{"slug":"LIT2989RepCh270","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","title":"Imae of Yāred","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:04Z","cost_usd":0.006062},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","work_id":"LIT2989RepCh270","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"},"stats":{"passages":10,"english_words":2122,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":59,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":1,"ambiguities":20,"work_notes":5,"external_links":2,"timeline":3},"summary":{"work":"LIT2989RepCh270","abstract":"The Imae of Yāred is an anonymous Geʿez hagiographic text preserved uniquely in the manuscript Betmaṣḥaf 270, held by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The work belongs to the mälkǝʿ genre, a poetic eulogy of a saint's physical and spiritual attributes, here applied to the little-known saint Yāred. Its opening trinitarian invocation and homiletic structure (dǝrsān) are standard for Ethiopic hagiography. The text's focus on Yāred's 'image' suggests a cult of icons or a visionary context. The date of composition and manuscript are unknown, and the work has no known liturgical use or later citation. The edition presents the Geʿez text without translation or critical apparatus.","historical_context":"The sole witness, Betmaṣḥaf 270, is an undated manuscript of unknown provenance within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Palaeographic analysis has not been published, so the date of the manuscript and the composition of the text remain uncertain. The work is anonymous and unattested in liturgical cycles or later hagiographical collections, suggesting it may have been a local or minor composition. The mälkǝʿ genre flourished in Ethiopia from the 15th century onward, but the text's date cannot be narrowed further. The comparison of Yāred to Abraham as 'friend' (ʿārk) and the salutation to body parts are typical of the genre. The final ambiguous line may reflect a proverbial or contextual threat. No digital surrogate exists, and the edition lacks annotation.","significance":"The Imae of Yāred is significant as a rare witness to a little-known saint in Ethiopic tradition, preserved in a unique manuscript. Its use of the mälkǝʿ genre for an obscure figure highlights the diversity of Ethiopian hagiography. The text's focus on Yāred's 'image' may indicate a local cult of icons or visionary piety, offering insight into devotional practices beyond the major saints. The work's survival in a single, unstudied manuscript underscores the fragility of Ethiopic textual heritage.","timeline":[{"date":"Unknown (likely 15th–18th c.)","event":"Composition of the Imae of Yāred, based on the floruit of the mälkǝʿ genre in Ethiopia."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Copying of Betmaṣḥaf 270, the sole known manuscript."},{"date":"20th c.","event":"Edition published in Betmaṣḥaf 270 (LIT2989RepCh270) without translation or critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Mälkǝʿa Śǝllāse (Image of the Trinity)","relation":"Shares the mälkǝʿ genre structure and salutation to body parts.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Gadla Yāred (Acts of Yāred)","relation":"Possible hagiographic companion, though not attested.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic Synaxarion","relation":"Yāred is absent from the standard synaxarion, indicating local or minor cult.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"Edition of Betmaṣḥaf 270","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270","reason":"Primary source for the Geʿez text."},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","label":"Dossier on anonymous Ethiopic hagiography","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","reason":"Comparative context for anonymous hagiographic works."}],"cautions":["The date of composition and manuscript are unknown; palaeographic analysis has not been published.","The work is anonymous and unattested in liturgical or later hagiographical sources.","The edition lacks translation, critical apparatus, and annotation of variant readings.","The final line 'the small one is more bitter than all' is ambiguous and its referent unclear."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000434,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:57:59Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2989RepCh270","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":10,"translated":10,"commentary_passages":10,"commentary_units":59,"english_words":2122,"source_letters":4901,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole known witness is the manuscript Betmaṣḥaf 270, which preserves the Geʿez text of the Imae of Yāred. No other copies are recorded.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is anonymous and its date of composition is unknown. The manuscript Betmaṣḥaf 270 is undated; palaeographic analysis has not been published.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Imae of Yāred is not known to have been used in the Ethiopian liturgical cycle or cited in later hagiographical collections.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","label":"gap dossier: Miracle of Mary: the drowned pilgrim resuscitated after a shipwreck on the Red Sea","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition provides no translation or critical apparatus; the Geʿez text is presented without annotation of variant readings or emendations.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"source edition: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The manuscript Betmaṣḥaf 270 is held in the collection of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, with no known digital surrogate.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 10 narrative."},{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","text":"1 scriptural phrase match(es) noted: Luke 1:28."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":10},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270":{"label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck":{"label":"gap dossier: Miracle of Mary: the drowned pilgrim resuscitated after a shipwreck on the Red Sea","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck"},"ed:LIT2989RepCh270":{"label":"source edition: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"በስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሥሉስ፡ ዘበሰማያት፡ አቡነ፨ በምግባር፡ ወግዕዝ፡ ዘወለደነ፨ ያሬድ፡ ወጠንኩ፡ ለመልክእከ፡ ድርሳነ፨ አብርህ፡ ኅሊናየ፡ ወዘልብየ፡ ዐይነ፨ ወበልሳንየ፡ ጸሐፍ፡ ሐዲሰ፡ ልሳነ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምከ፡ እኵት፡ ወቡሩክ፨ በአፈ፡ ፈጣሪ፡ አምላክ፨ መዝሙረ፡ በረከት፡ ያሬድ፡ ከመ፡ አብርሃም፡ ዓርክ፨ አስተበቍዓከ፡ ለለ፡ ጊዜ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ወሰርክ፨ ከመ፡ ታድኅነኒ፡ እመንሱት፡ ወሀውክ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለሥዕርተ፡ ርእስከ፡ ዘኢትቀርጻ፡ ለፈጊዕ፨ ወዘኢሀለወ፡ ውስቴቶን፡ ዘደነስ፡ ቅብዕ፨ ካህን፡ ያሬድ፡ ዘሰማያዊት፡ ምሥዋዕ፨ ኀበ፡ መሠጠከ፡ የማነ፡ አብ፡ ጽኑዕ፨ ሰደኒ፡ ምስሌከ፡ አሀሉ፡ በስንዕ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለርእስከ፡ ጸጕረ፡ ዘተገልበበ፨ መልዕልተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ከዊኖ፡ ተድባበ፨ ከመ፡ ታቅርብ፡ ያሬድ፡ ለአምላከ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ንባበ፨ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሕሊናከ፡ አእምሮ፡ ወሀበ፨ ወበርእስከ፡ ሠዓለ፡ ጥበበ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለገጽከ፡ እምስነ፡ ፀሓይ፡ ያዋኪ፨ ወእምነ፡ ፅዱል፡ ወርኅ፡ ዘኑኃ፡ ሌሊት፡ መላኪ፨ መምህረ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ያሬድ፡ ትንሣኤ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ሰባኪ፨ አድኅነኒ፡ ወሰውረኒ፡ እምልሳነ፡ ሰብእ፡ ሀዋኪ፨ እስመ፡ ንስቲት፡ ይእቲ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ተኣኪ፨","english":"In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, one God. In the beginning of the discourse on the image of Yāred, I begin to write a new discourse on your image. Illuminate my mind and the eye of my heart, and with my tongue write a new tongue.\n\nSalutation to the memory of your name, one and blessed, in the mouth of the Creator God. The psalm of blessing, Yāred, like Abraham the friend. I beseech you at every time, in the morning and in the evening, that you may save me from falsehood and ruin.\n\nSalutation to the hair of your head, which is not cut for the sake of the bald, and in which there is no place for the loss of the crown. Priest Yāred, of the heavenly altar, where you received the right hand of the strong Father. Lead me with you, that I may be in peace.\n\nSalutation to your head, whose hair is curled, above all the crowns, adorned, that you may bring, Yāred, to the God of righteousness, the offering. The Lord gave understanding to your mind, and on your head he placed wisdom.\n\nSalutation to your face, which surpasses the sun in beauty, and the full moon of the night, the messenger. Teacher of the faith, Yāred, preacher of the resurrection of Christ. Save me and conceal me from the tongue of the deceitful people, for the small one is more bitter than all.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሥሉስ፡ ዘበሰማያት፡ አቡነ","severity":"info","text":"The opening trinitarian invocation is a standard hagiographic formula, marking the start of a narrative or discourse.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ድርሳነ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'dǝrsān' (discourse) indicates a homiletic or encomiastic genre, here applied to the 'image' (mälkǝ') of Yāred.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ያሬድ","severity":"info","text":"Yāred is a little-known saint in Ethiopic tradition; the text's focus on his 'image' suggests a cult of icons or a visionary context.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","label":"gap dossier: Miracle of Mary: the drowned pilgrim resuscitated after a shipwreck on the Red Sea","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ አብርሃም፡ ዓርክ","severity":"info","text":"Yāred is compared to Abraham as 'friend' (ʿārk), echoing the biblical epithet for Abraham (Isa 41:8; Jas 2:23) and common in Ethiopic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለሥዕርተ፡ ርእስከ","severity":"info","text":"The salutation to body parts (hair, head, face) follows the structure of the Ethiopic mälkǝʿ genre, a poetic eulogy of a saint's physical and spiritual attributes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ንስቲት፡ ይእቲ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ተኣኪ","severity":"caution","text":"The final line 'the small one is more bitter than all' is ambiguous; it may refer to a specific threat (e.g., slander) or be a proverbial expression; the referent of 'small one' is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Yāred is not specified; he may be a local or legendary saint. The phrase 'small one' (nǝstīt) in the final line is ambiguous—possibly a person, a vice, or a metaphor for a harmful word."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ሰላም፡ ለቀራንብቲከ፡ ዘአዕይንቲከ፡ ይጼልላ፨ ለለ፡ አሐዱ፡ ልጹቀ፡ እንዘ፡ ይትማሰላ፨ ኀበ፡ ተወለድከ፡ ያሬድ፡ ለሀገረ፡ አክሱም፡ በማእከላ፨ እምትንበር፡ ምስለ፡ ንጉሥ፡ በፍግዕ፡ ወተድላ፨ እፎ፡ መነንከ፡ ለዓለም፡ ብዕላ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአዕይንቲከ፡ ከመ፡ ወይን፡ ፍሡሓት፨ ለነጽሮ፡ ሐዲስ፡ ሥርዓት፨ ዓቢይ፡ ያሬድ፡ ሊቀ፡ ካህናት፨ አባ፡ ኢትሰደኒ፡ ኀበ፡ ሀሎ፡ መሥገርት፨ ወክፍለኒ፡ እትመሀር፡ ዘለከ፡ ትምህርት፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአእዛኒከ፡ ነገረ፡ ማሕሌት፡ ዘአምጽኣ፨ አመ፡ ሰማያተ፡ ቦኣ፨ ብፁዕ፡ ያሬድ፡ ከመ፡ ገድልከ፡ አይድን፨ በስንከ፡ ወበምግባርከ፡ ያስተበፅዑከ፡ ብፅዓ፨ ኵሉ፡ ዘርእየ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘሰምዓ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለመላትሒከ፡ አውዏዞ፡ አንብዕ፡ ዘኢያዕረፋ፨ እንዘ፡ ይስእላ፡ ምሕረተ፡ እምእግዚአብሔር፡ አልፋ፨ ካህን፡ ያሬድ፡ ቢጸ፡ ሳውል፡ ወቢጸ፡ ኬፋ፨ ነፍስየ፡ ትስእለከ፡ እምነገደ፡ አዝማን፡ ሐድፋ፨ ወበሕፅንከ፡ ረሲ፡ ምዕራፋ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአዕናፊከ፡ መዓዛ፡ ኪሩብ፡ ዘአፄነዉ፨ አመ፡ መሠጠከ፡ መንፈስ፡ ኀበ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ሀለዉ፨ ከመ፡ ይስምዑ፡ ያሬድ፡ ለጕሕናከ፡ መሰናቅዉ፨ ዕድ፡ ወአንስት፡ ድኅሬከ፡ ተለዉ፨ ወምግባራቲከ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ዜነዉ፨","english":"Salutation to your eyebrows, which shade your eyes, each one like a lock of hair, as it is compared. Where you were born, Yāred, in the midst of the city of Aksum, from the seat with the king in joy and delight, why did you renounce the abundance of the world?\n\nSalutation to your eyes, like sweet wine, for the contemplation of a new ordinance. Great Yāred, chief of priests, Father ʾUttasedanī, where the mystery is, and grant me a portion that I may learn your teaching.\n\nSalutation to your ears, which brought the word of praise when the heavens appeared. Blessed Yāred, as your struggle is known, by your grace and your conduct they who are blessed bless you, all who have seen and all who have heard.\n\nSalutation to your jaws, which utter the words of the prophets, while they ask for mercy from God the First. Priest Yāred, equal to Saul and equal to Kefā, my soul asks you from the passage of times, having cast aside, and in your bosom I have received a refuge.\n\nSalutation to your nostrils, the fragrance of a cherub which they diffused when the Spirit anointed you where the saints are. So that they may hear, Yāred, the sound of your voice, the enemies and women followed after you, and they proclaimed your deeds to all.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለቀራንብቲከ፡","severity":"info","text":"Each stanza opens with ሰላም፡ ለ- (salutation to a body part), forming a systematic praise of Yāred’s physical features, a common hagiographic trope.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢትሰደኒ","severity":"info","text":"The name ʾUttasedanī (ኢትሰደኒ) is obscure; it may be a proper name or a title. The English draft treats it as a personal name, but the Geʿez could also be read as a phrase.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሳውል፡ ወቢጸ፡ ኬፋ","severity":"info","text":"Yāred is compared to Saul (Paul) and Kefā (Peter), linking him to apostolic authority. This echoes New Testament figures, common in Ethiopic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ለሀገረ፡ አክሱም፡","severity":"info","text":"Aksum (አክሱም) is the ancient capital of the Aksumite kingdom, a major center of Ethiopian Christianity. The reference situates Yāred’s birth in a historically significant religious and political context.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","label":"gap dossier: Miracle of Mary: the drowned pilgrim resuscitated after a shipwreck on the Red Sea","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንስት፡ ድኅሬከ፡ ተለዉ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of women following Yāred suggests a popular following, possibly reflecting later veneration or oral traditions about his ministry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትሰደኒ","severity":"caution","text":"The reading of ኢትሰደኒ as a name is uncertain; the Geʿez may contain a textual corruption or a rare epithet. The English draft’s rendering is tentative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ኢትሰደኒ (ʾUttasedanī) is unclear—whether a personal name, title, or textual corruption.","The phrase እምነገደ፡ አዝማን፡ ሐድፋ (from the passage of times, having cast aside) is syntactically ambiguous; the English draft interprets it as a temporal clause."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ሰላም፡ ለከናፍሪከ፡ ስሙ፡ አምላክ፡ ዘሰብሓ፨ ወለታቦተ ጽዮን፡ ንግሥት፡ ዘይቤላ፡ በሃ፨ በንባስከ፡ ያሬድ፡ ሰላም፡ ወፍሥሓ፨ አምሳለ፡ ደመና፡ ድኅረ፡ በዓለም፡ ተሰፍሐ፨ ኮነ፡ ሕይወተ፡ ወኮነ፡ ምክሐ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአፉከ፡ ዘተመልአ፡ ከመ፡ አይግ፨ ፈልፈለ፡ ረባሕ፡ ወሕግ፨ ካህን፡ ያሬድ፡ አበ፡ አዕሩግ፨ ክፍለኒ፡ ሀብተ፡ በረከቱ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡ ዘሥሩግ፨ ከመ፡ እሰብሐከ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ በደርግ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአስናኒከ፡ ዘአልቦን፡ ምሳሌ፨ እለ፡ ይጸዓድዋ፡ እምቢረሌ፨ ሰሚዓከ፡ ያሬድ፡ ቃለ፡ ትጉሃን፡ በሉዓሌ፨ ትቤ፡ ከማሆሙ፡ በምድር፡ ሃሌ፨ ወሰላም፡ ለማርያም፡ ዘባቲ፡ ድንጋሌ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለልሳንከ፡ ዘከሠተ፡ አርያመ፨ በጽዮን፡ ኤላመ፨ ቀሲስ፡ ያሬድ፡ እንተ፡ ቀደስከ፡ ዓለመ፨ አልቦ፡ ከማከ፡ ዘኃለፈ፡ ቅድመ፨ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይመጽእ፡ ከማከ፡ ዳግመ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለቃልከ፡ በጽዮን፡ አንቀጽ፨ ስብሐተ፡ አምላክ፡ ዘከልሐ፡ እንበለ፡ ኅፀፅ፨ ምስሌከ፡ ያሬድ፡ ነበሩ፡ አብያጽ፨ መጽኡ፡ ይስምዑከ፡ በጕጕዓ፡ ወረዊጽ፨ ወንጉሥ፡ ተንሥአ፡ እመንበር፡ ኀኑፅ፨","english":"Salutation to your lips, whose name is God of praise, and to the Daughter of Zion, the queen whom she called Hā. In your prophecy, Yāred, salutation and joy, like a cloud after it spread over the world, it became life and it became counsel.\n\nSalutation to your mouth, which was filled like a fountain, a sprout of abundance and law. Priest Yāred, father of the righteous, grant me a portion of the blessing of Jacob, who is woven, that I may praise you with him on the path.\n\nSalutation to your teeth, which have no likeness, which are whiter than crystal. Having heard, Yāred, the word of the poor in the street, you say, \"Like them on earth, Hallelujah,\" and salutation to Mary, in whom is the stone.\n\nSalutation to your tongue, which revealed the hidden in Zion, the temple. Priest Yāred, since you sanctified the world, there is none like you who passed before, and there is none who will come like you again.\n\nSalutation to your word in Zion, the proclamation, the praise of God which you proclaimed without defect. With you, Yāred, were the elders; they came to hear you in the assembly and the council, and the king arose from the throne of the sanctuary.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለ...","severity":"info","text":"Each stanza opens with 'Salutation to your [body part]', a standard anaphora in Ethiopic encomiastic poetry, building a litany of praise for Yāred.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዘሰብሓ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'whose name is God of praise' (ዘሰብሓ) may be a title or epithet for Yāred, linking him to divine praise; the Geʿez root ሰብሐ means 'praise'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለታቦተ ጽዮን፡ ንግሥት፡ ዘይቤላ፡ በሃ","severity":"info","text":"The 'Daughter of Zion' and 'queen whom she called Hā' likely allude to Mary, echoing Old Testament and Marian typology common in Ethiopic hymnody.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ያሬድ፡ አበ፡ አዕሩግ","severity":"info","text":"Yāred is called 'father of the righteous' (አበ፡ አዕሩግ), a title that may reflect his role as a monastic leader or priest in the Aksumite tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","label":"gap dossier: Miracle of Mary: the drowned pilgrim resuscitated after a shipwreck on the Red Sea","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ እሰብሐከ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ በደርግ","severity":"info","text":"The request to praise Yāred 'with him on the path' (በደርግ) parallels the pilgrim imagery in other Ethiopic hagiographies, where the saint guides the devotee.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘአልቦን፡ ምሳሌ","severity":"caution","text":"The claim that Yāred's teeth 'have no likeness' (ዘአልቦን፡ ምሳሌ) is hyperbolic; the text may be corrupt or intentionally exaggerated, as no physical description is given.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the queen whom she called Hā' is ambiguous; it may refer to Mary or a local Aksumite figure.","The phrase 'like them on earth, Hallelujah' is unclear; it may be a liturgical response or a textual corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለዘዚአከ፡ እስትንፋስ፨ ዘተመሥጠ፡ ቦቱ፡ ዕፍረተ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፨ ያሬድ፡ ካህን፡ ምሉአ፡ ሞገስ፨ ለቃልከ፡ ሶበ፡ ቀደስኮ፡ በጽዮን፡ መቅደስ፨ አድማዕከ፡ ተስፋ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ዘነፍስ፨\n\nሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለዘዚአከ፡ ጕርዔ፨ ዘኢሰትየ፡ ማየ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጸውም፡ ለለ፡ ሱባዔ፨ ክቡር፡ ያሬድ፡ ካህነ፡ ትንሣኤ፨ ዝርዎሙ ለአዕራርየ፡ ከመ፡ ይዘሩ፡ መስዔ፨ ጊዜ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ብሩ፡ ወገብሩ፡ ጉባኤ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለክሣድከ፡ ከመ፡ ባዝግና፡ ወማ፨ ዘአነቀ፡ አልባሰ፡ ግርማ፨ ማኅሌታይ፡ ያሬድ፡ በዓለ፡ አቢይ፡ ዜማ፨ ለመልክእከ፡ ዛቲ፡ ከመ፡ እፈጽማ፨ ይንግራ፡ አዕዋፍ፡ ለአስማት፡ ስማ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለመትከፍትከ፡ መረግደ፡ እለ፡ ጾራ፡\nበውሣጤ፡ ቅድስት፡ ደብተራ፨ ካህን፡ ያሬድ፡ ዘውግ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ወዘውግ፡ ዕዝራ፨ እንበለ፡ አእምር፡ ለመንግሥት፡ ትፍሥሕታ፡ ወግብራ፨ ከመ፡ ኢይሙት፡ ጸሊ፡ ገብርከ፡ ለግሙራ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለዘባንከ፡ ሞሕተ፡ ሱራሄ፡ ዘተዓፅፈ፨ በቀለመ፡ ወርቅ፡ ዘተጽሕፈ፨ ያሬድ፡ ክብርከ፡ እምክብረ፡ መላእክት ኃለፈ፨ ከመ፡ ኤፌሶን፡ ወጤግሮስ፡ ውስተ፡ ልበ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰፈፈ፨ ንባበ፡ ቃልከ፡ በሐኬት፡ ኢተርፈ፨","english":"Salutation to your breath, which was filled with the fragrance of the Holy Spirit, Yāred the priest, full of grace, to your word when you consecrated it in the sanctuary of Zion, you proclaimed hope to every soul.\n\nSalutation to your throat, which drew water from the well while fasting for the sake of penance, venerable Yāred, priest of the Resurrection, you scattered my enemies as one scatters ashes, when they cried out against me and gathered in assembly.\n\nSalutation to your neck, like a palm tree and a mother, which put on a garment of majesty, Yāred the hymnist, lord of great melody, to your image this I complete, let the birds proclaim the names of the names.\n\nSalutation to your shoulders, the steps of those who fasted within the holy book, Yāred the priest, of the lineage of Elijah and of the lineage of Ezra, without knowing the joy and work of the kingdom, as a suppliant, your servant prays for the completion.\n\nSalutation to your breast, which was adorned with the embroidery of silk, inscribed with the color of gold, Yāred, your glory surpassed the glory of the angels, as Ephesus and Tigris spread within the heart of all, the utterance of your word exceeded in truth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the salutation series of the malkəʾ-hymn, addressing Yāred's breath, throat, neck, shoulders, and breast in sequence.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰላም (salām)","severity":"info","text":"The repeated salām formula is standard in Ethiopic malkəʾ-hymns, each stanza venerating a different body part of the saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ጽዮን (Ṣəyon)","severity":"info","text":"Zion (Ṣəyon) here refers to the sanctuary in Jerusalem, a common biblical and liturgical trope in Ethiopic tradition, evoking the Temple and the Ark.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልያስ (Elyās) ወዘውግ ዕዝራ (wa-zawg ʿEzrā)","severity":"info","text":"Yāred is linked to the lineage of Elijah and Ezra, figures of prophetic and priestly authority, reinforcing his sanctity and connection to biblical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤፌሶን (Efeson) ወጤግሮስ (Ṭegros)","severity":"info","text":"Ephesus and Tigris are paired as geographical references, possibly alluding to the spread of Christian teaching or the reach of Yāred's influence, though the precise parallel is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ጕርዔ (gurʿe)","severity":"caution","text":"The term gurʿe (throat) is rare; the translation 'drew water from the well' may reflect a metaphorical or hagiographic motif of ascetic practice, but the exact sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'like a palm tree and a mother' (ከመ ባዝግና ወማ) is ambiguous; 'mother' may be a textual corruption or a title for Mary.","The reference to 'Ephesus and Tigris' (ኤፌሶን ወጤግሮስ) is unclear; it may denote regions or symbolic rivers, but the intended meaning is not explicit."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","ref":"Luke 1:28","text":"The English carries the scriptural phrase “full of grace”, which matches Luke 1:28. The match is on the English draft; check the Coptic before quoting the verse."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ሰላም፡ ለእንግድዓከ፡ በእንተ፡ ፈቃዱ፡ ወሥምረቱ፨ ዘኢጾረ፡ ለጌጋይ፡ ጾረ፡ አርዑቱ፨ እንበለ፡ ትፍልጥ፡ ያሬድ፡ በዜማ፡ ቃላት፡ ሠለስቱ፨ ሰማዕታተ፡ ወጻድቃን፡ እለ፡ አዕረፉ፡ ወሞቱ፨ ክብሮሙ፡ ዜናከ፡ ለዓለም፡ ዝንቱ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለሕፅንከ፡ ዘተሐቅፈ፡ ዲቤሁ፨ ለኪሩብ፡ ቃለ፡ ቅዳሴሁ፨ ዘይሰብክ፡ ያሬድ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ ትንሣኤሁ፨ ናሁ፡ በበዓሉ፡ ተፈሥሑ፡ ናሁ፨ እስመ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወክቡር፡ ብእሲሁ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአእዳዊከ፡ ለቀቲለ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘኣስሕታ፨ እንዘ፡ የኃድጋ፡ ቀስተ፡ ወገደፋ፡ ወልታ፨ ክቡር፡ ያሬድ፡ ለገበዘ፡ አክሱም፡ ካህነ፡ ቤታ፨ ጸሊ፡ ያስተጋብአነ፡ ለዝርዋን፡ ካህናታ፨ ከመ፡ በ፩ኅቡረ፡ ነሀሉ፡ ውስቴታ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለመዛርዒከ፡ ጽኑዓን፡ ከመ፡ መሠረት፨ በኃይለ፡ ጸሎት፨ ዘሰተይከ፡ ያሬድ፡ በጽርሐ፡ ጽዮን፡ ቅድስት፨ ስቴ፡ መንፈስ፡ ዘሰተይዎ፡ ሐዋርያት፨ እንዘ፡ ጉቡኣን፡ እሙንቱ፡ በቤት፨\n\nሰላም፡ ሰላም፡ ለኵርናዕከ፡ እምሰርዌ፨ ለመልአከ፡ አርዌ፨ ያሬድ፡ አቡየ፡ ምሉአ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወልባዌ፨ ጽንሐኒ፡ ለገብርከ፡ እስከ፡ እበጽሕ፡ ውርዛዌ፨ ወኢትመጥወኒ፡ ለሕማም፡ ወደዌ፨","english":"Salutation to your neck, by his will and favor, which was adorned for the pilgrim who fasted his forty days, without faltering, Yāred, in the melody of three words. The martyrs and the righteous who lived and died, their glory is your story for this world.\n\nSalutation to your bosom, which embraced upon him, for the cherub, the word of his sanctification, which proclaims, Yāred, the resurrection of Christ. Now at his feast, rejoice now, for he is great and a man of honor.\n\nSalutation to your hands, which slew a man who had sinned, while he abandoned the bow and the javelin and the shield. Honorable Yāred, for the treasury of Aksum, the priest of the house. Pray, bring us together for the seed of its priests, as they dwell in unity within it.\n\nSalutation to your feet, firm as a foundation, by the power of prayer, which you drank, Yāred, at the sanctuary of Zion the holy. The drink of the Spirit which the apostles drank, while they were gathered together in the house.\n\nSalutation, salutation to your horn from the wood, for the angel of the beast. Yāred, my father, full of wisdom and understanding. Protect me, your servant, until I reach my inheritance, and do not let me be touched by pain and disease.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the salutation series of the malkəʿ-hymn, addressing body parts: neck, bosom, hands, feet, and horn. Each stanza follows the pattern 'Salutation to your [body part]' with a descriptive clause.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠለስቱ ሰማዕታተ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ሠለስቱ ሰማዕታተ' (three martyrs) is ambiguous; it may refer to a specific group of three martyrs venerated in the Aksumite tradition, but the text does not name them.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ገበዘ አክሱም","severity":"info","text":"The 'treasury of Aksum' (ገበዘ አክሱም) refers to the church treasury of Aksum, a major ecclesiastical and economic center in Ethiopian Christianity, often associated with the Cathedral of Mary of Zion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","label":"gap dossier: Miracle of Mary: the drowned pilgrim resuscitated after a shipwreck on the Red Sea","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ስቴ መንፈስ ዘሰተይዎ ሐዋርያት","severity":"info","text":"The 'drink of the Spirit which the apostles drank' echoes Acts 2:1–4, where the apostles receive the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, often interpreted as a spiritual drink in Geʿez hymnography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኵርናዕ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ኵርናዕ' (horn) is ambiguous: it may refer to a literal horn (e.g., an oil horn) or metaphorically to a symbol of strength or protection, as in the 'horn of the altar'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ለመልአከ አርዌ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ለመልአከ አርዌ' (for the angel of the beast) is obscure; it may be a corruption or a reference to a specific angelic or bestial figure in local tradition, but no clear parallel is attested.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'three martyrs' (ሠለስቱ ሰማዕታተ) is not specified.","The phrase 'angel of the beast' (መልአከ አርዌ) is unclear; it may be a textual corruption or a reference to a lost tradition.","The 'horn from the wood' (ኵርናዕከ እምሰርዌ) could be literal or symbolic; the intended meaning is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ሰላም፡ ለእመትከ፡ ዘኣሰፈረ፡ ለሰብእ፨ መስፈርተ፡ ኃጣውእ፨ ወዘኢቆምከ፡ ያሬድ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓውደ፡ ጽልእ፨ በእንቲአየ፡ አስተበቍዖ፡ አመ፡ ይመጽእ፨ ከመ፡ ይምሐረነ፡ ቃለ፡ አብ፡ እግዚእ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለእራኃቲከ፡ ዘያፈጥና፡ ውሂበ፨ ከመ፡ ከርሥ፡ ዘርዓበ፨ ፍዳ፡ አቅረብኩ፡ ያሬድ፡ ለመልክእከ፡ ንባበ፨ ረስዮ፡ ለሕሊናየ፡ ዘክህነት፡ መዝገበ፨ ካልኣንሰ፡ ኢይክሉ፡ ዓቂበ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአፃብዒከ፡ እለ፡ ተደለዋ፡ ለጽሒፍ፨ ትእዛዘ፡ አምላክ፡ ትሩፍ፨ እንዘ፡ ይትና በባከ፡ ያሬድ፡ በከናፍር፡ ወአፍ፨ ሰደኒ፡ ኀበ፡ ወሰዳከ፡ ሠላስ፡ አዕዋፍ፨ እንዘ፡ ይትጓድዓ፡ አክናፈ፡ በክንፍ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአጽፋረ፡ እዴከ፡ ዘይነብራ፡ መልዕልተ፨ እምሥጋ፡ አፃብዕ፡ ነሢኦን፡ ሥርዓተ፨ ከመ፡ እወድሰከ፡ ያሬድ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጸ፡ ኵሉ፡ ክሡት፨ መጺኦ፡ መልአከ፡ ሞት፡ ኢይሰደኒ፡ ግብተ፨ አባ፡ በእንቲአየ፡ ጸሊ፡ አንተ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለገቦከ፡ ህየንተ፡ ሰከበ፡ በሠቅ፨ እግዚአብሔር፡ ገልበቦ፡ ሐመልማለ፡ ወርቅ፨ ካህን፡ ያሬድ፡ ምክሐ፡ አዕሩግ፡ ወደቂቅ፨ ሡቀኒ፡ እምትንታኔ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይደቅ፨ ወኢታግብአኒ፡ ውስተ፡ ግብ፡ ዕሙቅ፨","english":"Salutation to your neck, by his will and favor, which was adorned for the pilgrim who fasted his forty days, without faltering, Yāred, in the melody of three words. The martyrs and the righteous who lived and died, their\n\nSalutation to your neck, which gathered for man the measure of sins, and to your standing, Yāred, in the field of shadow, on my account I beseech you when he comes, that he may forgive us, the word of the Father, the Lord.\n\nSalutation to your forearms, which hasten the gift, like a womb that sows; I have offered a ransom, Yāred, for your image, a speech; accept my thought, the treasure of priesthood; others cannot hinder.\n\nSalutation to your fingers, which were adorned for writing, the abundant commandment of God, while you were called, Yāred, by lips and mouth; cast me to where you cast the three birds, while wings are shaken with a wing.\n\nSalutation to the palms of your hands, which dwell above, from the flesh of the fingers, the ordinance of the nail; as I praise you, Yāred, before the face of all, the hidden; the angel of death came, he does not cast me to the grave; Father, pray for me, you.\n\nSalutation to your chest, on which he lay on sackcloth; the Lord turned it into a golden flower; priest Yāred, counsel of the elders and children; save me from hesitation, that I may not fall, and do not bring me into a deep pit.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም ለእመትከ (salutation to your neck)","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the salutation series, addressing body parts (neck, forearms, fingers, palms, chest) in a pattern typical of Ethiopian mälkǝʿ hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መስፈርተ ኃጣውእ (measure of sins)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'measure of sins' likely refers to a moral or penitential concept, possibly linked to the idea of a spiritual balance or judgment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዓውደ ጽልእ (field of shadow)","severity":"info","text":"The 'field of shadow' may evoke a liminal or monastic space, possibly a hermitage or place of ascetic struggle, common in hagiographic contexts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","label":"gap dossier: Miracle of Mary: the drowned pilgrim resuscitated after a shipwreck on the Red Sea","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃለ አብ እግዚእ (word of the Father, the Lord)","severity":"info","text":"This phrase echoes Johannine language (e.g., John 1:1) and Trinitarian formulas, identifying the 'word' with God the Father, a common Christological reference.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠላስ አዕዋፍ (three birds)","severity":"info","text":"The 'three birds' may parallel symbolic triads in Ethiopian tradition, such as the Trinity or the three Magi, though the exact referent is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይሰደኒ ግብተ (he does not cast me to the grave)","severity":"caution","text":"The syntax is ambiguous: the subject of 'cast' could be the angel of death or Yāred; the English draft interprets it as the angel, but the Geʿez allows either reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'he' in 'when he comes' (አመ ይመጽእ) is unclear: possibly Christ, the angel of death, or a pilgrim.","The phrase 'three birds' (ሠላስ አዕዋፍ) lacks clear context; it may be symbolic or a textual corruption.","The subject of 'cast me' (ሰደኒ) in the fingers stanza is ambiguous: Yāred or God."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለከርሥከ፡ ሰሌዳ፨ ዘተጽሕፈ፡ ቦቱ፡፡ አምኃ፡ ስብሐት፡ ወጋዳ፨ በእንቲአየ፡ ያሬድ፡ ለልሳንከ፡ ከመ፡ ልማዳ፨ ጸሊ፡ ኀበ፡ ማርያም፡ ወኀበ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ወልዳ፨ ከመ፡ ታድኅኑኒ፡ እመንሱት፡ ወዕዳ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለልብከ፡ ዘኢያእመረ፡ ቂመ፨ እንበለ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ሰላመ፨ እንዘ፡ ትሰሚ፡ ያሬድ፡ ዘማርያም፡ ስመ፨ ለነቢብ፡ እምትናግሮ፡ አፈ፡ ሰብእ፡ አርመመ፨ ወሕፃን፡ ሶቤሃ - አቀመ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለኵልያቲከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘፈተኖን፨ በማኅቶተ፡ ብርሃን፨ ውዱሰ፡ ምግባር፡ በኵሉ፡ ያሬድ፡ ካህን፨ አድኅነኒ፡ በጸሎትከ፡ እመከራ፡ ዝንቱ፡፡ ዘመን፨ ወእመግሪሁ፡ ለእኩይ፡ ሰይጣን፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለኅሊናከ፡ ንስቲተ፡ ዘኢሐለየ፨ ምክረ፡ እኩየ፨ ያሬድ፡ ካህን፡ ቀሪበከ፡ ዝየ፨ አምዕዝ፡ በጸሎትከ፡ ዘስሕከ፡ ጕርዔየ፨ ወስብሐተ፡ አምላክ፡ ምላእ፡ አፉየ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአማዑቲከ፡ በፍርሃት፡ ዘኢተሀውካ፨ እንዘ፡ በአምላክ፡ ያመልካ፨ ስምከ፡ ያሬድ፡ ከመ፡ ያሬድ፡ ወልደ፡ ባረካ፨ ለትንሣኤ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ትቤላ፡ ዕለተ፡ በርህ፡ ወዋካ፨ ዛቲ፡ ፋሲካ፡ ዛቲ፡ ፋሲካ፨","english":"Salutation to your belly, a tablet upon which is inscribed the abundance of praise and a guide. For my sake, Yāred, your tongue is like a custom. Pray to Mary and to her son Jesus, that they may save me from falsehood and debt.\n\nSalutation to your heart, which knew the measure without ceasing the salutation, while you heard, Yāred, the name of Mary. For the prophecy from the speech of the mouth of man was silenced, and the child then stood.\n\nSalutation to your kidneys, which the Lord tested with the radiance of light. Of noble conduct in all things, Yāred the priest, save me by your prayer from the affliction of this time and from the threat of the evil Satan.\n\nSalutation to your mind, which devised no small evil counsel. Yāred the priest, near to me here, make sweet by your prayer what is bitter in my throat, and fill my mouth with the praise of God.\n\nSalutation to your loins, which were not shaken by fear, while you made God king. Your name, Yāred, like Yāred, son of Baraka, for the resurrection of Christ you await the day of the bright and pure, this Pascha, this Pascha.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለከርሥከ፡ ሰሌዳ፨","severity":"info","text":"Each stanza opens with 'Salutation to your [body part]', a fixed pattern in Ethiopic encomia. The sequence moves from belly to heart, kidneys, mind, and loins, forming a descending anatomical catalogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰሌዳ","severity":"info","text":"Geʿez ሰሌዳ (sāledā) 'tablet' likely renders Coptic ⲡⲓⲁⲕⲓⲥ (piakis) or Greek πινακίς, evoking a writing surface for divine inscription. The belly as a tablet echoes ascetic practice of internalizing scripture.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ማርያም፡ ወኢየሱስ፡ ወልዳ","severity":"info","text":"The invocation of Mary and her son Jesus is a standard hagiographic plea, but the pairing 'Mary and her son Jesus' echoes the Coptic liturgical formula ⲧⲉⲛⲙⲁⲩ ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲉⲥϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ያሬድ፡ ካህን","severity":"info","text":"Yāred is consistently titled 'priest' (ካህን) in this passage, aligning with the hagiographic tradition of a monastic or clerical figure. The epithet 'son of Baraka' in the final stanza suggests a patronymic or spiritual lineage.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","label":"gap dossier: Miracle of Mary: the drowned pilgrim resuscitated after a shipwreck on the Red Sea","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዛቲ፡ ፋሲካ፡ ዛቲ፡ ፋሲካ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated 'this Pascha, this Pascha' at the close emphasizes the paschal context, likely for liturgical use during Easter. The manuscript tradition (betmas) preserves this as part of a longer encomium cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልደ፡ ባረካ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'son of Baraka' is ambiguous: it may be a proper name (Yāred son of Baraka) or a title ('son of blessing'). The Geʿez allows both readings; the English draft opts for the patronymic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወልደ ባረካ' could be read as a patronymic ('son of Baraka') or a spiritual epithet ('son of blessing'). The English draft takes the former, but the latter is possible in a hagiographic context.","The final line's repetition 'ዛቲ ፋሲካ ዛቲ ፋሲካ' may indicate a liturgical refrain or a textual corruption; the manuscript does not clarify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ሰላም፡ ለንዋየ፡ ውሥጥከ፡ ኅቡእ፡ ዘኢይትረአይ፨ እመልያልይ፨ ያሬድ፡ ካህን፡ በቃለ፡ መዝሙር፡ ሠናይ፨ ከመ፡ ትሰብሖ፡ ለትንሣኤ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዓቢይ፨ መንገለ፡ ሰማያት፡ መሠጠከ፡ ማኅየዊ፡ ባሕርይ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለኅንብርትከ፡ ማእከለ፡ መላክዕ፡ ዘሣረሮ፨ እግዚአብሔር፡ ርእሰ፡ አእምሮ፨ ዘነበርከ፡ ያሬድ፡ ምስለ፡ ንጉሥ፡ በተፋቅሮ፨ ሶበ፡ ነጸሩከ፡ እንዘ፡ ትዜምሮ፡ ዘምሮ፨ ሠራዊት፡ ኵሎሙ፡ አንከሩ፡ አንክሮ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለሐቌከ፡ ህየንተ፡ ዘቀነተ፡ ጋጋ፨ ለነሢአ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ወጸጋ፨ ካህን፡ ያሬድ፡ መምህረ፡ ብዙኃን፡ እንግልጋ፨ ለገበዘ፡ አክሱም፡ ሀገርከ፡ ወውላድከ፡ በሥጋ፨ ከመ፡ ይትቀደስ፡ ጸሊ፡ ሥርዓታ፡ ወሕጋ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአቍያጺከ፡ መልዕልተ፡ አብራክ፡ ዘተሐንጻ፨ እንዘ፡ ይትባየፃ፨ ብፁዕ፡ ያሬድ፡ ዘኣያእመርከ፡ ግብረ፡ ዓመፃ፨ ለቃለ፡ አፉከ፡ ከመ፡ ይስምዓ፡ ድምፃ፨ ዘመደ፡ አዕዋፍ፡ ኵሎን፡ መንገሌከ፡ ሮጻ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአብራኪከ፡ ዘሰገዳ፡ ለስኢል፨ ቅድመ፡ ገጸ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ቃል፨ ካህን፡ ያሬድ፡ ሰባኬ፡ ሐዲስ፡ ወንጌል፨ ነሢአከ፡ ፆታ፡ እምኪሩቤል፨ ለገበዘ፡ አክሱም፡ ቀደስከ፡ በማሕሌት፡ ወዕዝል፨","english":"Salutation to your interior, hidden, which is not seen. O my Lord, Yāred the priest, in the word of a good psalm. As you celebrate the great resurrection of Christ, you have drunk the path of the heavens, the life-giving sea.\n\nSalutation to your waist, in the midst of the angels, which they adorned. The Lord, the head of understanding, with whom you sat, Yāred, with the king in friendship. When they saw you as you sang a hymn, all the troops marvelled in wonder.\n\nSalutation to your loins, where the belt of the Gāgā is fastened. For the abundance of righteousness and grace, Yāred the priest, teacher of many, eloquent one. For the district of Aksum, your city, and your children by flesh, pray that its order and law may be sanctified.\n\nSalutation to your knees, above the thighs, which are bent. While it is proclaimed, blessed Yāred, who did not know the work of transgression. That the voice of your mouth may be heard as a sound, all the kinds of birds have run towards you.\n\nSalutation to your thighs, which bowed down for prostration. Before the face of Christ the Word. Yāred the priest, preacher of the New Gospel. You have received a nature from the cherubim. For the district of Aksum, you have consecrated it with psalmody and chant.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም ለንዋየ ውሥጥከ","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the salutation series, now addressing Yāred's interior, waist, loins, knees, and thighs, each with a distinct epithet and petition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጋጋ","severity":"info","text":"Gāgā likely refers to a liturgical belt or girdle, possibly associated with priestly vestments or a specific ritual object in Aksumite tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አክሱም","severity":"info","text":"Aksum is the ancient capital of Ethiopia and a major religious center; the prayer for its order and law reflects the text's concern with ecclesiastical and civic sanctity.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","label":"gap dossier: Miracle of Mary: the drowned pilgrim resuscitated after a shipwreck on the Red Sea","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ትንሣኤ ክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The 'great resurrection of Christ' echoes New Testament passages on the resurrection (e.g., 1 Cor 15) and is a central theme in Ethiopian Orthodox liturgy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ያሬድ ካህን","severity":"info","text":"Yāred is venerated as a priest and teacher in Ethiopian tradition; this text contributes to his hagiographic portrayal, emphasizing his musical and liturgical roles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ለኅንብርትከ","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'waist' (ህንብርት) may be a scribal variant or error for 'hip' or 'side'; the anatomical sequence in the salutations is not entirely consistent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact referent of Gāgā (ጋጋ) is uncertain; it may be a proper name or a liturgical object.","The anatomical terms for waist, loins, and thighs may overlap in Geʿez, leading to imprecise body-part mapping."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ሰላም፡ ለአእጋሪከ፡ ዘኍልቆን፡ ክልኤቲ፨ እንዘ፡ እኤምኆን፡ ለለ፡ አሐቲ፨ አስተበቍዓከ፡ ያሬድ፡ በዕለተ፡ በዓልከ፡ ዛቲ፨ ጸሊ፡ ከመ፡ ታድኅነኒ፡ እመሥገርተ፡ ሰይጣን፡ መስሐቲ፨ ኀበ፡ ማርያም፡ ድንግል፡ ወለቱ፡ ለማቲ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለሰኳንዊከ፡ ከመ፡ ቃለ፡ ነቢይ፡ ዳዊት፨ ዘኢዓገቶን፡ ኃጢአት፨ ጊዜ፡ ትብል፡ ያሬድ፡ ቅድስት፡ ወብፅዕት፨ እምድር፡ ተለዓልከ፡ መጠነ፡ እመት፨ ቅድመ፡ ታቦተ፡ አምላከ፡ ጽዮን፡ ዘባቲ፡ ኦሪት፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለመከየድከ፡ትእዛዘ፡ ወንጌል ከመ፡ይፈጽሙ፨ በሐዊረ፡ ፍኖት፡ ዘኢደክሙ፨ ለሰብአ አክሱም፡ ያሬድ፡ እንዘ ትትአመኖሙ፨ ነሣእከ፡ ሰላሙ፡ እምኔሆሙ፨ ወሰላሙከ፡ ኃደገ፡ ሎሙ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአፃብዒከ፡ በከተማ፡ አእጋር፡ ዘተሣረረ፨ እንዘ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ይከውን፡ ኅቡረ፨ ጻድቅ፡ ያሬድ፡ ከመ፡ ገድልከ፡ ነገረ፨ እምንኡስ፡ ዕፄ፡ ነጺረከ፡ ምግባረ፨ ወበእንተዝ፡ ተመየጥከ፡ ትትመሀር፡ መዝሙረ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአጽፋረ፡ እግርከ፡ ዘኢያዕቀፎን፡ እብን፨ ወዘኢተዳደቆን፨ ያሬድ፡ ካህን፡ ጥዑመ ልሳን፨ ሶበ፡ ሖርከ፡ ለነቢር፡ መንገለ፡ ሰሜን፨ ሰብአ አክሱም፡ ተረክቡ፡ በብዙኅ፡ ኃዘን፨","english":"Salutation to your legs, which are both slender, while I kiss them one by one. You have been immersed, Yāred, on this day of your feast. Pray that you may save me from the snare of the deceitful enemy, at the place of Mary the virgin, daughter of Matti.\n\nSalutation to your knees, like the word of the prophet David, which sins have bent. When you say, Yāred, holy and pure, you have risen from the earth to the height of a cubit, before the ark of the God of Zion, where the Law is.\n\nSalutation to your loins, that the commandment of the Gospel may be fulfilled, on the journey of the path which they have not wearied. For the people of Aksum, Yāred, while you trusted them, you took their salutation from them, and your salutation left them.\n\nSalutation to your fingers, which are inscribed on the city of the limbs, while with him it may be in union. The righteous Yāred, as your deed told, from a small tree you were carved, a work, and because of this you were deemed worthy to learn the psalter.\n\nSalutation to the nails of your feet, which stone did not hinder, and which did not stumble, Yāred the priest, sweet of tongue. When you went to dwell toward the north, the people of Aksum were found in great sorrow.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለአእጋሪከ፡ ዘኍልቆን፡ ክልኤቲ","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the salutation sequence, addressing body parts from legs to feet, typical of the qǝne genre.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አክሱም","severity":"info","text":"Aksum is the ancient capital of Ethiopia and a major center of Geʿez Christianity, often referenced in hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","label":"gap dossier: Miracle of Mary: the drowned pilgrim resuscitated after a shipwreck on the Red Sea","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃለ፡ ነቢይ፡ ዳዊት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'word of the prophet David' likely alludes to the Psalms, which are traditionally attributed to David.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ታቦተ፡ አምላከ፡ ጽዮን","severity":"info","text":"The 'ark of the God of Zion' refers to the Ark of the Covenant, which in Ethiopian tradition is held to reside in Aksum.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ያሬድ፡ ካህን","severity":"info","text":"Yāred is venerated as a priest in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition; this text is part of a liturgical collection for his feast.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"source edition: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያዕቀፎን፡ እብን","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'which stone did not hinder' is ambiguous; it may refer to a miraculous journey or a physical obstacle overcome.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'which stone did not hinder' could be literal or metaphorical; the reading taken is literal, referring to Yāred's journey north.","The identity of 'Matti' (Mary's father) is uncertain; it may be a variant of 'Matthias' or a local tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ያሬድ፡ ካህን፡ ለቆምከ፡ አዳም፨ ሰላም፡ ሰላም፨ ምስለ፡ መላክኢከ፡ ኵሎን፡ ዘሥጋ፡ ወደም፨ እለ፡ ኢጸዋዕኩ፡ ወጸዋዕኩ፡ ዘዚአሆን፡ ስም፨ ለለ፡ አሐዱ፡ አሐዱ፡ ስኡላን፡ በዓዕም፨\n\nሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለህላዌ፡ ሥጋከ፡ ዓዐድ፨ ዘቅጽራ፡ በረድ፨ ያሬድ፡ ካህን፡ ክቡረ፡ ዘመድ፨ አንቅሀኒ፡ በጸሎትከ፡ እምንዋመ፡ ሀኬት፡ ክቡድ፨ ከመ፡ እሰብሖ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ ዋሕድ፨\n\nናሁ፡ አቅረብኩ፡ እምዘብየ፡ ንስቲተ፨ ለመልክእከ፡ ማሕሌተ፨ ኢትበለኒ፡ ያሬድ፡ ለምንት፡ ሊተ፨ ተወከፍ፡ ባሕቱ፡ ወአዕርግ፡ ሰማያተ፨ ከመ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ተወከፈ፡ ዘአቤል፡ መሥዋዕተ፨","english":"Yāred, priest, you stood for Adam. Salutation, salutation, with all your limbs, every one of flesh and blood, which I have named and named by their name, each one of them, slender in stature.\n\nSalutation I say to the existence of your body, a wall, whose enclosure is hail. Yāred, priest, noble of lineage, rouse me by your prayer from the sleep of grievous malice, that I may praise Christ the One.\n\nBehold, I have offered from my small gift a hymn to your image. Say to me, Yāred, why to me? Accept only, and raise me to the heavens, as Christ accepted the sacrifice of Abel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለህላዌ፡ ሥጋከ፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the salutation sequence of the malkǝʿ-hymn, addressing Yāred's body as a 'wall' (ʿāʿad) and 'enclosure' (qǝṣra) of hail, a metaphor for spiritual protection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ተወከፈ፡ ዘአቤል፡ መሥዋዕተ፨","severity":"info","text":"The closing line alludes to Genesis 4:4, where God accepts Abel's sacrifice; here Yāred is asked to intercede like Christ, drawing a typological parallel between Abel's offering and the hymn.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መልክእ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term malkǝʿ (መልክእ) denotes a 'likeness' or 'image' used in hymnody for saints; the 'hymn to your image' (ማሕሌተ ለመልክእከ) is a standard formula in Ethiopic malkǝʿ-hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2989RepCh270","label":"betmas: Imae of Yāred","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2989RepCh270"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ያሬድ፡ ካህን፡","severity":"info","text":"Yāred is a priest (kahǝn) and martyr venerated in the Ethiopic tradition; the hymn's request to 'raise me to the heavens' reflects the hagiographic theme of intercession for salvation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck","label":"gap dossier: Miracle of Mary: the drowned pilgrim resuscitated after a shipwreck on the Red Sea","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-pilgrim-shipwreck"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትበለኒ፡ ያሬድ፡ ለምንት፡ ሊተ፨","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Say to me, Yāred, why to me?' is ambiguous: it may be a rhetorical humility topos or a textual corruption; the Geʿez ኢትበለኒ (ʾǝtbaleni) could be emended to 'tell me' or 'you said to me'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'why to me?' (ለምንት ሊተ) may reflect a damaged line or a deliberate rhetorical question; the exact sense of 'slender in stature' (ስኡላን በዓዕም) is uncertain in context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}