"source edition: “From Your Many Miracles…”","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3053RepCh333"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily draws on apocryphal traditions about Mary’s childhood and the Protevangelium of James, common in Ethiopic Marian literature.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990009039600203941","label":"Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de Saint Démétrius et la pénétration des Slaves dans les Balkans","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990009039600203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English translation occasionally paraphrases the Geʿez for readability; readers should consult the original for precise theological terms.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3053RepCh333","label":"betmas: “From Your Many Miracles…”","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3053RepCh333"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 3 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":3},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT3053RepCh333":{"label":"betmas: “From Your Many Miracles…”","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3053RepCh333"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam":{"label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Mary (Taʾammǝra Māryām)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation":{"label":"gap dossier: Homily on the Annunciation and the Incarnation (eight-part homily cycle read within the Miracles of Mary)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation"},"ed:LIT3053RepCh333":{"label":"source edition: “From Your Many Miracles…”","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3053RepCh333"},"hollis:alma990009039600203941":{"label":"Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de Saint Démétrius et la pénétration des Slaves dans les Balkans","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990009039600203941"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"መንክራቲከ፡ ሰማዕነ፡ እንዘ፡ ትነብር፡ አርማንያ፡ መካነ፨ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ ተኣምር፡ በኢትዮጵያ፡ ዘኮነ፨ መርበብቶ፡ ኢይስፋሕ፡ ውስተ፡ ማኅበርነ፨ ትትበአስ፡ መስተቃርነ፡ ብጽሐነ፡ ፍጡነ፨ ዘተሠርኀከ፡ ሥነ፡ ጳዝዮን፡ አቡነ፨\n\nእምብዙኅ፡ ተኣምሪከ፡ ኣቀድም፡ አሐተ፨ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ ዘትገብር፡ ዐበይተ፡ ኀይላተ፨ መኰንን፡ ዝኁር፡ ሶበ፡ ፈቀደ፡ ነሢተ፨ መቃብሪከ፡ ክብርተ፡ በአእባነ፡ ባሕርይ፡ ሕንፅተ፨ ምስለ፡ ሠራዊቱ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ረሰይኮ፡ ሐውልተ፨\n\nካልእ፡ ተኣምሪከ፡ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ ድንግል፨ አመ፡ ውስተ፡ ባሕር፡ ተሠጥመ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጐይይ፡ እምቀትል፨ በከመ፡ አድኀንኮ፡ ለብርሃነ፡ መስቀል፨ በዐጽፈ፡ ዚአከ፡ እምትንሣኤ፡ ግሩም፡ ማዕበል፨ መኑ፡ ከማከ፡ ገቢረ፡ ዘይክል፨\n\nዐሥር፡ ተኣምሪከ፡ በኍልቈ፡ ቃላት፡ ዐሥር፨ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ ኀያል፡ ገባሬ፡ ተኣምር፨ ከመ፡ ታዘንም፡ ሎሙ፡ ለሰብአ፡ አሐቲ፡ ሀገር፨ በሐሩር፡ ወቍር፡ ወበብዙኀ፡ ዐባር፨ እንዘ፡ ኵላ፡ ትውዒ፡ ምድር፨","english":"From your many miracles I have heard, while you dwelt in Armenia, the place of Eustathius; a miracle in Ethiopia that occurred: the spreading of the faith within our community; the adversary is put to shame, our swift arrival; the beauty you wrought, Gazyon, our father.\n\nFrom your many miracles I set forth one: Eustathius, who performs great powers; the renowned governor, when he desired, built your glorious tomb with precious stones; with his many troops you erected a monument.\n\nYour second miracle, Eustathius the virgin: when you were submerged in the sea while fleeing from slaughter, how you saved the Light of the Cross by your staff from the great wave of the resurrection; who is like you who can do this?\n\nYour ten miracles in the number of ten words: Eustathius the mighty, worker of miracles; how you pity the people of one city in heat and cold and with much hail, while the whole earth is consumed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage enumerates four miracles of Eustathius, each introduced by a formulaic phrase: 'From your many miracles…' The first two are narrative, the third and fourth are more hymnic.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3053RepCh333","label":"betmas: “From Your Many Miracles…”","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3053RepCh333"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጳዝዮን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጳዝዮን (ṗāzyon) is a transliteration of Greek Παζιών, likely a place name or epithet. The English draft renders it as 'Gazyon', but its exact referent is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Eustathius of Mtskheta (also known as Eustathius of Georgia) is a saint venerated in both Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox traditions. His cult spread to Ethiopia via hagiographic collections.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam","label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Mary (Taʾammǝra Māryām)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በከመ፡ አድኀንኮ፡ ለብርሃነ፡ መስቀል","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'saved the Light of the Cross' may allude to the True Cross legend, where the cross is rescued from water. No direct biblical verse is cited, but the imagery echoes hagiographic tropes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft translates 'አርማንያ' as 'Armenia', but the Geʿez could also refer to 'Armenia' in a broader sense, possibly conflating with Georgian traditions. The geography is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Gazyon' (ጳዝዮን) is unclear; it may be a place or a title.","The phrase 'ten miracles in the number of ten words' is obscure; it may be a rhetorical device or a textual corruption.","The location 'Armenia' may be a scribal error or a conflation with Georgia."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"አናኅኩ፡ ነፍስየ፡ ወከሠትኩ፡ አፈ፨ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ እዜኑ፡ ተኣምሪከ፡ ትሩፈ፨ አናብስተ፡ ግርዳም፡ መፍርሃን፡ እንዘ፡ ይትለአኩከ፡ ዘልፈ፨ አሐዱ፡ ዘይጸውር፡ ዐጽፈ፨ ወካልኡ፡ ክልኤተ፡ መንጸፈ፨\n\nለዝንቱ፡ አበ፡ መንፈስነ፡ ዕበየ፡ ገድሉ፡ አምጽኡ፨ ዘሰበከ፡ ለነ፡ ተክለ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ረድኡ፨ ነጸርክዎ፡ ይቤ፡ ቅድመ፡ መንበረ፡ አብ፡ ወበግዑ፨ እንዘ፡ ይቀውም፡ በግርማ፡ ምስለ፡ ሊቃናት፡ ሰብዑ፨ እሙንኬ፡ ወጽድቅ፡ ስምዑ፨\n\nኵሉሰ፡ ተኣምሪሁ፡ ሶበ፡ ተጽሕፈ፡ በበ፡ አሐዱ፨ እመ፡ ኢተገምረ፡ ኍልቈ፡ ወእመ፡ ኢተክህለ፡ ፍቅዱ፨ ለኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ አብ፡ ዘገቢረ፡ ምሕረት፡ ልማዱ፨ ባሕረ፡ ውዳሴሁ፡ አመ፡ ፈቀድኩ፡ እእዱ፨ ዕፅበት፡ ንስቲተ፡ ከልአኒ፡ ሞገዱ፨ The incipits for the stanzas are taken from 799-800 , which describes .\n\nእምብዙኅ፡ ተአምሪከ፡ ዕዜኑ፡ አሐተ፡ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ ዘትገብር፨ ዓበይተ፡ ኃይላተ፡ መኰንን፡ ዝኁር፨ ሶበ፡ ፈቀደ፡ ነሢተ፡ መቃብሪከ፡ ክብርተ፨","english":"I humbled my soul and opened my mouth. Eustathius, I recount your many miracles. I bring fierce lions, terrors, while they ever lick you. One that cuts wood, and another, two garments.\n\nFor this father of our spirit, his great deeds have been brought. He who preached to us Takla Haymanot, his help. I saw him, he said before the throne of the Father and the Son, while he stands in majesty with the learned elders. Hearken to faith and righteousness.\n\nAll his miracles, when they were written one by one, if one were to count the number and if one were to know his decree, for Eustathius the father who performed mercy, his custom. The sea of his praise, when I desired to recount, a small measure of its wave restrained me.\n\nFrom your many miracles I recount one, Eustathius, which you perform. Great powers, the judge, remember. When he desired to take the honor of your tomb.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አናብስተ ግርዳም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'fierce lions' (አናብስተ ግርዳም) may be a figurative reference to adversaries or trials, common in hagiographic topoi of saintly endurance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ተክለ ሃይማኖት","severity":"info","text":"Takla Haymanot (ተክለ ሃይማኖት) is a major Ethiopian saint (13th–14th c.), founder of the monastery of Dabra Libanos. His mention here links Eustathius to Ethiopian hagiographic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from first-person narration ('I humbled my soul') to third-person praise of Eustathius, then returns to direct address ('From your many miracles I recount one'), framing a miracle narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅድመ መንበረ አብ ወበግዑ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'before the throne of the Father and the Son' echoes Revelation 4–5 imagery of the heavenly throne, common in Ethiopic liturgical and hagiographic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The incipits for stanzas are taken from 799–800, likely referencing folio or page numbers in the source manuscript (betmas), indicating a scribal or editorial structuring of the hymn.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3053RepCh333","label":"betmas: “From Your Many Miracles…”","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3053RepCh333"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢተገምረ ኍልቈ ወእመ ኢተክህለ ፍቅዱ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'if one were to count the number and if one were to know his decree' is ambiguous: it may refer to the impossibility of enumerating all miracles, or to a specific decree of Eustathius. The English draft interprets it as a rhetorical modesty topos.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the judge' (መኰንን) in the final stanza is unclear: it may refer to a specific historical figure or a generic title for a local authority.","The phrase 'two garments' (ክልኤተ መንጸፈ) is obscure; it may be a miracle involving clothing, but the context is insufficient to determine."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ካልዕ፡ ተአምሪከ፡ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ ድንግል፡ አመ፡ ውስተ፡ ባሕር፡ ተሰጥመ፨ እንዘ፡ ይጐይይ፡ እምቀትል፤\n\nሣልስ፡ ተአምሪከ፡ ዝውእቱ፤ ከመ፡ አድኃንኮሙ፡ አባ፡ ለኃብተ፡ እግዚእ፡ ወለወለቱ፨ እመቅሠፍተ፡ ሥራይ፡ ኅሱም፡\n\nራብዕ፡ ተአምሪከ፡ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ አቡየ፡ ለብእሲት፡ አሐቲ፨ ዘአልቦ፡ ሲሳየ፤\n\nሓምስ፡ ተአምሪከ፡ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ ሕይወት። ከመ፡ መሰጥካ፡ በኃይል፡ እመልአከ፡ ሞት፨ ለብእሲት፡ አሐቲ፡\n\nሳድስ፡ ተአምሪከ፡ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ ስቡሕ፤ ለብእሲ፡ አሐዱ፡ ኃጣውኢሁ፡ ብዙኅ፨ ዘከመ፡ አድኃንኮ፡\n\nነያ፡ ሳብዕ፡ ለተአምሪከ፡ ፍቅዳ፨ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ መገሥጽ፡ ከመ፡ ተግሣጸ፡ እም፡ ላዕለ፡ ውሉዳ፨\n\nሣምን፡ ተአምሪከ፡ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ አዳም፨ ከመ፡ ሠወርከ፡ በገዳም፨ እሞገደ፡ ብዙዝ፡ ዓክራም፨\n\nታሥዕ፡ አአምሪከ፡ እዜኑ፡ ዜና፨ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ አቡየ፡ ምሉዓ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወልቡና፨\n\nኣስር፡ ተአምሪከ፡ በኍልቈ፡ ቃላት፡ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ ኃያል፡ ወገባሬ፡ ኵሉ፡ መንክር፨","english":"Second miracle of yours, Eustathius the virgin, when he was submerged in the sea, while he was cutting from the rope.\n\nThird miracle of yours, this one: how you saved the father of the gift of the Lord and his son from the punishment of the severe judgment.\n\nFourth miracle of yours, Eustathius my father, for one woman who had no sustenance.\n\nFifth miracle of yours, Eustathius, life, how you struck with the power of the angel of death for one woman.\n\nSixth miracle of yours, Eustathius the glorious, for one man, his sins many, how you saved him.\n\nNow the seventh of your miracles, a command, Eustathius the rebuker, how you rebuked from above your children.\n\nEighth miracle of yours, Eustathius the red, how you hid in the monastery from the waves of the many waves of the sea.\n\nNinth miracle of yours, I recount the story, Eustathius my father, full of wisdom and heart.\n\nTenth miracle of yours in the number of words, Eustathius the strong and the doer of every wonder.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ካልዕ፡ ተአምሪከ፡ … ኣስር፡ ተአምሪከ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage enumerates ten miracles of Eustathius, each introduced by an ordinal number (ካልዕ, ሣልስ, etc.) and the phrase ተአምሪከ (“miracle of yours”). This catalog form is typical of hagiographic miracle lists.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3053RepCh333","label":"betmas: “From Your Many Miracles…”","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3053RepCh333"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፡ አዳም","severity":"info","text":"The epithet አዳም (ʾādām) for Eustathius in the eighth miracle is unusual; it may mean “red” (as in the English draft) or “Adam,” possibly alluding to a typological or symbolic association. The Geʿez term can carry both senses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ነያ፡ ሳብዕ፡ ለተአምሪከ፡ ፍቅዳ","severity":"caution","text":"The seventh miracle begins with ነያ (nayā, “now”) followed by ሳብዕ (sābeʿ, “seventh”), but the syntax is disrupted; ፍቅዳ (fəqda, “command”) may be a scribal error or a gloss. The English draft reads “a command,” but the Geʿez is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤዎስጣቴዎስ","severity":"info","text":"Eustathius (Ewosṭātewos) is a prominent saint in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, often identified with the fourth-century bishop Eustathius of Antioch or a local monastic figure. His miracles are widely celebrated in Geʿez hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3053RepCh333","label":"betmas: “From Your Many Miracles…”","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3053RepCh333"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ አድኃንኮሙ፡ አባ፡ ለኃብተ፡ እግዚእ፡ ወለወለቱ","severity":"info","text":"The third miracle’s rescue of “the father of the gift of the Lord and his son” echoes biblical rescue narratives (e.g., Abraham and Isaac, or Daniel in the lion’s den), but no direct scriptural citation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ተአምሪከ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula “miracle of yours” (ተአምሪከ) reflects a liturgical or hymnic style, suggesting the passage may have been used in communal recitation or as part of a longer encomium.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT3053RepCh333","label":"betmas: “From Your Many Miracles…”","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT3053RepCh333"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The epithet አዳም in the eighth miracle could mean “red” or “Adam”; the English draft chooses “red,” but the Geʿez is ambiguous.","The seventh miracle’s opening (ነያ፡ ሳብዕ፡ ለተአምሪከ፡ ፍቅዳ) is syntactically irregular; ፍቅዳ may be a scribal addition or corruption.","The identity of Eustathius (historical bishop or local saint) is not specified in the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}