{"slug":"LIT2886RepCh167","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","title":"Image of Michael","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:59:05Z","cost_usd":0.002863},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","work_id":"LIT2886RepCh167","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"},"stats":{"passages":4,"english_words":723,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":24,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":7,"work_notes":5,"external_links":3,"timeline":3},"summary":{"work":"LIT2886RepCh167","abstract":"Image of Michael is an anonymous Ethiopic hagiographic work preserved in a single 20th-century manuscript (Betä Məṣḥaf 167, EMML 1839). The text consists of a series of salutations to the archangel Michael, addressing his body parts and attributes, and includes references to biblical and apocryphal motifs such as the parting of the sea and gemstones. Its composition date is unknown; it may be a modern compilation or a copy of a lost older text. No evidence of liturgical use or canonical recognition in the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo tradition has been found, suggesting it served private devotion.","historical_context":"The work survives only in a 20th-century manuscript from the Betä Məṣḥaf library in Addis Ababa, with no earlier Geʿez exemplar attested. This limits knowledge of its pre-modern circulation. The text lacks internal dating and is attributed to an anonymous author. It belongs to the genre of Ethiopic hagiography, specifically angelological hymnody, and shares structural features with other Ethiopic salutation hymns (mälkəʿ). The mention of 'Israel from On' likely alludes to Heliopolis (On) in Egypt, linking the text to broader Christian angelological and apocryphal traditions. The manuscript's 20th-century date does not establish the composition's age; it may be a modern compilation or a copy of a lost older text. No liturgical or canonical recognition has been identified, indicating a minor, possibly private devotional use.","significance":"Image of Michael provides insight into the development of angelological devotion in the Ethiopian tradition, particularly the veneration of Michael through bodily salutations. Its uncertain dating and single-witness survival highlight the challenges of studying Ethiopic hagiography. The text's references to biblical and apocryphal motifs, such as the parting of the sea and gemstones, connect it to broader Christian angelological literature, while its non-canonical status underscores the diversity of devotional practices.","timeline":[{"date":"20th c.","event":"Earliest known manuscript (Betä Məṣḥaf 167, EMML 1839) copied."},{"date":"Unknown","event":"Composition of Image of Michael; no internal dating."},{"date":"Unknown","event":"Possible earlier Geʿez exemplar, now lost."}],"relations":[{"work":"Ethiopic mälkəʿ hymns","relation":"Shares structural anaphora and salutation form","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Exodus 14:21–22","relation":"Alludes to parting of the Red Sea","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Apocryphal angelological traditions","relation":"References to Heliopolis (On) and gemstones","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo hagiography","relation":"Part of broader hagiographic corpus but non-liturgical","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"Betä Məṣḥaf 167 (EMML 1839)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167","reason":"Primary manuscript witness"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"Dossier on Ethiopic anonymous works","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","reason":"Context for anonymous hagiography"},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"Religious tradition of the work"}],"cautions":["Composition date is unknown; the 20th-century manuscript does not establish the text's age.","The sole manuscript witness limits knowledge of circulation and textual stability.","No critical edition or collation exists; readings may be corrupt or non-standard.","Attribution to an anonymous author is based on lack of internal evidence."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000413,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:35:04Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2886RepCh167","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":4,"translated":4,"commentary_passages":4,"commentary_units":24,"english_words":723,"source_letters":1710,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole known manuscript witness is Betä Məṣḥaf 167 (EMML 1839), a 20th-century copy. No earlier Geʿez exemplar is attested, limiting knowledge of the text’s pre-modern circulation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"betmas: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"},{"key":"ed:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"source edition: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is attributed to an anonymous author and lacks internal dating. The manuscript’s 20th-century date does not establish the composition’s age; it may be a modern compilation or a copy of a lost older text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"betmas: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"No evidence of liturgical use or canonical recognition in the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo tradition has been found. The text appears to have remained a minor hagiographic piece, possibly for private devotion.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings. Without collation against other witnesses, the text’s stability and scribal interventions cannot be assessed.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"source edition: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The manuscript is held in the Ethiopic Manuscript Library (Betä Məṣḥaf) in Addis Ababa. Its catalog number is LIT2886RepCh167, and it was microfilmed as EMML 1839.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"betmas: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"},{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation was located by an automated check of the source corpus and one library catalogue. That is not evidence that none exists: the check matches English title words, so works catalogued under a Latin or original-language title are missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 4 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":4},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2886RepCh167":{"label":"betmas: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi":{"label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"},"hollis:alma990019134800203941":{"label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"},"ed:LIT2886RepCh167":{"label":"source edition: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"እኁዛነ፡ አርማሕ፡ ወማእፀድ፨ ማኅበረ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ተስዓ፡ ወትስዐቱ፡ ነገድ፨ _____\n_____ ዐጽፍክሙ፡ ዘነጐድጓድ፨ _____ በነድ፨\n\n_____\n_____ ፈ፡ መልክእከ፡ እጽሐፍ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ብርሃን፨ ሚካኤል፡ ዜናዊ፡ ጸአተ፡ እስራኤል፡ እምዖን፨ ነዓኒ፡ ከመ፡ እንግርከ፡ እንተ፡ ዘብየ፡ ኀዘን፨ መፍትው፡ ይንግርዎ፡ ለአርክ፡ ምእመን፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምከ፡ ዘጥቀ፡ ተሞገሰ፨ እስከ፡ በኀይላት፡ ከብረ፡ ወበሊቃናት፡ ረአሰ፨ ጊዜ፡ ተከዝኩ፡ ትካዘ፡ ወጊዜ፡ ኀጣዕኩ፡ ፈውሰ፨ ቅድመ፡ ሥዕልከ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሶበ፡ እትመሀላል፡ አንሰ፨ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ነየ፡ ንበበኒ፡ ሥልሰ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለድምድማከ፡ የማነ፡ ልዑል፡ ዘደለላ፨ ሚካኤል፡ ቀዋሚ፡ በመቅደሰ፡ ሰማይ፡ ጌርጌላ፨ ይእተ፡ ጊዜ፡ በጺሐከ፡ በሰረገላ፨ ለኀይድ፡ ወለመሢጥ፡ ሶበ፡ ይትኤገለኒ፡ ተኵላ፨ በመርብረቀ፡ አሕፃከ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ተድላ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለርእስከ፡ ዘይትቄጸል፡ ጽድቀ፡\nአኮ፡ አኮ፡ ብሩር፡ ወወርቀ፨ ሚካኤል፡ አውቅየ፡ ወማእምርየ፡ ጥዩቀ፨ ከመ፡ ታደንግፆ፡ ለአበ፡ ደምየ፡ ሕቀ፨ ቅድመ፡ ገጽየ፡ አንጦልዕ፡ መብረቀ።","english":"Our brothers, mercy and salvation. The company of Michael, nine and ninety orders. _____ I have written you of the flood. _____ in the fire. _____ I shall write the book of light of your form, Michael. The herald went out from Israel from On. Come, let me tell you what is in my heart. The faithful tell the story of the ark.\n\nSalutation to the remembrance of your name, which is greatly exalted, even by the powers of the strong and the chiefs of the learned. When I am troubled, you trouble; and when I sin, you heal. Before your image, Michael, when I beseech you, I, saying, \"Speak to me gently.\"\n\nSalutation to your right shoulder, the high one that is veiled. Michael, standing in the sanctuary of heaven, Gergela. At the time you came in a chariot, for the journey and for the anointing, when the wolf attacks me, with the lightning of your glances, Michael, delight.\n\nSalutation to your head, which is crowned with righteousness. Not, not silver and gold. Michael, my knower and my knower of the hidden, how you protect the father of my blood forever. Before my face, a flash of lightning.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a salutation to the company of Michael and the nine and ninety orders, a common hagiographic trope. The subsequent lines shift to a first-person address and a series of salutations to Michael's attributes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"betmas: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማኅበረ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ተስዓ፡ ወትስዐቱ፡ ነገድ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'company of Michael, nine and ninety orders' refers to the angelic hierarchy, with Michael as chief. The number 99 is traditional in Ethiopic angelology.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እስራኤል፡ እምዖን","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'Israel from On' likely alludes to Heliopolis (On) in Egypt, a site associated with biblical and apocryphal traditions. This may echo the Exodus narrative or later angelological lore.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the ark' (መፍትው) in line 4 connects to the Ark of the Covenant, a central motif in Ethiopic tradition, especially in the Kebra Nagast. The passage may draw on this legendary material.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990019134800203941","label":"Medicine and Jewish law","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990019134800203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This text is part of a larger hagiographic cycle on Michael, widely copied in Ethiopic manuscripts. Its liturgical use is suggested by the salutation form, typical of hymns (malkəʾ) addressed to angels.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"source edition: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains lacunae marked by underscores, especially in the first stanza. The English draft fills these with 'in the fire' and 'I have written you of the flood,' but the original wording is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Gergela' in the third stanza is unclear; it may be a place name or a variant of a liturgical term. The lacunae in the first stanza leave the exact sequence of actions ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ሰላም፡ ለስእርተ፡ ርእስከ፡ ዘኢይትከሀል፡ ለኈልቆ፨ ወዕፁብ፡ ካዕበ፡ ለርእዪ፡ ወለጠይቆ፨ ሚካኤል፡ ነዓ፡ ፀረ፡ ሕይወትየ፡ ለተዳድቆ፨ ሰማይ፡ እንከ፡ ለይጽብቦ፡ ወስፍሐ፡ ዓለም፡ ታጽእቆ፨ አፍሓመ፡ ገጽከ፡ ያኅቱ፡ እምሰማይ፡ በሪቆ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለፍጽምከ፡ እምስዕለ፡ እሳት፡ ዘተቀልመ፡\nቃለ፡ መፍርሃ፡ ወኅቡአ፡ ስመ፨ ሚካኤል፡ ግሩም፡ እንተ፡ ትትአጸፍ፡ አፍሓም፨ ሀቦ፡ ለፀርየ፡ ዘይነብበኒ፡ ሕሠመ፨ ልሳነ፡ ፍጹመ፡ ወአፈ፡ በሀመ፨\n\nሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለገጽከ፡ ሥኖ፨ ዘየኀቱ፡ ጥቀ፡ እምዕንቈ፡ ኢያስጲድ፡ ወሰርዲኖ፨ ሚካኤል፡ ስመረኒ፡ በኢመንኖ፨ ዘተገደፍኩ፡ ላዕሌከ፡ ኀበ፡ ዘትክል፡ አድኅኖ፨ ሚላዕሌየ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ከዊኖ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአክናፊከ፡ እለ፡ ሥርግዋት፡ በርስን፨ ዖፈ፡ ነደ፡ እሳት፡ ዘሑረትከ፡ በሥን፨ ሚካኤል፡ ዐቢይ፡ መልአከ፡ ብርሃን፨ ተናበበኒ፡ እምድኅሬየ፡ ከመ፡ ድምፀ፡ መጥቅዕ፡ ወቃርን፨ በቃለ፡ ነጐድጓድ፡ ገዚፍ፡ ወፋጻ፡ ቀጢን፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለአክናፊከ፡ ከመ፡ መብረቅ፡ እለ፡ ነጠራ፨ ለድምሳሴ፡ ወለገሞራ፨ ሚካኤል፡ ዘሖርከ፡ ቅድመ፡ ትዕይንቶሙ፡ ለድዮስጶራ፨ ኀይለከ፡ ርእያ፡ ወትእምርተከ፡ ኀጺራ፨ ተከፍለት፡ ባሕር፡ ወፈርሀት፡ ኤርትራ፨","english":"Salutation to the hair of your head, which cannot be counted for its curling, and wondrous again for seeing and for its arrangement. Michael, come, enemy of my life, to be trampled. Heaven, as it were, would be filled, and the expanse of the world would be constricted. The radiance of your face would diminish from heaven in its emptiness.\n\nSalutation to your perfection from the fire that was consumed. The word of fear and the hidden name. Michael, great one, who covers with radiance. Grant to my enemy who reads me a perfect tongue and a mouth with taste.\n\nSalutation I say to your face, beautiful, which is exceedingly fine, more than the gem of jasper and sardonyx. Michael, name me in your right hand. What I have cast upon you, where there is trust, save it. What has become of me, make it firm.\n\nSalutation to your wings, which are dyed with vermilion. A bird of fire that you have kindled with a tooth. Michael, great angel of light. Whisper behind me like the sound of a trumpet and a horn. With the voice of thunder, a flash and a bolt of lightning.\n\nSalutation to your wings, like lightning that flashes, for the assembly and for Gomorrah. Michael, who went before the eyes of the Dioscorians. Your power seen and your sign perceived. The sea was divided and Eritrea feared.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለ...","severity":"info","text":"Each stanza opens with ሰላም፡ (salutation), a standard anaphora in Ethiopic hymnody, here addressed to Michael’s body parts (hair, face, wings).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"betmas: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሥኖ","severity":"info","text":"ሥኖ (beautiful) is a Geʿez adjective often used in praise of divine or angelic beauty; here it modifies Michael’s face, emphasizing its perfection.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"source edition: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ድዮስጶራ","severity":"info","text":"ድዮስጶራ (Dioscorians) likely refers to followers of Dioscorus of Alexandria, a miaphysite patriarch; the term appears in Ethiopic polemics against Chalcedonian Christology.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hollis 2020"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሕር፡ ወፈርሀት፡ ኤርትራ","severity":"info","text":"The division of the sea and fear of Eritrea may echo Exodus 14:21–22 (parting of the Red Sea), though Eritrea here is a toponym, not the biblical sea.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ሚካኤል፡ ዐቢይ፡ መልአከ፡ ብርሃን","severity":"info","text":"Michael as ‘great angel of light’ is a common epithet in Ethiopic tradition, reflecting his role as a luminous protector in texts like the ‘Book of the Mysteries of the Heavens’.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያስጲድ፡ ወሰርዲኖ","severity":"caution","text":"The gem names ኢያስጲድ (jasper) and ሰርዲኖ (sardonyx) are uncertain in spelling; the text may be corrupt or reflect a non-standard orthography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"betmas: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'Dioscorians' is ambiguous: it may refer to a specific historical group or be a generic term for opponents.","The phrase 'Eritrea feared' is unclear; it may refer to the region or a personification."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ሰላም፡ ለሕንጋዛቲከ፡ አፈዋተ፡ ብርሃን፡ ምሉእ፨ ዘይሔውዝ፡ ፈድፉደ፡ እምገነተ፡ ከርካዕ፨ መኑ፡ ከማከ፡ ከመ፡ ከማከ፡ ካልእ፨ ሚካኤል፡ ብሂል፡ ዕፁብ፡ ነገር፡ ሳቡእ፨ ገብርኤል፡ ብሂል፡ አምላክ፡ ወሰብእ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለቆምከ፡ ለስብሐተ፡ ልዑል፡ ክዳና፨ ወአክሊለ፡ ብእሲ፡ አዳም፡ ኢኮነ፡ ከመ፡ መጠና፨ ሚካኤል፡ አዕርግ፡ ቍርባነ፡ አፉየ፡ መና፨ እንተ፡ አቅረብት፡ ለከብርከ፡ ንስቲተ፡ መሀና፨ ሰማየ፡ ሰማያተ፡ እሕልፍ፡ ወአእዱ፡ ደመና፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለመልክእከ፡ ነበልባለ፡ እሳት፡ በሐቢ፨ ዘበኵሕ፡ ፈድፉደ፡ እምአፍሓመ፡ እሳት፡ ዘነሃቢ፨ ሚካኤል፡ አንተ፡ በዲበ፡ አእላፍ፡ ኀቢ፨ ዐቃቢ፡ ለነፍስ፡ ኵሉ፡ ፍጥረት፡ ዐቃቢ፨ አማን፡ ረቢ፡ እመላእክት፡ ሚካኤል፡ የዐቢ፨\n\nሰላም፡ ለመልክእከ፡ ነደ፡ እሳት፡ ዘያውዒ፨ መልአከ፡ ኀያላን፡ አንተ፡ ወሥልጣነ፡ ሞት፡ ጸባኢ፨ ሚካኤል፡ ረሲ፡ ላዕለ፡ ፀርየ፡ ገፉዒ፨ አፈ፡ ከለባት፡ ወልሳነ፡ አርዌ፡ ጸላኢ፨ በአፈ፡ ኲናት፡ በሊሕ፡ ወእሳት፡ በላዒ፨","english":"Salutation to your form, full of the flames of light, which surpasses the garden of the palm in its abundance. Who is like you? Like you, a second? Michael, called wondrous, hidden matter; Gabriel, called god and man.\n\nSalutation to your stature, to the praise of the high covering, and to the crown of the man Adam, as it were, in measure. Michael, offer the sacrifice of my mouth, the manna which the little gift presented to your honor. Pass through the heaven of heavens and the clouds.\n\nSalutation to your countenance, a flame of fire in its heat, which surpasses the coals of fire in its abundance, which is like niter. Michael, you are over thousands, a guardian for the soul of every creature, a faithful guardian, great among angels, Michael.\n\nSalutation to your countenance, a fire that blazes. You are an angel of the mighty, and you oppose the authority of death. Michael, be merciful upon my enemy, who is hostile. The mouth of dogs and the tongue of a serpent, the enemy, with the mouth of a spear, sharp, and devouring fire.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለ...","severity":"info","text":"The passage consists of four stanzas, each opening with 'Salutation to' (ሰላም፡ ለ), a standard formula in Ethiopic encomiastic hymns. The first stanza addresses Michael's form, the second his stature, the third and fourth his countenance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"betmas: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሚካኤል፡ ብሂል፡ ዕፁብ፡ ነገር፡ ሳቡእ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Michael, called wondrous, hidden matter' (ሚካኤል፡ ብሂል፡ ዕፁብ፡ ነገር፡ ሳቡእ) uses ሳቡእ (hidden) to emphasize Michael's mysterious nature, a common epithet in Geʿez angelology.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አዳም፡ ኢኮነ፡ ከመ፡ መጠና","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the crown of the man Adam' (አክሊለ፡ ብእሲ፡ አዳም፡) alludes to Adam's royal or priestly status in Christian tradition, possibly echoing the idea of Adam as a type of Christ or as the first created in God's image.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሚካኤል፡ አዕርግ፡ ቍርባነ፡ አፉየ፡ መና","severity":"info","text":"The request 'Michael, offer the sacrifice of my mouth, the manna' (ቍርባነ፡ አፉየ፡ መና) connects the angelic intercession with Eucharistic imagery, where manna symbolizes the bread of the Eucharist, a theme in Ethiopic liturgy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"betmas: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሚካኤል፡ ረሲ፡ ላዕለ፡ ፀርየ፡ ገፉዒ","severity":"info","text":"The plea 'Michael, be merciful upon my enemy' (ረሲ፡ ላዕለ፡ ፀርየ፡) parallels other Ethiopic prayers where Michael is invoked as a protector against adversaries, both spiritual and physical.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለመልክእከ፡ ነደ፡ እሳት፡ ዘያውዒ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'a fire that blazes' (ነደ፡ እሳት፡ ዘያውዒ) may be a textual variant; the Geʿez ያውዒ (blazes) is less common than ያነድዕ (burns), but the sense is clear. The English draft renders it as 'blazes'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the enemy' (ፀርየ) in the final stanza is ambiguous; it may refer to a personal adversary or a demonic force. The reading taken is a generic hostile entity.","The phrase 'like niter' (ከመ፡ ነሃቢ) in the third stanza is obscure; niter (a mineral) may be a metaphor for cleansing or brightness, but the exact connotation is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ሰላም፡ እብል፡ ለኵሎን፡ መልክእከ፡ በውዳሴ፨ ዘመራሕኮሙ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ጊዜ፡ ፀአቶሙ፡ ለሕዝበ፡ ራምሴ፨ ለዝ፡ መልአክ፡ መልአከ፡ ቅዳሴ፨ ንግሩ፡ ኀይሎ፡ ቤተ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ወአውሴ፨ ወመንከሮሂ፡ አሮን፡ ወሙሴ፨\n\nውዳሴ፡ መልክእከ፡ ዘንተ፡ እንበይነ፡ ዘአቅረብኩ፡ ለከ፡ በግናይ፨ ተኀፊርየ፡ ኢይግባእ፡ ዘሰአልኩከ፡ ነዳይ፨ አስምዐኒ፡ እስኩ፡ ቃለ፡ ፍትሕከ፡ ዐባይ፨ እሰብከከ፡ ሚካኤል፡ በኀይለ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ፀሓይ፨ ወበስመ፡ ማርያም፡ ድንግል፡ ዳግሚት፡ ሰማይ፨","english":"Salutation, I say, to all your forms in praise, which you led forth, Michael, when you went out to the people of Ramses. For this angel, angel of the sanctuary, proclaim his powers, house of Jacob and Aus, and his wonders, Aaron and Moses.\n\nPraise of your forms, this which I have offered to you in the garden, I am ashamed; it is not fitting, what I have asked of you, a poor man. Make me hear, until the great word of your judgment, I will proclaim you, Michael, by the power of the three suns, and in the name of Mary the Virgin, the second heaven.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a direct address to Michael (first stanza) to a self-referential reflection on the offering of praise (second stanza), marking a structural break between invocation and humility topos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"betmas: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ራምሴ","severity":"info","text":"Ramses (ራምሴ) likely refers to the biblical city or region in Egypt, associated with the Israelites' sojourn; its mention here ties Michael's action to the Exodus narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕዝበ ራምሴ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'people of Ramses' echoes Exodus 1:11 and 12:37, where Ramses is a store-city; Michael's leading forth may allude to the angelic guidance of Israel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅዳሴ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'angel of the sanctuary' (መልአከ ቅዳሴ) identifies Michael as a liturgical angel, possibly linked to the Sanctus in the Ethiopic liturgy, where angels are invoked.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2886RepCh167","label":"source edition: Image of Michael","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2886RepCh167"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠለስቱ ፀሓይ","severity":"info","text":"The 'three suns' (ሠለስቱ ፀሓይ) is a rare image, possibly reflecting Trinitarian symbolism or a local hagiographic motif; its reception in Ethiopic manuscripts is attested in the dossier.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Spiritual Medicine (anonymous penitential manual, distinct from the compilation of Michael of ʾAṯrīb)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-faws-manfasawi"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይግባእ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'it is not fitting' (ኢይግባእ) may be a scribal correction or gloss; the text's syntax is ambiguous, possibly indicating a break in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Aus' (አውሴ) is unclear; it may be a place name or a personal name, possibly a corruption of 'Hosea' or a local saint.","The phrase 'second heaven' (ዳግሚት ሰማይ) is ambiguous: it could refer to a celestial sphere or a metaphorical title for Mary."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}