{"slug":"LIT2900RepCh181","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","title":"Image of Hripsime","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"translated-elsewhere","coverage_claim":{"status":"translated-elsewhere","reference":"Dickinson, Augustine. “Malkəʾa ʾArsimā (‘Image of Hripsime’): An Ethiopic Hymn for an Armenian Saint.” Aethiopica 26 (2023): 232–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.26.2090.","text":"An English translation of this work exists: Dickinson, Augustine. “Malkəʾa ʾArsimā (‘Image of Hripsime’): An Ethiopic Hymn for an Armenian Saint.” Aethiopica 26 (2023): 232–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.26.2090.. This machine draft is not the first translation and has not been compared with it."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:03Z","cost_usd":0.003833},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","work_id":"LIT2900RepCh181","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"},"stats":{"passages":6,"english_words":1296,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":33,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":10,"work_notes":5,"external_links":2,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT2900RepCh181","abstract":"The Geʿez hagiography of Hripsime (Arisima) recounts the martyrdom of a virgin saint under the Roman emperor Diocletian. The text, preserved in Ethiopian synaxarial collections, follows a narrative of persecution and is read liturgically on the 23rd of Ṭərr. The Geʿez version likely derives from an Arabic intermediary, itself translated from Armenian or Syriac sources. The work employs a salutation form (ሰላም) addressing the saint's body parts, a common encomiastic device. It also invokes typological figures such as Judith and Holofernes, adapting the Armenian tradition to Ethiopian Orthodox contexts. The edition lacks a critical apparatus, obscuring textual fluidity and scribal interventions.","historical_context":"The Geʿez translation of Hripsime's martyrdom cannot be securely dated before the 14th–15th century, though the original Armenian tradition dates to the 4th century. The text circulated within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, likely via Arabic intermediaries from Coptic or Syriac sources. The narrative is set during Diocletian's persecution (c. 303–313 CE), a period of state-sponsored violence against Christians. Hripsime is venerated as a virgin martyr, and her cult was reinforced through liturgical reading in the Ethiopian Synaxarium. The Geʿez version adapts the story to local hagiographic conventions, including the use of salutations and typological references. The transmission history is uncertain due to the lack of critical editions and manuscript studies.","significance":"This hagiography exemplifies the cross-cultural transmission of martyrdom narratives from Armenia to Ethiopia via Arabic intermediaries. It demonstrates how Ethiopian Orthodox tradition adapted foreign saints' cults through local literary forms, such as the encomiastic salutation. The text also preserves typological exegesis linking Hripsime to Judith, reflecting broader Christian hermeneutics. Its continued liturgical use underscores the enduring relevance of early martyrs in Ethiopian piety.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Martyrdom of Hripsime under Diocletian; Armenian tradition originates."},{"date":"5th–7th c.","event":"Armenian hagiography likely translated into Syriac and Arabic."},{"date":"14th–15th c.","event":"Earliest plausible date for Geʿez translation of Hripsime narrative."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Inclusion of Hripsime in Ethiopian Synaxarium (commemorated 23 Ṭərr)."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Manuscript witness used in source edition (betmas) without critical dating."}],"relations":[{"work":"Ethiopian Synaxarium","relation":"contains the Hripsime narrative as a reading for 23 Ṭərr","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Armenian Hripsime hagiography","relation":"source tradition for the Geʿez version","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Book of Judith","relation":"typologically referenced in the Geʿez text","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Revelation 3:14","relation":"alluded to in the phrase 'bearer of the glorious Amen'","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Hripsime","label":"Hripsime on Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hripsime","reason":"Provides background on the Armenian saint and her cult."},{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"Source edition at betmas","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181","reason":"Primary edition of the Geʿez text used for this dossier."}],"cautions":["The Geʿez translation date is uncertain; no manuscript witness is securely dated before the 14th–15th century.","The source edition lacks a critical apparatus, so textual fluidity and scribal interventions cannot be assessed.","The name 'Arisima' is a Geʿez variant; the relationship to the Armenian 'Hṙipʻsimē' is clear but the transmission path is inferred.","The typological reference to Holofernes and Judith may reflect later editorial additions rather than the original Armenian narrative."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.00044,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:47:39Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2900RepCh181","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":6,"translated":6,"commentary_passages":6,"commentary_units":33,"english_words":1296,"source_letters":3027,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a hagiographic account of the martyrdom of Hripsime, a virgin saint venerated in the Armenian and Ethiopic traditions. The Geʿez text follows a narrative of persecution under the Roman emperor Diocletian.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version likely derives from an Arabic intermediary, itself translated from Armenian or Syriac sources. The Ethiopic textual tradition preserves this narrative within broader synaxarial collections.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"source edition: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Hripsime is commemorated in the Ethiopian Synaxarium on the 23rd of Ṭərr. The Geʿez hagiography continues to be read in liturgical contexts, reinforcing her cult in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The original composition date is uncertain; the Geʿez translation cannot be securely dated before the 14th–15th century. The source edition does not provide a critical dating of the manuscript witness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not include a critical apparatus or variant readings from other Geʿez manuscripts. The reader cannot assess textual fluidity or scribal interventions in the transmission of the Hripsime narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"source edition: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"An English translation of this work exists: Dickinson, Augustine. “Malkəʾa ʾArsimā (‘Image of Hripsime’): An Ethiopic Hymn for an Armenian Saint.” Aethiopica 26 (2023): 232–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.26.2090.. This machine draft is not the first translation and has not been compared with it."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 6 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":6},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181":{"label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"},"ed:LIT2900RepCh181":{"label":"source edition: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምኪ፡ ዘሆህያቲሁ፡ ዘኆኅያቲሁ፡ አርባዕ፨\n\nከመ፡ ግጻዌሁ፡ ግቡር፡ ለመስቀለ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እግዚእ፨ አርሲማ፡ ብፅዕት፡ ብፅእት፡ ዕግሥተ፡ መከራ፡ ወስምዕ፨ ወስምእ፨ ውግዕኒ፡ እምአጥባትኪ፡ ሐሊበ፡ ፍሥሐ፡ ወፍግዕ፨ ነገረ፡ ውዳሴኪ፡ እንብብ፡ በልሳን፡ ጥእጡእ፨ ጥዕጡዕ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለሥዕርተ፡ ርእስኪ፡ ወለርእስኪ፡ ክሉል፨ ወለገጽኪ፡ ቀይሕ፡ ከመ፡ ጽጌ፡ ሮማን፡ ወኮል፨ አርሲማ፡ መዋኢት፡ መዋዒት፡ መኳንንተ፡ ስሕተት፡ ወሐጕል፨ ጸግወኒ፡ ዝቀ፡ አእምሮ፡ እምውዳሴኪ፡ ምዕቃል፨ ምእቃል፨ ንስቲተ፡ እቅዳሕ፡ ወእክዐው፡ ወእክዓው፡ በዔል፨ በዒል፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለቀራንብትኪ፡ ወለአዕይንትኪ፡ ወርኀ፡ ወርኃ፡ ገሃህ፨ ገሐህ፨ ወለአእዛ ንኪ፡ ጽልዋት፡ ኀበ፡ ቃለ፡ መልአክ፡ ፍሡሕ፨ ገሊላዊት፡ አርሲማ፡ ለባሲተ፡ አ ሚን፡ ስቡሕ፨ እፎ፡ ኢያፍርሀኪ፡ ኢያፍርሃኪ፡ እቶነ፡ ዕቶነ፡ ነበልባል፡ መፍርህ፨ ወኢያደንገፀኪ፡ ወኢያደንገጸኪ፡ ምንተ፡ ጤገኑ፡ ፍሉሕ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለመላትሕኪ፡ እለ፡ ተጸፍዓ፡ ወተሰትራ፨ ሶበ፡ በአእናፍኪ፡ ቦአ፡ ለመርዓተ፡ በመርዓተ፡ ቍስቋም፡ መዓዛ፡ ፍቅራ፨ ርእሰ፡ ፀርየ፡ ምትሪ፡ አርሲማ፡ ወስቅሊ፡ ውስተ፡ ደብተራ፨ ወለተ፡ ሜራራ፡ ሚራራ፡ ለሆሎፎርኒስ፡ ፀራ፨ ዲበ፡ ርእሰ፡ ተድባብ፡ ከመ፡ ሰቀለት፡ ክሳዶ፡ ክሣዶ፡ መቲራ፨","english":"Salutation to the memory of your name, whose letters are four.\n\nAs the work of the cross of Christ the Lord is accomplished, so you, the blessed Arisima, blessed one, queen of suffering and martyrdom. And martyrdom, grant me from your breasts the milk of joy and gladness. I shall recite the narrative of your praise with a fluent tongue.\n\nSalutation to the hair of your head and to your crowned head, and to your red face like the flower of the pomegranate and the rose. Arisima, the admirable one, the judge of error and sin. Grant me a drop of understanding from the measure of your praise. A little I shall gather and I shall proclaim and I shall declare with the Lord.\n\nSalutation to your eyebrows and to your eyes, the moon of the sun, and to your ears, cool, where the word of the angel is joyful. The Galilean Arisima, bearer of the glorious Amen. Why should I fear you? Why should I fear the flame of the terrible fire? And why should I be troubled? What are the sharpened swords?\n\nSalutation to your cheeks, which were covered and veiled when the fragrance of the love of the bride entered through your nostrils at the bridal chamber. The head of the enemy, the axe, Arisima, and the cross within the book. The daughter of Merara, the bitter one, for Holofernes, the enemy, upon the head of the bear, like a necklace of beads around the neck, the axe.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a series of salutations (ሰላም) to the body parts of the martyr Arisima, a common hagiographic encomium form in Geʿez. Each stanza addresses a different feature, moving from name to head, face, eyes, ears, and cheeks, culminating in a narrative of her martyrdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አርሲማ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Arisima' is a Geʿez form of the Armenian name Hṙipʻsimē (Hripsime), a fourth-century virgin martyr. The text uses this variant throughout, reflecting the Ethiopian reception of the Armenian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አሜን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'bearer of the glorious Amen' (ለባሲተ አሜን ስቡሕ) likely alludes to Revelation 3:14 or similar liturgical usage, where 'Amen' signifies divine affirmation. The term is personified as a title for the saint.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሆሎፎርኒስ","severity":"info","text":"Holofernes (ሆሎፎርኒስ) is the Assyrian general from the Book of Judith, here invoked as a type of the enemy. The reference to 'daughter of Merara' (ወለተ ሜራራ) and the beheading motif aligns Arisima with Judith, a common typology in hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አርሲማ መዋኢት መዋዒት","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Arisima, the admirable one, the judge of error and sin' contains a textual variant: መዋኢት/መዋዒት (admirable/judge) may be a scribal error or deliberate wordplay. The source edition notes this ambiguity.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"source edition: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This Geʿez text is part of the Ethiopian Orthodox veneration of Hripsime, whose story was translated from Coptic and Arabic sources. The salutation form and Judith typology show how local traditions adapted Armenian martyr narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Arisima' as Hripsime is clear, but the epithet 'daughter of Merara' (ወለተ ሜራራ) is obscure; it may be a place name or a symbolic title. The phrase 'queen of suffering and martyrdom' (ዕግሥተ መከራ ወስምዕ) could be read as a title or a liturgical invocation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ሰላም፡ ለከናፍርኪ፡ ወለአፉኪ፡ ወለአስናንኪ፡ ሥነ፡ ስነ፡ እብላ፨ ለልሳንኪኒ፡ ለልሳኒኪኒ፡ ምስለ፡ እስትንፋሳ፡ ወቃላ፨ ተመየጥኒ፡ አርሲማ፡ ለነዳይ፡ ኀሣሤ፡ ኃሣሤ፡ ተድላ፨ ከመ፡ ተሀብኒ፡ ለኅብ ስተ፡ ለሕብስተ፡ ጸጋኪ፡ ክፍላ፨ ወኂሩትኪ፡ ወለሂሩትኪ፡ ከዋኒት፡ ብዕላ፨\n\nሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለጕርዔኪ፡ ለጉርዔኪ፡ ወለክሳድኪ፡ ወለክሣ ድኪ፡ እሳለማ፨ አርሲማ፨ ለመታክፍትኪ፡ ሰላም፡ ወለዘባንኪ፡ ዑጽፍተ፡ ዑፅፍተ፡ ግርማ፨ ለድክምት፡ ወለትኪ፡ ለባሲተ፡ አጥናን፡ አርሲማ፨ ንጽሒ፡ ፀረ፡ ነፍስየ፡ ውስተ፡ ጸድፈ፡ ፀድፈ፡ ሕማም፡ ወጻማ፨ ወፃማ፨ ከመ፡ አስቴር፡ እመንበሩ፡ ነጽሐቶ፡ ለሓማ፨ ለሐማ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለእንግድዓኪ፡ ወለሕፅንኪ፡ ወለኅፅንኪ፡ ወለሕጽንኪ፡ ክቡር፨ ወለአእዳውኪኒ፡ ወለአእዳዊኪኒ፡ ምስለ፡ መዛርዒሁ፡ ጽዑር፨ ዓዲ፡ አዲ፡ አርሲማ፡ ለእግዝእትኪ፡ መጾር፨ ሰላም፡ ለንግደታ፡ ወዜና፡ ግፍዐታ፡ ግፍዓታ፡ መንክር፨ እንዘ፡ ንግሥት፡ ይእቲ፡ በሰማይ፡ ወምድር፨","english":"Salutation to your lips, and to your mouth, and to your teeth, the beauty of beauty I say. And to your tongue, to your tongue, with breath and voice. You have been gracious, Arisima, to the needy, the desire of desires, delight. As you give to the bosom, to the bosom of your grace, divide. And your favor, and to your favor, the possessor of abundance.\n\nSalutation I say to your throat, to your throat, and to your neck, and to your neck I salute. Arisima, to your shoulders, salutation, and to your back, adorned, adorned with majesty. To your right and to your left, to the bearer of the horns, Arisima. Conquer the enemy of my soul within the affliction of affliction, of pain and thirst, and thirst, as Esther from the throne beheld the victory over Haman, over Haman.\n\nSalutation to your breast, and to your bosom, and to your bosom, and to your bosom, honored. And to your hands, and to your hands, with their fingers, sharp. Again, again, Arisima, to your lady, the fast. Salutation to her mutilation and the news of her cutting, the cutting, wondrous. While she is queen in heaven and earth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለከናፍርኪ፡ ወለአፉኪ፡ ወለአስናንኪ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the salutation formula from the previous passage, now addressing Hripsime's lips, mouth, and teeth, then moving to her throat, neck, shoulders, back, and breast. This anatomical catalogue is typical of Geʿez encomiastic poetry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አርሲማ፡","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Arisima' is a Geʿez rendering of the Armenian name Hṙipʻsimē (Hripsime). The spelling variation reflects Geʿez orthographic conventions for foreign names.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ አስቴር፡ እመንበሩ፡ ነጽሐቶ፡ ለሓማ፨","severity":"info","text":"The comparison to Esther beholding Haman's defeat (Esther 7:9–10) frames Hripsime's martyrdom as a victory over evil, aligning her with a biblical heroine who triumphs through divine intervention.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ለእግዝእትኪ፡ መጾር፨","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'your lady, the fast' likely alludes to the ascetic practice of Hripsime or her companion, possibly Gayane, who is venerated as a fasting ascetic in Armenian tradition. The Geʿez text may conflate or adapt this detail.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ለድክምት፡ ወለትኪ፡ ለባሲተ፡ አጥናን፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'to your right and to your left, to the bearer of the horns' is obscure. 'Horns' may be a metaphor for strength or a reference to a specific iconographic attribute of Hripsime, but the intended meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'your lady' (ለእግዝእትኪ፡) is ambiguous; it may refer to Gayane or another figure. The phrase 'bearer of the horns' (ባሲተ፡ አጥናን፡) is unclear in context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ሰላም፡ ለኵርናዕኪ፡ ወለእመታትኪ፡ ወለእ ራኅኪ፡ ሰላም፡ እብሎን፨ ለአፃብዕኪ፡ ዐሥሮን፡ አሥሮን፡ ወለአጽፋሪሆን፨ ወአጽፋሪሆን፨ አርሲማ፡ ለድንግል፡ በእንተ፡ ንግደታ፡ ማኅዝን፨ ሐድሲ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ መ ዋዕለ፡ ዝንቱ፡ አዝማን፨ እስመ፡ በኀቤየ፡ አኀዞ፡ ርስዓን፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአጥባትኪ፡ ወለገቦኪ፡ ዘሐመልማለ፡ ወርቅ፡ ትርሲቱ፨ ለከርሥኪኒ፡ ዘምስለ፡ ልቡ፡ ወኵልያቱ፨ በእንተ፡ ንግደታ፡ ለማርያም፡ ወስደተ፡ ወልዳ፡ ባሕቱ፨ ኪያየ፡ ኃጥአ፡ ወምኑነ፡ ከመ፡ ታጽድቂ፡ በከንቱ፨ አርሲማ፡ ለአምላክኪ፡ ሰአሊዮ፡ ሎቱ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለኅሊናኪ፡ ለሕሊናኪ፡ እንተ፡ ይኄሊ፡ ይሔሊ፡ ሠናየ፨ ወአማዑትኪኒ፡ ወለንዋየ፡ ውስጥኪ፡ ውሥጥኪ፡ ዕሩየ፨ ንቅሒ፡ እንከ፡ ለንስሐ፡ ከመ፡ ታ ንቅሂ፡ ልብየ፨ እፎ፡ ይደፍን፡ አርሲማ፡ ጽልመተ፡ ኀጢአት፡ ኃጢአት፡ ኪያየ፨ እንዘ፡ ማኅቶትኪ፡ የሐውር፡ ቅድሜየ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለሕንብርትኪ፡ ለኅንብርትኪ፡ ወለድንግልናኪ፡ ሕቱም፨ ኅቱም፨ ለሐቌኪኒ፡ ለሐውቌኪኒ፡ ወለአቍያጽኪ፡ አዳም፨ ሰላም፡ እብለኪ፡ እብል፡ አርሲማ፡ ዘበሐዋዝ፡ ስዒም፨ ዓዲ፡ ማኅደራ፡ ለቅድስት፡ ማርያም፡ ሰላም፨ ሰላም፡ ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ ቍስቋም፨ ቁስቋም፨","english":"Salutation to your ears, and to your temples, and to your nostrils, I say salutation. To your ten fingers, ten, and to their nails, and to their nails, Arisima, for the virgin, because of her journey, the treasury. Renew for me what is above this time, for in my hand I hold the covenant.\n\nSalutation to your shoulders and to your back, whose adornment is the work of woven gold; and to your belly, which is like the heart and the kidneys. Because of the journey of Maryam and the exile of her Son alone, me, a sinner and a believer, how will you justify in vain? Arisima, to your God, beseech him for me.\n\nSalutation to your mind, to your mind which thinks, thinks what is good; and to your thoughts, and to the arrangement within you, within you, the chosen. Remove from me repentance, as you remove my heart. Why does the darkness of sin, sin, cover me, Arisima, while your humility goes before me?\n\nSalutation to your virginity, to your virginity and to your perpetual virginity, perpetual; to your waist, to your loins, and to your limbs, Adam. I say salutation to you, I say, Arisima, who is placed in the necklace. Again, the dwelling of the holy Maryam, salutation. Salutation, salutation to you, the crown, the crown.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the salutation series of the hymn, addressing body parts from ears to limbs, with repeated invocations of Arisima and Maryam.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አርሲማ","severity":"info","text":"Arisima is a Geʿez form of Hripsime, the Armenian virgin martyr; the name variation reflects local adaptation in Ethiopic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Maryam's journey and her Son's exile alludes to the Holy Family's flight into Egypt, a common trope in Ethiopic Marian devotion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The repeated salutation to body parts and the plea for intercession parallel the structure of the Ethiopian 'Salām' hymns, often addressed to saints or Mary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This hymn reflects the integration of Armenian hagiography into Ethiopic tradition, likely through Coptic intermediaries, as seen in the Geʿez adaptation of Hripsime's story.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕንብርት","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'ሕንብርት' (ḥənbərt) is ambiguous, possibly meaning 'virginity' or 'hymen'; the translation as 'virginity' follows the context of perpetual virginity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ማኅዝን' (maḫzən) in line 1 is ambiguous: it could mean 'treasury' or 'source'; the translation takes it as 'treasury' in reference to Mary.","The clause 'ከመ ታንቅሂ ልብየ' (kama tanqəḥi ləbəyya) is ambiguous: it may mean 'as you remove my heart' or 'as you move my heart'; the translation opts for 'remove'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ሰላም፡ ለአብራክኪ፡ በሰጊድ፡ ለልዑል፡ ዘጻመዋ፨ ምስለ፡ አእጋር፡ ወሰኰና፡ ዘቅሩቦን፡ ሀለዋ፨ አርሲማ፡ ክፍልኒ፡ ምስሌኪ፡ ውስተ፡ ፍናዋ፨ ለገነተ፡ ጽባሕ፡ እትለሀይ፡ እትለሐይ፡ ወአንፈርዕፅ፡ እንፈርዕጽ፡ በነሶሳዋ፨ በአንሶሳዋ፨ ከመ፡ እጕለ፡ እጉለ፡ ላህም፡ ዘይሰመይ፡ ጣዕዋ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለመከየድኪ፡ ወለአፃብ ዕኪ፡ በመዐርይ፨ በመዓርይ፨ ወለአጽፋርኪኒ፡ ወለአጽፋሪኪኒ፡ ዘጽዕዳዌሆን፡ ዘፅዕዳዊሆን፡ ባሕርይ፨ ሞቅሒ፡ ሊተ፡ አርሲማ፡ በልጓመ፡ መንፈስ፡ ሠናይ፨ ኢይቅትለኒ፡ አሥጋሪሃ፡ አስጋሪሃ፡ በሕምዘ፡ በኅምዘ፡ ንባባ፡ ንባብ፡ እኩይ፨ ንስቲት፡ እምአባልየ፡ ወድምፃ፡ ወድምጻ፡ ዐባይ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለቆምኪ፡ ዘይ መስል፡ በቀልተ፨ ወለመልክእኪ፡ ወለመልክዕኪ፡ ኵሉ፡ እንበለ፡ እኅድግ፡ አሐተ፨ አርሲማ፡ ሀብኒ፡ አምጣነ፡ ብየ፡ ተምኔተ፨ ለክርስቶስ፡ በቋዔ፡ ተድላ፡ ምስለ፡ አሥምሮቱ፡ አስምሮቱ፡ ሕይወተ፨ እስመ፡ ፈድፋደ፡ እፈርህ፡ መዊተ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለፀአተ፡ ለፀዓተ፡ ነፍስኪ፡ በዕለተ፡ መተሩኪ፡ ርእሰ፨ ለበድነ፡ ሥጋኪ፡ ወለግንዘትኪ፡ ኅውሠ፨ ኅውሰ፨ ሕውሰ፨ አርሲማ፡ ብዕልት፡ ብጽዕት፡ ኢታርእይኒ፡ ተጽናሰ፨ ተፅናሰ፨ ሴስይኒ፡ ሴስየኒ፡ እመዝገብኪ፡ እስመ፡ ኢይክል፡ ሐሪሰ፨ ወስኢለሂ፡ አኀፍር፡ አኃፍር፡ አንሰ፨","english":"Salutation to your knees, in prostration to the Most High who created her. With the feet and the shins of the martyrdom she had. Arisima, divide me with her in her path. To the garden of dawn, I will hasten, I will hasten, and I will tremble, I will tremble at her fragrance. At her fragrance, like the calf, the calf of the cow whose taste is called.\n\nSalutation to your elbows and to your fingers, in the cave, in the cave, and to your fingernails, and to your fingernails, whose whiteness is the sea. Melt for me, Arisima, with the fullness of the good spirit. Do not kill me, her torturer, her torturer, with the heat, with the heat of the evil tongue, the evil tongue. A little from my members and her blood, and her blood is great.\n\nSalutation to your stature which resembles a palm tree, and to your form, and to your form, all without leaving one. Arisima, give me the time of my great desire. For Christ, in the joy of the garden, with his fragrance, the fragrance of life. For I fear death exceedingly.\n\nSalutation to the departure, to the departure of your soul on the day of your beheading. To the burial of your body and to your funeral, the new, the new, the new. Arisima, the elder, the blessed, show me patience, patience. Give me, give me from your treasure, for I cannot be jealous. And I am ashamed, I am ashamed of myself.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the salutation sequence of the preceding passage, now addressing the knees, elbows, fingers, stature, and soul's departure. The repeated invocations of 'Arisima' and the plea for division or sharing mark a liturgical or devotional refrain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አርሲማ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Arisima' (አርሲማ) is a Geʿez rendering of the Armenian name Hṙipʻsimē (Hripsime). The variation in spelling reflects the transmission of the hagiography through Coptic and Geʿez channels.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"source edition: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the garden of dawn' and 'the joy of the garden' evokes the paradise imagery common in Geʿez hagiography, linking the martyr's death to an immediate entry into the Garden of Eden.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'like the calf, the calf of the cow whose taste is called' is obscure and may be corrupt or a misreading. The repetition and the simile are unusual and may reflect a scribal error or a lost idiomatic expression.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The repeated pleas for patience and for a share of the martyr's treasure reflect the devotional use of this text in Geʿez liturgy, where the saint is invoked as an intercessor for spiritual gifts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'her torturer' (አሥጋሪሃ) is unclear; it may refer to a persecutor or to a demonic figure. The phrase 'the heat of the evil tongue' is ambiguous, possibly a metaphor for slander or persecution."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ሰላም፡ ለመቃብርኪ፡ ወለፍልሰትኪ፡ ኅቡረ፨ ከመ፡ እለ፡ አሳፍ፡ ሎቱ፡ እንዘ፡ አቄርብ፡ መዝሙረ፨ አርሲማ፡ እግዝእት፡ እንተ፡ ትሰረገዊ፡ ትሠረገዊ፡ ክብረ፨ ኢትሰድኒ፡ ፄዋ፡ እምኀበ፡ ፈጣሪ፡ ኢሠምረ፨ ዘሕሊናየ፡ ሞቅሒ፡ አእጋረ፨\n\nእም ንዴትየ፡ ዘአቅረብኩ፡ ንዋየ፡ ማሕሌትኪ፡ ማኅሌትኪ፡ ዝንቱ፨ ስብሐተ፡ መልክእኪ፡ መልክዕኪ፡ ኵሉ፡ እንተ፡ ሀለወ፡ ውስቱ፨ አርሲማ፡ ብፅዕት፡ ብዕልት፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ሰማዕቱ፨ አዕርጊ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጽኪ፡ ወተወከፊዮ፡ ሎቱ፨ ኀበ፡ ቅድመ፡ አምላክ፡ ዘዐርገ፡ ዘዓርገ፡ ለአቤል፡ መሥዋዕቱ፨\n\nተረፈ፡ መልክእ፡\n\nሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ አርሲማ፡ ኅሪት፨ አመተ፡ ማርያም፡ ቡርክት፨ ዘኢያፍርሀኪ፡ ዘኢያፍርሃኪ፡ እቶነ፡ እሳት፨ ፅዕዱት፡ ዖፈ፡ ገነት፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ መዋግደ፡ ጽኑዕ፡ አዝማን፨ አመ፡ አንሥአ፡ ሰይጣን፨ ዘኢያፍርሀኪ፡ ዘኢያፍርሃኪ፡ እሳተ፡ እቶን፨ አርሲማ፡ ሰማዕተ፡ መድኅን፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ ለብፅዕት፡ አርሲማ፨ ሰማዕተ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ፌማ፨ እቶነ፡ እሳት፡ ዘኢያሕመማ፨ ክልልት፡ በአክሊለ፡ ግርማ፨","english":"Salutation to your tomb, and to your translation together. As those who added to him while I offer a psalm. Arisima, Lady, who will intercede for you, you will intercede for glory. And she will lead me, a little one, from the Creator, and she will adorn. The burning of my heart, the limbs.\n\nFrom my lamentation, that I have offered, the gift of your praise, your praise, this. The praise of your form, your form, all that is within it. Arisima, blessed one, noble one, for the Lord her martyr. Raise up before your face and accept it for him. To where before God, who ascended, who ascended for Abel his sacrifice.\n\nRemainder of the form.\n\nSalutation to you, Arisima, chosen one. Handmaid of Mary, blessed one. Who did not fear, who did not fear the furnace of fire. A bird of paradise.\n\nSalutation to you, strong pillar of times. When Satan rose. Who did not fear, who did not fear the fire of the furnace. Arisima, martyr of the Savior.\n\nSalutation to you, blessed Arisima. Martyr of Jesus, Phemius. The furnace of fire that did not pain her. Crowned with a crown of majesty.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ተረፈ፡ መልክእ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Remainder of the form' marks a break, indicating that the preceding section is a complete unit of the መልክእ (image) genre, and what follows is a new series of salutations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መልክእ","severity":"info","text":"መልክእ (malkǝʿ) is a Geʿez term for a hymn or poetic composition praising the 'form' or 'image' of a saint, often structured as a series of salutations to body parts or attributes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ፡ ፌማ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Jesus, Phemius' likely refers to a martyr or confessor associated with Hripsime; 'Phemius' may be a variant of 'Phemios' or a title, but the exact identity is uncertain in this context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኀበ፡ ቅድመ፡ አምላክ፡ ዘዐርገ፡ ዘዓርገ፡ ለአቤል፡ መሥዋዕቱ","severity":"info","text":"This alludes to the biblical figure Abel (Gen 4:4), whose sacrifice is typologically linked to martyrdom; the phrase 'who ascended for Abel his sacrifice' echoes early Christian exegesis of Abel as a proto-martyr.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትሰድኒ፡ ፄዋ፡ እምኀበ፡ ፈጣሪ","severity":"info","text":"The line 'she will lead me, a little one, from the Creator' reflects a devotional plea for intercession, typical in Ethiopic hagiographic poetry where the saint is asked to mediate between the supplicant and God.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ፡ ፌማ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Jesus, Phemius' is ambiguous; it may be a proper name or a title, and the reading 'Phemius' is uncertain. The text may contain a corruption or a rare epithet not fully attested.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Phemius' (ፌማ) is unclear; it may be a proper name, a title, or a textual corruption.","The phrase 'who did not fear the furnace of fire' is repeated, but the exact referent (Hripsime or another figure) is ambiguous.","The 'Remainder of the form' suggests a lacuna or a structural break, but the extent of missing text is not specified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ስሕተት፡ በዐውዱ፨ በዓውዱ፨ እንተ፡ ላዕሌኪ፡ ዕልዋን፡ ሥቃየ፡ ኵነኔ፡ አክበዱ፨ እስከ፡ አባልኪ፡ በእሳት፡ አንደዱ፨ ምዕዝት፡ እምናርዱ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ አርሲማ፡ ሥጋኪ፡ ሶበ፡ ሰተሩ፨ ወአዕፅምትኪ፡ ወአዕፅምተኪ፡ ሰበሩ፨ ክሳደኪኒ፡ መጦኪ፡ በ መጥባሕት፡ ይምትሩ፨ ለክርስቶስ፡ በእንተ፡ ፍቅሩ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ አርሲማ፡ ባሕርይ፨ ለነፍሰ፡ ኵሉ፡ ምስካይ፨ ከማኪ፡ አልቦ፡ እምታሕተ፡ ሰማይ፨ በሥን፡ ወበላሕይ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ ሶበ፡ መተሩ፡ ክሳዳ፨ ለስምዐ፡ ለስምዓ፡ ኵነኔ፡ በዐውዳ፨ በዓውዳ፨ ደም፡ ውሕዘ፡ ወሐሊብ፡ ፀዓዳ፨ ምዕዝት፡ እምጽጌ፡ ረዳ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ መጠነ፡ አማኅኩኪ፡ ሊተ፡ አርሲማ፡ እምየ፨ ልበ፡ መዋቲ፡ ዘኢሐለየ፨ ወዐይነ፡ ወዓይነ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዘኢርእየ፨ ለፍቁርኪ፡ ዘድንግል፡ ድልዊ፡ ዐስብየ፨ ዓስብየ፨","english":"Salutation to you, for the king of error in his court, in his court, upon whom the torments of punishment have increased. Until they burned you in fire, a marvel from the furnace.\n\nSalutation to you, Arisima; your flesh, when they tore it, and your bones, and your bones they broke. Your neck, your throat, they cut with a sword, for Christ, for the sake of his love.\n\nSalutation to you, Arisima, by nature a shelter for every soul. There is none like you beneath the sky, in beauty and in grace.\n\nSalutation to you, when they cut your neck, for the hearing, for the hearing of punishment in her court, in her court. Blood flowed and white milk, a marvel from the rose of the earth.\n\nSalutation to you, as much as I have believed in you for myself, Arisima, from me. A heart of death that has been hidden, and an eye, and the eye of man that has not seen. For your love, which is a virgin, a steadfast one, grant me, grant me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ ስሕተት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'king of error' (nəguś śəḥtat) likely refers to the pagan king or judge who ordered Hripsime's martyrdom, a conventional epithet in hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም ለኪ አርሲማ","severity":"info","text":"Each stanza opens with 'Salutation to you, Arisima' (a variant of Hripsime), forming a repetitive liturgical pattern typical of Geʿez salutation hymns (səllam).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕዝት እምናርዱ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'a marvel from the furnace' (məʿəzət ǝm-nardu) in the first stanza likely refers to the saint's miraculous preservation in fire, a common hagiographic topos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ደም ውሕዘ ወሐሊብ ፀዓዳ","severity":"info","text":"The image of blood flowing and white milk (dam wəḥəza wa-ḥalib ṣaʿāda) in the fourth stanza may symbolize the saint's purity and martyrdom, echoing a motif found in other hagiographies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አርሲማ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Arisima' is a Geʿez variant of Hripsime, reflecting the Ethiopian reception of the Armenian martyr tradition, likely transmitted through Coptic intermediaries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2900RepCh181","label":"betmas: Image of Hripsime","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2900RepCh181"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The repeated phrase 'in his court, in her court' (በዐውዱ / በዓውዳ) may involve a gender shift or textual corruption; the reading takes it as referring to the king's court and then the court of punishment.","The final stanza's 'heart of death that has been hidden' (ልበ መዋቲ ዘኢሐለየ) is obscure; it may refer to the poet's hidden devotion or a metaphor for the saint's secret suffering."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}