{"slug":"LIT2866RepCh147","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","title":"Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:01Z","cost_usd":0.007422},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","work_id":"LIT2866RepCh147","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"},"stats":{"passages":13,"english_words":2612,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":74,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":25,"work_notes":5,"external_links":4,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT2866RepCh147","abstract":"The Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George is an anonymous Ethiopic hymn of praise following the standard five-stanza structure, each with five lines, plus introductory and concluding prayers. It celebrates different aspects of St George's martyrdom and intercession, and is used liturgically in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on his feast day (23 Miazia). The sole known witness is a late manuscript, and the work is undated, though the editor tentatively assigns it to the later medieval period based on language and form. No external evidence such as colophons or historical references confirms this dating. The hymn is a non-narrative, poetic composition, not a vita.","historical_context":"The Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George is part of the rich Ethiopic hymnographic tradition, likely composed in the Geʿez language within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The work is undated, but its form—a Malkǝʾ (praise hymn) with five stanzas of five lines—suggests a later medieval origin, possibly between the 14th and 16th centuries, when such hymns flourished. The sole witness is a late manuscript, indicating a narrow textual transmission. St George, a Cappadocian soldier-saint, was widely venerated in Ethiopia, and his cult was promoted through hagiography and hymnody. The hymn's liturgical use on 23 Miazia (April 23) aligns with the broader Christian calendar. The lack of colophons or historical references leaves the date and authorship uncertain, but the work reflects the integration of Byzantine-derived hagiography into Ethiopian liturgical practice.","significance":"This Malkǝʾ-hymn exemplifies the adaptation of a popular saint's cult into Ethiopic hymnody, showcasing the poetic and liturgical creativity of the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. Its continued use on St George's feast day demonstrates the enduring relevance of such hymns in communal worship. The work also highlights the transmission of hagiographic motifs, such as George's Cappadocian origin, into a distinctively Ethiopian poetic form, contributing to the study of cross-cultural Christian literature.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Traditional date of St George's martyrdom (c. 303) under Diocletian."},{"date":"6th–7th c.","event":"Earliest known veneration of St George in the Eastern Roman Empire."},{"date":"14th–16th c.","event":"Probable period of composition for the Malkǝʾ-hymn, based on language and form."},{"date":"Late medieval","event":"Earliest known manuscript witness (undated, late copy)."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Continued liturgical use in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on 23 Miazia."}],"relations":[{"work":"Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","relation":"Part of the Ethiopic Malkǝʾ genre of praise hymns","key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"},{"work":"St George","relation":"Subject of the hymn; traditional hagiography identifies him as a Cappadocian soldier-saint","key":"wikipedia:Saint George","label":"Wikipedia: Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George"},{"work":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","relation":"Liturgical context; used on feast day 23 Miazia","key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Wikipedia: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church"},{"work":"Geʿez language","relation":"Language of composition","key":"wikipedia:Geʽez","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Cappadocia","relation":"Traditional origin of St George, referenced in the hymn","key":"wikipedia:Cappadocia","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Saint George","label":"Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George","reason":"Provides background on the saint's hagiography and veneration."},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"Context for the liturgical use of the hymn."},{"key":"wikipedia:Geʽez","label":"Geʽez language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez","reason":"Language of the hymn."},{"key":"wikipedia:Cappadocia","label":"Cappadocia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia","reason":"Referenced in the hymn as St George's origin."}],"cautions":["The work is undated; the later medieval assignment is tentative and based solely on language and form.","The sole known witness is a late manuscript, so the textual tradition is narrow and may not represent the original.","No colophon or historical reference confirms the date, place, or authorship.","The English draft may not capture all theological nuances or poetic devices of the Geʿez original."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000524,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:00:11Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2866RepCh147","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":13,"translated":13,"commentary_passages":13,"commentary_units":74,"english_words":2612,"source_letters":5795,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The hymn follows the standard Malkǝʾ structure of five stanzas of five lines each, with an introductory and concluding prayer. Each stanza praises a different aspect of St George's martyrdom and intercession.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sole known witness is the manuscript used for the edition, which is a late copy. No other manuscript or early printed edition is cited, so the textual tradition is narrow.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is anonymous and undated. The editor assigns it to the later medieval period based on language and form, but no external evidence (e.g., colophon, historical reference) confirms this.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"source edition: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This Malkǝʾ is still used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church on St George's feast day (23 Miazia). Its liturgical function is as a hymn of praise, not a narrative vita.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition provides no translation or commentary. Readers without Geʿez must rely on the English draft supplied here, which may not capture all theological nuances or poetic devices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 13 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":13},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147":{"label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"},"ed:LIT2866RepCh147":{"label":"source edition: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምከ፡ ዘሰሌዳ፡ ሞገስ፡ መጽሐፉ። ዘያሜኒ፡ ኵሎ፡ ወዘያስተሴፉ፡ ጥዑመ፡ ዜና፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ለሐሊበ፡\nዕጐልት፡ ሱታፉ፡ ሰላምከ፡ ወረድኤትከ፡ በላዕሌየ፡ ያዕርፉ። አኮ፡ ለምዕር፡ ዳዕሙ፡ ለዝላፉ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለድማኅከ፡ በቅብዐ፡ ደመ፡ ስምዕ፡ ዘተሤረየ። አመ፡ ተወክፈ፡ ርእስከ፡ ዘሰፌልያ፡ ሥቃየ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ልዳዊ፡\nቃውመ፡ ነፍስየ፡ እንበለ፡ ይፈጽማ፡ ከናፍርየ፡ ስመ፡ ዚኣከ፡ ስምየ። በጊዜ፡ ምንዳቤ፡ በለኒ፡ ሀለወኩከ፡ ዝየ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለርእስከ፡ ዘዘበጥዎ፡ በመዝረብ። እስከ፡ ይውኅዝ፡ ናላከ፡ ከመ፡ ዘአሥራብ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ልዳዊ፡ ዘቀጰዶቅያ፡\nኮከብ፡ አስተፋጥን፡ ለረዲኦትየ፡ በጊዜ፡ ምንዳቤ፡ ወጻህብ። ለረዲእ፡ ወልዱ፡ ፍቁር፡ ከመ፡ ይጔጕዕ፡ አብ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለገጽከ፡ ዘገለውዎ፡ ዓላውያን፡ በጻሕለ፡ ሐፂን፡ ርሱን፡ ለለጸዋዕኩ፡ ስመከ፡ ውስተ፡ ገጸ፡ ኵሉ፡ መካን፡ ፈረስከ፡\nጽዕድወ፡ ስን፡ እስከ፡ ሶበ፡ ይትነፋሕ፡ ቀርን። ዕንቋዕ፡ ይብል፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ረባን።","english":"Salutation to the memory of your name, which is the tablet of the beauty of his book, which blesses all and which makes sweet the story of George the warrior of the calves, his secret. May your salutation and your help rest upon me. Not for the sake of the learned, but for the sake of the one who leaps.\n\nSalutation to your form, anointed with the oil of the blood of martyrdom, which was chosen when your head was cut off by the sword of the suffering of George the fighter. My soul stands without my lips finishing your name, martyr. At the time of distress, tell me, “I am here with you.”\n\nSalutation to your head, which they struck with a sword until your jaw was shattered like that of a slaughtered one, George the fighter of Cappadocia. Star, hasten to my aid at the time of distress and danger, to help your beloved son, as a father runs.\n\nSalutation to your face, which the tyrants covered with the dust of a vile prison. Whenever I called your name in every place, your face ran. The sleep of the tooth until the horn is blown. “The stone says, ‘George, our teacher.’","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage consists of four salutation stanzas, each opening with ሰላም፡ (salutation) and addressing a different body part or attribute of St George: memory of name, form, head, and face.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ለሐሊበ፡ ዕጐልት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ለሐሊበ፡ ዕጐልት፡ (warrior of the calves) is an epithet for St George, possibly referencing his military role or a local tradition; the English draft renders it literally.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to ቀጰዶቅያ፡ (Cappadocia) in the third stanza situates George within the traditional hagiography that identifies him as a Cappadocian soldier-saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The closing line ዕንቋዕ፡ ይብል፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ረባን። (The stone says, 'George, our teacher') suggests a liturgical or folkloric motif where inanimate objects speak, common in Ethiopic hymnody.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft's rendering of ዘያስተሴፉ፡ ጥዑመ፡ ዜና፡ as 'makes sweet the story' is plausible but the verb አስተሴፈ can also mean 'to recount' or 'to narrate'; the sense of sweetness may be interpretive.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ለምዕር፡ ዳዕሙ፡ ለዝላፉ። (not for the sake of the learned, but for the sake of the one who leaps) is obscure; 'the one who leaps' may refer to a devotee or a specific group, but the referent is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ሰላም፡ ለቀራንብቲከ፡ ሐረተ፡ ሥቃያት፡ እለ፡ አዝለፋ። መዋዕለ፡ ዓመታት፡ ሰቡዑ፡ እስከነ፡ ሐለፋ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ መዋዒ፡\nለትዕግሥት፡ ዘትትዓጸፋ፡ ለነፍስየ፡ ምስለ፡ ነፍስከ፡ ከመ፡ ትረሲ፡ ምዕራፋ። እትሜነይ፡ ተምኔተ፡ ወእሴፎ፡ ተስፋ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለአዕይንቲከ፡ እለ፡ ኢገገጻ፡ ለርእይ። ትግርምተ፡ ዱድያኖስ፡ መምዕላይ፡ አመ፡ ተገድፈ፡ ሥጋከ፡ ውስተ፡ ክርየተ፡\nግብ፡ ድኁይ፡ በከመ፡ መጠቀከ፡ እደ፡ ፀሐይ፣፡ ዕጓለ፡ ዳግሚት፡ ሰማይ። እምግበ፡ ሙስና፡ ምጥቀኒ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ባሕርይ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለአዕዛኒከ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ረቡኒ። አራዊተ፡ ኅለት፡ ኰናኒ፡ እንዘ፡ በአፍአ፡ ሰላመ፡ ይትናገሩኒ፡ ከመ፡ ትስማዕ፡\nወታኅሥሮሙ፡ ለእለ፡ በኅቡዕ፡ ሮዱኒ። ህየንተ፡ ዕዝንየ፡ ዕዝንከ፡ ይኩነኒ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለመላትሒከ፡ እለ፡ አውኃዛ፡ ደመ፡ ከመ፡ ሞገድ። አመ፡ ተወቅአ፡ ርእስከ፡ በሰፌልያ፡ ክቡድ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ እጹር፡\nበውስተ፡ ምክያድ፡ ተማኅፀንኩ፡ በሥቃይከ፡ ዘተወከፍከ፡ በዓውድ። ቤዛ፡ ኃጣውእየ፡ ይኩን፡ ፃማከ፡ ፍድፉድ።","english":"Salutation to your eyebrows, the letters of the torments, which have passed through the course of the seven years until George the warrior of the calves passed. For patience, which is consoled for my soul with your soul, as if it reaches the harbor, I desire a wish and I seek hope.\n\nSalutation to your eyes, which were darkened for seeing the marvel of Diocletian the torturer when your body was cast into the lime pit, pure like the measure of the hand of the sun, the calf of the second heaven. From the place of corruption, save me also, George the warrior.\n\nSalutation to your ears, George my teacher. The beasts of the forest speak to me while in the mouth of peace, as if you hear and you destroy those who in secret have desired me. Between my ear and your ear, let it be for me.\n\nSalutation to your cheeks, which poured forth blood like a wave when your head was struck in Sephulia, noble George the captive. In the midst of the blows, I have taken refuge in your torment which you received in the arena. May your intense suffering be the ransom for my sins.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለቀራንብቲከ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows the standard Malkǝʾ-hymn structure, with each stanza beginning with 'Salutation to your [body part]' and addressing a different part of George's body, here eyebrows, eyes, ears, and cheeks.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጊዮርጊስ፡ መዋዒ፡","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'warrior of the calves' (መዋዒ፡ ለትዕግሥት) is a recurring title for George in this hymn, likely referencing his role as a protector of livestock or a pastoral metaphor for his spiritual combat.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዱድያኖስ፡","severity":"info","text":"Diocletian (ዱድያኖስ) is the Roman emperor traditionally identified as the persecutor of Christians during the Great Persecution (303–311 CE), and is a standard antagonist in hagiographies of George.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ መጠቀከ፡ እደ፡ ፀሐይ፣፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'like the measure of the hand of the sun' may echo biblical imagery of divine light or purity, though no direct citation is identified; it likely draws on common hagiographic tropes of martyrdom as purification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰፌልያ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The place name 'Sephulia' (ሰፌልያ፡) is uncertain; it may be a corruption or variant of a known location in George's passion narrative, such as Diospolis (Lydda), but the text does not clarify.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤዛ፡ ኃጣውእየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The request that George's suffering be a 'ransom for my sins' (ቤዛ፡ ኃጣውእየ፡) reflects a common devotional theme in Ethiopic hymnody, where the saint's martyrdom is invoked as intercessory currency for the supplicant's salvation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the beasts of the forest' in the third stanza is unclear; they may be literal or metaphorical adversaries.","The phrase 'the calf of the second heaven' is obscure and may be a poetic epithet for George or a reference to a celestial being."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ሰላም፡ ለአዕናፊከ፡ እለ፡ ረሰያ፡ ፍጉገ። እምሥዋዐ፡ ጣዖት፡ ርኩስ፡ ጽንሐሐ፡ መዓዛ፡ ዘዓርገ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ መዋዒ፡\nደራጎነ፡ ቢሩት፡ ፀዋገ፡ ከመ፡ ታዕትት፡ እምአዕናፍየ፡ ዘቀትለ፡ ፀራዊ፡ ድላገ። ውኂዘ፡ ረድኤትከ፡ ይኩን፡ በአፉየ፡ ዓይገ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለከናፍሪከ፡ እለ፡ ተከሥታ፡ ለዘምሮ። ስመ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ መምለክያነ፡ ጣዖት፡ ለአስተኃፍሮ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡\nሰማዕት፡ ዕጉሠ፡ ሕማም፡ ወተጽዕሮ፡ ፈረስከ፡ ዘትጼዓኖ፡ እንዘ፡ ያስተቃንፅ፡ እግሮ። ለረዊደ፡ ፀርየ፡ ይሩፅ፡ ወኢያንትግ፡\nበድሮ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለአፉከ፡ እንተ፡ በዲቤሁ፡ አንበሐብሐ። ቅጥራነ፡ ኵነኔ፡ ዘፈልሐ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ቅድሜከ፡ ቀዊምየ፡\nበፍሥሐ፡ እምፈተውኩ፡ በንባብከ፡ ትጸግወኒ፡ አምኃ። ስዒመ፡ አፉከሰ፡ ኅሊናየ፡ ፈርሀ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለአስናኒከ፡ ቈዓ፡ አጣዕዎ፡ ዘኢሔካ። ኮከበ፡ ልዳ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ መዓድመ፡ ዋካ፡ ለቤሩታዊት፡ ወለት፡ እምአፈ፡\nደራጎን፡ አመ፡ ቤዘውካ፡ ለነፍሰ፡ ዚአየ፡ እምእደ፡ ፀራዊ፡ መሐካ፡ እስመ፡ ትንብልናከ፡ ዘልፈ፡ ረስየት፡ ምስማካ።","english":"Salutation to your nostrils, which have rejected the stench of the foul idol, the incense of the offering that George the warrior of the dragon ascended. The pure censer, which has been kindled like a fire from my nostrils, which has slain the enemy of the dragon. May the abundance of your help be in my mouth, O eye.\n\nSalutation to your lips, which have been hidden for the sake of the song of the name of Jesus Christ, the scorner of the idol, for the humiliation of George the martyr. The wood of suffering and the affliction of your horse, which he mounted while he made the foot of the wicked enemy to tremble, and he did not turn back in the old way.\n\nSalutation to your mouth, which upon it has placed the razor of punishment, which has terrified George before you, standing in joy. From my desire, by your reading, you will help me. For the hearing of your mouth has terrified my mind.\n\nSalutation to your teeth, the cups of the poison which you have swallowed, the star of Lydda, George the martyr of the water, for the Berutawit woman, the daughter, from the mouth of the dragon. When you have redeemed my soul from the hand of the enemy, the sword, for your tongue has ever received the name.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the salutation sequence of the malkǝʾ-hymn, addressing the saint's nostrils, lips, mouth, and teeth in successive stanzas.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መዋዒ፡ ደራጎነ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'warrior of the dragon' (mawāʿi derāgon) is a standard epithet for St George in Geʿez hagiography, linking him to the dragon-slaying narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'Berutawit woman' likely refers to a local tradition associated with St George's cult in the region of Beirut, though the specific legend is not detailed in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the star of Lydda' (kawkaba liddā) is ambiguous: it may refer to George's birthplace or a symbolic title; the Geʿez text does not clarify.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The hymn's focus on bodily parts (nostrils, lips, etc.) reflects the malkǝʾ genre's characteristic veneration of the saint's physical features, common in Ethiopic liturgical poetry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'Berutawit woman' is not specified; she may be a local figure or a generic reference.","The phrase 'the star of Lydda' could be a title for George or a geographical marker; the text does not resolve this."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ሰላም፡ ለልሳንከ፡ ዘነበበ፡ ጽድቆ። ለስመ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ቅድመ፡ ዓላውያን፡ በኢናፍቆ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ዕጉሥ፡\nለመንገለ፡ ሥቃይ፡ ጻዕቆ፡ ልሳንየ፡ ለውዳሴከ፡ እስመ፡ ረሰይኩ፡ መሰንቆ። በመትልወ፡ ስምከ፡ ጸሐፍ፡ ለስምየ፡ ኁልቆ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለቃልከ፡ በቅድመ፡ ዱድያኖስ፡ ዘአጐድጐደ። እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ አነ፡ ክርስቲያናዊ፡ ገሃደ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ሥቃየ፡ እንተ፡\nረሰይከ፡ ማዕደ፡ እኃዊከ፡ ሰማዕታት፡ እንዘ፡ የዐውዱከ፡ ዓውደ። በዲበ፡ ድማየ፡ ነዓ፡ ከመ፡ ታንብር፡ እደ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለእስትንፋስከ፡ እስትንፋሰ፡ አሶት፡ ዝክቱ። ጸበለ፡ ምውታን፡ ሕዝብ፡ ዘአሕየወ፡ በነፊሆቱ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ጸሐቅ፡\nለረዲኦትየ፡ ለለሰዓቱ፡ ቦኑ፡ አርክ፡ ለአርኩ፡ ዘያፈቅሮ፡ በከንቱ። አኮኑ፡ በውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ይትራድኦ፡ ሉቱ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለጕርዔከ፡ በሰሪበ፡ ስቴ፡ ዘኅምዝ። ዘኢተዳደቆን፡ እከየ፡ ሰዖዛዝ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ስቁል፡ በዲበ፡ ድንባዝ፡ ይጸልል፡\nበላዕሌየ፡ አድኅኖትከ፡ አዚዝ፡ ከመ፡ ይጼልሉ፡ ለዖፍ፡ ዘገዳም፡ አርዝ።","english":"Salutation to your tongue, which recited the truth of the name of Jesus Christ before the judges, with the confession of George the young man. To the path of torment my tongue has hastened for your praise, for I have taken up the lyre. In the likeness of your name, write my name completely.\n\nSalutation to your word before Dydyanos, which thundered, saying, \"I am a Christian,\" openly, George of torment. The table which you have prepared for your brothers the martyrs, while they surround you in the arena, upon the dais, come, that you may bless the hand.\n\nSalutation to your breath, the breath of the physician of this one, who gathered the dead people, whom he revived with his breaths, George the righteous. For my companionship, at every hour, is there a foundation for the foundation that loves him in vain? Is it not that in everything he is pursued by him?\n\nSalutation to your throat, which, with the drink of poison that was mixed with evil, George the crucified, upon the cross, overshadow. Over me, your strong protection, as the cedars of the forest overshadow.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the salutation sequence of the malkǝʾ-hymn, addressing the tongue, word, breath, and throat of St. George, each stanza following the pattern of salutation, epithet, and petition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ልሳንከ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ልሳንከ (lǝssānka) means 'your tongue,' referring to George's speech in confessing Christ before the judges, a key hagiographic motif.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዱድያኖስ","severity":"info","text":"Dydyanos (Dadianus) is the Roman emperor traditionally depicted as the persecutor of St. George in Ethiopic hagiography, though historically anachronistic.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እንዘ ይብል አነ ክርስቲያናዊ","severity":"info","text":"George's declaration 'I am a Christian' echoes the confessional formula found in martyrdom accounts (e.g., Acts of the Martyrs), not a direct biblical verse but a standard hagiographic trope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ጸሐቅ","severity":"info","text":"The epithet 'righteous' (ጸሐቅ) for George parallels his designation in other Ethiopic hymns, emphasizing his moral purity and martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አርክ ለአርኩ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'foundation for the foundation' (አርክ ለአርኩ) is obscure; it may be a textual corruption or a metaphorical expression for spiritual support, but the exact sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'አርክ ለአርኩ' (ark la-arku) is ambiguous: possibly a scribal error or a rare idiom; interpreted here as 'foundation for the foundation' in a spiritual sense.","The reference to 'the table which you have prepared for your brothers the martyrs' may allude to a specific hagiographic episode not fully preserved in the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ሰላም፡ ለክሣድከ፡ ዘተመሰለ፡ ምንሐረ። በአንቅዖ፡ ሀሊብ፡ ወማይ፡ እመ፡ በመጥባሕት፡ ተመትረ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ዘጾርከ፡ ሥቃየ፡\nኵነኔ፡ መጽዕረ፡ በለኒ፡ በቃለ፡ ብሥራት፡ ከመ፡ ነሀሉ፡ ኅቡረ። ጥቃ፡ ቤተ፡ ፍስየ፡ ለከ፡ ሐነጽኩ፡ ማኅደረ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለመትከፍትከ፡ ክበደ፡ ሥቃያት፡ ማሕምመ፡ በአዝልፎ፡ ትዕግሥት፡ ዘፆረ፡ ሰብዓተ፡ አክራመ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ መርድ፡\nለጸቢአ፡ ፀርየ፡ ፍጽመ፡ እኂዘከ፡ በትረ፡ መዊዕ፡ ወነሣአከ፡ ቀስታመ። ከመ፡ ነዓዊ፡ ያርብሕ፡ ዘይሜርድ፡ ገዳመ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለዘባንከ፡ ዘተሞጥሐ፡ ምንዳቤ። ጊዜያተ፡ ምዕተ፡ መቅሰፍተ፡ ጥብጣቤ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ምዑዝ፡ እምጼና፡ ሐንክሶ፡\nወከርቤ፡ ኅሊናየ፡ ዘተመነየ፡ ወልሳንየ፡ ዘይቤ። እንበለ፡ አጽርኦ፡ ፍጡነ፡ ኩነኒ፡ ወሀቤ።\n\nሰላም፡ ዕብል፡ ለእንግድዓከ፡ ታቦቶ። ቀኖተ፡ ሐጺን፡ ዘኢያመመቶ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ዘርዕ፡ ፍሬ፡ ማዕረረ፡ ጽድቅ፡\nዘበአምዕቶ፡ ሥርናየ፡ ሥጋከ፡ አመ፡ የሐዩ፡ መዊቶ። ለኅጠተ፡ ሥጋየ፡ ረሲ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ እትወቶ።","english":"Salutation to your neck, which was like the pure milk and water of the mother, cut by the sword, George, for you endured the torment of judgment; the fruit of the vine said to me in the word of the Gospel, as they were together: I have built a shrine for you, a dwelling-place of judgment.\n\nSalutation to your shoulders, heavy with torments, a remedy with the addition of patience, for you bore seven honors, George, a martyr; for the enemy of the righteous, finally, I took your staff of comfort, and you raised the bow, as a swift one who makes the hunter who hunts in the wilderness increase.\n\nSalutation to your back, which was soaked with suffering at the times of a hundred lashes of torture, George, sweet as the taste of honey; and my mind, which was granted, and my tongue, which speaks, without ceasing, swiftly, my judgment and gift.\n\nSalutation, I say, to your chest, the ark of the lance of iron which did not harm you, George, seed and fruit of the harvest of righteousness; for by your wounds, your body, when the dead live, for the wound of my body, I have found a likeness with him, I will die.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም ለክሣድከ","severity":"info","text":"The salutation to the neck evokes the martyr's decapitation, a common trope in hagiographic malkǝʾ-hymns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መጥባሕት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'mäṭbaḥt' (sword) is a standard instrument of martyrdom, here linked to the neck wound.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃለ ብሥራት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'word of the Gospel' (qāla bǝsrāt) likely alludes to John 15:1-5, where Christ is the true vine.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ሰብዓተ አክራመ","severity":"info","text":"The 'seven honors' (säbʿatu ʾakrām) may refer to the seven sacraments or the seven ecumenical councils, both significant in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም ዕብል","severity":"info","text":"The repeated 'salutation' (salām) formula structures the hymn as a series of bodily invocations, typical of the malkǝʾ genre.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ጊዮርጊስ","severity":"info","text":"St George is venerated as a martyr and soldier saint in Ethiopian Christianity, with his cult widely celebrated in the Täʾammǝrä Maryam tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'fruit of the vine' (fəre mäʿrärä) could be a direct Christological reference or a metaphor for the Eucharist; the text does not disambiguate.","The 'seven honors' (säbʿatu ʾakrām) may also refer to the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, but the hymn does not specify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ሰላም፡ ለሕፅንከ፡ ትዕግሥተ፡ ኵነኔ፡ ዘተወክፈ። ወክበደ፡ ሥቃይ፡ ዘሐቀፈ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ለከ፡ ኀበ፡ ዕረፍት፡ ተነፅፈ፡\nለበጺሕ፡ እመ፡ ስእንኩ፡ እምቀልቀለ፡ ጌጋይ፡ ኃሊፈ። አድኅኖትከ፡ ለአሥርሮ፡ ይኩነኒ፡ ክንፈ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለአዕዳዊከ፡ እለ፡ ሐማ፡ በማዕሠር። አመ፡ ላዕሌከ፡ ውኅዙ፡ አሥራበ፡ ኵነኔ፡ ወጻዕር። ጊዮርጊስ፡ ምርሐኒ፡\nፍናወ፡ ልቡና፡ ወምክር። ከመ፡ እርባሕ፡ ንዋየ፡ ክብር፡ በምግባረ፡ ሰላም፡ ወፍቅር። እኮ፡ ብዕላ፡ ብሩር፡ ዘይ፡ ወርስ፡\nነኪር።\n\nሰላም፡ ለመዛርዒከ፡ ከም፡ ቀስተ፡ ብርት፡ እለ፡ ጸንዐ። ለረጊዘ፡ አርዌ፡ በረምሕ፡ እንበለ፡ ምምዓ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ በለኒ፡\nለጸውዖ፡ ስምየ፡ በዕለተ፡ መርዓ፡ ነዓ፡ ነዓ፡ ውስተ፡ ውሳጤ፡ ጽርሕ፡ ነዓ። ፍቁረ፡ ዚአየ፡ ኢትቁም፡ በአፍአ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለኵርናዓቲከ፡ ኩርናዓ፡ አናብስት፡ ዘተመሰሉ። ለቀቲለ፡ ደራጎን፡ አርዌ፡ አመ፡ ተኀየሉ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ኃያል፡\nወፍቁር፡ በኀበ፡ ኵሉ። ኃይለ፡ ኵርናዕከ፡ በኵር፡ ናዕየ፡ የሀሉ። ለቀቲለ፡ ከይሲ፡ ፀርየ፡ አሠረከ፡ እትሉ።","english":"Salutation to your bosom, the endurance of torment, which accepted the weight of suffering, George, for you, to the place of rest, it was inscribed.  \nI have reached the mother of my prayer, from the error of sin, passing by, your salvation for the tenth, let it be for me a wing.\n\nSalutation to your hands, which were bound in fetters when they were placed upon you, the tenth of judgment and the command, George, guide me.  \nThe path of the heart and counsel, as if increasing the wealth of honor in deeds of peace and love, indeed, the abundance of silver which is not an inheritance, is strange.\n\nSalutation to your shoulders, like a bow of iron, which were strong for the prostrate serpent with a spear without bending, George, tell me.  \nFor the calling of my name on the day of the wedding, come, come, into the midst of the chamber of the bridal canopy, come, my beloved, stand at the entrance.\n\nSalutation to your knees, the knees of lions which were likened to the slayer of the dragon, the serpent, when they were transformed, George, mighty and beloved by all.  \nMay the strength of your knee be with me in the day of the slaying of the envious enemy who has ensnared me, let me be delivered.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the salutation sequence of the malkǝʾ-hymn, addressing the bosom, hands, shoulders, and knees of St. George, each stanza following the pattern of salutation, epithet, and petition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕፅን (ḥəṣ́n)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሕፅን (ḥəṣ́n) is rendered as 'bosom' in the English draft, but it can also mean 'embrace' or 'chest,' reflecting a physical locus of endurance in the martyrdom narrative.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"source edition: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the tenth of judgment' and 'the tenth of the command' likely alludes to the ten tortures or trials in the passion of St. George, a common hagiographic motif in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the path of the heart and counsel' may echo biblical wisdom literature, such as Proverbs, where the heart and counsel are linked to moral guidance, though no direct citation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of the 'bow of iron' and 'prostrate serpent' parallels the dragon-slaying episode in the life of St. George, a standard hagiographic trope also found in Coptic and Syriac sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The petition for the saint's knee strength to deliver from the 'envious enemy' reflects the use of this hymn in personal intercession, common in Ethiopic devotional practice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"source edition: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'the tenth of judgment' (አሥራበ ኵነኔ) is ambiguous: it may refer to a specific tenth torment or a general intensification of suffering; the reading taken follows the hagiographic tradition of ten trials.","The term 'ኢትቁም' (ʾuʾtqum) in the third stanza is obscure; it is rendered as 'stand' in the English draft, but its exact meaning in context is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ሰላም፡ ዕብል፡ እመተከ፡ መአድመ። በሐብለ፡ ማዕሠር፡ ዘሐመ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ኪያከ፡ እስመ፡ ረሰይኩ፡ ቃውመ፡ በንብረትየ፡\nወተንሥኦትየ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይስሐት፡ ፍጹመ። በአምሳለ፡ ነቢይ፡ ዘይከውን፡ አይድዐኒ፡ ቅድመ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለእራኃቲከ፡ በቅንዋት፡ እለ፡ ተሰፍሑ። ተስፋ፡ መዊዕ፡ ዘልፈ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጸንሑ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ተወከፍ፡ ስእለትየ፡\nለለጽባሑ፡ ኢመፍትው፡ አርክ፡ ለአርኩ፡ ጊዜ፡ ይስእል፡ ኀቤሁ። ለእመ፡ ኦሆ፡ ፍጡነ፡ ኢይቤ፡ ኪያሁ፡\n\nሰላም፡ ዕብል፡ አፃብአ፡ እዴከ፡ የውጣ። ወለአጽፋሪሆን፡ ዓዲ፡ ዲበ፡ ከተማሆን፡ ዘተለብጣ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ኩኑን፡ ለዓራተ፡\nሐጺን፡ በውስጣ፡ ቅዱሳት፡ አብዒከ፡ ዲበ፡ ርእስየ፡ ይሱጣ። ቅብዐ፡ ቅድስና፡ ዕፍረተ፡ ዘዕፁብ፡ ሤጣ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለገቦከ፡ በመኃትወ፡ ጽጒ፡ ዘሐለለ። ወበተሰትሮ፡ ዘቆስለ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ኀቤከ፡ እስመ፡ ልብየ፡ ተሰቅለ፡ መርዓዊ፡\nሰማያዊ፡ አመ፡ ይገብር፡ በዓለ። በጥቃ፡ ገቦከ፡ ለእኩን፡ ውዑለ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለከርሥከ፡ ዘተጠውቀ፡ በሕቁ። ለፆረ፡ ዓምደ፡ ዕብን፡ እምጻዕቁ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ልጹቁ፡ መሰንቆ፡\nንባብከ፡ መስተፍሥሒተ፡ ውስተ፡ ዕዝነ፡ ልብየ፡ ዕንቁ። በነፆራረ፡ ላህ፡ ማሕምም፡ ከርሥየ፡ ኢትንቁ።","english":"Salutation, I say, to your mother, the land of Maʿadam, by the rope of the prison, which was hot, George, for you, because I have chosen to stand in my possession and my resurrection, like the perfect Isaac, in the likeness of the prophet who is to come; let him know me before.\n\nSalutation to your palms, which were spread out in the curves, hope of the wailing, always while they are pregnant, George; accept my prayer at every dawn, O martyr, lengthen my years to the time when he asks of him; if only, O swift one, I say to him.\n\nSalutation, I say, to the tips of your hands, which are raised, and to their nails, again upon their cities, which were smeared, George; be for the shield of the sword within it, O holy one; place your arm upon my head, anoint the oil of holiness, the fragrance of the wondrous, anoint.\n\nSalutation to your bosom, which was encircled by the belt of the girdle, and by the covering which was wounded; George, to you, because my heart was crucified, the bridegroom, the heavenly one; when he celebrates the feast, by the blow of your bosom, let me be a great one.\n\nSalutation to your belly, which was pierced by the truth, for the pillar of stone from the flint, O holy George; to God, the chosen one, the harp; your reading, the joyful one, within the ear of my heart, a pearl; by the blowing of the flame, the burning of my belly, let it be removed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"እመተከ (ʾəmmatäka)","severity":"info","text":"The salutation to George's mother is unusual; the Malkǝʾ-hymn typically addresses the saint directly. The reference to 'the land of Maʿadam' may be a toponym or a symbolic name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መአድመ (Mäʿadämä)","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Maʿadam' likely refers to a place name, possibly the region of Maʿadam in Ethiopia or a symbolic 'land of testing' (from Geʿez 'ʿadma' meaning 'earth').","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይስሐት (ʿuyəsḥat) / Isaac","severity":"info","text":"The comparison to Isaac (perfect Isaac) evokes the biblical figure as a type of willing sacrifice, aligning George's suffering with Isaac's near-sacrifice in Genesis 22.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ማዕሠር (mäʿśär) / prison","severity":"info","text":"The 'rope of the prison' and 'hot' conditions reflect the hagiographic tradition of George's imprisonment and torture under Diocletian, a common motif in Ethiopic passion narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም (sälam) / salutation","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows the standard Malkǝʾ-hymn structure: a series of salutations to body parts (mother, palms, fingertips, bosom, belly), each with a petition. The sequence moves from external to internal.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢመፍትው (ʿumäftəw) / O martyr","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'O martyr' (ʿumäftəw) is a direct address, but the preceding line 'lengthen my years' introduces a temporal petition that is ambiguous: it may refer to the saint's intercession or to the speaker's own lifespan.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the land of Maʿadam' is uncertain; it may be a proper name or a symbolic term.","The phrase 'like the perfect Isaac' could be a typological reference or a comparison to a specific Isaac figure in Ethiopic tradition.","The petition 'lengthen my years to the time when he asks of him' is syntactically unclear; the referent of 'he' and 'him' is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ሰላም፡ ለልብከ፡ ዘኢፀንሰ፡ ጻዕረ፡ በተ፡ ማዕልዮ። ወኢወለደ፡ ኃጢአተ፡ ምክንያተ፡ ለአመክንዮ። ጊዮርጊስ፡ ትጉህ፡ ነግሀ፡\nነግህ፡ ለአስተስርዮ፡ ከመ፡ ይተግህ፡ በዓለ፡ ቤት፡ እንዘ፡ ይዋሂ፡ ንዋዮ። ነፍሰ፡ ዚአየ፡ ዕቀብ፡ ኢታንትግ፡ ዋህዮ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለኵልያቲከ፡ እለ፡ ተፈትኑ፡ ከመ፡ መዝገብ። በማኅቶተ፡ ጥበቡ፡ ለአብ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ኃያል፡ ረዳኤ፡\nምንዱብ፡ ይዕግተኒ፡ ዘበዓቂብ፡ አድኅኖትከ፡ ዕፁብ። ከመ፡ የአግቶ፡ ፍጹመ፡ ለመዓር፡ ንህብ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለኅሊናከ፡ ዘመከረ፡ በልባዌ። በሞቱ፡ መበተንሥኦቱ፡ ለተሳትፎ፡ መርዓዌ፡ ዓቃቤ፡ ሥራይ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ መፈውሰ፡\nደዌ፡ ለወለት፡ ከመ፡ ቤዘውካ፡ እምአፈ፡ ደራጎን፡ አርዌ። ተረፈ፡ ሕይወትየ፡ ቤዙ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ምንሳዌ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለአማዑቲከ፡ ወለንዋየ፡ ውስጥከ፡ ክዕዋት። አመ፡ አጸሩከ፡ በምክያድ፡ ከመ፡ አስካለ፡ ወይን፡ ወዘይት፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡\nክቡር፡ መክብበ፡ ሰማዕት፡ በእንተ፡ አባላቲከ፡ እለ፡ ተከፍላ፡ ለኀበ፡ አሠርቱ፡ መክፈልት። ክፍላት ፡ ኢይሰስል፡ እምኔየ፡\nዘለከ፡ ረድኤት።","english":"Salutation to your heart, which did not conceive bitterness in the measure of the offering, and did not beget sin as a cause for judgment, George, vigilant one of the dawn; the dawn for the dispersion, as you are vigilant on the day of the house while the property is being given, my soul, keep it, do not be troubled, O woe.\n\nSalutation to your kidneys, which were tested like a treasury in the furnace of wisdom of the father George, mighty helper; the envoy will save me, what is preserved by your wondrous salvation, as one who has brought the whole to the cave of the abyss.\n\nSalutation to your mind, which deliberated in the heart at his death, the resurrection of the bridegroom of the companion, the keeper of the mystery, George, the healer of disease for the daughter, as you have redeemed from the mouth of the dragon, the serpent; the remainder of my life, redeem from all affliction.\n\nSalutation to your entrails and to the vessels within you, the kidneys, when they surrounded you with chains like a measure of wine and oil, George, honored one, the glory of the martyrs, because of your members which were divided into ten divisions; may the portions not be separated from me, your help.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለልብከ፡ ... ሰላም፡ ለኵልያቲከ፡ ... ሰላም፡ ለኅሊናከ፡ ... ሰላም፡ ለአማዑቲከ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage consists of four salutation stanzas, each addressing a different internal organ (heart, kidneys, mind, entrails). This anatomical sequence is typical of the Malkǝʾ genre, which systematically praises the saint's body parts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማዕልዮ","severity":"info","text":"ማዕልዮ (maʿəlyo) is a Geʿez term meaning 'offering' or 'sacrifice', often used in liturgical contexts. Here it may refer to the eucharistic offering, contrasting with the saint's heart that did not conceive bitterness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ይተግህ፡ በዓለ፡ ቤት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'vigilant on the day of the house' may allude to the parable of the vigilant householder (cf. Matthew 24:42-43) or to monastic vigils, but no direct citation is marked in the source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ የአግቶ፡ ፍጹመ፡ ለመዓር፡ ንህብ።","severity":"info","text":"The image of bringing the whole to the 'cave of the abyss' (መዓር፡ ንህብ) evokes the abyss as a place of punishment or testing, common in Ethiopic hagiography. The 'cave' may also reference the dragon's lair in the George legend.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ቤዘውካ፡ እምአፈ፡ ደራጎን፡ አርዌ።","severity":"info","text":"The redemption from the dragon's mouth (ደራጎን) directly parallels the core episode of St George's hagiography, where he rescues a princess from a dragon. This stanza applies that victory to the saint's salvific power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይሰስል፡ እምኔየ፡ ዘለከ፡ ረድኤት።","severity":"caution","text":"The final line 'may the portions not be separated from me, your help' is textually uncertain: the Geʿez ኢይሰስል (ʾuy-sasəl) may be a scribal error for ኢይሰሰል (ʾuy-sasəl, 'may it not be cut off') or a rare form. The sense is clear but the reading is tentative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'the dawn for the dispersion' (ነግህ፡ ለአስተስርዮ፡) is ambiguous: it may refer to a liturgical time or to the scattering of enemies.","The identity of 'the daughter' (ወለት) in the third stanza is unclear; it could be a specific figure or a generic reference to the soul."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ሰላም፡ ለኅንብርትከ፡ ማዕከለ፡ ከርሥ፡ ሥዩም። ዘይመስል፡ ስኑ፡ ዓይነ፡ ማኅተም፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ማኅቶት፡ ዘዲበ፡\nተቅዋም፡ ይትለካዕ፡ ውስተ፡ ልብየ፡ ፍቅረ፡ ዘአከ፡ አዳም። ከመ፡ ፍቅረ፡ ሕፃን፡ ልኩዕ፡ ኀበ፡ አብ፡ ወእም።\n\nሰላም፡ ለሐቌከ፡ ዘቅናተ፡ መዊዕ፡ ቅናቱ። ማዕሠረ፡ ደራጎን፡ ዘኮነ፡ በረምሕከ፡ ጊዜ፡ ርግዘቱ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ጽዱል፡ ከመ፡\nወርኃ፡ ገሀህ፡ ዘየሐቱ፡ ይሠየም፡ ውስተ፡ ሐቌየ፡ ቅንዓተ፡ ሐቌከ፡ ዝንቱ፡ እምጸብአ፡ ጸላዒ፡ እትዓቀብ፡ ወእትባላህ፡ ቦቱ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለአቊያጺከ፡ መጻውርተ፡ ማኅፈድ፡ ዘሥጋ። አምሳለ፡ አዕማድ፡ ርቱዓት፡ እምነ፡ መከየድ፡ ዘዓርጋ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ርሱይ፡\nበትርሢተ፡ ሞገስ፡ ወጸጋ፡ ይትከዓው፡ በላዕሌየ፡ ለሰላምከ፡ ፈለጋ። ከመ፡ ተከዜ፡ ግብፅ፡ ምሉዕ፡ ዘኢኮነ፡ ንትጋ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለአብራኪከ፡ አስተብርኮ፡ እለ፡ መነና፡ ለአጵሎን፡ ወለአቴና፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ኅሩይ፡ መዐድመ፡ ዜና፡ አብራኪከ፡\nለአብራክየ፡ ምጽንዐተ፡ ይኩና። እመ፡ ኢትክል፡ እምትት፡ ሐበይ፡ ሕፃና።","english":"Salutation to your liver, the center of the heart, chosen, which resembles the tooth of the seal, George, the seal, which is upon the appointed place; it shall be revealed in my heart, the love which Adam ate, like the love of an infant, perfect, toward the father, and from.\n\nSalutation to your waist, whose jealousy is the sword of his jealousy, the girdle of the dragon which became on your spear at the time of his trembling, George, the righteous, like the month of Gǝḥaḥ which dries up; it shall be placed in my waist, the jealousy of your waist, this one, from the attack of the enemy; I shall beware and I shall be terrified, is it not so?\n\nSalutation to your arms, the travelers of the marrow of flesh, like pillars, straight, from the beams of the roof, George, the firm; with the abundance of favor and grace, it shall be spread over me for your salutation, a river, like the river of Egypt, full, which was not lacking, let us give.\n\nSalutation to your knees, the kneeling of those who were gracious to Apollo and to Athena, George, the chosen, the measure of the news of your knees; for my knees, let it be strength; if I am weaned from the breast, hide the infant.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ማዕከለ ከርሥ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'center of the heart' (maʿkala kars) is a periphrasis for the liver, which in Geʿez physiology is the seat of emotion and will, not the heart.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማኅቶት","severity":"info","text":"Maḫtot (ማኅቶት) means 'seal' or 'signet ring,' a recurring epithet for George in this hymn, linking him to authentication and authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወርኃ ገሀህ","severity":"info","text":"The month of Gǝḥaḥ (roughly May–June) is the dry season in the Ethiopian calendar, when rivers shrink; the comparison underscores the dragon's desiccation by George's spear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ተከዜ ግብፅ","severity":"info","text":"The Nile (Takǝzzē) is a standard biblical and hagiographic image of abundance; here it is applied to the flow of grace from George's arms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አዳም","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Adam eating (love) alludes to the Eden narrative (Gen 3:6), but the sense is inverted: George's love is like the perfect love of an infant, not the fruit of disobedience.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ለአጵሎን ወለአቴና","severity":"caution","text":"Apollo and Athena are pagan deities; the text says the knees of those who were 'gracious' to them knelt before George. The syntax is ambiguous: it may mean the pagans knelt in submission, or that George's knees are compared to theirs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'the love which Adam ate' (ፍቅረ ዘአከ አዳም) is obscure: it may mean the love that Adam consumed (i.e., the fruit) or the love that Adam felt; the Geʿez verb 'ak'a can mean both 'ate' and 'experienced.'","The final line 'hide the infant' (ሐበይ ሕፃና) is grammatically ambiguous: it could be an imperative addressed to the infant or a statement that the infant hides; the connection to the preceding request for strength is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ሰላም፡ ለአዕጋሪከ፡ ዘተሞቅሐ፡ ከመ፡ አብድ። በርኅወተ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ጕንድ፡ ገባሬ፡ መንክራት፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ በአቍጽሎ፡ ይቡስ፡\nዓምድ፡ ፡ ከመ፡ እንግር፡ ኃይለ፡ ዚአከ፡ ለዘይመጽእ፡ ነገድ። ተራድአኒ፡ በገሃድ፡ ከመ፡ አብ፡ ለወልድ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለሰኳንዊከ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓፀደ፡ ስም፡ ዘአንሳህለላ። ዱድያኖስሃ፡ ወጣዖታቲሁ፡ ይጽዓላ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ኵኑን፡ ለዓራተ፡\nሐፂን፡ በነበልባላ፡ ስመከ፡ በተአምኖ፡ ሶበ፡ እጼውዕ፡ በኵላ። ረዳኢኪ፡ አነ፡ ለነፍስየ፡ በላ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለመከየድከ፡ በአሣዕነ፡ ቅትራት፡ ዘተጽዕረ። እስከነ፡ ሖርከ፡ ድቡት፡ ሶበ፡ ስእንከ፡ ሰጊረ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ፍቅርከ፡\nበላዕሌየ፡ ኃደረ፡ ኀበ፡ መከየድከ፡ መከየድየ፡ አመኀፅን፡ ወትረ። እምስነ፡ አርዌ፡ ዘይጸንሕ፡ ከም፡ ይንስክ፡ እግረ።\n\nሰላም፡ ዕብል፡ ለአጻብዒከ፡ ዘአዕጋር። ወዘዳቤሆን፡ አጽፋር፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ኵኑን፡ በውላጤ፡ ብርት፡ ዘሦር፡ ተማኅፀንኩ፡\nበሥቃይከ፡ ወበፃማከ፡ መንክር። እምነ፡ መሥገርት፡ ኅቡዕ፡ ወማዕገት፡ ሥውር።","english":"Salutation to your legs, which are heated like a furnace in the great fire of the furnace, worker of wonders, George, in the place of the furnace, the pillar, like the fire of your strength for the one who comes, the race; help me openly, like a father to a son.\n\nSalutation to your shins, in the field of the name which you caused to be forgotten, Diocletian and his idols, they are defeated, George, be firm for the destruction of the enemy; by the flame of your name, in faith, when I call out in all, I am your helper for my soul, in the fire.\n\nSalutation to your knees, in the sharpness of the cuts which were engraved, until you went, hidden, when your tooth was sharp, George, your love dwelt upon me, to your knees, my knees, in the offering, and always from the tooth of the serpent which lies in wait, like it bites the foot.\n\nSalutation, I say, to your fingers, of the legs, and of the nails of them, George, be firm in the strong youth of the wall; I have taken refuge in your torture and your wondrous fasting, from the hidden prisons and the secret caves.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ለአዕጋሪከ፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the anatomical sequence of the malkǝʾ-hymn, moving from the waist (previous passage) to the legs, shins, knees, and fingers of the feet.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጕንድ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term gund (ጕንድ፡) can mean 'furnace' or 'oven,' evoking the fiery trial of St George's martyrdom, a common hagiographic motif.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ዱድያኖስሃ፡","severity":"info","text":"Diocletian (Dudyānos) is the Roman emperor traditionally depicted as the persecutor of St George in Ethiopic hagiography, here associated with idols that are defeated.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ አብ፡ ለወልድ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'like a father to a son' echoes biblical language of paternal care, possibly alluding to Proverbs or Psalms, though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በአቍጽሎ፡ ይቡስ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'in the place of the furnace, the pillar' is syntactically ambiguous; it may refer to a specific location of martyrdom or a metaphorical pillar of strength.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'in the place of the furnace, the pillar' (በአቍጽሎ፡ ይቡስ፡ ዓምድ፡) is ambiguous: it could denote a physical site of martyrdom or a symbolic pillar of faith.","The reference to 'the tooth of the serpent' (እምስነ፡ አርዌ፡) may allude to a specific hagiographic episode or be a general metaphor for evil."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ሰላም፡ ሰላም፡ ለአካለ፡ ቆምከ፡ ዕብሎ። ሥነ፡ አርዝ፡ ኅሩይ፡ ዘኢይትማሰሎ፡ ለከ፡ ይብለከ፡ ልሳየ፡ በተሀብሎ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡\nለተፃብኦ፡ ዕድዋነ፡ ሕይወትየ፡ ኵሎ፡ አስተጋይድ፡ ፈረሰከ፡ ወእብድር፡ እምዓውሎ።\n\nሰላም፡ ዕብል፡ ለመልክአቲከ፡ ኵሎን። እለሂ፡ ጸዋዕኩ፡ ወኢጸዋዕኩ፡ ስሞን፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ጽሩይ፡ ወርቀ፡ ኤላውጦን፡ ክድነኒ፡\nሞገሰ፡ ሥን፡ እንተ፡ የዓውዶ፡ ብፁዓን። ወአጥዕም፡ ዝክርየ፡ በዝክርከ፡ ወይን።\n\nሰላም፡ ለፀአተ፡ ነፍስከ፡ ጽዋዕ፡ ደመ፡ ስምዕ፡ ሰሪቦ፡ እማኅፈደ፡ ሥጋ፡ በገድል፡ መከራ፡ ሥቃይ፡ ድኅረ፡ ረከቦ፡\nጊዮርጊስ፡ ስመከ፡ ሶበ፡ እጼውዕ፡ በአስተርክቦ፡ ማ፡ ረድኤትከ፡ ኀበ፡ ሀሎኩ፡ በአርአያ፡ ብእሲ፡ ቀሪቦ። ለትካዘ፡ ልብየ፡\nዘልፈ፡ ያሰስል፡ ዕፀቦ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለበድነ፡ ሥጋከ፡ እምርጢነ፡ ገለአድ፡ ዘተኀርየ። በላዕለ፡ ድውያን፡ ፈውስ፡ እስመ፡ ፈድፋደ፡ አርአየ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡\nለከ፡ ትብለከ፡ ነፍስየ። በበድነ፡ ሥጋከ፡ ተማኅፀንኩ፡ ኢታስተሐፍር፡ ተስፋየ፡ ስእለተ፡ ከናፍርየ፡ ስማዕ፡ ወፈጽም፡ ጻሕቅየ።","english":"Salutation, salutation to your body, you stood, I say, the beauty of the cedar, the chosen one, who is not likened to you, I say to you, my tongue, in the furnace, George, for the one who is bound, the enemies of my life, all, I prepare, your horse, and I throw from the cloud.\n\nSalutation, I say, to all your forms, those which I have named and those I have not named, George, the pure one, the gold of Elation, cover me with the glory of the tooth, which the blessed ones bring, and make sweet my memory by your memory, and wine.\n\nSalutation to the departure of your soul, the pure blood of martyrdom, which was woven from the covering of the body, by the deed of tribulation, suffering, after it received, George, your name, when I call, by the revelation of water, your help, where I am, in the form of a man, approaching, to the throne of my heart, which always sends forth its branches.\n\nSalutation to the scatteredness of your body from the moisture of the skin, which was chosen, over the sick, a cure, for it showed healing, George, to you, my soul says, in the scatteredness of your body, I have trusted, and do not shame my hope, the prayer of my lips, hear and fulfill my request.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም፡ ሰላም፡ ለአካለ፡ ቆምከ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a double salutation to the body, continuing the anatomical sequence of the hymn. This marks the eleventh of thirteen stanzas, each addressing a different body part or aspect of the saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይትማሰሎ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢይትማሰሎ (ʾiyyətmāsəlo) means 'is not likened' or 'is not compared,' emphasizing the incomparable nature of George. The English draft renders this as 'who is not likened to you.'","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ተሀብሎ","severity":"info","text":"The term ተሀብሎ (tähablo) refers to a 'furnace,' recalling the hagiographical tradition of George's torture in a fiery furnace. This motif is common in Ethiopic martyrologies and echoes the Coptic source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤላውጦን","severity":"caution","text":"The word ኤላውጦን (ʾelāwṭon) is obscure; the English draft renders it as 'Elation,' possibly a proper name or a transliteration of a Greek or Coptic term. Its meaning is uncertain and may be a corruption or a rare epithet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥነ፡ አርዝ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'beauty of the cedar' (ሥነ አርዝ) may allude to Psalm 92:12 (LXX) or Song of Songs 5:15, where the cedar symbolizes strength and beauty. In Ethiopic tradition, the cedar is a type of the righteous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ጊዮርጊስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The hymn's repeated invocation of George's name reflects the liturgical use of the Malkǝʾ genre, where the saint's name is chanted for intercession. This passage shows the fusion of Coptic hagiography with Ethiopic hymnody.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The term ኤላውጦን (ʾelāwṭon) is unclear; it may be a proper name or a corrupted loanword. The reading 'Elation' in the English draft is tentative.","The phrase 'revelation of water' (በአስተርክቦ ማ) is ambiguous; it may refer to a baptismal or purificatory vision, or a literal water miracle."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ሰላም፡ ለግንዘተ፡ ሥጋከ፡ በእደ፡ አግብርቲከ፡ ክልዔ። ድኅረ፡ ሰለጥከ፡ መዊተ፡ እንዘ፡ ብከ፡ ተስፋ፡ ትንሣኤ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡\nዘፆርከ፡ ሥቃየ፡ ዓመታት፡ ሱባኤ፡ ስመከ፡ በተአምኖ፡ ሶበ፡ አወትር፡ ጽዋዔ። አሥራበ፡ ረድኤትከ፡ ያጥልል፡ ዘዚአየ፡ ጕርዔ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለመቃብሪከ፡ ምክሐ፡ እድያሚሃ፡ ወዓጸዱ። ለምድረ፡ ሙላድከ፡ ልዳ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ዘልፈ፡ ሀብተ፡ በረከት፡ ዘእፈቅዳ፡\n፡ ከመ፡ ትጸጊ፡ ሕንባበ፡ ረዳ፡ ለኢያሪኮ፡ በዓውዳ። በዲበ፡ ድማኅየ፡ ትጽጊ፡ እምሰማይ፡ ወሪዳ።\n\nሰላም፡ ለፍልሰተ፡ ሥጋከ፡ ውስተ፡ ልዳዊ፡ ታዕካ። እምብሔረ፡ ፋርስ፡ ባቲ፡ ለሥቃየ፡ ስም፡ ድኅረ፡ ፈጸምካ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡\nፍሡሕ፡ መስተፍሥሔ፡ አልባብ፡ ከመ፡ ምህርካ፡ ማ፡ ፍልሰተ፡ ሥጋከ፡ ለፍልሰተ፡ ድንግል፡ ተውሳካ። በዓለ፡ ትንሣኤ፡ ዕለተ፡\nዋካ፡ ትመስል፡ ፋሲካ።\n\nተወከፍ፡ ሰላምየ፡ ዘንተ፡ ስብሐተ፡ ወይባቤ። ከመ፡ ጼና፡ ስኂን፡ ወመዓዛ፡ ከርቤ። ጊዮርጊስ፡ ኩነኒ፡ በኪዳንከ፡ ዓቃቤ። አንተ፡ ምስካይየ፡ በጊዜ፡ ምንዳቤ፡ ተሰጠው፡ ቃልየ፡ ወሰልጥ፡ ዘእቤ።","english":"Salutation to the deposition of your body by the hands of your servants; after you were stripped of death, while in you is the hope of resurrection, George.\nWho bore the torture of years, the asceticism of your name in faith; when I set the vessel, the abundance of your help will overflow my throat.\n\nSalutation to your tomb, the counsel of her hands and her field; to the land of your birth, Lydda, George, who ever gives the gift of blessing at my will,\nso that you may sprinkle the dew of help upon Jericho in its festival; upon my skull you will sprinkle, descending from heaven.\n\nSalutation to the translation of your body into the Lyddan chest from the land of Persia, for the sake of the torture of the name after you completed, George.\nA pure, joyful heart, like your teaching, what is the translation of your body? To the translation of the Virgin it is added; the feast of resurrection, the day of Easter, you resemble.\n\nAccept my salutation, this praise and lamentation, like the odor of incense and the fragrance of myrrh, George; be for me by your covenant a guardian; you are my intercessor in the time of my distress; my word is given and my speech is stripped.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰላም ለግንዘተ ሥጋከ","severity":"info","text":"This stanza opens the third major section of the hymn, shifting from salutations to the saint's body and tomb to the translation (invention) of his relics.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ግንዘተ ሥጋ","severity":"info","text":"ግንዘተ ሥጋ (gǝnzätä śǝgga) means 'deposition of the body', referring to the burial or entombment of the saint's corpse, not his martyrdom.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ልዳ","severity":"info","text":"Lydda (Lod) in Palestine was traditionally the birthplace and burial site of St George; the hymn connects his tomb there with the festival of Jericho.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ትንሣኤ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'hope of resurrection' (ተስፋ ትንሣኤ) echoes New Testament themes of bodily resurrection, particularly 1 Corinthians 15 and the resurrection of Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ፍልሰተ ሥጋከ ... ፍልሰተ ድንግል","severity":"info","text":"The translation of George's body is explicitly compared to the translation of the Virgin Mary, a known feast in the Geʿez tradition (Dǝngǝl).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ምስካይ","severity":"info","text":"The term ምስካይ (mǝskay) 'intercessor' reflects the saint's role as mediator in Ethiopic piety, a common feature in malkǝʾ-hymns.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'the counsel of her hands and her field' (ምክሐ እድያሚሃ ወዓጸዱ) is obscure; 'her' may refer to a female figure (perhaps the Virgin or a local patroness) but the referent is not explicit.","The line 'when I set the vessel' (ሶበ አወትር ጽዋዔ) is ambiguous: ጽዋዔ could mean 'vessel' (for libation) or 'cup', but the exact ritual context is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ኦ፡ አምላከ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ ዕቀበኒ፡ ወአድኅነኒ፡ እመከራ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወነፍስ፡ ሊተ፡ ለገበርከ፡ ዕገሌ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡\nአሜን።","english":"O God of the holy George, guard me and save me from the affliction of body and soul for me, for you have made the cross for the world of worlds. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦ፡ አምላከ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from third-person salutation to a direct prayer addressed to God through George, marking the conclusion of the hymn.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕቀበኒ፡ ወአድኅነኒ፡","severity":"info","text":"The verbs 'guard me' and 'save me' are standard petitionary formulas in Geʿez prayers, often paired in liturgical contexts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"እመከራ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወነፍስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'affliction of body and soul' reflects a dualistic anthropology common in Ethiopic Christian ascetic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕገሌ፡","severity":"info","text":"The cross (ዕገሌ) is presented as the instrument of salvation, aligning with the martyrdom narrative of St George, who was crucified.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'for the world of worlds' is a Geʿez superlative, indicating eternal or cosmic scope, typical of doxological conclusions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2866RepCh147","label":"betmas: Malkǝʾ-hymn to St George","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2866RepCh147"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The direct address 'O God of the holy George' could be interpreted as invoking God through George's intercession, or as a conflation of George with a divine attribute; the Geʿez syntax supports the former reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}