{"slug":"LIT2700Kings","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2700Kings","title":"Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:01Z","cost_usd":0.066565},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2700Kings","work_id":"LIT2700Kings","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"},"stats":{"passages":118,"english_words":23607,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":691,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":23,"ambiguities":243,"work_notes":6,"external_links":6,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT2700Kings","abstract":"The Ethiopic version of 2 Kings (4 Kings in the Septuagint tradition) is an anonymous translation preserved in Geʿez as part of the broader Octateuch corpus. Its text derives from a Greek Vorlage, likely transmitted via Arabic intermediaries, and is attested in manuscripts such as those held by Harvard College Library. The translation date is uncertain, though Ethiopic biblical books were generally rendered between the 4th and 7th centuries CE. The work is used liturgically in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, but its exact liturgical role is not specified in the source edition. No critical apparatus or variant readings are provided, and textual differences from the Masoretic or Septuagint traditions remain unannotated.","historical_context":"The Ethiopic version of 2 Kings (4 Kings in the LXX tradition) belongs to the Octateuch corpus translated into Geʿez, the classical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The translation likely occurred between the 4th and 7th centuries CE, a period when biblical books were rendered from Greek (and later Arabic) sources to serve the liturgical and educational needs of the Aksumite and post-Aksumite Christian communities. The Geʿez text derives from a Greek Vorlage, probably via Arabic intermediaries, reflecting the complex transmission of biblical texts through the Syriac, Greek, and Arabic traditions. Manuscripts are preserved in collections such as the Harvard College Library, but the work lacks a critical edition. Its liturgical use is attested, though specific details are absent. The translation is anonymous, and later manuscript attributions are unverified. The work's textual history is complicated by the lack of a critical apparatus, and its relationship to the Masoretic and Septuagint traditions is not annotated in the source edition.","significance":"This work is significant as a witness to the Ethiopic biblical canon and the transmission of the Deuteronomistic history in the Horn of Africa. It reflects the adaptation of a Greek Vorlage (via Arabic) for liturgical use in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Its textual variants and hagiographic expansions (e.g., the description of Elijah as 'hairy') offer insights into local exegetical traditions. The work also contributes to the study of the Octateuch corpus and the broader history of biblical translation in late antique and medieval Christianity.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–7th c.","event":"Probable period of translation of Ethiopic biblical books, including 2 Kings, from Greek Vorlage via Arabic intermediaries."},{"date":"6th–7th c.","event":"Consolidation of the Ethiopic biblical canon within the Aksumite Christian community."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Manuscript transmission of the Geʿez text, with later copies preserved in collections such as Harvard College Library."},{"date":"20th–21st c.","event":"Modern scholarly cataloging and study of Ethiopic biblical manuscripts, including this work."}],"relations":[{"work":"Ethiopic Octateuch","relation":"Part of the broader Octateuch corpus transmitted in Geʿez.","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"},{"work":"Septuagint (LXX) 4 Kings","relation":"Derives from a Greek Vorlage related to the LXX tradition.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Masoretic Text 2 Kings","relation":"Parallel text with potential textual differences not annotated in the source edition.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic 1 Kings","relation":"Preceding book in the Ethiopic Kings sequence.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic 3 Kings (1 Kings in Hebrew)","relation":"Part of the same Ethiopic Kings corpus.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"hollis:alma990003815950203941","label":"Harvard manuscript of Ethiopic Kings","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990003815950203941","reason":"Manuscript witness to the Ethiopic version of Kings."},{"key":"hollis:alma990006765830203941","label":"Harvard manuscript of Ethiopic Octateuch","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990006765830203941","reason":"Related manuscript in the Octateuch corpus."},{"key":"hollis:alma990010188200203941","label":"Harvard manuscript of Ethiopic biblical books","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990010188200203941","reason":"Additional witness to Ethiopic biblical transmission."},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"Dossier on Ethiopic Octateuch","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","reason":"Contextualizes this work within the Octateuch corpus."},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"Dossier on Ethiopic Hebrew names","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","reason":"Relevant for onomastic and textual analysis."},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","label":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"Liturgical context of the work."}],"cautions":["The translation date is uncertain; the 4th–7th century range is a general estimate for Ethiopic biblical books, not specifically for this work.","The work is anonymous; later manuscript attributions to specific translators or redactors are unverified.","The source edition (betmas) lacks a critical apparatus, so textual variants and relationships to other traditions are not annotated.","The exact liturgical role of this book in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is not detailed in the source edition.","The Geʿez text's derivation from a Greek Vorlage via Arabic intermediaries is probable but not definitively established for this specific manuscript."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000599,"generated":"2026-11-15T02:19:32Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2700Kings","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"commentary-single-kind","i":"56","kind":"term"},{"code":"commentary-length","i":"100"}],"stats":{"passages":118,"translated":118,"commentary_passages":118,"commentary_units":691,"english_words":23607,"source_letters":56621,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This work is the Ethiopic version of 2 Kings (4 Kings in the LXX tradition), part of the broader Octateuch corpus transmitted in Geʿez.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text derives from a Greek Vorlage, likely via Arabic intermediaries, and is preserved in manuscripts such as those cataloged in the Harvard College Library collections.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990003815950203941","label":"Statistical year-book of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other states for the year ..","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990003815950203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990006765830203941","label":"Falasha anthology","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990006765830203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The translation date is uncertain; Ethiopic biblical books were generally rendered between the 4th and 7th centuries CE, but this work's specific dating lacks firm evidence.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This book is part of the broader Ethiopic biblical canon, used liturgically in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, though its exact liturgical role is not detailed in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The source edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings; textual differences from the Masoretic or Septuagint traditions are not annotated here.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is anonymous, and its attribution to a specific translator or redactor is unknown; claims of authorship in later manuscripts should be treated as unverified.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 118 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"23 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":118},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2700Kings":{"label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names":{"label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch":{"label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac":{"label":"gap dossier: Testament of Isaac (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testamentum-domini":{"label":"gap dossier: Testament of Our Lord Jesus Christ (Testamentum Domini), Ethiopic recension in 60 chapters","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testamentum-domini"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos":{"label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"},"ed:LIT2700Kings":{"label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah":{"label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-daniel":{"label":"gap dossier: Book of Daniel, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-daniel"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-5-baruch":{"label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Apocalypse of Baruch (5 Baruch)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-5-baruch"},"hollis:alma990003815950203941":{"label":"Statistical year-book of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other states for the year ..","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990003815950203941"},"hollis:alma990006765830203941":{"label":"Falasha anthology","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990006765830203941"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"IV Regum 1\n\n1\n\nወእምድኅረ፡ ሞተ፡ አካአብ፡ አፅረሩ፡ ሞአብ።\n\nወደወየ፡ አካዝያስ፡ ወሰከበ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽርሑ፡ በሰማርያ፡ ወለአከ፡ ሐዋርያተ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ሑሩ፡ ተሰአሉ፡ ሊተ፡ ኀበ፡\nበዓለ፡ ጽንጽንያ፡ አምላከ፡ አቃሮን፡ ለእመ፡ አሐዩ፡ እምዛቲ፡ ደዌ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ይስአሉ፡ ሎቱ።\n\nወጸውዖ፡ መልአከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኤልያስ፡ ትስብያዊ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ተንሥእ፡ ሖር፡ ተቀበሎሙ፡ ለሐዋርያቲሁ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወበሎሙ፡ ኢሀሎኑአ፡ አምላከ፡ እስራኤልአ፡ ከመአ፡ ትሖሩአ፡ አንትሙ፡ ትስአሉ፡ ኀበ፡ በዓለ፡ ጽንጽንያ፡ አምላከ፡\nአቃሮን ፤ አኮኬ፡ ከማሁ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምስካብከ፡ ዘውስቴቱ፡ ሰከብከ፡ ወኢትትነሣእ፡ እምውስቴቱ፡ በህየአ፡ ሞተአ፡ ትመውትአ፡ ወሖረ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ከማሁ።\n\nወተመይጡ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ሐዋርያቲሁ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ምንተ፡ አግብአክሙ።\n\nወይቤልዎ፡ ተቅበለነ፡ ፩በእሲ፡ ወይቤለነ፡ ሖሩ፡ ግብኡ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ዘፈነወክሙ፡ ወበልዎ፡ ከመዝአ፡ ይቤአ፡\nእግዚአብሔርአ፡ ኢሀሎኑአ፡ አምላከ፡ እስራኤል፡ ከመ፡ ትሖር፡ ኀበ፡ በዓለ፡ ጽንጽንያ፡ አምላከ፡ አቃሮን፡ ትስአል ፡ አኮኬ፡ ከማሁ ፤ ምስካብከ፡ ዘውስቴቱ፡ ሰከብከ፡ ኢትትነሣአ፡ እምኔሁአ ፤ ሞተአ፡ ትመውትአ።","english":"After the death of Ahab, the Moabites rebelled. And Ahaziah fell ill and lay in his bed in Samaria. And he sent messengers and said to them, “Go, inquire for me of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, whether I shall recover from this illness.” And they went to inquire of him.\n\nAnd the angel of the Lord called Elijah the Tishbite and said to him, “Arise, go, meet the messengers of the king of Samaria.” And he said to them, “Is there no God of Israel that you go to inquire of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron? Is it not so?” Thus says the Lord: “Your bed in which you lie—you shall not rise from it; in that place you shall die.” And Elijah went and said to them accordingly.\n\nAnd those messengers came to him and said, “What has brought you?”\n\nAnd they said to him, “We met a man, and he said to us, ‘Go, return to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Thus says the Lord: ‘Is there no God of Israel that you go to inquire of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron? Is it not so? Your bed in which you lie—you shall not rise from it; there you shall die.’”’","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 1","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez heading 'IV Regum 1' marks this as the first chapter of the Fourth Book of Kings, corresponding to 2 Kings 1 in the Hebrew Bible.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"በዓለ ጽንጽንያ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Baʿal ṣənṣənya' renders 'Baal-zebub' (Beelzebub), the god of Ekron, reflecting the Geʿez transliteration of the Hebrew בעל זבוב.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢሀሎኑአ አምላከ እስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question 'Is there no God of Israel?' echoes 2 Kings 1:3, where Elijah rebukes Ahaziah's messengers for consulting a foreign deity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልያስ ትስብያዊ","severity":"info","text":"Elijah is called 'the Tishbite' (ትስብያዊ), a standard epithet from 1 Kings 17:1, identifying his origin from Tishbe in Gilead.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሞተአ ትመውትአ","severity":"info","text":"The prophecy 'in that place you shall die' parallels the Masoretic Text of 2 Kings 1:4, where Elijah foretells Ahaziah's death in his bed.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐዋርያቲሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'messengers' (ሐዋርያቲሁ) is ambiguous: it can mean 'apostles' in Christian usage, but here it clearly refers to royal envoys, as in the biblical context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'angel of the Lord' is a distinct figure or a divine messenger; the translation assumes a single angel.","The phrase 'ተቅበለነ ፩በእሲ' ('we met a man') leaves unclear whether the man is Elijah or another figure; the context identifies him as Elijah."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወይቤሎሙ፡ ምንተ፡ ይመስል፡ ብእሲሁ፡ ዘተቀበለክሙ፡ ወዘንተ፡ ነገረ፡ ዘነገረክሙ።\n\nወይቤልዎ፡ ጸጓር፡ ብእሲሁ፡ ወቅናት፡ ዘአዲም፡ ውስተ፡ ሐቌሁ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ትስብያዊ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወለአከ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ይጸውዕዎ፡ ፶ብእሴ፡ ምስለ፡ መስፍኖሙ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወረከብዎ፡ ይነብር፡ ውስተ፡ ርእሰ፡ ደብር፡\nወይቤሎ፡ ዝክቱ፡ መስፍኖሙ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ንጉሥ፡ ይጺውዐከ፡ ረድ።\n\nወአውሥኦ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ለውእቱ፡ መስፍኖሙ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለእመ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔርኑ፡ አነ፡ ለትረድ፡ እሳት፡ እምሰማይ፡\nወትብላዕከ፡ ለከ፡ ወለ፶እለ፡ ምስሌከ፡ ወወረደት፡ እሳት፡ እምሰማይ፡ ወበልዐቶሙ፡ ሎቱ፡ ወለ፶እለ፡ ምስሌሁ።\n\nወደገመ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ፈንዎ፡ ፶ብእሴ፡ ምስለ፡ መስፍኖሙ፡ ወጸውዖ፡ መስፍኖሙ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይጼውዐከ፡\nንጉሥ ፤ ፍጡነ፡ ረድ።\n\nወአውሥአ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ እመሰ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አነ፡ ትረድ፡ እሳት፡ እምሰማይ፡ ወትብላዕክሙ፡ ለከ፡\nወለ፶እለ፡ ምስሌከ፡ ወወረደት፡ እሳት፡ እምሰማይ፡ ወበልዐቶ፡ ሎቱ፡ ወለ፶፡ እለ፡ ምስሌሁ።","english":"And he said to them, “What does the man seem like who received you, and what is this matter that he told you?”\n\nAnd they said to him, “The man is hairy, and a girdle of leather is on his loins.” And he said to them, “It is Elijah the Tishbite.”\n\nAnd again the king sent to him fifty men with their captain, and they went to him and found him dwelling on the top of a mountain. And the captain said to him, “The man of God, the king, summons you; come down.”\n\nAnd Elijah answered that captain and said to him, “If I am a man of God, let fire come down from heaven and consume you and the fifty with you.” And fire came down from heaven and consumed him and the fifty with him.\n\nAnd again the king sent fifty men with their captain, and the captain summoned him and said to him, “The man of God summons you, the king; come down quickly.”\n\nAnd Elijah answered and said to him, “If I am a man of God, let fire come down from heaven and consume you and the fifty with you.” And fire came down from heaven and consumed him and the fifty with him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጸጓር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ጸጓር (ṣagwār) means 'hairy' or 'shaggy,' describing Elijah's appearance. This detail is not in the biblical account (2 Kings 1) and may reflect a hagiographic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅናት ዘአዲም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ቅናት ዘአዲም (qənāt za-ʾadim) means 'a girdle of leather,' a distinctive attribute of Elijah. This detail is not in the Masoretic Text but appears in later Christian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልያስ ትስብያዊ","severity":"info","text":"The identification of Elijah as 'the Tishbite' (ትስብያዊ) follows 1 Kings 17:1 and 2 Kings 1:3. The Geʿez text here expands the biblical narrative with the messengers' description.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage repeats the same episode twice: the king sends fifty men with a captain, Elijah threatens fire from heaven, and the fire consumes them. This doubling is a narrative expansion not found in the biblical source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of fire from heaven consuming soldiers is absent from 2 Kings 1, where Elijah merely prophesies Ahaziah's death. This addition may reflect the Ethiopic tradition's emphasis on Elijah's miraculous power.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text uses the phrase 'ብእሴ እግዚአብሔር' (man of God) for Elijah, but the English draft translates it as 'the man of God, the king,' which may conflate the title with the king. The Geʿez clearly distinguishes the two.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the king is Ahaziah or another ruler, but the context from the previous passage identifies him as Ahaziah.","The doubling of the episode may be a scribal error or a deliberate narrative device; the text does not clarify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወሠለስ፡ ዓዲ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ፈንዎ፡ ፶ብእሴ፡ ምስለ፡ መስፍኖሙ፡ ወሖረ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ዝኩ፡ መስፍኖሙ፡ ሣልስ፡ ወእስተብረከ፡\nበብረኪሁ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ለኤልያስ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ገነይኩ፡ ለከ፡ ትክበር፡ ነፍስየ፡ ወነፍሶሙ፡ ለአግብርቲከ፡ በቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲከ ፤\n\nናሁ፡ ወረደ፡ እሳት፡ እምሰማይ፡ ወበልዐቶሙ፡ ለእልክቱ፡ ፪መሳፍንት፡ ቀደምት፡ ወለሰብኦሙ፡ በበ፶ወይእዜኒ፡ ትክበር፡\nነፍስየ፡ በቀድመ፡ አዕይነቲከ።\n\nወነበቦ፡ መልእከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኤልያስ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ረድ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ወኢትፍራህ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጾሙ፡ ወተንሥአ፡\nኤልያስ፡ ወወረደ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ወሖረ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሥ።\n\nወተናገሮ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእፎአ፡ ከመአ፡ ለአከ፡ ኀበ፡ በዓለ፡ ጽንጽንያ፡ አምላከ፡ አቃሮን ፤ አኮኬ፡ ከማሁ ፤ እምስካብከ፡ ዘውስቴቱ፡ ሰከብከ፡ ኢትትነሣእ፡ እምኔሁ፡ እስመአ፡ ሞተአ፡ ትመውትአ።\n\nወሞተ፡ በቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘይቤሎ፡ ኤልያስ።","english":"And a third time, the king sent fifty men with their commander, and that commander went to him a third time, and he knelt on his knees before Elijah and said to him, “Man of God, I have been sent to you; honor my life and the lives of your servants before your eyes. Behold, fire has come down from heaven and consumed those two former commanders and their men, each fifty. And now, honor my life before your eyes.”\n\nAnd the word of the Lord came to Elijah, and he said to him, “Go with him and do not be afraid of their faces.” And Elijah arose and went down with him and went to the king.\n\nAnd he spoke to him, and Elijah said to him, “Thus says the Lord: ‘Why did you go to the lord of the oak tree, the god of Akaron? It is not like that. From your bed, in which you lie, you will not rise from it, for you will die.’”\n\nAnd he died by the word of the Lord that Elijah spoke to him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እስተብረከ በብረኪሁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he knelt on his knees' is a literal rendering of the Geʿez, emphasizing prostration before Elijah as a sign of submission and reverence.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እሳት እምሰማይ","severity":"info","text":"The motif of fire from heaven consuming the commanders echoes 2 Kings 1:10-12, where Elijah calls down fire on the captains sent by Ahaziah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በዓለ ጽንጽንያ አምላከ አቃሮን","severity":"info","text":"The 'lord of the oak tree, the god of Akaron' refers to the Philistine deity Baal-zebub of Ekron, condemned in 2 Kings 1:2-3 for Ahaziah's consultation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሣልስ","severity":"info","text":"The third sending of fifty men with a commander forms a triadic narrative pattern, escalating the confrontation and highlighting Elijah's divine authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሞተ በቃለ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The king's death by the word of the Lord, as spoken by Elijah, underscores the prophetic power in Ethiopic tradition, where Elijah is a model of divine agency.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez 'እስተብረከ በብረኪሁ' could be read as a simple act of kneeling or a more formal prostration; the translation opts for kneeling.","The phrase 'ከመአ ለአከ' is unclear; the translation interprets it as 'Why did you go,' but the exact syntax is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለእካዝያስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡\nመዋዕሊሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወኢዮራም፡ ወልደ፡ አካአብ፡ ነግሠ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ በሰማርያ፡ ፲ወ፪ዓመተ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፰ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለዮሳፍጥ፡\nንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወባሕቱ፡ አኮ፡ ከመ፡ እኀዊሁ፡ ወአኮ፡ ከመ፡ እሙ፡ ወአሰሰለ፡\nአምሳሊሁ፡ ለበዓል፡ ዘገብረ፡ አቡሁ፡ [ወ]ሰበሮሙ፡ ወባሕቱ፡ ተለወ፡ ኀጢአተ፡ ቤቱ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወኢኀደገ፡ ኪያሁ፡ ወተምዕዐ፡ መዐተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ አካአብ።\n\nIV Regum 2\n\n2\n\nወእምዝ፡ አመ፡ ያዐርጎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኤልያስ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ሖሩ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ወኤልሳዕ፡ እምነ፡ ኢያሪኮ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ንበር፡ ዝየ፡ እስመ፡ ለአከኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እስከ፡ ቤቴል፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለኤልያስ፡ ሕያው፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሕያው፡ ነፍስከ፡ ከመ፡ ኢየኀድገከ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ ቤቴል።","english":"And all the matter of Ahaziah, and all that he did, now this is what is written in the book of the prophets, the chronicles of the kings of Israel.\n\nAnd Jehoram, son of Ahab, reigned over Israel in Samaria for twelve years, in the eighteenth year of the reign of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah. And he did evil before the Lord, and not only like his brother nor like his mother, but he set up an image of Baal like his father had done, and he broke them? And not only did he repeat the sin of the house of Jeroboam, which he had caused Israel to commit, but he did not abandon it, and he increased the wrath of the Lord upon the house of Ahab.\n\nIV Kings 2\n\n2\n\nAnd then, when the Lord took Elijah up into heaven, Elijah and Elisha went from Jericho.\n\nAnd Elijah said to Elisha, \"Stay here, for the Lord is taking me as far as Bethel.\" And Elisha said to Elijah, \"The Lord lives, and your soul lives, that I will not leave you.\" And he reached Bethel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለእካዝያስ፡","severity":"info","text":"This sentence concludes the preceding narrative about Ahaziah and introduces a summary statement, marking a structural transition from the story of Elijah and the commanders to a regnal chronicle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መዋዕሊሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'chronicles of the kings of Israel' likely refers to a source text, possibly the biblical Book of Kings or a lost chronicle, used by the Ethiopic compiler.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢዮራም፡ ወልደ፡ አካአብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The account of Jehoram (Joram) son of Aab (Ahab) ruling Israel for twelve years parallels 2 Kings 3:1, but the Ethiopic text adds details about his idolatry not found in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አምሳሊሁ፡ ለበዓል፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to setting up an 'image of Baal' reflects the biblical condemnation of Ahab's religious policies (1 Kings 16:31-33), but the Ethiopic text expands on Jehoram's sin, possibly from a non-biblical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ፡ አመ፡ ያዐርጎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኤልያስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The account of Elijah's ascension to heaven (cf. 2 Kings 2:11) is here placed after the regnal summary, a chronological reordering typical of Ethiopic reception that harmonizes prophetic and royal narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሰበሮሙ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'and he broke them' is ambiguous: the antecedent of 'them' is unclear (the images of Baal? the people?), and the English draft's question mark indicates uncertainty. The Geʿez may be corrupt or elliptical.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'and he broke them' (ወሰበሮሙ፡) lacks a clear antecedent; it may refer to the images of Baal or to the people.","The chronological placement of Elijah's ascension after Jehoram's reign is non-biblical and may reflect a harmonistic tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ወመጽኡ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡ እለ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤቴል፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ሶበ፡ ታአምርኑ፡ ከመ፡ ዮም፡ ይነሥኦ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ለእግዚእከ፡ እመልዕልተ፡ ርእስከ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ አንሰ፡ አእመርኩ፡ አርምሙ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ንበር፡ ዝየ፡ እስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለአከኒ፡ ኢያሪኮ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ሕያው፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ወሕያው፡ ነፍስከ፡ ከመ፡ ኢየኀድገከ ፤ ወበጽሑ፡ ኢያሪኮ።\n\nወመጽኡ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡ እለ፡ ውስተ፡ ኢያሪኮ፡ ኀበ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ ሶበ፡ ታአምርኑ፡ ከመ፡ ዮም፡ ይነሥኦ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ለእግዚእከ፡ እመልዕልተ፡ ርእስከ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ አእመርኩ፡ እርምሙ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ንበር፡ ዝየ፡ እስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለአከኒ፡ መንገለ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ሕያው፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሕያው፡ ነፍስከ፡ ከመ፡ ኢየኀድገከ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ክልኤሆሙ።\n\nወ፶ዕደው፡ እምነ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ወቆሙ፡ [እልክቱ] እምርሑቅ፡ አንጻሮሙ፡ ወእሙንቱሰ፡ ቆሙ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ዮርዳኖስ።","english":"And the sons of the prophets who were in Bethel came to Elisha and said to him, “When you know that the Lord is taking your master up above your head,” and he said to them, “I know; be silent.”\n\nAnd Elijah said to Elisha, “Stay here, for the Lord has sent me to Jericho.” And Elisha said to him, “Long live the Lord, and long live your soul, that He may not abandon you.” And they arrived at Jericho.\n\nAnd the sons of the prophets who were in Jericho came to Elisha and said to him, “When you know that the Lord is taking your master up above your head,” and he said to them, “I know; be silent.”\n\nAnd Elijah said to Elisha, “Stay here, for the Lord has sent me to the region of the Jordan.” And Elisha said to him, “Long live the Lord, and long live your soul, that He may not abandon you.” And the two of them went.\n\nAnd fifty of the sons of the prophets went with them, and they stood at a distance opposite them, while the two of them stood at the Jordan.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'sons of the prophets' (däqiqa näbiyat) designates a prophetic guild or school, a group of disciples or junior prophets attached to a master. It appears here as a collective agent in both Bethel and Jericho.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is composed of two parallel episodes: first at Bethel, then at Jericho, each with the same dialogue pattern. The repetition underscores the ritual transfer of authority from Elijah to Elisha.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያሪኮ፡","severity":"info","text":"Jericho (ʾiyariko) is a biblical city associated with Elijah's final journey. The narrative echoes 2 Kings 2:1–14, where Elijah appoints Elisha as successor before his ascension.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮርዳኖስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Jordan River (yordanos) is a boundary marker in the Elijah-Elisha cycle, often symbolizing transition. Here it separates the two prophets from the larger group, emphasizing the liminal moment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic version expands the biblical account with the 'sons of the prophets' as witnesses, a motif found in later Christian hagiography and monastic tradition, reflecting the Geʿez milieu's interest in prophetic communities.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has a lacuna or unclear reading at [እልክቱ] (ʾəlkətu), possibly a scribal error or variant for 'they stood' or 'those ones'. The translation follows the sense of the surrounding context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ወነሥአ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ሐሜላቶ፡ ወጦማ፡ ወዘበጣ፡ ለማየ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡ ወቆመ፡ ማይ፡ እምለፌኒ፡ ወእምለፌኒ፡ ወኀለፉ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ወቆሙ፡ በድወ፡ ወጺኦሙ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ሶበ፡ ኀለፉ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ይቤሎ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ሰአለኒ፡ ዘትፈቅድ፡ እግበር፡ ለከ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እዕርግ፡\nእምኀቤከ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለኤልያስ፡ ለይኩን፡ ከዕበተ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዘዲቤከ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ዕጹበ፡ ሰአልከ፡ ወባሕቱ፡ ለእመ፡ ርኢከኒ፡ እንዘ፡ አዐርግ፡ እምኀቤከ፡ ለይኩንከ፡ ከማሁ፡\nወእመሰ፡ ኢርኢከኒ፡ ኢይኩንከ።\n\nወእንዘ፡ የሐውሩ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ወይትናገሩ፡ መጽአ፡ ሰረገላ፡ ዘእሳት፡ ወአፍራስ፡ ዘእሳት፡ ወቦአ፡ ማእከለ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ወአስተራሐቆሙ፡ ወዐርገ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ከመ፡ ዘበድልቅልቅ፡ ወከመ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ሰማይ።\n\nወርእዮ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ አባ፡ አባ፡ ኀይሎሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወጽንዖሙ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ኢርእዮ፡ እንከ፡ ዳግመ፡ ወሠጠጠ፡ አልባሲሁ፡ ወረሰዮሙ፡ ለ፪።","english":"And Elijah took his mantle and his staff and the skin of water from the Jordan, and the water stood before him and before him, and the two of them crossed over and stood on dry ground, and he dried them.\n\nAnd after that, when the two of them had crossed over, Elijah said to Elisha, “Ask of me what you desire that I do for you before I go up from you.” And Elisha said to Elijah, “Let the double portion of the Holy Spirit that is upon you be upon me.”\n\nAnd Elijah said, “You have asked a difficult thing; but if you see me when I go up from you, it shall be so for you; but if you do not see me, it shall not be so for you.”\n\nAnd while the two of them were walking and conversing, a chariot of fire and horses of fire came and entered between the two of them and separated them, and Elijah went up like a whirlwind and like one into heaven.\n\nAnd Elisha saw him and said, “Father, father, the strength of Israel and their might!” And after that he did not see him again, and he tore his garments and rent them in two.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐሜላቶ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሐሜላቶ (ḥamelāto) is here translated as 'mantle'; it can also denote a cloak or outer garment, consistent with Elijah's prophetic attire.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ከዕበተ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ከዕበተ ላዕሌየ መንፈስ ቅዱስ (kaʿbata lāʿleye manfas qǝddus) means 'double portion of the Holy Spirit,' a distinctive request for a spiritual inheritance, not found in the biblical account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰረገላ፡ ዘእሳት፡ ወአፍራስ፡ ዘእሳት፡","severity":"info","text":"The chariot and horses of fire (ሰረገላ ዘእሳት ወአፍራስ ዘእሳት) echo 2 Kings 2:11 (LXX 4 Kgdms 2:11), where Elijah is taken up by a fiery chariot, though the Geʿez expands the description.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልሳዕ፡","severity":"info","text":"Elisha's tearing of his garments (ሠጠጠ አልባሲሁ) is a traditional mourning gesture, here signifying grief at Elijah's departure and the loss of prophetic guidance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage uses the narrative marker ወእምዝ (wa-ʿemza, 'and after that') to transition between the crossing of the Jordan and the subsequent dialogue, structuring the episode into two distinct scenes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ዘበድልቅልቅ፡","severity":"info","text":"The simile 'like a whirlwind' (ከመ ዘበድልቅልቅ) for Elijah's ascent parallels the description in 2 Kings 2:11, but the Geʿez adds 'like one into heaven,' emphasizing the miraculous nature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'the water stood before him and before him' (ቆመ ማይ እምለፌኒ ወእምለፌኒ) is ambiguous: it may indicate the water parted on both sides for the two figures, or it may be a scribal repetition. The translation adopts the former reading.","The condition for receiving the double portion of the Holy Spirit (seeing Elijah ascend) is unique to this Ethiopic version; the biblical text (2 Kings 2:9-10) does not include this condition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ወአውረደ፡ ሎቱ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ሐሜላቶ፡ ወወረደ፡ ላዕለ፡ ርእሱ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ወገብአ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወቆመ፡ ኀበ፡ ድንጋገ፡\nማየ፡ ዮርዳኖስ።\n\nወነሥአ፡ ሐሜላቶ፡ ለኤልያስ፡ እንተ፡ ወረደት፡ መልዕልተ፡ ርእሱ፡ ወዘበጠ፡ ማየ፡ ባቲ፡ ወአበየ፡ ተግሕሦ፡ ወይቤ፡\nአይቴ፡ ውእቱ፡ አምላከ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ወእፎ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ዘበጦ፡ ለማይ፡ ወተግሕሠ፡ ወቆመ፡ እንተ፡ ለፌኒ፡ ወእንተ፡ ለፌኒ፡ ወኀለፈ፡ ኤልሳዕ።\n\nወርእይዎ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡ እለ፡ ውስተ፡ ኢያሪኮ፡ እንዘ፡ ይመጽእ፡ ቅድሜሆሙ፡ ወይቤሉ፡ ገብአ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡\nዘላዕለ፡ ኤልያስ፡ [ዲበ፡] ኤልሳዕ፡ ወተቀበልዎ፡ ወሰገዱ፡ ሎቱ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር።\n\nወይቤልዎ፡ ናሁ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ዝየ፡ ምስለ፡ አግብርቲከ፡ ፶ዕደው፡ ደቂቀ፡ ኀይል፡ ይሖሩ፡ ይኅሥሥዎ፡ ለእግዚእከ፡ ዮጊ፡\nረከቦ፡ መንፈሰ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአውረዶ፡ ውስተ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ውስተ፡ ፩እምነ፡ አድባር፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡\nውስተ፡ ፩እምነ፡ አውግር፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ኢትፈንዉ።","english":"And Elijah brought down his mantle, and it descended upon the head of Elisha, and Elisha entered, and he stood by the bank of the water of the Jordan.\n\nAnd he took the mantle of Elijah, which had descended above his head, and he sprinkled water with it, and he washed his face, and he said, “Where is the God of Elijah? And why, after that, did he sprinkle the water and wash his face, and stand, that which is before me and before me?” And Elisha passed by.\n\nAnd the sons of the prophets who were in Jericho saw him as he came before them, and they said, “The Holy Spirit has entered upon Elijah, [upon] Elisha.” And they received him and prostrated themselves to him on the ground.\n\nAnd they said to him, “Behold, there are here with your servants fifty strong men, sons of might, who go to seek your master Joggi. The Spirit of the Lord found him and brought him down into the Jordan. And if not, into one of the mountains, and if not, into one of the valleys.” And Elisha said to them, “Send forth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐሜላቶ፡","severity":"info","text":"The term ሐሜላቶ፡ (mantle) is a key symbol of prophetic authority; its transfer from Elijah to Elisha marks succession.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነሥአ፡ ሐሜላቶ፡ ለኤልያስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The sprinkling of water with the mantle and washing of the face echoes 2 Kings 2:13-14, where Elisha takes up Elijah's mantle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'sons of the prophets' (ደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡) are a prophetic guild in Jericho, a motif in the Elijah-Elisha cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The identification of the Holy Spirit (መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡) entering upon Elisha reflects later Christian interpretation of prophetic succession.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮጊ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The name ዮጊ፡ (Joggi) is obscure; it may be a corruption or variant of a name for Elijah or another figure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመ፡ አኮ፡","severity":"info","text":"The repeated conditional 'if not' (ወእመ፡ አኮ፡) structures the search for Elijah, listing possible locations (Jordan, mountains, valleys).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Joggi' (ዮጊ፡) is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a local name.","The phrase 'that which is before me and before me' (እንተ፡ ለፌኒ፡ ወእንተ፡ ለፌኒ፡) is repetitive and may indicate a textual corruption or emphasis."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ወአገበርዎ፡ እስከ፡ ኀፈሮሙ፡ ወፈነዉ፡ ፶ዕደወ፡ ወኀሠሥዎ፡ ሠሉሰ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ወኢረከብዎ።\n\nወኤልሳዕሰ፡ ሀለወ፡ ኢያሪኮ፡ ይነብር፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ኢይቤለክሙኑ፡ ኢትፈንዉ፡ ወኢትሖሩ።\n\nወይቤልዎ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ሰብአ፡ ይእቲ፡ ሀገር፡ ናሁ፡ ንብረታ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ሀገር፡ ሠናይ፡ በከመ፡ ይሬኢ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nወማየ፡ ብሔሩሰ፡ እኩይ፡ ወአንስትኒ፡ ይመክና።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ እምጽኡ፡ ሊተ፡ መሳብከ፡ ሐዲሰ፡ ወደዩ፡ ውስቴቱ፡ ፄወ፡ ወአምጽኡ፡ ሎቱ።\n\nወሖረ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ኀበ፡ ነቀዐ፡ ማይ፡ ወሶጠ፡ ውስቴቱ፡ ዝኩ፡ ፄወ፡ ወይቤ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ፈወስክዎአ፡ ለዝአ፡ ማይአ፡ ከመአ፡ አልቦአ፡ ዘይመውትአ፡ እምኔሁአ፡ ወአልቦአ፡ ዘይመክንአ፡ እምኔሁአ።\n\nወእምይእቲ፡ አሚረ፡ ተፈወስ፡ ውእቱ፡ ማይ፡ እስከ፡ ዮም፡ በከመ፡ ነበበ፡ ኤልሳዕ።\n\nወዐርገ፡ እምህየ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤቴል፡ ወእንዘ፡ የዕርግ፡ በፍኖት፡ ረከበ፡ ደቀ፡ ንኡሳነ፡ እንዘ፡ ይወጽኡ፡ እምሀገር፡\nወአኀዙ፡ ይሳለቁ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ ዕርግ፡ ዕርግ፡ በራሕ።","english":"And they searched for him as far as the caves, and they sent fifty men, and they sought him for three days, but they did not find him.\n\nAnd Elisha was dwelling in Jericho, and he said to them, “Elisha said to you, ‘Send and do not go.’”\n\nAnd the men of that city said to Elisha, “Behold, the land of this city is good, as the Lord sees, but the water of the region is bad, and the women also are wicked.”\n\nAnd Elisha said to them, “Bring me a new earthenware vessel, and put salt into it, and bring it to him.”\n\nAnd Elisha went to the spring of water and cast that salt into it, and he said, “Thus says the Lord, ‘I have healed this water, so that there is none who will die from it, and there is none who will be wicked from it.’”\n\nAnd from that time, after the healing, that water has been healed until this day, as Elisha spoke.\n\nAnd he went up from there to Bethel, and as he was going up on the road, he met some small children who were coming out of the city, and they began to mock him and said to him, “Go up, go up, baldhead!","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአገበርዎ፡ እስከ፡ ኀፈሮሙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they searched for him as far as the caves' continues the narrative of the search for Elijah, a motif not in the biblical 2 Kings account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ፄወ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ፄወ (ṣewe) means 'salt', a key element in the healing miracle that follows.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ፈወስክዎአ፡ ለዝአ፡ ማይአ","severity":"info","text":"Elisha's declaration 'Thus says the Lord, I have healed this water' echoes the prophetic formula common in the Hebrew Bible, but the specific miracle of healing water with salt is extra-biblical.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ወዐርገ፡ እምህየ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤቴል","severity":"info","text":"Bethel is a significant site in biblical tradition, associated with Jacob's vision and later a center of Israelite worship; its mention here situates the narrative in the northern kingdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ወአኀዙ፡ ይሳለቁ፡ ላዕሌሁ","severity":"info","text":"The mocking of Elisha by children calling him 'baldhead' (በራሕ) reflects a hagiographic trope of the prophet being ridiculed before performing a miracle, common in later Ethiopic hagiography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኤልሳዕሰ፡ ሀለወ፡ ኢያሪኮ፡ ይነብር","severity":"caution","text":"The text states Elisha was dwelling in Jericho, but the biblical account (2 Kings 2) places him at the Jordan; this may reflect a conflation of traditions or a scribal error.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'him' searched for in the first sentence is ambiguous; it likely refers to Elijah, but the preceding passage mentions Elisha.","The phrase 'Elisha said to you' (ኢይቤለክሙኑ) is ambiguous: it may be a direct quote from Elisha or a narrative aside."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ወሶበ፡ ተመይጠ፡ ድኅሬሁ፡ ወርእዮ[ሙ]፡ ረገሞሙ፡ በስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወእምዝ፡ መጽኡ፡ ፪ድብ፡ እምገዳም፡ ወቀተሉ፡ እምውስቴቶሙ፡ ፵ወ፪ደቀ።\n\nወእምህየ፡ ሖረ፡ ደብረ፡ ቀርሜሎስ፡ ወእምህየ፡ ገብአ፡ ሰማርያ።\n\nIV Regum 3\n\n3\n\nወኢዮራም፡ ወልደ፡ አካአብ፡ ነግሠ፡ ላዕለ፡ እስራኤል፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፰ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮሳፍጥ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወነግሠ፡ ፲ወ፪ዓመተ።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወባሕቱ፡ አኮ፡ ከመ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወአኮ፡ ከመ፡ እሙ፡ ወእሰሰለ፡\nአምሳሊሁ፡ ለበዓል፡ ዘገብረ፡ አቡሁ።\n\nዳእሙ፡ ተለወ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወኪያሁሰ፡ ኢኀደገ።\n\nወሞ[ሳ]፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሞአብ፡ ሀገረ፡ ሜኖቅት፡ ወሀቦ፡ ፲፼አባግዐ፡ ፀምር፡ ወ፲፼ሐራጊተ፡ ጠሊ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ሞተ፡ አካአብ፡ ወዐለውዎ፡ ሞአብ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወወፅአ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ንጉሥ፡ ውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ እምነ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወአንሥኦሙ፡ ለእስራኤል።","english":"And when he was sought behind him, and he saw them, he cursed them in the name of the Lord. And after that, two bears came from the forest and killed forty-two of them.\n\nAnd from there he went to Mount Carmel, and from there he entered Samaria.\n\nIV Kings 3\n\n3\n\nAnd Joram, son of Ahab, reigned over Israel in the eighteenth year of the reign of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, and he reigned twelve years.\n\nAnd he did evil before the eyes of the Lord, and not only like his father nor like his mother, but he followed\nthe likeness of Baal, which his father had done.\n\nHe also repeated the sin of Jeroboam, son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin, and he also did not cease.\n\nAnd Mesa, king of Moab, ravaged the city of Menochth, and gave one hundred thousand sheep of the flock and one hundred thousand she-goats.\n\nAnd after that, after the death of Ahab, Moab rebelled against the king of Israel.\n\nAnd Joram, that king, went out, having set out from Samaria, and he mustered the Israelites.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a narrative conclusion to the bear attack (lines 1–2), then shifts to Elisha's itinerary (Mount Carmel, Samaria), followed by a chapter heading and a new regnal account of Joram.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ድብ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ድብ (dəbb) means 'bear'. The appearance of two bears attacking the soldiers is a distinctive narrative element not found in the corresponding 2 Kings 1:9–14 of the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 3","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'IV Regum 3' marks the start of a new chapter in the Ethiopic tradition, corresponding to 2 Kings 3 in the Vulgate and modern Bibles. The following verses recount Joram's reign and Moab's rebellion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮራም","severity":"info","text":"Joram (ኢዮራም) is the son of Ahab and king of Israel. The text synchronizes his accession with the 18th year of Jehoshaphat of Judah, a chronological note typical of the Deuteronomistic history.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሜኖቅት","severity":"info","text":"The city name 'Menochth' (ሜኖቅት) is a Geʿez rendering; the parallel in 2 Kings 3:4–5 refers to Moabite towns but not this toponym. The tribute of 100,000 sheep and goats is an expansion not in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሶበ ተመይጠ ድኅሬሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'when he was sought behind him' is ambiguous: the subject of the search is unclear. The English draft interprets it as Elisha being sought, but the Geʿez could also refer to the soldiers searching for someone else.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'was sought' (ተመይጠ) is not explicit; it may be Elisha or the men. The reading taken follows the English draft.","The number 42 (፵ወ፪) killed by bears is precise but its source is unclear; it may be symbolic or a textual variant."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ወሖረ፡ ወለአከ፡ ኀበ፡ ዮሳፍጥ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሞአብ፡ ዐለወኒአ፡ ትመጽእኑአ፡ ምስሌየ፡\nንጽብኦሙ፡ ለሞአብአ ፤ ወይቤሎ፡ ኦሆአ፡ አዐርግአ፡ ምስሌከአ ፤ አነኒአ፡ ከማከአ፡ ወአንተኒአ፡ ከማየ ፤ ሕዝብየኒአ፡ ከመ፡\nሕዝብከአ፡ ወአፍራስየኒአ፡ ከመ፡ አፍራሲከአ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ እንተ፡ አይ፡ ፍኖትአ፡ ነዐርግአ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ እንተ፡ ፍኖተ፡ በድውአ፡ ዘኤዶምአ።\n\nወሖሩ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወንጉሠ፡ ኤዶም፡ ወዖዱ፡ ሰቡዐ፡ መዋዕለ፡ እንዘ፡ የሐውሩ፡ ወኀጥኡ፡ ማየ፡ ለትዕይንት፡ ወለእንስሳሆሙ፡ ዘይጼዐኑ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ አሌ፡ ለነ፡ አምጽአነኑ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለ፫ነገሥት፡ ያግብአነ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴሆሙ፡ ለሞአብ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ዮሳፍጥ፡ አልቦኑ፡ ዝየ፡ ነቢየ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወንስአል፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በኀቤሁ፡ ወአውሥአ፡ ፩እምውስተ፡ ደቁ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወይቤ፡ ሀለወ፡ ዝየ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወልደ፡ ሳፋጥ፡ ኀሃቤ፡ እዴሁ፡ ለኤልያስ።","english":"And he went to Ahab, to Jehoshaphat king of Judah, while saying, “The king of Moab has rebelled against me; will you come with me to fight against the Moabites?” And he said to him, “Yes, I will go up with you; I am like you, and you are like me; my people are like your people, and my horses are like your horses.”\n\nAnd he said to him, “By which road shall we go up?” And he said to him, “By the road of the wilderness of Edom.”\n\nAnd the king of Israel, the king of Judah, and the king of Edom went, and they journeyed seven days, while they traveled, and they dug water for the army and for their animals that were thirsty.\n\nAnd the king of Israel said, “Alas for us! Has the Lord brought us, three kings, to deliver us into the hands of the Moabites?”\n\nAnd Jehoshaphat said, “Is there not a prophet of the Lord here, and we shall ask the word of the Lord from him?” And one of the servants of the king of Israel answered and said, “There is here Elisha son of Shaphat, the disciple of Elijah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሖረ፡ ወለአከ፡ ኀበ፡ ዮሳፍጥ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez says 'he went to Ahab, to Jehoshaphat,' but the English draft reads 'he went to Ahab, to Jehoshaphat king of Judah.' The Geʿez does not specify Jehoshaphat's title here.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ፡ እንተ፡ አይ፡ ፍኖትአ፡ ነዐርግአ፡","severity":"info","text":"This dialogue about the route through the wilderness of Edom corresponds to 2 Kings 3:8, where Jehoshaphat asks Joram which way to go.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሖሩ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወንጉሠ፡ ኤዶም፡","severity":"info","text":"The narrative lists three kings (Israel, Judah, Edom) as joint actors, a structural emphasis not present in the Masoretic Text, which mentions only Joram and Jehoshaphat.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ለትዕይንት፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ለትዕይንት፡ (la-təʿəynət) means 'for the army' (collective), not 'for the army' as a singular; the English draft renders it as 'for the army'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልሳዕ፡ ወልደ፡ ሳፋጥ፡","severity":"info","text":"Elisha son of Shaphat is introduced as a disciple of Elijah, consistent with the biblical account (1 Kings 19:19–21) but here placed in a narrative context of the Moabite campaign.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ አሌ፡ ለነ፡ አምጽአነኑ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text has the king of Israel speaking, but the English draft attributes the lament to the same speaker; the Geʿez does not specify which king speaks, though context suggests Joram.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez does not specify which king speaks the lament 'Alas for us!' — the English draft assigns it to the king of Israel, but the text only says 'the king of Israel said'.","The Geʿez phrase 'ወሖረ፡ ወለአከ፡' could be read as 'he went to Ahab' or 'he went, and to Ahab'; the English draft takes the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ወይቤ፡ ዮሳፍጥ፡ ቦኑ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ወወረዱ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወዮሳፍጥ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወንጉሠ፡ ኤዶም።\n\nወይቤ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ምንተ፡ ብየ፡ ምስሌከ ፤ሖር፡ ኀበ፡ ነቢያቲሁ፡ ለአቡከ፡ ወይቤ፡ ንጉሠ፡\nእስራኤል፡ አምጽአነኑ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለ፫ነገሥት፡ ከመ፡ ያግብአነ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴሆሙ፡ ለሞአብ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ሕያው፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡ ኀይል፡ ዘቆምኩ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ሶበ፡ አኮ፡ ገጸ፡ ዮሳፍጥ፡ ንጉሠ፡\nይሁዳ፡ ዘኀፈርኩ፡ እምኢነጸርኩ።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ አምጽኡ፡ ሊተ፡ ዘይዜምር፡ ወእምዝ፡ ሶበ፡ ዘመረ፡ ዘይዜምር፡ መጽአ፡ እደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕሌሁ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ግበሩአ፡ ዐዘቃተ፡ ውስተ፡ ዝንቱአ፡ ፈለግአ።\n\nእስመ፡ ከመዝአ፡ ይቤአ፡ እግዚአብሔርአ፡ እንዘ፡ ኢትሬእዩአ፡ ነፋሰአ፡ ወኢትሬእዩአ፡ ዝናመአ፡ ወይመልእአ፡ ዝአ፡\nፈለግአ፡ ወትሰትዩአ፡ አንትሙአ፡ ወጥሪትክሙአ፡ ወእንስሳክሙአ።","english":"And Jehoshaphat said, “The word of the Lord is upon him.” And the king of Israel, Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and the king of Edom went down to him.\n\nAnd Elisha said to the king of Israel, “What is this that is between me and you? Go to the prophets of your father.” And the king of Israel said, “Has not the Lord brought us three kings together, as he brought us into the hands of the Moabites?”\n\nAnd Elisha said to them, “The living God, the God of might, before whom I stand, is not the face of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, whom I have disgraced by my gaze.”\n\nAnd now, bring me a minstrel. And then, when the minstrel sang, the hand of the Lord came upon him.\n\nAnd he said, “Thus says the Lord: ‘Dig a trench in this river.’”\n\nFor thus says the Lord: “You will not see its wind, and you will not see its rain, and this river will fill, and you will drink, you and your army and your livestock.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይዜምር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ዘይዜምር (zayzēmər) is a participle meaning 'one who sings' or 'minstrel'. The English draft renders it as 'minstrel', which captures the musical role but may obscure the liturgical connotation of singing in a prophetic context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the hand of the Lord came upon him' echoes prophetic call narratives in the Hebrew Bible, such as 1 Samuel 10:10 and 2 Kings 3:15, where divine possession or inspiration is described.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዐዘቃተ","severity":"info","text":"The instruction to 'dig a trench in this river' reflects a military tactic for water supply during siege, paralleling 2 Kings 3:16-20 where the Moabites are defeated by water diversion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from dialogue to prophetic action: Elisha’s command to dig a trench follows a theophany (hand of the Lord), marking a structural pivot from consultation to divine directive.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትሬእዩአ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢትሬእዩአ (ʿutrēʾyuʾ) is a negated jussive meaning 'you will not see'. The English draft renders it as 'you will not see', but the context of wind and rain may imply a metaphorical or miraculous obscurity, not literal invisibility.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'minstrel' (ዘይዜምር) is unclear: it may refer to a specific court musician or a generic cultic singer. The phrase 'the hand of the Lord came upon him' could indicate prophetic ecstasy or a divine sign, but the text does not specify which.","The command to dig a trench in the river is ambiguous: it may be a literal military instruction or a symbolic act of faith, as the subsequent promise of water filling the river suggests a miracle."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"እስመአ፡ ቀሊል፡ ውእቱ፡ በቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፤ ወኣገብኦሙ፡ ለሞአብ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴክሙ።\n\nወቅትሉ፡ ኵሎ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ፡ ዐበይተ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዕፀዊሆሙ፡ ዘሠናይ፡ ግዝሙ፡ ወኵሎ፡ አንቅዕተ፡ ማያቲሆሙ፡ ድፍኑ፡\nወኵሎአ፡ ንዋዮሙአ፡ ሠናየ፡ ስብሩአ፡ በእብንአ።\n\nወሶበ፡ ጸብሐ፡ ብሔር፡ ጊዜ፡ ይሠውዑ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ወመጽአ፡ ማይ፡ እምፍኖተ፡ ኤዶም፡ ወመልአ፡ ኵሎ፡ ውእተ፡ ምድረ፡ ማይ።\n\nወሶበ፡ ሰምዑ፡ ሞአብ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ዐርጉ፡ እልክቱ፡ ነገሥት፡ ይጽብእዎሙ፡ አንሥኡ፡ ዐውያተ፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡\nበሓውርቲሆሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብሉ፡ ርድኡአ፡ ኵልክሙአ፡ በንዋየ፡ ሐቅልክሙአ፡ ወተጋብኡ፡ ወቆሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ርእሰ፡ ደብር።\n\nወጌሱ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ወሶበ፡ ሠረቀ፡ ፀሓይ፡ ዲበ፡ ውእቱ፡ ማይ፡ ወርእዩ፡ ሞአብ፡ ቅድሜሆሙ፡ ቄሐ፡ ከመ፡ ደም፡\nውእቱ፡ ማይ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ተቃተሉ፡ እሉ፡ ነገሥት፡ በበይናቲሆሙ ፤ ደመ፡ ኲናት፡ ውእቱ፡ ዝንቱ ፤ ወቀተሉ፡ ቢጾሙ፡ ወይእዜኒ፡ ሀቡነ፡\nንረድ፡ ንበርብሮሙ።","english":"Is it a small thing in the sight of the Lord? And I have delivered the Moabites into your hands. And kill all their great men, and cut down all their good trees, and stop up all their springs of water. And break all their good vessels with stones.\n\nAnd when the land was morning, at the time when they offered sacrifice, water came from the border of Edom and filled all that land with water.\n\nAnd when the Moabites heard that these kings had gone up to fight against them, they raised up a wall around all their cities, saying, ‘Help us, all of you, with the goods of your fields,’ and they gathered and stood on the top of the mountain.\n\nAnd they advanced in the morning, and when the sun rose over that water, the Moabites saw before them red like blood—that water.\n\nAnd these kings said to one another, ‘This is the blood of war.’ And they killed their captives, and now give us to go and attack them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text describes the Moabites' defensive measures: raising a wall, gathering goods, and standing on a mountain top. The English draft renders 'goods of your fields' for 'ንዋየ ሐቅልክሙአ', which likely means 'property of your fields'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ቄሐ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word 'ቄሐ' (qäḥa) means 'red' or 'reddish', and is used here to describe the water appearing like blood. This term is distinct from 'ደም' (dam, 'blood'), which appears later in the kings' dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage echoes 2 Kings 3:20-27, where Elisha delivers Moabites into Israel's hands and the water from Edom turns red. The Geʿez text adds details like cutting trees and breaking vessels, which are not in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of water turning red as a divine sign appears in other Ethiopic texts, such as the Testament of Isaac, where it symbolizes judgment. This may reflect a broader tradition in Ethiopic Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Isaac (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a series of commands (kill, cut, stop, break) followed by narrative events (water arrival, Moabite reaction, kings' dialogue). This alternation between direct speech and narration is typical of Ethiopic biblical retellings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'ወኵሎአ ንዋዮሙአ ሠናየ ስብሩአ በእብንአ' is ambiguous: 'ንዋዮሙአ' could mean 'their goods' or 'their vessels'. The English draft opts for 'vessels', but the parallel with 'trees' and 'springs' suggests a broader interpretation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ንዋዮሙአ' (goods/vessels) is ambiguous; the reading taken is 'vessels' based on the English draft, but 'goods' is possible.","The identity of 'these kings' (እሉ ነገሥት) is not specified in the Geʿez, but context implies the king of Israel, Jehoshaphat, and the king of Edom."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ወቦኡ፡ ትዕይንቶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወተንሥኡ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወቀተልዎሙ፡ ለሞአብ፡ ወጐዩ፡ ሞአብ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጸሙ፡\nለእስራኤል፡ ወቦኡ፡ ወእንዘ፡ ይበውኡ፡ ቀተልዎሙ፡ ለሞአብ።\n\nወነሠቱ፡ ፭አህጉሪሆሙ፡ ወውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ገራውሂሆሙ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወገሩ፡ እብነ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብአ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወመልእዎ፡\nወደፈኑ፡ ዐዘቃቲሆሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዖሞሙ፡ ወዕፀዎሙ፡ ሠናየ፡ ገዘሙ፡ ወነሠቱ፡ ቅጽረ፡ ሀገሮሙ፡ ወዐገትዎሙ፡ ሰብአ፡\nሞፀፍ፡ ወቀተልዎሙ።\n\nወሶበ፡ ርእየ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሞአብ፡ ከመ፡ ቀተልዎሙ፡ ወሶበ፡ ርእየ፡ ከመ፡ ሞእዎሙ፡ ነሥአ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ፯፻ብእሴ፡ ወሖረ፡ ይትቃተሎ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ኤዶም፡ ወስእኖ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ነሥኦ፡ ለወልዱ፡ ዘበኵሩ፡ ዘይነግሥ፡ ህየንቴሁ፡ ወሦዖ፡ በዲበ፡ አረፍት፡ ወነስሑ፡ እስራኤል፡ ዐቢየ፡\nንስሓ፡ ወግዕዙ፡ ወአተዉ፡ ብሔሮሙ።\n\nIV Regum 4\n\n4\n\nወአሐቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ እምውስተ፡ እዋልደ፡ ነቢያት፡ ጸርኀት፡ ኀበ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወትቤ፡ ገብርከ፡ ፈራሄ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምትየ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወሞተ፡ ወመጽአ፡ በዓለ፡ ዕዳ፡ ይንሥኦሙ፡ ለ፪ደቂቅየ፡ ይቅንዮሙ።","english":"And they saw the wonders of Israel, and Israel arose and killed the Moabites, and they destroyed Moab before the face of Israel, and they saw. And while they were seeing, they killed the Moabites.\n\nAnd they took five of their cities, and in all their territories good [things], and all the men of Israel gathered stones and filled [them], and they covered all their cisterns, and all their walls and their good trees they cut down, and they took the boundary of their land, and they besieged the men of Moab, and killed them.\n\nAnd when the king of Moab saw that they had killed [them], and when he saw that they had died, he took with him seven hundred men and went to fight the king of Edom, and he asked.\n\nAnd then he took his firstborn son who would reign after him, and he sacrificed him upon the wall, and Israel made a great repentance and were saved, and they returned to their land.\n\n4 Kings 4\n\nAnd a certain woman from among the sons of the prophets cried out to Elisha and said, \"Your servant, the fearer of the Lord, is my husband, and he died, and the creditor has come to take my two children to enslave them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቦኡ፡ ትዕይንቶሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a repeated visual motif ('they saw the wonders'), framing the subsequent violence as a divinely sanctioned spectacle, a common narrative device in Ethiopic historical books.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ንስሓ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'nəssəḥa' (ንስሓ፡) here means 'repentance' or 'change of heart', but in this context it may also carry a sense of 'cessation' or 'relenting' from battle, as Israel withdraws after the sacrifice.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነሥአ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ፯፻ብእሴ፡","severity":"info","text":"The king of Moab takes 700 men to fight the king of Edom; this number echoes the 700 elite troops in 2 Kings 3:26 (MT), though the Geʿez version adds the detail of the king's firstborn son being sacrificed on the wall.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ወሦዖ፡ በዲበ፡ አረፍት፡","severity":"info","text":"The sacrifice of the king's firstborn son on the wall (ወሦዖ፡ በዲበ፡ አረፍት፡) is a unique addition not found in the Masoretic or Septuagint traditions, likely reflecting a local Ethiopic haggadic expansion or a lost source.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Budge 1928"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ወአሐቲ፡ ብእሲት፡","severity":"info","text":"The story of the widow and her children (beginning at '4 Kings 4') is a well-known episode in Ethiopic homiletics, often cited as an example of Elisha's prophetic justice and the plight of the poor.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testamentum-domini","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Our Lord Jesus Christ (Testamentum Domini), Ethiopic recension in 60 chapters","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testamentum-domini"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተንሥኡ፡ እስራኤል፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Israel arose' (ወተንሥኡ፡ እስራኤል፡) is ambiguous: it could mean the army rose to attack, or that the people rose in rebellion; the English draft takes the former, but the Geʿez allows both.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወተንሥኡ፡ እስራኤል፡' could mean either 'Israel arose (to attack)' or 'Israel rebelled'; the English draft opts for the former.","The number of cities taken (5) is not specified in the biblical source; it may be a scribal addition or a textual corruption.","The transition from the Moabite war to the widow's story (4 Kings 4) is abrupt; the Geʿez may be missing a chapter heading or a narrative bridge."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ወይቤላ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ምንተ፡ ትፈቅዲ፡ እግበር፡ ለኪ፡ ንግርኒ፡ ወምንት፡ ብኪ፡ በውስተ፡ ቤትኪ ፤ ወትቤሎ፡ አልባቲ፡\nለአመትከ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤታ፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ልኵንተ፡ ቅብእ፡ ዘእትቀባእ።\n\nወይቤላ፡ ሖሪ፡ ተዋሐሲ፡ ለኪ፡ ንዋየ፡ ልሕኵት፡ እምኀበ፡ ጎርኪ።\n\nወባኢ፡ ቤተኪ፡ ወዕጸዊ፡ ኆኅተኪ፡ ላዕሌኪ፡ ወላዕለ፡ ደቂቅኪ፡ ወሱጢ፡ ውስተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ንዋየ፡ ልሕኵት፡ ወዘመልአ፡\nአግሕሚ።\n\nወአተወት፡ ቤታ፡ ወዐጸወት፡ ኆኅተ፡ ላዕሌሃ፡ ወላዕለ፡ ደቂቃ፡ ወእሙንቱ፡ ያቀርቡ፡ ላቲ፡ ወይእቲ፡ ትሰውጥ።\n\nወይእቲ፡ ትቤሎሙ፡ ለደቂቃ፡ አቅርቡ፡ ሊተ፡ ዓዲ፡ ንዋየ፡ ልሕኵት፡ ወይቤልዋ፡ ኅልቀ፡ ኵሉ፡ ንዋየ፡ ልሕኵት፡ ወእምዝ፡ ቆመ፡ ዝክቱኒ፡ ቅብእ።\n\nወሖረት፡ ወነገረቶ፡ ለብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤላ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ሖሪ፡ ሢጢ፡ ወፍድዪ፡ ዕዳኪ፡ ወሰልጢ፡ ሲሳየኒ፡\nወበዘተረፈ፡ ቅብእ፡ እሕይዊ፡ ርእሰኪ፡ ወእሕይዊ፡ ውሉደሊ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ኀለፈ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ አሐተ፡ ዕለተ፡ እንተ፡ ሱማን፡ ወሀለወት፡ ህየ፡ ብእሲት፡ ዐባይ፡ ወአቀመቶ፡ ይብላዕ፡ እክለ፡ እስመ፡ ጐንደየ፡ ግሒሠ፡ ህየ፡ ወተግሕሠ፡ ህየ፡ ይብላዕ፡ እክለ።","english":"And Elisha said to her, \"What do you desire that I do for you? Tell me, and what do you have in your house?\" And she said to him, \"I have nothing in my house except a little oil with which I anoint myself.\"\n\nAnd he said to her, \"Go, borrow vessels from your neighbor.\"\n\nAnd she entered her house, and she shut her door upon herself and upon her children, and she poured that oil into the vessels. And when the vessels were full, she sealed them.\n\nAnd she went to her house, and she shut the door upon herself and upon her children, and they brought to her, and she poured.\n\nAnd she said to her children, \"Bring me more vessels.\" And they said to her, \"All the vessels are finished.\" And then the oil stood still.\n\nAnd she went and told the man of God. And Elisha said to her, \"Go, sell, and pay your debt, and support me with the remainder. And with the oil that remains, save yourself and save your children.\"\n\nThen Elisha passed one day in Shunem, and there was a great woman there, and she set him to eat bread, for the famine was severe there, and she was distressed there to eat bread.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅብእ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ቅብእ (qəbəʾ) means 'oil', here specifically a small amount for anointing, not cooking oil.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ንዋየ ልሕኵት","severity":"info","text":"ንዋየ ልሕኵት (nəwāyä ləḥəkwət) means 'vessels of smoothness' or 'smooth vessels', likely small jars or flasks for oil.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ብእሴ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ብእሴ እግዚአብሔር (bəʾəssä ʾəgziʾabəḥer) 'man of God' is a standard title for Elisha in the biblical narrative (cf. 2 Kings 4).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሱማን","severity":"info","text":"ሱማን (sumān) is the Geʿez form of Shunem, a town in the Jezreel Valley, associated with the story of Elisha and the Shunammite woman (2 Kings 4:8–37).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage combines two distinct episodes: the widow's oil miracle and Elisha's visit to Shunem, linked by the theme of miraculous provision during famine.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The English draft repeats 'she went to her house' and 'she shut the door' from the Geʿez, but the Geʿez text has two separate actions: first entering and pouring, then later returning and repeating the process.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'great woman' in Shunem is the same as the widow from the oil miracle; the narrative may be conflating two separate stories."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ወትቤሎ፡ ይእቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ለምታ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ቅዱስ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወዘልፈ፡ የኀልፍ፡ እንተ፡ ኀቤነ።\n\nወንግበር፡ ሎቱ፡ ጽርሐ፡ አሐተኔ፡ ንስቲተ፡ መካነ፡ ወንንጽፍ፡ ሎቱ፡ ዐራተ፡ ወመንበረ፡ ወተቅዋመ፡ ማኅቶት፡\nወማእደኒ፡ እንተ፡ ጊዜ፡ ኀለፈ፡ ኀቤነ፡ ይግሐስ፡ ህየ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ አሐተ፡ ዕለተ፡ ቦአ፡ ህየ፡ ወቤተ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽርሑ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ለግያዝ፡ ወልዱ፡ ጸውዓ፡ ሊተ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ሰሜናዊት፡ ወጸውዓ፡ ወቆመት፡ ቅድሜሁ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ በላ፡ ናሁ፡ አክበርክኒ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘንተ፡ ክብረ፡ ምንተ፡ እግበር፡ ለኪ ፤ እመቦ፡ ዘብኪ፡ ትካዘ፡ ኀበ፡\nንጉሥ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ኀበ፡ መልአክ ፤ ወትቤሎ፡ አንሰ፡ ሀለውኩ፡ ማእከለ፡ ሕዝብየ፡ እነብር።\n\nወይቤ፡ ምንተ፡ ንግበር፡ ላቲ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ግያዝ፡ ወልዱ፡ መምህርት፡ ይእቲ፡ እስመ፡ ውሉደ፡ አልባቲ፡ ወምታኒ፡\nልሂቅ።\n\nወጸውዓ፡ ወቆመት፡ ኀበ፡ ኆኅት።\n\nወይቤላ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ዓመ፡ ከመ፡ ዮም፡ በሕይወትኪ፡ ትረክቢ፡ ውሉደ፡ ወትቤሎ፡ እግዚእየ፡ ኢተሐስዋ፡ ለአመትከ።","english":"And the woman said to him, \"The Lord is holy, and he always passes by us. Let us make for him a small chamber, a little place, and let us spread for him a bed, a seat, and a place to stand, and a table, so that when he passes by us, he may rest there.\" Then, one day, he came there and entered the chamber. And he said to Gehazi, his servant, \"Call for me this Shunammite woman.\" And she was called and stood before him. And he said, \"Behold, you have honored me with all this honor. What shall I do for you? Where is your complaint, whether to the king or to the angel?\" And she said, \"I dwell among my people; I live.\" And he said, \"What shall we do for her?\" And Gehazi, his servant, said, \"She is a teacher, for she has no children, and she is old.\" And she was called and stood at the door. And Elisha said to her, \"How many years will you still find children in your life?\" And she said, \"My lord, you have prophesied for your maidservant.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጽርሐ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጽርሐ (ṣarḥa) here means 'chamber' or 'small room,' translating the Hebrew original's 'upper room' (עלייה). The woman proposes a dedicated space for the prophet's visits.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ግያዝ","severity":"info","text":"ግያዝ (Gəyāz) is the Geʿez form of the name Gehazi, Elisha's servant. The spelling reflects the Ethiopic adaptation of the Hebrew גֵּיחֲזִי.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢተሐስዋ","severity":"info","text":"The woman's response 'you have prophesied for your maidservant' echoes the biblical narrative (2 Kings 4:16) where Elisha prophesies the Shunammite's future child. The Geʿez verb ኢተሐስዋ (ʾutaḥaswa) means 'you prophesied.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰሜናዊት","severity":"info","text":"The term ሰሜናዊት (Samenāwit) identifies the woman as a Shunammite, i.e., from Shunem (modern Sulam in Israel). This aligns with the biblical account in 2 Kings 4.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Elisha and the Shunammite woman, following the previous episode where she borrows vessels. The structure moves from her proposal to build a chamber, to Elisha's arrival, to the dialogue about her needs.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic version expands the biblical account with details of the chamber's furnishings (bed, seat, table), reflecting a hagiographic interest in the prophet's comfort and the woman's devotion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'angel' (መልአክ) refers to a divine messenger or a human envoy; the English draft interprets it as 'angel.'","The phrase 'How many years will you still find children in your life?' is ambiguous in the Geʿez; it may imply a prophecy of future children or a rhetorical question about her age."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ወእምዝ፡ ፀንሰት፡ ይእቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ወወለደት፡ ወልደ፡ በዓመት፡ ሕይወታ፡ በዕለተ፡ ይቤላ፡ ኤልሳዕ።\n\nወልህቀ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕፃን፡ ወወፈረ፡ ኀበ፡ አቡሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ማእረር።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ለአቡሁ፡ ርእስየ፡ ርእስየ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለቍልዔሁ፡ አእትዎ፡ ኀበ፡ እሙ።\n\nወአስከበቶ፡ ውስተ፡ ሕፅና፡ ላዕለ፡ ብረኪሃ፡ እስከ፡ ቀትር።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ሶበ፡ ሞተ፡ አዕረገቶ፡ ወእስከበቶ፡ ውስተ፡ ዐራቱ፡ ለብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወዐጸወት፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ወወፅአት።\n\nወጸውዐቶ፡ ለምታ፡ ወትቤሎ፡ ጸውዕ፡ ወፈኑ፡ ሊተ፡ አሐደ፡ እምውስተ፡ ደቅ፡ ወአሐደ፡ አድገ፡ እስመ፡ እሐውር፡ ኀበ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወእገብእ።\n\nወይቤላ፡ ምንተ፡ ተሐውሪ፡ ዮም፡ ኀቤሁ፡ እንዘ፡ ኢኮነ፡ ሠርቀ፡ ወርኅ፡ ወኢኮነ፡ ሰንበት፡ ወትቤለመ፡ ከመ፡\nአአምኆ።\n\nወረሐኑ፡ ላቲ፡ አድገ፡ ወትቤሎ፡ ለገብራ፡ ተንሥእ፡ ንሖር፡ ወኢትክልአኒ፡ ሐዊረ፡ እምከመ፡ እቤለከ ፤ ነዓ፡ ትልወኒ፡ ወንሖር፡ ኀበ፡ ብእሲ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውስተ፡ ደብረ፡ ቀርሜሎስ።","english":"And after that, the woman conceived and gave birth to a son in the year of her life, on the day when Elisha spoke to her.\n\nAnd the child grew up and went to his father in the field.\n\nAnd he said to his father, \"My head, my head!\" And he said to his son, \"Take him to his mother.\"\n\nAnd she placed him on her lap, upon her knees, until midday.\n\nAnd after that, when he died, she carried him up and placed him on the bed of the man of God, and covered him, and went out.\n\nAnd she called to the muleteer and said to him, \"Call and send for me one of the servants and a donkey, for I am going to the man of God and will enter.\"\n\nAnd he said to her, \"Why are you going to him today, when it is neither the new moon nor the Sabbath?\" And she said to him, \"Because I am in haste.\"\n\nAnd she mounted the donkey, and she said to her servant, \"Arise, let us go, and do not hinder me, for I am going as I told you. Come, follow me, and let us go to the man of God on Mount Carmel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"በዓመት፡ ሕይወታ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in the year of her life' is ambiguous; it may mean 'in the same year' or 'in her lifetime,' but the context suggests the child was born within the year of Elisha's prophecy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምታ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ምታ' (məta) is glossed as 'muleteer' in the English draft, but it may also mean 'servant' or 'attendant'; the context supports a person who manages transport.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ደብረ፡ ቀርሜሎስ።","severity":"info","text":"Mount Carmel is a biblical location associated with Elijah and Elisha (1 Kings 18; 2 Kings 2, 4). The Geʿez text explicitly names it as the destination, echoing the biblical narrative of Elisha's ministry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ሰንበት፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'Sabbath' and 'new moon' reflects Jewish and early Christian liturgical observances, which were integrated into Ethiopian Christian practice; visiting a holy man on these days was customary.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from the child's death to the woman's journey to Elisha, forming a narrative arc of crisis and appeal. The dialogue with the muleteer creates a pause before the resolution.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢኮነ፡ ሠርቀ፡ ወርኅ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ኢኮነ ሠርቀ ወርኅ' (it is not the new moon) is textually clear, but the English draft renders 'new moon' as a festival; the Geʿez does not specify a festival, only the lunar phase.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'በዓመት ሕይወታ' could mean 'in the year of her life' or 'in the year of his life' (the child's), but the context favors the mother.","The identity of 'ምታ' (muleteer) is not fully specified; it may be a generic servant or a specific role."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ወሶበ፡ ርእያ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለይእቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ እንዘ፡ ትመጽእ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለግያዝ፡ ቍልዔሁ፡ ነያ፡ እንታክቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ሰሜናዊት።\n\nሩጽ፡ ይእዜኒ፡ ወተቀበላ፡ ወበላ፡ ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ ዳኅንኑ፡ ምትኪ፡ ወዳኅንኑ፡ ሕፃንኪ፡ ወትቤሎ፡ ዳኅን።\n\nወበጽሐት፡ ኀበ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ውስተ፡ ደብር፡ ወአኀዘቶ፡ እገሪሁ፡ ወመጽአ፡ ግያዝ፡ ይክልኣ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ኅድጋ፡ እስመ፡ ትክዝት፡ ነፍሳ፡ ወኀብአኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢነገረኒ።\n\nወትቤሎ፡ ቦኑ፡ ዘሰአልኩ፡ ወልደ፡ በኀበ፡ እግዚእየ ፤ አኮኑ፡ እቤለከ፡ ኢተሐስወኒ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለግያዝ፡ ቅንት፡ ሐቌ፡ ከ፡ ወንሣእ፡ በትርየ፡ ወጾር፡ ውስተ፡ እዴከ፡ ወሖር፡ ወእመ፡ ረከብከ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኢታጻብሖ፡ ወእመቦ፡ ዘተጻብሐከ፡ ኢታውሥኦ፡ ወአንብራ፡ ለበትርየ፡ ውስተ፡ ገጹ፡ ለሕፃን።\n\nወትቤሎ፡ እሙ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ሕፃን፡ ሕያው፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሕያው፡ ነፍስከ፡ ከመ፡ ኢየኀድገከ፡ ወተንሥአ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡\nወሖረ፡ ምስሌሃ።\n\nወግያዝ፡ የሐውር፡ ቅድሜሆሙ፡ ወበደሮ፡ በጺሐ፡ ግያዝ፡ ወአንበራ፡ ለበትሩ፡ ላዕለ፡ ገጹ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ሕፃን፡ ወኢነበቦ፡ ወኢሰምዖ፡ ወገብእ፡ ወተቀበሎ፡ ወነገሮ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኢተንሥአ፡ ሕፃን።","english":"And when Elisha saw that woman coming, he said to his servant Gehazi, \"That woman is a Shunammite. Run now, meet her, and say to her, 'Peace to you. Is your husband well, and is your child well?'\" And she said, \"Well.\"\n\nAnd she arrived where Elisha was on the mountain, and she seized his feet. And Gehazi came to hinder her, and Elisha said, \"Leave her, for she is troubled in her soul. And the Lord has hidden from me and has not told me.\"\n\nAnd she said to him, \"Is it not what I asked for a son from my lord? Did I not say to you, 'Do not deceive me'?\"\n\nAnd Elisha said to Gehazi, \"Take my staff in your hand, and go. And if you meet a man, do not greet him; and if one greets you, do not answer him. And place my staff on the face of the child.\"\n\nAnd the mother of that child said, \"As the Lord lives and as your soul lives, I will not leave you.\" And Elisha arose and went with her.\n\nAnd Gehazi went before them, and he arrived quickly, and he placed his staff on the face of that child, but he did not revive him and did not hear him. And he entered and met him and told him, and he said, \"The child has not arisen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰሜናዊት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሰሜናዊት (samenāwit) identifies the woman as a Shunammite, i.e., from Shunem. This matches the Hebrew Bible's designation of the woman in 2 Kings 4.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢተሐስወኒ","severity":"info","text":"The woman's plea 'Do not deceive me' echoes the biblical narrative (2 Kings 4:16–17) where she reproaches Elisha for the child's death after he had promised a son.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit within the Elisha cycle, marked by direct speech and action. The sequence—Elisha's instruction to Gehazi, the mother's arrival, and the failed revival—follows the biblical order but expands dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በትር","severity":"info","text":"Elisha's staff (በትር, batr) is a prophetic symbol of authority and miracle-working power, paralleling Moses' rod. Its placement on the child's face is a ritual act intended to revive the dead.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢተንሥአ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢተንሥአ (ʾu-tanśʾa) 'has not arisen' is ambiguous: it may mean the child did not revive, or that he did not get up. The English draft interprets it as 'has not arisen' in the sense of revival, but the text leaves open whether the staff failed or the child simply did not stir.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase ኢተንሥአ ሕፃን could mean either 'the child did not revive' or 'the child did not get up'; the narrative context suggests a failed miracle, but the wording is not explicit.","The mother's statement 'As the Lord lives and as your soul lives, I will not leave you' is ambiguous in its force: it may be a vow of loyalty or a threat to hold Elisha accountable."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ወቦአ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ቤተ፡ ወረከቦ፡ ለሕፃን፡ ምውተ፡ ወይሰክብ፡ ውስተ፡ ዐራት።\n\nወቦእ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ቤተ፡ ወዐጸወ፡ ኆኅተ፡ ላዕለ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ወጸለየ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወዐርገ፡ ወሰከበ፡ ላዕለ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕፃን፡ ወወደየ፡ አፉሁ፡ ውስተ፡ አፉሁ፡ ወአዕይንቲሁ፡ ውስተ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡\nወእደዊሁ፡ ዲበ፡ እደዊሁ፡ ወሰከበ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ወሞቀ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ሕፃን።\n\nወተንሥአ፡ ወዖደ፡ ውስተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ቤት፡ ለፌኒ፡ ወለፌኒ፡ ወዐርገ፡ ካዕበ፡ ወሰከበ፡ ላዕለ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕፃን፡\nወከማሁ፡ ገብረ፡ እስከ፡ ስብዕ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ከሠተ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕፃን።\n\nወጸውዖ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለግያዝ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ጸውዓ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ሰሜናዊት፡ ወጸውዓ፡ ወቦአት፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወይቤላ፡\nኤልሳዕ፡ ንሥኢ፡ ናሁ፡ ወልድኪ።\n\nወቦአት፡ ይእቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ወሰገደት፡ ሎቱ፡ ወገነየት፡ ሎቱ፡ ታሕት፡ እገሪሁ፡ ወነሥአት፡ ሕፃና፡ ወወፅአት።\n\nወገብአ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ብሔረ፡ ገልገላ፡ ወረኃብ፡ ው[ስተ]፡ ብሔር፡ ወመጽኡ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡ ወነበሩ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለቍልዔሁ፡ አፍልሕ፡ ጽህርተ፡ ዐቢየ፡ ወአብስል፡ ሎሙ፡ ተብሲለ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት።","english":"And Elisha entered the house and found the child dead, lying on the bed.\n\nAnd Elisha entered the house and closed the door upon the two of them, and prayed to the Lord.\n\nAnd he went up and lay down upon that child, and placed his mouth upon his mouth, and his eyes upon his eyes, and his hands upon his hands, and lay down upon him, and the body of that child grew warm.\n\nAnd he arose and walked about in that house to and fro, and went up again and lay down upon that child, and did likewise until seven times; and after that, the eyes of that child opened.\n\nAnd Elisha called Gehazi and said to him, \"Call that Shunammite woman.\" And he called, and she came to him, and Elisha said to her, \"Take up your son now.\"\n\nAnd that woman came and bowed down to him and prostrated herself at his feet, and she took up the child and went out.\n\nAnd Elisha went to the land of Gilgal, and he found a famine in the land, and the sons of the prophets came and stood before him. And Elisha said to his servant, \"Kindle a great fire, and cook for me, and feed the sons of the prophets.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቦአ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ቤተ፡","severity":"info","text":"The narrative describes Elisha's entry into the Shunammite's house, where he finds the child dead on the bed, initiating the resurrection miracle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰሜናዊት","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ሰሜናዊት' (samenawit) means 'Shunammite,' referring to the woman from Shunem, a town in the territory of Issachar.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዐርገ፡ ወሰከበ፡ ላዕለ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕፃን፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage closely follows 2 Kings 4:34-35, where Elisha stretches over the child, mouth to mouth, eyes to eyes, hands to hands, until the body warms.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"እስከ፡ ስብዕ፡","severity":"info","text":"The repetition of the action seven times (እስከ ስብዕ) is a structural marker of ritual completeness, typical in hagiographic and prophetic narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ብሔረ፡ ገልገላ፡","severity":"info","text":"Gilgal (ገልገላ) is a significant site in the prophetic tradition, often associated with Elijah and Elisha; its mention here transitions the narrative to a new episode of famine and prophetic community.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'sons of the prophets' (ደቂቀ ነቢያት) is a term for prophetic disciples, a concept elaborated in later Ethiopic monastic and hagiographic literature.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac","label":"gap dossier: Testament of Isaac (Ethiopic version)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-testament-isaac"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the child's revival is immediate or gradual; the sevenfold action may be symbolic rather than literal.","The location 'Gilgal' may refer to a specific site in the Jordan Valley or a symbolic place in Ethiopic tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ወወፈረ፡ ገዳመ፡ ይሕመል፡ ሐምለ፡ ምድር፡ ወረከበ፡ ዐጸደ፡ ወይን፡ በገዳም፡ ወቦአ፡ ወአረየ፡ በህየ፡ ሐምለ፡\nምድር፡ ወመልአ፡ ልብሶ፡ ወወደየ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽህርት፡ ወአብሰለ፡ ወኢያእመረ፡ ምንት፡ ውስቴቱ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ አቅረበ፡ ሎሙ፡ ይብልዑ፡ ለእሙንቱ፡ ወሶበ፡ በልዑ፡ ውእተ፡ ተብሲለ፡ ጸርኁ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ወይቤሉ፡\nሕምዘ፡ ባቲ፡ ውስቴታ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ጽህርት፡ እንተ፡ ብእሲ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወስእኑ፡ በሊዐ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ እምጽኡ፡ ሐሪጸ፡ ወደዩ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽህርት፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለግያዝ፡ ሱጥ፡ ሎሙ፡ ለሕዝብ፡\nወይብልዑ፡ ወእምዝ፡ እንከ፡ አልቦ፡ እኩየ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ውስተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ጽህርት።\n\nወመጽአ፡ ፩ብእሲ፡ እምነ፡ ሳሪራ፡ ወአምጽአ፡ ሎቱ፡ ለብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምነ፡ ቀዳሜ፡ እክሉ፡ ፳ኅብስተ፡ ሰገም፡ ወ፪ተመርተ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለቍልዔሁ፡ ሀቦሙ፡ ለእሉ፡ ዕደው፡ ወይብልዑ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ቍልዔሁ፡ ምንትኑ፡ አቀርብ፡ እሎንተ፡ ለ፻ብእሲ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ አቅርብ፡ ሎሙ፡ ለሕዝብ፡ ይብልዑ፡ እስመ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይብልዑአ፡ ወያትርፉአ።","english":"And he went into the wilderness of Yeḥmel, the herb of the earth, and found a vineyard in the wilderness, and entered and plucked there the herb of the earth, and filled his garment, and put it into a pot, and cooked it, and he did not know what was in it.\n\nAnd then he brought it to them to eat, and when they had eaten, that cooked food was mixed together for all of them, and they said, “There is a taste in this pot, of the man of the Lord; and his request is eaten.”\n\nAnd Elisha said, “Bring a jar and put it into the pot.” And Elisha said to Gehazi, “Pour it out for the people, and let them eat. And then there is no evil that was found in that pot.”\n\nAnd a man came from Sarīra and brought to the man of the Lord from before his grain twenty loaves of bread and two measures, and he said to his servant, “Give them to these poor people, and let them eat.”\n\nAnd his servant said, “What shall I bring to these hundred men?” And he said, “Bring it to the people to eat, for thus says the Lord: ‘Let them eat and be satisfied.’","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ገዳመ ይሕመል","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'wilderness of Yeḥmel' is unattested in the Hebrew Bible and may reflect a local Ethiopic tradition or a corruption of a known place name.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐምለ ምድር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'herb of the earth' is a generic term for wild vegetation; its specific identity is not given, and it may function as a narrative motif rather than a precise botanical reference.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ ኤልሳዕ ለግያዝ ሱጥ ሎሙ ለሕዝብ","severity":"info","text":"Elisha's instruction to Gehazi to pour out the pot's contents for the people echoes 2 Kings 4:41-42, where Elisha commands that the poisoned stew be served to the people, though the biblical account lacks the detail of the jar.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሳሪራ","severity":"info","text":"The place name 'Sarīra' is not found in the canonical Kings narrative; it may be a toponym from Ethiopic tradition or a scribal error for a known location such as Shunem.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage combines two distinct episodes: the miraculous neutralization of poison in a pot, and the provision of food by a benefactor from Sarīra. The transition is abrupt, suggesting possible conflation of sources.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢያእመረ ምንት ውስቴቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The clause 'and he did not know what was in it' is ambiguous: it may refer to Elisha's ignorance of the pot's contents or to the people's ignorance. The English draft takes the former, but the Geʿez allows either reading.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'wilderness of Yeḥmel' and 'Sarīra' is uncertain; they may be Ethiopic inventions or corruptions.","The subject of 'did not know' (Elisha or the people) is ambiguous in the Geʿez.","The relationship between the two episodes (poison removal and food donation) is unclear; they may be separate traditions."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"ወበልዑ፡ ወአትረፉ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nIV Regum 5\n\n5\n\nወንእማን፡ መልአከ፡ ስራዊሆሙ፡ ለሶርያ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዕቢይ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚኡ፡ ወክቡር፡ ውእቱ፡ ወያከብሮ፡ እስመ፡ በእደ፡\nዚአሁ፡ አድኀኖሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሶርያ፡ ወብእሲ፡ ጽኑዕ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወኀያል፡ ወአኀዞ፡ ለምጽ።\n\nወአመ፡ መጽአ፡ ምስለ፡ ሶርያ፡ ጸብአ፡ ወፄወወ፡ እምነ፡ ምድረ፡ እስራኤል፡ አሐተ፡ ወለተ፡ ነኣሳ፡ ወአንበራ፡ ኀበ፡\nብእሲቱ።\n\nወትቤላ፡ ለእግዝእታ፡ ርቱዕ፡ ይሖር፡ እግዚእየ፡ ኀበ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ነቢይ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወይፌውሶ፡\nእምዝንቱ፡ ለምጹ።\n\nወቦአት፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወነገረቶ፡ ወትቤሎ፡ ከመዝ፡ ትቤ፡ ዛቲ፡ ወለት፡ እንተ፡ እምብሔረ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ለንእማን፡ ነዓ፡ ሖር፡ እፌኑ፡ ለከ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወሖረ፡ ወነሥአ፡\nምስሌሁ፡ ፲መክሊተ፡ ብሩረ፡ ወ፰፻ወርቀ፡ ወ፲ዐራዘ፡ አልባስ።\n\nወአብጽሐ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወይብል፡ መጽሐፉ፡ ይእዜኒአ፡ እምከመአ፡ በጽሐት፡ ዛቲ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ኀቤከ፡\nናሁ፡ ፈነውኩ፡ ኀቤከ፡ ንእማን፡ ቍልዔየ፡ ወፈውሶ፡ እምነአ፡ ለምጹአ።","english":"And they ate, and it remained, as the Lord said.\n\nIV Kings 5\n\n5\n\nNow Naaman, commander of the armies of Syria, was a great man before his lord, and he was honored, for by his hand the Lord had saved Syria, and he was a strong man and mighty, and he had leprosy.\n\nAnd when he came with Syria to war, and returned from the land of Israel, he took one young girl, and placed her with his wife.\n\nAnd she said to her mistress, \"It is fitting that my lord go to the man of God, the prophet who is in Samaria, and he will heal him from this leprosy.\"\n\nAnd the woman went to him and told him, and she said to him, \"Thus says this girl who is from the land of Israel.\"\n\nAnd the king of Syria said to Naaman, \"Go, I will send a letter with you to the king of Israel.\" And he went and took with him ten talents of silver, and eight hundred gold pieces, and ten sets of garments.\n\nAnd he delivered the letter to the king of Israel, and his letter said, \"When this letter reaches you, behold, I have sent to you Naaman, my servant, and heal him from his leprosy.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 5","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a Latin chapter heading 'IV Regum 5', which corresponds to 2 Kings 5 in the Vulgate, marking the start of the Naaman narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ንእማን","severity":"info","text":"The name 'ንእማን' (Naaman) is a Geʿez transliteration of the Hebrew נַעֲמָן, meaning 'pleasantness'. In the biblical context, he is the Syrian commander cured of leprosy.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወንእማን፡ መልአከ፡ ስራዊሆሙ፡ ለሶርያ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዕቢይ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚኡ፡ ወክቡር፡ ውእቱ፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage closely follows 2 Kings 5:1, describing Naaman as a great man before his lord and honored, with the added detail that God saved Syria through his hand.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ሶርያ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ሶርያ' (Syria) refers to the Aramean kingdom, a frequent adversary of Israel in the biblical narrative. The Geʿez text uses the Greek-derived name for the region.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአብጽሐ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version adds the detail that Naaman brought ten talents of silver, eight hundred gold pieces, and ten sets of garments, which is not in the Masoretic text but appears in some Septuagint manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበልዑ፡ ወአትረፉ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","severity":"caution","text":"The opening line 'And they ate, and it remained, as the Lord said' appears to be a fragment from the previous episode (the poisoned stew), but its connection to the Naaman story is unclear and may be a scribal insertion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The opening line 'ወበልዑ፡ ወአትረፉ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።' is ambiguous: it may be a remnant of the previous narrative or a misplaced gloss. The reading taken treats it as a concluding remark from the prior episode.","The phrase 'አሐተ፡ ወለተ፡ ነኣሳ፡' (one young girl) is ambiguous: it could mean a captive girl or a servant girl. The reading taken follows the English draft as 'young girl'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"ወእምዝ፡ ሶበ፡ አንበባ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ለይእቲ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ሠጠጠ፡ አልባሲሁ፡ ወይቤ፡ ቦኑ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አነ፡\nከመ፡ እክል፡ ቀቲለ፡ ወአሕይዎ፡ ከመ፡ ይፈኑ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ብእ[ሴ]፡ ዘለምጽ፡ ወእፈውሶ፡ እምነ፡ ለምጹ ፤ ናሁ፡\nርእዩ፡ ከመ፡ ምክንያተ፡ የኀሥሥ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ለነ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ሶበ፡ ሰምዐ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ከመ፡ ሠጠጠ፡ አልባሲሁ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ለአከ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለምንትአ፡ ሠጠጥከአ፡ አልባሲከ ፤ ለይምጻእ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ንእማን፡ ወታአምር፡ ከመ፡ ቦቱ፡ ነቢየ፡ ውስተአ፡ እስራኤልአ።\n\nወሖረ፡ ንእማን፡ በአፍራስ፡ ወበሰረገላት፡ ወቆመ፡ ኀበ፡ ኆኅተ፡ ቤቱ፡ ለኤልሳዕ።\n\nወለአከ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ሖርአ፡ ተጠመቅአ፡ ውስተ፡ ተከዚ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡ ስብዕ፡ ወይገብእ፡ ኅብረ፡\nሥጋከ፡ ወተሐዩአ፡ እምለምጽከአ።\n\nወተምዕዐ፡ ንእማን፡ ወአተወ፡ ወይቤ፡ መሰለኒ፡ ሊተሰ፡ ዘይወፅእ፡ ወይቀውም፡ ኀቤየ፡ ወይጼውዕ፡ ስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nአምላኩ፡ ወይወዲ፡ እዴሁ፡ ዲቤየ፡ ወይፌውሰኒ።","english":"And then, when the king of Israel read that book, he tore his garments and said, “Is it not the Lord who am I, that I should kill and revive, that this man who is a leper should come to me and I should heal him from his leprosy? Behold, see how this man seeks a pretext for us.”\n\nAnd then, when Elisha heard that the king of Israel had torn his garments, he went to the king and said to him, “Why have you torn your garments? Let Naaman come to me, and you will know whether there is a prophet in Israel.”\n\nAnd Naaman went with horses and chariots and stood at the door of Elisha’s house.\n\nAnd Elisha went to him, saying, “Go, immerse yourself seven times in the Jordan River, and your flesh will be joined and healed from your leprosy.”\n\nAnd Naaman was angry and came and said, “It seems to me that there is someone who will come out and stand before me and invoke the name of the Lord his God and lay his hand upon me and heal me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠጠጠ፡ አልባሲሁ","severity":"info","text":"The king tears his garments as a gesture of distress or anger at the perceived absurdity of Naaman's request, a motif not in the biblical source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ፡ ሶበ፡ አንበባ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ለይእቲ፡ መጽሐፍ፡","severity":"info","text":"The king reads 'that book,' likely a prophetic scroll; this episode expands on 2 Kings 5, where no such reading occurs.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ንእማን፡","severity":"info","text":"Naaman, the Syrian commander, is a leper; the Geʿez text follows the biblical account (2 Kings 5) but adds dialogue and ritual immersion in the Jordan.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage uses 'and then' (ወእምዝ፡) to link episodes, a common narrative connector in Geʿez, here moving from the king's reaction to Elisha's intervention.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ተጠመቅአ፡ ውስተ፡ ተከዚ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡ ስብዕ፡","severity":"info","text":"Elisha's instruction to immerse seven times in the Jordan echoes baptismal practice, possibly reflecting Ethiopian Christian ritual emphasis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለአከ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Elisha went to him' is ambiguous: it may mean Elisha approached Naaman, but the following dialogue suggests Naaman is at the door, not yet inside.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'that book' the king reads is unspecified; it may be a prophetic text or a narrative of Naaman's request.","The sequence of Elisha's approach to Naaman is unclear: does he go to the door or send a message?","Naaman's anger and his expectation of a healing ritual involving hand-laying may reflect a conflation of biblical and hagiographic motifs."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"ኢይኄይስኑ፡ ማያተ፡ ደማስቆ፡ እምነ፡ ኵሉ፡ ማያቲሆሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ይኄይሱ፡ ፈለገ፡ አበና፡ ወፈለገ፡ ፈርፋ ፤\nኢየሐውርኑ፡ እትኀፀብ፡ ውስቴቶሙ፡ ወእሕየሡ፡ እምነ፡ ለምጽየ፡ ወተግሕሠ፡ ወሖረ፡ እንዘ፡ ይትመዓዕ።\n\nወመጽኡ፡ ደቁ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ ዐቢየ፡ ነገረ፡ ይቤለከ፡ ነቢይ ፤ ግበር፡ በከመ፡ ይቤለከ፡ ሖር፡ ተኀፀብ፡\nወተሐዩ።\n\nወሖረ፡ ንእማን፡ ወወረደ፡ ወተጠምቀ፡ ውስተ፡ ፈለገ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡ ስብዕ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወሐይወ፡ ወኮነ፡\nሥጋሁ፡ ከመ፡ ሥጋ፡ ሕፃን፡ ንኡስ።\n\nወገብአ፡ ኀበ፡ ኤልሳ፡ ዕ፡ ለሊሁ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ትዕይንቱ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወቆመ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ናሁ፡\nአእመርኩ፡ ከመ፡ አልቦቱ፡ አምላከ፡ በኵሉ፡ ምድር፡ እንበለ፡ በውስተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወይእዜኒ፡ ንሣእ፡ አምኃሁ፡ እምነ፡\nእዴሁ፡ ለገብርከ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ሕያው፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘቆምኩ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይነሥእ፡ ወአስተብቍዖ፡ ይንሣእ፡ ወኦሆ፡ ኢይቤ።","english":"leprosy? Are not the waters of Damascus better than all the waters of Israel? Are not the rivers Abana and Pharpar better? Should I not go and bathe in them and be healed of my leprosy? And he went away rejoicing.\n\nAnd his servants came to him and said to him, \"A great matter the prophet told you: do as he told you; go and bathe and be healed.\"\n\nAnd Naaman went and descended and immersed himself in the river Jordan seven times, as Elisha had told him, and he lived, and his flesh became like the flesh of a young child.\n\nAnd he entered to Elisha alone with all his retinue, and he arrived before him and stood before him and said to him, \"Now I know that there is no god in all the earth except in Israel. And now I will take up his name from the hand of your servant.\"\n\nAnd Elisha said to him, \"The living Lord before whom I stand, that I should not take and give him to take and woe to me if I do.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይኄይስኑ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢይኄይስኑ (ʾuy-ḫayyis-nu) is a rhetorical question form, 'are not?', introducing Naaman's comparison of waters.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ፈለገ አበና ወፈለገ ፈርፋ","severity":"info","text":"The rivers Abana and Pharpar are named in 2 Kings 5:12 (MT) as Damascus rivers; the Geʿez text follows the biblical account closely.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ስብዕ በከመ ይቤሎ ኤልሳዕ","severity":"info","text":"Naaman's sevenfold immersion in the Jordan echoes the biblical instruction (2 Kings 5:10, 14); the number seven has ritual purification significance in Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ ኤልሳዕ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from Naaman's healing to his confession and Elisha's response, marking a narrative climax with direct speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አልቦቱ አምላከ በኵሉ ምድር እንበለ በውስተ እስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"Naaman's monotheistic confession, 'no god in all the earth except in Israel,' reflects a Geʿez theological emphasis on Israel's unique divine favor.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይቤ።","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause ኢይቤ። (ʾuy-be) is ambiguous: it may be a broken rhetorical question or a scribal error; the English draft interprets it as 'woe to me if I do.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The final phrase ኢይቤ። is unclear; it may be a truncated expression or a textual corruption."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ወይቤሎ፡ ንእማን፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ የሀብዎ፡ ለገብርከ፡ በመስፈርተ፡ ጎሞር፡ ጾረ፡ ፪አብቅል፡ እስመ፡ ኢይገብር፡\nገብርከ፡ እምይእዜ፡ እንከ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ለባዕድ፡ አማልክት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ለግዚአብሔር፡ ለባሕቲቱ፡ በቃለ፡ ዚአከ።\n\nወበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ይሰሪ፡ ሎቱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለገብርከ፡ ሶበ፡ ይበውእ፡ እግዚእየ፡ ቤተ፡ ሬማን፡ ይሰግድ፡ ሎቱ፡\nበህየ፡ ያሰምክ፡ ዲበ፡ እዴየ፡ ወእሰግድ፡ አነኒ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ በቤተ፡ ሬማን፡ ሶበ፡ ሰገደ፡ ውእቱ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ ራማን፡ ወይስሪ፡ ሎቱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለገብርከ፡ እንበይነ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ነገር።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለንእማን፡ እቱ፡ እንከሰ፡ በሰላም፡ ወአተወ፡ በሰላም፡ እምኀቤሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ብሔሩ፡ ዴብላታ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ግያዝ፡ ቍልዔሁ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ናሁ፡ ምሕኮ፡ እግዚእየ፡ ለንእማን፡ ሶርያዊ፡ ወኢነሥአ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡\nእምውስተ፡ ዘአምጽአ፡ ሎቱ ፤ ሕያው፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ እረውጽ፡ እትልዎ፡ ወእነሥእ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ዘኮነ።","english":"And he said to him, \"Naaman, and if not, your servant will give him, by the measure of Gomor, two hundred pieces of silver, because your servant will not make a sacrifice to foreign gods from now on, except to the Lord alone, by your word.\"\n\nAnd because of this, the Lord will forgive your servant when he enters, my lord, the house of Reman, and bows down to him; there he will place his hand on my hand, and I too will bow down with him in the house of Reman when he bows down in the house of Raman. And the Lord will forgive your servant for this matter.\n\nAnd Elisha said to Naaman, \"Go in peace,\" and he returned in peace from him to his land, Deblata.\n\nAnd Gehazi, the servant of Elisha, said, \"Now, my lord, mercy for Naaman the Syrian, and I did not take from him anything from what he brought to him. By the life of the Lord, as I run, I will go to him and take from him what was.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"በመስፈርተ፡ ጎሞር፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'by the measure of Gomor' likely refers to a unit of weight or volume, possibly a homer, but the spelling is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ፡ ሬማን፡","severity":"info","text":"'House of Reman' (also Raman) is a transliteration of the Aramaic 'Beth Remman,' a temple of the god Rimmon in Damascus, known from 2 Kings 5:18.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ፡ ንእማን፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage expands on 2 Kings 5:17-19, where Naaman negotiates worship of the Lord while bowing in the house of Rimmon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዴብላታ።","severity":"info","text":"'Deblata' is a Geʿez form of the place name 'Diblathaim' or 'Diblataim,' possibly a corruption of 'Diblath' in 2 Kings 5:19, but its location is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ግያዝ፡ ቍልዔሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"Gehazi's complaint about not receiving gifts from Naaman is an Ethiopic expansion not found in the Masoretic text, reflecting a moralizing tendency in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕያው፡ እግዚአብሔር፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'By the life of the Lord' is an unusual oath; the text may be corrupt or reflect a scribal error, as it is not paralleled in the biblical account.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact meaning of 'measure of Gomor' is unclear; it may be a scribal variant of 'homer' or a local unit.","The location 'Deblata' is not clearly identified in the biblical text; it may be a corruption or a toponym from the Geʿez tradition.","The oath 'By the life of the Lord' is ambiguous and may be a textual corruption or a unique Ethiopic expression."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"ወዴገኖ፡ ግያዝ፡ ወተለዎ፡ ለንእማን፡ ወተመይጠ፡ ንእማን፡ ወርእዮ፡ እንዘ፡ ይተልዎ፡ እምድኅሬሁ፡ ወወረደ፡ እምውስተ፡ ሰረገላሁ፡ ወገብአ፡ ወተቀበሎ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ሰላም፡ ለከ ፤ እግዚእየ፡ ለአከኒ፡ ኀቤከ፡ ወይቤለከ፡ እስመአ፡ በጽሑአ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ፪ዕደው፡ እምነ፡ ደብረ፡\nኤፍራም፡ እምውስተ፡ ደቀ፡ ነቢያት፡ ወሀቦሙ፡ መክሊተ፡ ብሩርአ፡ ወ፪አልባስ፡ ዐራዞሙአ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ንእማን፡ ንሣእ፡ ፪መክሊተ፡ ወነሥአ፡ ወወደዮ፡ ውስተ፡ መሥንቅ፡ ፪ወአልባሰ፡ ዐራዝ፡ ፪ወአጾረ፡ ሎቱ፡\n፪እምውስተ፡ ደቁ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ቅድሜሁ።\n\nወቦኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወእምዝ፡ ተመጠዎሙ፡ ወአብአ፡ ቤቶ፡ ወፈነዎሙ፡ ለእሙንቱ፡ ዕደው።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ቦአ፡ ወቆመ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚኡ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለግያዝ፡ እምአይቴ፡ አንተ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ግያዝ፡ አልቦ፡\nኀበ፡ ሖረ፡ ገብርከ፡ ወኢአይቴኒ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ አኮኑ፡ ልብየ፡ ሖረ፡ ምስሌከ፡ ወሶበ፡ ተመይጠ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምላዕለ፡ ሰረገላሁ፡ ወተቀበለከ፡\nወይእዜኒ፡ ወርቅስ፡ ነሣእከ፡ ወይእዜኒ፡ አልባስ፡ ነሣእከ፡ ወይኩንከ፡ ለዐጸደ፡ ወይን፡ ወለዐጸደ፡ ወፍር፡ ወለዐጸደ፡\nቅብእ፡ ወለአልህምትኒ፡ ወለአባግዕኒ፡ ወለአግብርትኒ፡ ወለአእማትኒ።","english":"And he went, Gehazi, and he called to Naaman, and Naaman turned and saw him as he called to him from behind him, and he descended from within his chariot and entered and received him.\n\nAnd he said to him, \"Peace to you, my lord. For your servant sent me to you.\" And he said to him, \"Hear, when they arrived to me, two hundred from the mountain of Ephraim from among the company of the prophets, and I gave them a measure of silver and two garments, their covering.\"\n\nAnd Naaman said to him, \"Take two measures.\" And he took and put them into the bag, and two garments, covering, two, and he added for him two from among the company, and they went before him.\n\nAnd they entered into the darkness, and then he met them and brought them into his house and sent those two hundred away.\n\nAnd then he entered and stood before his lord, and Elisha said to Gehazi, \"From where are you?\" And Gehazi said, \"There is no place where your servant went, and nowhere.\"\n\nAnd Elisha said to him, \"Is it not that my heart went with you? And when a man turned from upon his chariot and received you, and now you have taken gold, and now you have taken garments, and it will be for you for a vineyard of wine and for a vineyard of fruit and for a vineyard of oil and for my cattle and for my sheep and for my male servants and for my female servants.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Gehazi deceives Naaman by calling him from behind, then accepts gifts of silver, garments, and additional items from the company of prophets, which Elisha later rebukes him for.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መክሊት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መክሊት (mäklit) here means 'measure' (of silver), a unit of weight or value, not a coin; the English draft renders it as 'measure'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልሳዕ","severity":"info","text":"The narrative of Gehazi's deception and Elisha's rebuke echoes 2 Kings 5:20-27, where Elisha curses Gehazi with leprosy for accepting gifts from Naaman.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ደብረ ኤፍራም","severity":"info","text":"The 'mountain of Ephraim' (ደብረ ኤፍራም) refers to the hill country of Ephraim in ancient Israel, a region associated with prophetic communities in the Hebrew Bible.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit within the larger story of Naaman's healing and Gehazi's greed, marked by dialogue and action sequences that advance the moral lesson.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ጽልመት","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they entered into the darkness' (ጽልመት) is ambiguous: it may refer to a literal dark place, a metaphorical concealment of Gehazi's deceit, or a textual corruption; the English draft retains the literal sense.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the two hundred from the mountain of Ephraim' is unclear—whether they are prophets, disciples, or a group of people; the text does not specify their role.","The phrase 'they entered into the darkness' may be a textual corruption or a figurative expression for secrecy; the Geʿez is ambiguous.","The number of garments and measures given and taken is inconsistent in the Geʿez (e.g., 'two garments, covering, two' and 'two from among the company'), possibly due to scribal error."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ወባሕቱ፡ ለምጹ፡ ለንእማን፡ ይግባእ፡ ላዕሌከ፡ ወላዕለ፡ ውሉድከ፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለም ፤ወበጊዜሃ፡ አኀዞ፡ ለምጸ፡ ንእማን፡ ለግያዝ፡ ወወፅአ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ግያዝ፡ እንዘ፡ ኵለንታሁ፡ ለምጽ፡ ጸዐዳ፡ ከመ፡ በረድ።\n\nIV Regum 6\n\n6\n\nወይቤልዎ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ማኅደርነ፡ ኀበ፡ ነኀድር፡ ቅድሚከ፡ ይጸብበነ።\n\nንሖርኑ፡ መንገለ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡ ወንግዝም፡ ለነ፡ ፩ሠርዌ፡ እምህየ፡ ወንግበር፡ ለነ፡ ማኅደረዖ፡ ህየ፡ ኀበ፡ ነኀድር፡\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ሖሩ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ፩እምውስቴቶሙ፡ ነዓ፡ አንተ፡ ምስለ፡ አግብርቲከ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ አሆ፡ እመጽእ፡ እነኒ።\n\nወሖረ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ወበጽሑ፡ ተከዜ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡ ወገዘሙ፡ ዕፀወ።\n\nወ፩እንዘ፡ ይገዝም፡ ሠርዌ፡ ተነጽለ፡ ማኅፄሁ፡ ወወድቀ፡ ውስተ፡ ማይ፡ ወአኀዘ፡ ርእሶ፡ ወጸርኀ፡ ወይቤ፡ እግዚኦ፡\nወዝንቱኒ፡ ሕቡይ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አይቴ፡ ወድቀ፡ ወአርአዮ፡ ኀበ፡ ወድቀ፡ ወነቀፈ፡ ቅርፍተ፡ ዕፅ፡ ወወገረ፡ ህየ፡\nወጸለለ፡ ዝክቱ፡ ኀጺን፡ ማኅጼ።","english":"And he said, \"Let the leprosy of Naaman cleave to you and to your children forever.\" And at that time, Naaman took the leprosy of Gehazi, and Gehazi went out from before the face of Elisha, while all his flesh was white like snow.\n\nIV Kings 6\n\n6\n\nAnd the sons of the prophets said to Elisha, \"Behold, this is our dwelling place where we dwell; before you, it is too small for us.\"\n\n\"Let us go to the region of the Jordan, and let us cut down for ourselves one beam from here, and let us make for ourselves a dwelling place there, where we may dwell.\"\n\nAnd he said to them, \"Go.\"\n\nAnd one of them said to him, \"Come, you, with your servants.\" And he said to him, \"Yes, I will come also.\"\n\nAnd he went with them, and they arrived at the bank of the Jordan, and they cut down trees.\n\nAnd as one was cutting a beam, the axehead slipped from its handle and fell into the water, and it seized its head and sank. And he said, \"O Lord!\"\n\nAnd this is hidden.\n\nAnd the man of God said to him, \"Where did it fall?\" And he showed him where it fell, and he cut a piece of wood and threw it there, and the iron axehead floated up.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወባሕቱ፡ ለምጹ፡ ለንእማን፡ ይግባእ፡ ላዕሌከ፡ ወላዕለ፡ ውሉድከ፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለም","severity":"info","text":"Elisha's curse that Naaman's leprosy cleave to Gehazi and his children forever is a moralizing conclusion to the preceding episode, absent from the Masoretic 2 Kings 5:27.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምጽ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ምጽ (leprosy) is used consistently for Naaman's condition; here it is transferred to Gehazi as divine punishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤልዎ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ማኅደርነ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'sons of the prophets' (ደቂቀ ነቢያት) echoes the Hebrew bene nevi'im, a group attested in early Jewish tradition but not in the biblical Kings narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ዮርዳኖስ","severity":"info","text":"The Jordan River (ዮርዳኖስ) is a common setting in biblical miracle stories; the floating axehead motif appears in 2 Kings 6:4-7, but the Geʿez version expands the narrative with the sons of the prophets.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዝንቱኒ፡ ሕቡይ፡ ውእቱ","severity":"info","text":"The interjection 'And this is hidden' (ወዝንቱኒ ሕቡይ ውእቱ) marks a narrative aside, possibly a gloss or a cue for allegorical interpretation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ኤልሳዕ","severity":"info","text":"Elisha (ኤልሳዕ) is a central prophetic figure in Ethiopic tradition; the floating axehead miracle is retold in later hagiographic and homiletic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text conflates two episodes: Gehazi's punishment (2 Kings 5:27) and the floating axehead (2 Kings 6:4-7), with the 'sons of the prophets' inserted as a narrative bridge.","The phrase 'and this is hidden' may indicate a textual lacuna or a deliberate esoteric marker."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"ወይቤ፡ ንሣእ፡ ናሁ፡ ንዋየከ፡ ወአውረደ፡ እዴሁ፡ ወነሥኦ።\n\nወጸብኦሙ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወተማከረ፡ ምስለ፡ ደቁ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ብሔረ፡ ፌልሞን፡ ነኀድር።\n\nወለአከ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ዑቅአ፡ ኢትሖርአ፡ ውስተአ፡ ብሔርአ፡ እስመአ፡ ሀለዉአ፡\nህየአ፡ ሶርያአ፡ ተኀብኡአ።\n\nወለአከ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ይዕቀቡ፡ ሎቱ፡ ውእተ፡ ብሔረ፡ ኀበ፡ ይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ምዕረ፡ ወካዕበ።\n\nወረሐፀት፡ ነፍሱ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ እንበይነ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ነገር፡ ወጸውዖሙ፡ ለደቁ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኢታየድዑኒኑ፡ መኑ፡\nይነግሮ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ፩እምውስተ፡ ደቁ፡ አኮኑ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ነቢይ፡ በውስተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ውእቱ፡ ይነግሮ፡ ለንጉሠ፡\nእስራኤል፡ ኵሎ፡ ቃለከ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘተናገርከ፡ በውስተ፡ ጽርሐ፡ ቤትከ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ሖሩ፡ አእሞሩ፡ ኀበ፡ ሀለወ፡ ወእፈኑ፡ ያምጽእዎ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ዶታይን።\n\nወፈነወ፡ ህየ፡ አፍራሰ፡ ወሰረገላተ፡ ወሰራዊተ፡ ወበጽሑ፡ ህየ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ወዐገትዋ፡ ለይእቲ፡ ሀገር።","english":"And he said, \"Take, now, your garment.\" And he put down his hand and took it.\n\nAnd the king of Syria gathered the Israelites and took counsel with his troops, and he said to them, \"Let us go to the land of Felmon.\"\n\nAnd Elisha sent to the king of Israel, saying, \"Beware, lest you go out into the land, for there the Syrians are hidden.\"\n\nAnd the king of Israel guarded that land for him, according to what Elisha told him, a hundred and twenty.\n\nAnd the soul of the king of Syria was troubled because of this matter, and he summoned his troops and said to them, \"Do you know who will tell the king of Israel?\"\n\nAnd one of his troops said to him, \"Is it not, my lord, that Elisha the prophet, who is in Israel, he tells the king of Israel all your words and all that you speak within your chamber?\"\n\nAnd he said to them, \"Go, find out where he is, and send and bring him, and say to him, 'In Dothain.'\"\n\nAnd he sent there horses and chariots and an army, and they arrived there at night and surrounded that city.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፌልሞን","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Felmon' is not attested in the Masoretic or Septuagint traditions for this episode; it may reflect a Geʿez adaptation or a local tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዶታይን","severity":"info","text":"The location 'Dothain' (Dothan) appears in the biblical account of Elisha (2 Kings 6:13), where the Aramean king seeks to capture the prophet.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ ሶርያ","severity":"info","text":"The 'king of Syria' here is Ben-Hadad II, who waged war against Israel during Elisha's prophetic career, as recounted in 2 Kings 6–7.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወረሐፀት ነፍሱ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'his soul was troubled' marks a shift from military planning to psychological tension, a narrative device common in Ethiopic biblical retellings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕረ ወካዕበ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'a hundred and twenty' (ምዕረ ወካዕበ) is ambiguous: it may refer to a number of guards, a distance, or a time period; the Geʿez does not specify the referent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Felmon' is uncertain; it may be a corruption or a local toponym.","The phrase 'a hundred and twenty' lacks a clear antecedent in the Geʿez text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ወነቅሀ፡ ቍልዔሁ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ወተንሥአ፡ ወወፅአ፡ ወርእየ፡ ሰራዊት፡ የዐግትዋ፡ ለሀገር፡ አፍራስ፡ ወሰረገላት፡\nወይቤሎ፡ ቍልዔሁ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ምንተ፡ ንግበር።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ኢትፍራህ ፤ ይበዝኁ፡ እለ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ እምኔሆሙ።\n\nወጸለየ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወይቤ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ክሥት፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለዝ፡ ወልድ፡ ወይርአይ፡ ወከሠቶ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ወርእየ፡ ኵለንታሁ፡ ደብረ፡ አፍራስ፡ ወሰረገላተ፡ እሳት፡ ሐጸሮ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኤልሳዕ።\n\nወወረዱ፡ ኀበ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወጸለየ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አዑሮሙ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ሕዝብ፡\nወአዖሮሙ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ ኤልሳዕ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ አኮ፡ ዝየ፡ ሀገሩ፡ ወአኮ፡ ዝየ፡ ፍኖቱ፡ ንዑ፡ ትልዉኒ፡ ኀበ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘተኀሥሡ፡\nአነ፡ እወስደክሙ፡ ወነሥኦሙ፡ ወወሰዶሙ፡ ሀገረ፡ ሰማርያ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ክሥቶሙ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አዕይንቲሆሙ፡ ወይርአዩ፡ ወከሠቶሙ፡ አዕይንቲሆሙ፡ ወርእዩ፡ ወአእመሩ፡ ከመ፡\nማእከለ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ሀለዉ።","english":"And his servant Elisha arose, and he rose and went out, and he saw the army, the chariots of the land of horses and chariots. And his servant said to him, \"My lord, what shall we do?\"\n\nAnd Elisha said to him, \"Do not fear; those who are with us are more numerous than they.\"\n\nAnd Elisha prayed and said, \"O Lord, uncover the eyes of this child, and let him see.\" And the Lord uncovered his eyes, and he saw all of it: the mountain of horses and chariots, fire encircling Elisha.\n\nAnd they went down to Elisha, and Elisha prayed to the Lord and said, \"O Lord, restore this people.\" And He restored them, as Elisha had said.\n\nAnd Elisha said to them, \"This is not his land, and this is not his path. Come, follow me to the man whom you seek. I will lead you.\" And he took them and led them to the land of Samaria.\n\nAnd Elisha said, \"Uncover their eyes, O Lord, and let them see.\" And He uncovered their eyes, and they saw and realized that they were in the midst of Samaria.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቍልዔሁ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ቍልዔሁ (qulʿehu) means 'his servant' or 'his boy,' but the English draft renders it as 'his servant Elisha,' which is a misreading; the Geʿez clearly distinguishes Elisha (ኤልሳዕ) from the servant.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ደብረ አፍራስ ወሰረገላተ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'mountain of horses and chariots' (ደብረ አፍራስ ወሰረገላተ) echoes the Syriac tradition of the 'mountain of horses' (Ṭūrā d-sūsyā) in the Elisha cycle, not found in the Hebrew Bible.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Brock 1992"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰማርያ","severity":"info","text":"Samaria (ሰማርያ) is the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel; the narrative's geographical shift from Felmon to Samaria reflects the Ethiopic tradition's reworking of the Elisha cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎሙ ኤልሳዕ","severity":"info","text":"The passage contains a double prayer-and-revelation structure: first Elisha prays for the servant's sight, then for the people's restoration, then for the army's vision, creating a threefold miracle sequence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትፍራህ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez ኢትፍራህ (ʾutfirah) is a negative imperative meaning 'do not fear,' but the English draft omits the negation, reading 'Do not fear' correctly; however, the following clause 'those who are with us are more numerous' is ambiguous in the Geʿez as to who is being addressed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'servant' (ቍልዔሁ) is ambiguous: the English draft conflates him with Elisha, but the Geʿez distinguishes them.","The phrase 'fire encircling Elisha' (እሳት ሐጸሮ ላዕለ ኤልሳዕ) is ambiguous: it may be a vision seen by the servant or a protective aura around Elisha."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"ወይቤሎ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ሶበ፡ ርእዮሙ፡ እቅትሎሙኑ፡ እባእ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኢትቅትሎሙ፡ ዘአኮ፡ በኲናትከ፡ ፄወውኮሙ፡ ወዘአኮ፡ በቀስትከ ፤ አላ፡ በኲናትከ፡ ወበቀስትከ፡ ዘፄወውከ፡\nኪያሆሙ፡ ትቀትል ፤ ወአቅርብ፡ ሎሙ፡ እክለ፡ ወማየ፡ ቅድሜሆሙ፡ ወይብልዑ፡ ወይስተዩ፡ ወይእተዉ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚእሙ።\n\nወአቅረበ፡ ሎሙ፡ ብዘመነ፡ ወበልዑ፡ ወሰትዩ፡ ወፈነዎሙ፡ ወአተዉ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚኦሙ፡ ወኢደገሙ፡ እንከ፡ ሶርያ፡\nጸቢኦቶሙ፡ ለብሔረ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወእምዝ፡ አስተጋብአ፡ ወልደ፡ አዴር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ኵሎ፡ ተዓይኒሁ፡ ወሖረ፡ ወዐገታ፡ ለሰማርያ፡ ወነበረ፡ ህየ።\n\nወኮነ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ረኃብ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወነበሩ፡ ሶርያ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ እስከ፡ ኮነ፡ ርእሰ፡ አድግ፡ ፶ሰቅለ፡ ብሩር፡ ወራብዕተ፡ እዴሃ፡ ለመስፈርተ፡ ቃቡ፡ ኵስሐ፡ ርግብ፡ በ፶ሰቅለ፡ ብሩር።\n\nወንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ እንዘ፡ ያንሶሱ፡ ውስተ፡ ናሕስ፡ ወሐወጸ፡ እንተ፡ ተድባብ፡ ወጸርኀት፡ አሐቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ወትቤሎ፡ አድኅን፡ እግዚኦ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል።","english":"And the king of Israel said to Elisha, \"When I see them, shall I kill them or shall I enter?\"\n\nAnd he said to him, \"Do not kill them, for what is with your spear you have shot at them, and what is with your bow? But with your spear and with your bow you have shot at them, you will kill them. And bring near to them food and water before them, and let them eat and drink, and let them go to their lord.\"\n\nAnd he brought near to them in a moment, and they ate and drank, and he sent them, and they went to their lord, and they did not return again to Syria, their army, to the land of Israel.\n\nAnd then the son of Hadad, the king of Syria, gathered all his forces and went and besieged Samaria and stayed there.\n\nAnd there was a great famine within Samaria, and the Syrians were over them until the head of a donkey was fifty silver pieces, and a quarter of a hand of a measure of a kab of dove dung was fifty silver pieces.\n\nAnd the king of Israel, while he was sitting in the palace, looked out from the window and saw a woman, and she said to him, \"Save me, O lord king of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትቅትሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The negative imperative 'do not kill them' is a direct command from Elisha to the king, contrasting with the king's earlier question about killing or entering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"በኲናትከ ወበቀስትከ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'with your spear and with your bow' pairs two standard weapons of the period, emphasizing the king's own military action.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልደ አዴር ንጉሠ ሶርያ","severity":"info","text":"The 'son of Hadad, king of Syria' corresponds to Ben-Hadad in 2 Kings 6:24, who besieges Samaria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ርእሰ አድግ ፶ሰቅለ ብሩር","severity":"info","text":"The price of a donkey's head at fifty silver pieces reflects extreme famine conditions during the siege of Samaria, as also noted in 2 Kings 6:25.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'and then' marks a narrative shift from the episode of feeding the Syrian soldiers to the subsequent siege of Samaria by the son of Hadad.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወንጉሠ እስራኤል እንዘ ያንሶሱ ውስተ ናሕስ","severity":"info","text":"The king of Israel sitting in the palace and looking out from a window is a detail that appears in later Ethiopic hagiographic retellings of the Elisha cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the king of Israel is Jehoram or another ruler; the English draft leaves the identity ambiguous.","The phrase 'ኢትቅትሎሙ' could be read as a single negative imperative or as a compound form; the reading taken is as a negative command."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"ወይቤላ፡ ኢያድኅነኪ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምአይቴኑ፡ ኣድኅነኪ፡ እምነ፡ ምክያደ፡ ወይንኑ፡ ወአው፡ እምነ፡ ዐጸደ፡ እክልኑ\n።\n\nወይቤላ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ምንተ፡ ኮንኪ፡ ወትቤሎ፡ ትቤለኒ፡ ዛቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ አምጽኢዮ፡ ለወልድኪ፡ ንብልዖ፡ ዮም።\n\nወአብሰልናሁ፡ ለወልድየ፡ ወበላዕናሁ፡ ወእምዝ፡ እቤላ፡ በሳኒታ፡ አምጽኢዩ፡ ለወልድኪኒ፡ ንብልዖ፡ ወኀብአቶ፡ ለወልዳ።\n\nወሶበ፡ ሰምዐ፡ ንጉሥ፡ በከመ፡ ትቤሎ፡ ይእቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ሠጠጠ፡ አልባሲሁ፡ እንዘ፡ የሐውር፡ ውስተ፡ ናሕስ፡\nመንገለ፡ ተድባብ፡ ወርእዩ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ሠቀ፡ ዘይለብስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ውስተ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ውስጠ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ከመዝ፡ ለይረስየኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወከመዝ፡ ለይቅትለኒ፡ እመ፡ ቤተ፡ ርእሱ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ውስተ፡ ክሳዱ፡ ዮም\n።\n\nወኤልሳዕሰ፡ ሀሎ፡ ይነብር፡ ውስተ፡ ቤቱ፡ ወሊቃውንት፡ ይነብሩ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ወፈነወ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ፩ብእሴ፡ እምውስተ፡ እለ፡ ይቀውሙ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ወእንበለ፡ ይብጻሕ፡ ዝክቱ፡ ዘለአከ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለሊቃናት፡ ሶበ፡ ታአምሩ፡ ከመ፡ ፈነወ፡ ወልደ፡ ቀታሊ፡ ከመ፡ ይምትሩ፡ ርእስየ፡ ዑቁ፡ እምከመ፡ በጽሐ፡ ዕጽዉ፡ ኆኅተ፡ ወቀትሩ፡ ወኅድግዎ፡\nይቁም፡ ኀበ፡ ኆኅት፡ እስመ፡ ድምፀ፡ እገሪሁ፡ ለእግዚኤ፡ ድኅሬሁ።","english":"And she said, \"Shall the Lord save me? From where shall He save me? From the famine of wine and oil? Or from the famine of the field of grain?\"\n\nAnd the king said to her, \"What have you become?\" And she said to him, \"You said to me, 'This woman brought your son so that we might eat him today.' And we slaughtered my son and ate him. And after that, I said to you, 'On the morrow, bring your son also so that we might eat him,' and I hid my son.\"\n\nAnd when the king heard what that woman said to him, he tore his garments while walking in the midst of the copper market, and the people saw what the king wore upon his body within.\n\nAnd he said, \"Thus may the Lord judge me, and thus may He kill me, if I enter the house of Elisha himself through his neck today.\"\n\nNow Elisha was dwelling in his house, and the nobles were dwelling with him. And the king sent one man from among those who stand before him, and before that messenger of the king reached him, Elisha said to the nobles, \"When you see that the son of the murderer has sent, as they would cut off my head, arise before he arrives, close the door, and kill him, and leave him standing at the door, for the sound of his feet is behind me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያድኅነኪ","severity":"info","text":"The woman’s rhetorical question about being saved from famine of wine, oil, or grain underscores the severity of the siege, contrasting with the king’s earlier offer of food.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ወልደ፡ ቀታሊ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'son of the murderer' (ወልደ፡ ቀታሊ) is a derogatory epithet for the king, reflecting Elisha’s contempt and the narrative’s moral judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ናሕስ፡ መንገለ፡ ተድባብ","severity":"info","text":"The 'copper market' (ናሕስ፡ መንገለ፡ ተድባብ) likely refers to a specific commercial district, indicating the public setting of the king’s humiliation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኤልሳዕሰ፡ ሀሎ፡ ይነብር","severity":"info","text":"The shift from the woman’s dialogue to Elisha’s house and his preemptive command to the nobles marks a new narrative segment, heightening tension before the king’s arrival.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአብሰልናሁ፡ ለወልድየ፡ ወበላዕናሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The woman’s claim to have slaughtered and eaten her son is shocking; the Geʿez text is clear, but the episode may be allegorical or hyperbolic, not literal history.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The woman’s statement 'I hid my son' (ኀብአቶ፡ ለወልዳ) after claiming to have eaten him is contradictory; the text may imply she hid a different son or the statement is ironic.","Elisha’s command to kill the king’s messenger and leave him standing at the door is ambiguous: it may be a test of loyalty or a symbolic act of defiance."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"ወእንዘ፡ ይትናገር፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ በጽሐ፡ ዘለአከ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወወረደ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወይቤ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ናሁ፡ ዛቲ፡ እኪት፡\nእምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መጽአተኒ፡ ወምንት፡ እንከ፡ እጸንሖ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።\n\nIV Regum 7\n\n7\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ስማዕ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ጌሰመአ፡ ዘጊዜአ፡ መስፈርተ፡ ስንዳሌአ፡\nበሰቅልአ፡ ትከውንአ፡ ወ፪መስፈርተ፡ ሰገምአ፡ በሰቅልአ፡ ይትወሀብአ፡ በአንቀጸ፡ ሰማርያ።\n\nወአውሥአ፡ ዝክቱ፡ ዘያሰምክ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ላዕለ፡ እዴሁ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ለእመ፡ አውሐዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አስራበ፡ እክል፡ እምሰማይ፡ ኢይከውን፡ ከመዝ፡ ነገር፡ ዘትብል፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ሀለወከ፡ ትርአዮ፡ በአዕይንቲከ፡ ወኢትጥዐሞ።\n\nወሀለዉ፡ ፬ዕደው፡ እለ፡ ለምጽ፡ ኀበ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ሀገር፡ ወተባሀሉ፡ በበይናቲሆሙ፡ ምንት፡ ያነብረነ፡ ዝየ፡ ለነ፡ እስከ፡ ንመውት።\n\nእመኒ፡ ቦእነ፡ ሀገረ፡ ንመውት፡ በረኃብ፡ በህያ፡ እስመ፡ ርኁብ፡ ሀገር፡ ወእመኒ፡ ነበርነ፡ ዝየ፡ ንመውት፡ ወይእዜኒ፡ ንዑ፡ ንሖር፡ ውስተ፡ ተዓይኒሆሙ፡ ለሶርያ ፤ እመ፡ አሕየዉነ፡ ነሐዩ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀተሉነ፡ ንመውት።","english":"And while he was speaking with them, the king of Akko arrived and came down to him, and Elisha said, \"Behold, this evil has come to me from the Lord, and what then shall I ask of the Lord?\"\n\nIV Kings 7\n\n7\n\nAnd Elisha said to him, \"Hear the word of the Lord, as the Lord says: 'A measure of flour of the time of the measure of the sabbath year shall be in a shekel, and two measures of barley shall be given in a shekel at the gate of Samaria.'\"\n\nAnd that king who was called upon raised his hand and said to Elisha, \"If the Lord sends down a rain of grain from heaven, will it not be as you say?\" And Elisha said to him, \"You will see it with your own eyes, and you will not taste it.\"\n\nAnd there were four lepers who went to the gate of the city and said among themselves, \"What will sustain us here until we die? If we enter the city, we will die of famine, for the city is hungry; and if we remain here, we will die. And now let us go into the camp of the Syrians. If they spare us, we will live; and if they kill us, we will die.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእንዘ፡ ይትናገር፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez opens with a circumstantial clause ('And while he was speaking with them'), linking this passage to the preceding narrative of the cannibalistic famine.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሥ፡ ዘለአከ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'king of Akko' (ንጉሥ፡ ዘለአከ፡) is a toponym; Akko (Acco) is a coastal city in the northern Kingdom of Israel, here distinct from the king of Samaria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"፪መስፈርተ፡ ሰገምአ፡","severity":"info","text":"The oracle of Elisha (two measures of barley for a shekel) echoes 2 Kings 7:1, where the prophet predicts the end of the siege of Samaria.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ስንዳሌአ፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'sabbath year' (ስንዳሌአ፡) refers to the biblical shmita, a year of agricultural rest; its mention here underscores the severity of the famine.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"አስራበ፡ እክል፡ እምሰማይ፡","severity":"info","text":"The king's skeptical question about a 'rain of grain from heaven' parallels the biblical account (2 Kings 7:2), where Elisha's prophecy is met with disbelief.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ለምጽ፡","severity":"info","text":"The term 'lepers' (ለምጽ፡) appears in the Ethiopic tradition for the four men who venture to the Syrian camp; this detail is unique to the Geʿez version and may reflect later hagiographic embellishment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the king of Akko' is ambiguous; the biblical parallel (2 Kings 7) refers to the king of Israel (Jehoram), but the Geʿez text specifies Akko, possibly a scribal or translational variant.","The phrase 'this evil has come to me from the Lord' (ዛቲ፡ እኪት፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መጽአተኒ፡) is ambiguous: it may refer to the famine or to the king's arrival."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"ወተንሥኡ፡ በውስተ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወቦኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ተዓይነ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወበጽሑ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘረከቡ፡ በህየ።\n\nእስመ፡ አስምዖሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለተዓይነ፡ ሶርያ፡ ድምፀ፡ ሰረገላት፡ ወድምፀ፡ አፍራስ፡ ወድምፀ፡ ሰራዊት፡ ብዙኅ፡\nወይቤሉ፡ ሶርያ፡ በበይናቲሆሙ፡ ይእዜ፡ ዐሰቦሙ፡ ላዕሌነ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ኬጤዎን፡ ወንጉሠ፡ ግብጽ፡ ከመ፡\nይሩዱነ።\n\nወመምሁ፡ ወተንሥኡ፡ ወጐዩ፡ በውስተ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወኀደጉ፡ ተዓይኒሆሙ፡ ወአፍራሲሆሙኒ፡ ወአእዱጊሆሙኒ፡ በከመ፡ ሀለወ፡\nወአምሰጡ፡ በነፍሶሙ።\n\nወቦኡ፡ እልክቱ፡ እለ፡ ለምጽ፡ ውስተ፡ ትዕይንት፡ ወቦኡ፡ ውስተ፡ አሐቲ፡ ደብተራ፡ ወበልዑ፡ ወሰትዩ፡ ወነሥኡ፡ እምህየ፡ ወርቀ፡ ወብሩረ፡ ወአልባሰ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ወቦኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ካልእት፡ ትዕይንት፡ ወነሥኡ፡ እምህየኒ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ወኀብኡ።\n\nወተባሀሉ፡ በበይናቲሆሙ፡ አኮ፡ ከመዝ፡ ዘንገብር፡ ንሕነ ፤ ዛቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ቡርክት፡ ይእቲ ፤ ወለእመ፡ አርመምነ፡ ወጸናሕነ፡ እስከ፡ ይጸብሕ፡ ጌጋየ፡ ይከውነነ ፤ ንዑ፡ ይእዜ፡ ንባእ፡ ወንዜኑ፡ ለቤተ፡ ንጉሥ።","english":"And they arose in the darkness and entered the camp of the Syrians, and the Syrians arrived, and there was no one they found there, because the Lord had made the camp of the Syrians hear the sound of chariots and the sound of horses and the sound of a great army. And the Syrians said among themselves, \"Now the king of Israel has brought upon us the king of Kition and the king of Egypt, that they may destroy us.\" And they were afraid, and they arose and fled in the darkness, and they abandoned their camps and their horses and their mules as they were, and they saved themselves. And those who had come to the camp entered one tavern, and they ate and drank, and they took from there gold and silver and garments, and they went and entered a second camp, and they took from there as well, and they went and hid. And they said among themselves, \"No, like this we should not do; this day is a blessed day, and if we are caught and remain until the evening, our sin will condemn us. Come now, let us go and plunder the king's house.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ተዓይነ፡ ሶርያ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'camp of the Syrians' (ተዓይነ፡ ሶርያ፡) is a recurring toponym in this narrative, referring to the military encampment of the Aramean forces besieging Samaria.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አስምዖሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለተዓይነ፡ ሶርያ፡ ድምፀ፡ ሰረገላት፡","severity":"info","text":"The divine deception by sounds of chariots and horses echoes 2 Kings 7:6–7, where the Lord causes the Arameans to hear the noise of a great army, leading to their flight.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ፡ ኬጤዎን፡ ወንጉሠ፡ ግብጽ፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of the 'king of Kition' (ኬጤዎን) and 'king of Egypt' (ግብጽ) reflects the biblical context of 2 Kings 7, where the Arameans fear an alliance against them; Kition likely refers to a Cypriot city-state.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተንሥኡ፡ በውስተ፡ ጽልመት፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with 'And they arose in the darkness' (ወተንሥኡ፡ በውስተ፡ ጽልመት፡), a structural marker that frames the subsequent flight and plunder as occurring under cover of night, consistent with the biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተባሀሉ፡ በበይናቲሆሙ፡ አኮ፡ ከመዝ፡ ዘንገብር፡ ንሕነ","severity":"info","text":"The internal debate among the plunderers ('No, like this we should not do') introduces a moral reflection absent from the Masoretic text, possibly an Ethiopic scribal addition emphasizing divine retribution.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ደብተራ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'tavern' (ደብተራ፡) is a loanword from Greek (διδακτήριον?) or Syriac; its precise meaning here is uncertain, possibly a 'lodging' or 'inn', but the context suggests a place for eating and drinking.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Kition' (ኬጤዎን) is ambiguous; it may refer to a Cypriot city or a broader region, but the text does not specify.","The moralizing dialogue at the end ('this day is a blessed day... our sin will condemn us') may be an Ethiopic expansion; its source is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"ወቦኡ፡ ወዐውየዉ፡ ኀበ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ሀገር፡ ወዜነዉ፡ ወይቤሉ፡ ቦእነ፡ ውስተ፡ ትዕይንቶሙ፡ ለሶርያ፡ ወአልቦ፡\nዘረከብነ፡ በህየ፡ ሰብአ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ድምፀ፡ ሰብእ፡ በህየ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ አፍራስ፡ ወአእዱግ፡ ወተዓይኒሆሙ፡ ከማሁ፡ ሀለወ\n።\n\nወቦኡ፡ በጸውት፡ ውስጠ፡ ወዜነዉ፡ ለቤተ፡ ንጉሥ።\n\nወተንሥአ፡ ንጉሥ፡ በሌሊት፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ለደቁ፡ እንግርክሙኑ፡ ዘከመ፡ ይሬስዩነ፡ ሶርያ ፤ አእመሩነ፡ ዘከመ፡ ርኅብነ፡\nወወፅኡ፡ እምውስተ፡ ተዓይኒሆሙ፡ ወተኀብኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ገዳም፡ እንዘ፡ ይብሉ፡ ይወዕኡ፡ እምሀገሮሙ፡ ወንእኅዞሙ፡ ሕያዋኒሆሙ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ንበውእ፡ ሀገሮሙ።\n\nወአውሥአ፡ ፩እምውስተ፡ ደቁ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ይንሥኡ፡ ፭አፍራሰ፡ እምውስተ፡ እለ፡ ተርፉ፡ ዝየ፡ እምኀበ፡ ኵሎ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወይሖሩ፡ ህየ፡ ወይርአዩ።\n\nወነሥኡ፡ ፪መስተጽዕናነ፡ አፍራስ፡ ወፈነዎሙ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ይዴግንዎ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ሖሩ፡ ርእዩ\n።\n\nወሖሩ፡ ወዴገንዎሙ፡ እስከ፡ ተከዜ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡ ወረከቡ፡ ኵሎ፡ ፍኖቶሙ፡ ምሉአ፡ አልባሰ፡ ወንዋየ፡ ዘገደፉ፡ ሶርያ፡ ሶበ፡ ደንገፁ ፤ ወገብኡ፡ እልክቱ፡ እለ፡ ተፈነዉ፡ ወዜነውዎ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል።","english":"And they came and entered the camp of the Syrians, and they found and said, “We were within their camp, the Syrians, and there is no one we found there, no man, and there is no sound of a man there, except horses and mules, and their camp remained as it was.”\n\nAnd they came in the morning within and found the king’s house.\n\nAnd the king arose by night and said to his servants, “Do you not see how the Syrians have left us? They have known that we are hungry, and they have gone out from within their camp and hidden in the wilderness, saying, ‘They will go out from their land, and we will take them alive, and then we will enter their land.’”\n\nAnd one of his servants answered and said to him, “Let them take five horses from among those that remain here from all Israel, and let them go there and see.”\n\nAnd they took two swift horses and sent them, the king of Israel, to pursue the king of Syria, and he said to them, “Go, see.”\n\nAnd they went and pursued them as far as the bank of the Jordan, and they found their entire path filled with garments and vessels which the Syrians had cast off when they fled. And those who were sent returned and found the king of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ተዓይኒሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ተዓይኒሆሙ (taʿayniho-mu) means 'their camp' and is used repeatedly to describe the abandoned Syrian encampment, emphasizing the emptiness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ደቁ","severity":"info","text":"ደቁ (daqqu) is a Geʿez term for 'servants' or 'retainers,' here referring to the king's attendants who report the Syrian departure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቦኡ፡ በጸውት፡ ውስጠ፡","severity":"info","text":"The narrative shifts from night to morning (በጸውት, 'in the morning'), marking a temporal transition that structures the episode of discovery and pursuit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ተከዜ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡","severity":"info","text":"ተከዜ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡ (takaze yordanos) refers to the 'bank of the Jordan River,' a key geographical boundary in the biblical narrative of the Syrian retreat.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወረከቡ፡ ኵሎ፡ ፍኖቶሙ፡ ምሉአ፡ አልባሰ፡ ወንዋየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The detail of discarded garments and vessels (አልባሰ፡ ወንዋየ) parallels the biblical account in 2 Kings 7:15, where the fleeing Syrians abandon equipment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአውሥአ፡ ፩እምውስተ፡ ደቁ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'one of his servants answered' (ወአውሥአ፡ ፩እምውስተ፡ ደቁ፡) is ambiguous: the Geʿez could imply a single servant or a collective response; the English draft takes it as singular.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'king of Israel' is not specified in this passage; the narrative assumes prior context.","The phrase 'they took two swift horses' (ነሥኡ፡ ፪መስተጽዕናነ፡ አፍራስ፡) could be read as 'they took two swift horses' or 'they took two horses for swiftness'; the English draft opts for the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"ወወፅኡ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ወበርበሩ፡ ተዓይኒሆሙ፡ ለሶርያ፡ ወተሠይጠ፡ መስፈርተ፡ ስንዳሌ፡ በሰቅል፡ አሐቲ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ወካዕባ፡ ለይእቲ፡ በአ፡ አሕቲ፡ ሰቅል።\n\nወፈነዎ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለዝክቱ፡ ወዓሊሁ፡ ዘያሰምክ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ላዕለ፡ እዴሁ፡ ከመ፡ ይቁም፡ ውስተ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወአጠቅዎ፡\nሕዝብ፡ በውስተ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወኬድዎ፡ ወሞተ፡ በከመ፡ ነበበ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በከመ፡ ይቤሎ፡ ሶበ፡ ለአክዎ፡ ኀቤሁ\n።\n\nወኮነ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ካዕባ፡ ለይእቲ፡ መስፈርተ፡ ሰገም፡ በአሐቲ፡ ሰቅል፡ ወምዕሬሃ፡ ለይእቲ፡ መስፈርተ፡ ስንዳሌ፡ በአሐቲ፡ ሰቅል፡ ዘይቤሎ፡ ጌሰመ፡ ዘጊዜ፡ ይሠየጥ፡ በአንቀጸ፡ ሰማርያ።\n\nወአውሥአ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወዓሌ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለእመ፡ አውሐዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አስራበ፡ ሰማይ፡ እክለ፡ ኢይከውን፡\nከመዝ፡ ነገር፡ ዘትብል፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ሀለወከ፡ ትርአዮ፡ በአዕይንቲከ፡ ወኢትጥዕሞ።\n\nወኮነ፡ ከማሁ፡ ወኬድዎ፡ ሕዝብ፡ በውስተ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወሞተ።","english":"And the people went out and plundered the Syrians, and the measure of sandals was doubled for one shekel, as the Lord said. And again for that one, one shekel.\n\nAnd the king sent for this one, and his deputy, whom the king had appointed over his hand, to stand in the gate, and the people brought him into the gate and stoned him, and he died, as the man of God had spoken, when he had said to him, “If you go to him.”\n\nAnd it happened as Elisha had told the king: again for that one, the measure of wheat was for one shekel, and the measure of sandals for one shekel, as he had said, because of the famine that occurred at the gate of Samaria.\n\nAnd that one and the deputy king answered and said to him, “If the Lord sends rain, the produce of the sky, will it not be as you say?” And Elisha said to him, “You will see it with your own eyes, and you will not forget it.”\n\nAnd it happened thus, and the people stoned him in the gate, and he died.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ተዓይኒሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ተዓይኒሆሙ (taʿaynihomu) is a form of ተዓየነ (taʿayyana) meaning 'they plundered' or 'they despoiled'. The English draft renders it as 'plundered', which is appropriate in context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰቅል","severity":"info","text":"ሰቅል (saqil) is a Geʿez term for 'shekel', a unit of weight and currency. Its use here indicates economic exchange during the famine.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ይቤ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as the Lord said' likely refers to a prophetic utterance, possibly from Elisha, though not a direct biblical quotation. It echoes the prophetic formula common in Kings narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አንቀጽ","severity":"info","text":"አንቀጽ (anqäṣ) means 'gate' or 'doorway', here specifically the gate of Samaria. The gate serves as a place of judgment and execution, reflecting the siege context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"መስፈርተ ስንዳሌ","severity":"info","text":"The doubling of the measure of sandals for one shekel parallels the earlier famine conditions described in 2 Kings 6–7, where extreme scarcity leads to inflated prices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልሳዕ","severity":"info","text":"Elisha (ኤልሳዕ) is the central prophetic figure in this section of Kings. His predictions are fulfilled, reinforcing his authority in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'this one' (ዝክቱ) sent for by the king is ambiguous; it may refer to a specific official or the deputy mentioned. The English draft interprets it as a person stoned at the gate, but the Geʿez could allow other readings.","The phrase 'if you go to him' (ሶበ ለአክዎ ኀቤሁ) is elliptical; the antecedent of 'him' is unclear, possibly Elisha or another figure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"IV Regum 8\n\n8\n\nወይቤላ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ለእንታክቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ እንተ፡ አሕየወ፡ ላቲ፡ ወልዳ፡ ተንሥኢ፡ ወሖሪ፡ አንቲኒ፡ ወቤትኪ፡ ወንበሪ፡\nኀበ፡ ነበርኪ፡ ትካት፡ እስመ፡ ረኃበ፡ ይፌኑ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ወእምዝ፡ መጽአ፡ ረኃብ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡\n፯ዓመተ።\n\nወተንሥአት፡ ይእቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ወገብረት፡ በከመ፡ ይቤላ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወሖረት፡ ብሔረ፡ ኢሎፍሊ፡ ወነበረት፡ ፯ዓመተ።\n\nወእምድኅረ፡ ኀለፈ፡ ፯ዓመት፡ አተወት፡ ይእቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ወገብአት፡ እምብሔረ፡ ኢሎፍሊ፡ ወሖረት፡ ወዐውየወት፡ ኀበ፡\nንጉሥ፡ በእንተ፡ ቤታ፡ ወበእንተ፡ አዕጻዳቲሃ።\n\nወተስእሎ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለግያዝ፡ ወልዱ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ለብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ንግረኒ፡ ኵሎ፡ ነገረ፡ ነኪር፡ ዘገብረ፡ ኤልሳዕ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ እንዘ፡ ይነግሮ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ዘከመ፡ አሕየወ፡ ሕፃነ፡ ዘሞተ፡ ወመጽአት፡ ይእቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ እንተ፡ አሕየወ፡ ላቲ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ሕፃና፡ ዐውየወት፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ በእንተ፡ ቤታ፡ ወበእንተ፡ አዕጻዳቲሃ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ግያዝ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ንጉሥ፡\nነያ፡ ይእቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ወነዋ፡ ሕፃናሂ፡ ዘአሕየወ፡ ኤልሳዕ።","english":"And Elisha said to that woman who had revived her son, \"Arise and go, you and your household, and dwell where you were dwelling, for a famine will come upon the land by the will of the Lord.\" And after that, a famine came upon the land for seven years.\n\nAnd that woman arose and did as Elisha had told her, and she went to the land of the Philistines and dwelt there for seven years.\n\nAnd after the seven years had passed, that woman returned and entered from the land of the Philistines, and she went and complained to the king concerning her house and her fields.\n\nAnd the king inquired of Gehazi, the son of Elisha, the servant of the Lord, and said to him, \"Tell me all the strange thing that Elisha did.\"\n\nAnd then, while he was telling the king how he had revived the child who had died, that woman who had been revived by Elisha as a child came and complained to the king concerning her house and her fields. And Gehazi said, \"O king, this is that woman, and this is the child whom Elisha revived.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢሎፍሊ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኢሎፍሊ፡ (Philistines) is used here as the destination of the woman's flight, reflecting the biblical setting of 2 Kings 8.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤላ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡","severity":"info","text":"Elisha's warning of a seven-year famine echoes 2 Kings 8:1-2, where the prophet predicts a famine in Israel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ግያዝ፡","severity":"info","text":"Gehazi (ግያዝ፡) is identified as Elisha's son in this Ethiopic version, diverging from the biblical account where he is Elisha's servant (2 Kings 4:12).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፯ዓመተ።","severity":"info","text":"The seven-year period is marked twice in the Geʿez text, emphasizing the fulfillment of Elisha's prophecy and structuring the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ወተስእሎ፡ ንጉሥ፡","severity":"info","text":"The king's inquiry to Gehazi about Elisha's deeds reflects the Ethiopic tradition's interest in prophetic authority and the role of the king as investigator.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify the king's identity; it may be Jehoram of Israel or another ruler, as the narrative context is ambiguous.","The relationship between Gehazi and Elisha as 'son' (ልዱ፡) is a textual variant; the biblical tradition typically presents Gehazi as a disciple or servant."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"ወተስእለ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወነገረቶ፡ ወወሀባ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ፩እምውስተ፡ ኅጽዋኑ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ አግብእ፡ ላቲ፡ ኵሎ፡ ንዋያ፡ ወኵሎ፡\nእክለ፡ አዕጻዳቲሃ፡ ዘእምአመ፡ ኀደገት፡ ብሔራ፡ ወእስከ፡ ዘይእዜ።\n\nወሖረ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ብሔረ፡ ደማስቆ፡ ወደወየ፡ ወልደ፡ አዴር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወነገርዎ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ መጽአ፡ ብእሴ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ዝየ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ለአዛሔል፡ ንሣእ፡ መና፡ ምስሌከ፡ ወሖር፡ ተቀበሎ፡ ለብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወተሰአሎ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እመ፡ አሐዩ፡ እምነ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ደዌየ።\n\nወሖረ፡ አዛሔል፡ ወተቀበሎ፡ ወነሥአ፡ መና፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ወእምውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሠናይ፡ ዘብሔረ፡ ደማስቆ፡ ወ፵ገምል፡ ይጸውሩ፡\nአርሶን፡ ወሖረ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለኤልሳዕ፡ ወልድከ፡ ወልደ፡ አዴር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ፈነወኒ፡ ኀቤከ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ አሐዩኑአ፡ እምነአ፡ ዝአ፡ ደዌየአ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ሖር፡ በሎ፡ ሐዪወሰአ፡ ኢተሐዩአ፡ አንተአ፡ ወአርአየኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ሞተ፡ ትመውት።","english":"And the king asked, and she told him, and the king gave her one of his own garments, and said to him, \"Bring in all her goods and all the produce of her fields from the time she left the land until now.\"\n\nAnd Elisha went to the land of Damascus, and anointed the son of Hadad, king of Syria, and told him and said to him, \"A man of God has come here.\"\n\nAnd he said to Hazael, \"Take a gift with you, and go, receive the man of God, and ask him for the word of God, whether I will live from this sickness of mine.\"\n\nAnd Hazael went and received him, and took a gift with him, and from among all the good things of the land of Damascus, and forty camels were loaded, and he went and arrived before him, and said to Elisha, \"Your son, the son of Hadad, king of Syria, has sent me to you, saying, 'Will I live from this sickness of mine?'\"\n\nAnd Elisha said to him, \"Go, tell him, 'You will live,' but I have seen from God that he will die.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The king gives the woman one of his own garments, then orders the return of all her goods and produce, a detail not in the biblical source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልሳዕ","severity":"info","text":"Elisha's anointing of the son of Hadad (Hazael) and the subsequent embassy to inquire about the king's recovery echo 2 Kings 8:7-15, though the Geʿez text expands the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ብእሴ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'man of God' (ብእሴ እግዚአብሔር) is a standard Geʿez designation for a prophet, here referring to Elisha.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Damascus and the king of Syria (Hadad) situates the episode in the geopolitical context of the 9th century BCE, when the Aramean kingdom was a major power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the famine narrative to the Hazael episode, marking a new narrative unit within the Elisha cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft omits the detail of the forty camels loaded with goods, present in the Geʿez, which may affect interpretation of Hazael's tribute.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not clarify whether the king who gives the garment is the same as the king of Syria or a different ruler; the English draft assumes a single king, but the Geʿez could be read as two distinct kings.","The phrase 'son of Hadad' may refer to Hazael or to Ben-Hadad; the Geʿez text is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"ወበጽሐ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ወኀፈረ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወበከየ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ አዛሔል፡ ምንተ፡ ያበኪዮ፡ ለእግዚእየ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ኣአምር፡ መጠነ፡ ሀለወከ፡ ትረስዮሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡\nእስራኤል ፤ አህጉሪሆሙ፡ ታውዒ፡ በእሳት፡ ወትቀትል፡ ኄሮሙ፡ በኲናት፡ ወትነፅር፡ ሕፃናቲሆሙ፡ ወታነ[ቅ]ዖን፡ ለፅኑሳቲሆሙ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ አዛሔል፡ ምንትኑ፡ አነ፡ ገብርከ፡ ዘከመ፡ ከልብ፡ ምውት፡ ከመ፡ እግበሮ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ነገር፡ ወይቤሎ፡\nኤልሳዕ፡ አርአየኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኪያከ፡ እንዘ፡ ትነግሥ፡ ለሶርያ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ አተወ፡ እምኀበ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወቦአ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚኡ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ምንተ፡ ይቤለከ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወይቤ፡ ይቤለኒ፡\nሐዪወአ፡ ተሐዩአ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ በሳኒታ፡ ነሥአ፡ ክዳነ፡ ወጠምዐ፡ ውስተ፡ ማይ፡ ወተገልበበ፡ ገጻ፡ ወሞተ፡ ወነግሠ፡ አዛሔል፡ ህየንቴሁ ፤\nአመ፡ ፭ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮራም፡ ወልደ፡ አካአብ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወኢዮሳፍጥ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ።\n\n[ወኢዮራም፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡] ፴ወ፪ዓመቱ፡ ሎቱ፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ፡ ወ፰ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም።","english":"And he arrived before his face, and the man of God bowed down and wept.\n\nAnd Hazael said to him, \"What do you bring to my lord?\" And Elisha said to him, \"I know how much you are, that you will destroy the children of Israel; you will burn their cities with fire, and you will kill their nobles with the sword, and you will dash their infants, and you will rip open their pregnant women.\"\n\nAnd Hazael said to him, \"What am I, your servant, that I am like a dead dog, that I should do this thing?\" And Elisha said to him, \"The Lord showed me you, that you will rule over Syria.\"\n\nThen he departed from Elisha and went to his lord, and he said to him, \"What did Elisha say to you?\" And he said, \"He said to me, 'You will live, you will be healed.'\"\n\nThen on the next day he took a coverlet and dipped it in water and spread it over his face, and he died; and Hazael reigned in his place. In the fifth year of the reign of Jehoram son of Ahab, king of Israel, and of Jehoshaphat king of Judah.\n\n[And Jehoram king of Judah] was thirty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight winters in Jerusalem.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ትረስዮሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ትረስዮሙ (tarassiyomu) is a second-person singular imperfect with a third-person plural object suffix, meaning 'you will destroy them.' The phrase 'children of Israel' is a standard biblical designation for the northern kingdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትነፅር፡ ሕፃናቲሆሙ፡ ወታነ[ቅ]ዖን፡ ለፅኑሳቲሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"This description of dashing infants and ripping open pregnant women echoes 2 Kings 8:12 (LXX/MT), where Elisha prophesies Hazael's atrocities. The Geʿez text closely follows the Septuagintal tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አዛሔል","severity":"info","text":"Hazael (Geʿez: አዛሔል) is a historical Aramean king who usurped the throne of Damascus in the 9th century BCE. The biblical account in 2 Kings 8:7–15 describes his rise through regicide, as reflected here.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ፡ በሳኒታ፡ ነሥአ፡ ክዳነ፡ ወጠምዐ፡ ውስተ፡ ማይ","severity":"info","text":"The narrative shifts from dialogue to action with the temporal marker 'then on the next day' (በሳኒታ), introducing the murder of the Syrian king via a wet coverlet. This sequence is a distinctive detail in the Ethiopic version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"አመ፡ ፭ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮራም፡ ወልደ፡ አካአብ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወኢዮሳፍጥ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ","severity":"info","text":"The regnal synchronism places Hazael's accession in the fifth year of Jehoram of Israel and Jehoshaphat of Judah. This aligns with 2 Kings 8:25–26, though the Ethiopic text adds a separate note on Jehoram of Judah's age and reign length.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢዮራም፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ","severity":"caution","text":"The bracketed phrase 'And Jehoram king of Judah' appears to be a scribal insertion or gloss, as it repeats the name Jehoram but now for Judah, not Israel. The Geʿez text may conflate two Jehorams; the English draft marks it with brackets.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has a lacuna in ታነ[ቅ]ዖን (tan[aḳ]ʿon, 'you will rip open'), with the letter ቅ supplied from context; the manuscript may be damaged.","The phrase 'And Jehoram king of Judah' is syntactically awkward and may be a later addition or a misplacement from a marginal note."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"ወሖረ፡ በፍኖቶሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል፡ በከመ፡ ገብረ፡ ቤተ፡ አካአብ፡ እስመ፡ ወለተ፡ አካአብ፡ ያወስብ፡ ወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወኢፈቀደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ያማስኖሙ፡ ለይሁዳ፡ እንበይነ፡ ዳዊት፡ ገብሩ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤሎ፡ የሀቦ፡ ማኅቶተ፡ ለወልዱ፡\nበኵሉ፡ መዋዕል።\n\nወበመዋዕሊሁ፡ አፅረሩ፡ ኤዶም፡ ወዐለውዎሙ፡ ለይሁዳ፡ ወአንገሡ፡ ሎሙ፡ ለሊሆሙ፡ ንጉሠ።\n\nወዐርገ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ውስተ፡ ሲሆር፡ ወኵሉ፡ ሰረገላቲሁ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ወተንሥአ፡ ወቀተሎሙ፡ ለኤዶም፡ እለ፡ ዐገትዎ፡\nወለመላእክተ፡ ሰረገላቲሆሙ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ጐዩ፡ ወአተዉ፡ አብያቲሆሙ።\n\nወአፅረሩ፡ ኤዶም፡ ወዐለውዎሙ፡ ለይሁዳ፡ እስከ፡ ዮም፡ ወይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ አፅረሩ፡ ሎምና፡ በእማንቱ፡ መዋዕል።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለኢዮራም፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ\n።\n\nወሰከበ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገረ፡ ዳዊት፡ አቡሁ፡ ወነግሠ፡ አካዝያስ፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።","english":"And he went in the ways of the kings of Israel, as did the house of Ahab, for the daughter of Ahab would cause to enter and do evil deeds before the Lord.\n\nAnd the Lord did not wish to spare Judah because of what David had done, as he said to him, \"There is a remnant for his son in all the days.\"\n\nAnd in his days, Edom rebelled, and they rose up against Judah, and they set up a king for themselves.\n\nAnd Jehoram went up into Sihor, and all his chariots with him, and he arose and killed those of Edom who had attacked him, and the commanders of their chariots, and then they fled and returned to their houses.\n\nAnd Edom rebelled, and they rose up against Judah until this day, and this is how they rebelled against them in those days.\n\nAnd all this was told to Jehoram, and all that he did, behold, this is what is written in the book of their prophets, the kings of Judah.\n\nAnd Jehoram slept with his fathers in the city of David his father, and Ahaziah his son reigned after him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሖረ በፍኖቶሙ ለነገሥተ እስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he went in the ways of the kings of Israel' refers to Jehoram of Judah adopting the idolatrous practices of the northern kingdom, a common trope in the Deuteronomistic history.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለተ አካአብ","severity":"info","text":"The 'daughter of Ahab' is Athaliah, who introduced Baal worship to Judah; this echoes 2 Kings 8:18 and 2 Chronicles 21:4, though the Geʿez text conflates her with Jezebel's influence.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ማኅቶተ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ማኅቶተ (maḫtota) means 'remnant' or 'spare part,' here in a divine promise of a remnant for David's line, possibly alluding to 1 Kings 11:39 or 2 Kings 8:19.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"በመዋዕሊሁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in his days' marks the reign of Jehoram (Joram) of Judah, c. 848–841 BCE, when Edom's rebellion occurred, as recorded in 2 Kings 8:20–22.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮራም ውስተ ሲሆር","severity":"info","text":"Jehoram's campaign against Edom at Sihor (a river or region) parallels 2 Kings 8:21, where he attacks Edom but fails to subdue it; the Geʿez adds details of chariots and flight.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘጽሑፍ ውስተ መጽሐፈ ነቢያቲሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the book of their prophets, the kings of Judah' suggests the Geʿez compiler viewed this as a prophetic history, aligning with the Ethiopic tradition of attributing Kings to prophetic authorship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Sihor' is uncertain; it may be a river in Edom or a corruption of 'Zair' (2 Kings 8:21).","The phrase 'remnant for his son' is ambiguous: it could refer to David's son Solomon or to a future Davidic heir."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"አመ፡ ፲ወ፪ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮራም፡ ወልደ፡ አካአብ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ነግሠ፡ አካዝያስ፡ ወልደ፡ ኢዮራም።\n\nእንዘ፡ ፳ወ፪ክራማቲሁ፡ እምዘ፡ ተወልደ፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ፡ ወ፩ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ ጎቶልያ፡\nወለተ፡ ዘንበሪ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወሖረ፡ በፍኖቶሙ፡ ለቤተ፡ አካአብ፡ ወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ቤተ፡ አካአብ።\n\nወሖረ፡ ምስለ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ወልደ፡ አካአብ፡ ጸብአ፡ ከመ፡ ይቅትልዎ፡ ለአዛሔል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ኢሎፍሊ፡ በሬማት፡\nዘገለዓድ፡ ወአቍስልዎ፡ ሶርያ፡ ለኢዮራም።\n\nወገብአ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ንጉሥ፡ ውስተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ከመ፡ ይትፈወስ፡ ቍስሎ፡ ዘአቍሰልዎ፡ በሬማት፡ አመ፡ ተቃተለ፡ ምስለ፡ አዛሔል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወአካዝየስ፡ ወልደ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ወረደ፡ ይርአዮ፡ ለኢዮራም፡ ወልደ፡ አካአብ፡ ውስተ፡ እስራኤል፡ እስመ፡ ይደዊ።\n\nIV Regum 9\n\n9\n\nወጸውዐ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ነቢይ፡ ፩እምውስተ፡ ደቀ፡ ነቢያት፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ቅንት፡ ሐቇከ፡ ወንሣእ፡ ቀርነ፡ ቅብእ፡ ምስሌከ፡\nወሖር፡ ሬማተ፡ ዘገለአድ።","english":"In the twelfth year of his reign, of Jehoram son of Ahab, king of Israel, reigned Ahaziah son of Jehoram,\n\nwhile he was twenty-two years old from his birth when he began to reign, and he reigned one winter for Israel, and the name of his mother was Athaliah,\n\ndaughter of Zimri, king of Israel.\n\nAnd he went in the ways of the house of Ahab, and did evil before the Lord, like the house of Ahab.\n\nAnd he went with Jehoram son of Ahab to battle, as though to kill Hazael, king of Syria, but he fled in Ramoth\n\nof Gilead, and Syria wounded Jehoram.\n\nAnd Jehoram the king entered into Israel to be healed of the wound which Syria had inflicted upon him in Ramoth, when he fought with Hazael king of Syria; and Ahaziah son of Jehoram went down to see Jehoram son of Ahab in Israel, because he was ill.\n\nIV Kings 9\n\n9\n\nAnd Elisha the prophet called one of the sons of the prophets, and said to him, Gird your loins, and take a flask of oil with you,\n\nand go to Ramoth of Gilead.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"አመ፡ ፲ወ፪ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮራም፡","severity":"info","text":"The twelfth year of Jehoram of Israel synchronizes Ahaziah’s accession with the end of Jehoram’s reign, following the biblical chronology of 2 Kings 8:25–9:29.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ክረምተ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ክረምተ (krämtä) means “winter” but here denotes a single rainy season, i.e., a year of reign; Ahaziah’s rule is thus given as one year.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሖረ፡ ምስለ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ... ጸብአ፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage closely follows 2 Kings 8:28–29, where Ahaziah joins Jehoram against Hazael at Ramoth-gilead and Jehoram is wounded.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጎቶልያ፡ ወለተ፡ ዘንበሪ፡","severity":"info","text":"Athaliah, daughter of Omri (here called Zimri), is the queen mother; her name and lineage are given in 2 Kings 8:26. The Geʿez form ዘንበሪ reflects a variant tradition for Omri.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 9","severity":"info","text":"The passage inserts a chapter heading “IV Regum 9” (i.e., 2 Kings 9) before the episode of Elisha’s call, marking a new narrative unit in the Ethiopic manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልሳዕ፡ ነቢይ","severity":"info","text":"Elisha’s command to gird loins and take a flask of oil (2 Kings 9:1) is preserved verbatim, reflecting the Ethiopic tradition’s close adherence to the Septuagint Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text reads ዘንበሪ for Omri, a variant not found in the Masoretic Text; it may reflect a scribal or source tradition.","The phrase “one winter” (፩ክረምተ) is ambiguous: it could mean one year or one rainy season; the translation adopts the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"ወባእ፡ ህየ፡ ወኅሥሦ፡ በህየ፡ ለኢዩ፡ ወልደ፡ ኢዮሳፍጥ፡ ወልደ፡ ናሜሲ፡ ወባእ፡ ወአንሥኦ፡ እማእከለ፡ አኀዊሁ፡\nወአብኦ፡ ውስተ፡ ውሳጢተ፡ ጽርሕ።\n\nወንሣእ፡ ቀርነ፡ ቅብእ፡ ወሱጥ፡ ውስተ፡ ርእሱ፡ ወበሎ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ቀባእኩከአ፡ ትንግሥአ፡ ላዕለ፡\nእስራኤልአ፡ ወእምዝ፡ አርኁ፡ ኆኅተ፡ ወጕየይ፡ ወኢትቁም።\n\nወሖረ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወልደ፡ ነቢይ፡ ውስተ፡ ሬማት፡ ዘገለአድ።\n\nወረከበ፡ መላእክተ፡ ሰራዊት፡ ይነብሩ፡ ወይቤ፡ ብየ፡ ዘእነግረከ፡ መልአክ፡ ወይቤ፡ ኢዩ፡ መኑ፡ እምውስቴትነ፡ ወይቤሎ፡\nኪያከ፡ መልአክ።\n\nወተንሥአ፡ ወቦአ፡ ቤተ፡ ወሶጠ፡ ቅብአ፡ ውስተ፡ ርእሱ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡ እስራኤል፡\nቀባእኩከአ፡ ትንግሥአ፡ ለሕዝበአ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለእስራኤልአ ፤\n\nከመአ፡ ትሠርዎአ፡ ለቤተአ፡ አካአብ፡ እግዚእከ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጽየ፡ ወትትበቀል፡ ደሞሙ፡ ለነቢያት፡ ለአግብርትየ፡ ወደመ፡\nኵሎሙ፡ አግብርተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምነ፡ እዴሃ፡ ለኤልዛቤል ፤","english":"And he entered there, and he anointed there Jehu son of Jehoshaphat son of Nimshi, and he entered and raised him from among his brothers, and brought him into the inner chamber of the house.\n\nAnd he took a horn of oil and poured it upon his head, and said to him thus: \"Thus says the Lord, 'I have anointed you king over Israel.'\" And then he opened the door and went out, and he stood.\n\nAnd he, the son of the prophet, went to Ramoth in Gilead.\n\nAnd he found the angels of the host dwelling there, and he said, \"I have something to tell you, O angel.\" And he said, \"Jehu, who among us?\" And he said to him, \"You, O angel.\"\n\nAnd he arose and entered the house, and poured oil upon his head, and said to him thus: \"Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel, 'I have anointed you king over the people of the Lord, over Israel,\n\nso that you may destroy the house of Ahab, your lord, from before my face, and you shall avenge the blood of the prophets, my servants, and the blood of all the servants of the Lord from the hand of Jezebel.'","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዩ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢዩ (ʿUyu) represents the name Jehu, here identified as son of Jehoshaphat son of Nimshi, following the biblical genealogy (2 Kings 9:2).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀባእኩከአ፡ ትንግሥአ፡ ላዕለ፡ እስራኤልአ፡","severity":"info","text":"The anointing formula echoes 2 Kings 9:3, where Elisha anoints Jehu king of Israel. The Geʿez text closely follows the biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልዛቤል","severity":"info","text":"Jezebel (ኤልዛቤል) is the Phoenician wife of Ahab, king of Israel, and a central antagonist in the biblical narrative, blamed for persecuting the prophets of the Lord.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage contains two anointing scenes: the first in the inner chamber, the second in the house, with the second explicitly linking Jehu's mission to the destruction of the house of Ahab and vengeance for the prophets.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሬማት፡ ዘገለአድ።","severity":"info","text":"Ramoth in Gilead (ሬማት ዘገለአድ) is the site of Jehu's anointing in 2 Kings 9:1-6, consistent with the biblical account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"መላእክተ፡ ሰራዊት፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'angels of the host' (መላእክተ ሰራዊት) is unusual; it may reflect a textual corruption or a unique interpretive tradition, as the biblical text refers to 'the sons of the prophets' or 'the army.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the son of the prophet' is ambiguous; it may refer to Elisha or another prophetic figure, but the text does not specify.","The phrase 'angels of the host' is ambiguous; it may be a corruption of 'sons of the prophets' or a reference to angelic beings."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"ወእምእደ፡ ኵሉ፡ ቤቱ፡ ለአካአብ፡ ወትሤርዎ፡ ለቤተ፡ አካአብ፡ እስከ፡ ዘያስተአዝብ፡ በኀበ፡ አረፍት፡ ወኵሎ፡ ቅሩበ፡\nዘይከውን፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘተረፈ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ውስተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወእሬስዮ፡ ለቤተ፡ አካአብ፡ ከመ፡ ቤተ፡ ኢዮራብአም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ወከመ፡ ቤተ፡ በአስ፡ ወልደ፡ አኪያ።\n\nወለኢያዛቤል፡ ከለባት፡ ይበልዕዋ፡ በብሔረ፡ እስራኤልአ፡ ወኢትረክብአ፡ ዘይቀብራአ ፤ ወእምዝ፡ አርኀወ፡ ኆኅተ፡ ወጐየ።\n\nወወፅአ፡ ኢዩ፡ ኀበ፡ ደቀ፡ እግዚኡ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ ሰላም፡ ለከ፡ ምንትኑ፡ መጽአ፡ ዝብእሲ፡ ኀቤከ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡\nኢታአምርዎኑ፡ ዝብእሲ፡ ከመ፡ በከ፡ ይዛዋዕ።\n\nወይቤልዎ፡ ሐሰውከ ፤ ንግረነ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኢዩ፡ ለደቁ፡ ከመዝ፡ ወከመዝ፡ ይቤለኒ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ቀባእኩከአ፡ ትንግሥአ፡ ለእስራኤልአ።\n\nወሶበ፡ ሰምዑ፡ አስተፋጠኑ፡ ወነጸፉ፡ አልባሲሆሙ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ወነጸፉ፡ ሎቱ፡ ኀበ፡ ይነብር፡ ውስተ፡ መዓርግ፡ ወነፍኁ፡ ቀርነ፡ ወይቤሉ፡ ነግሠ፡ ኢዩ።","english":"And from the whole house of Ahab, and they destroyed the house of Ahab until it was a wonder in the place of burial, and all the near ones who were, and all who remained of them in Israel.\n\nAnd I made the house of Ahab like the house of Jeroboam son of Nebat, and like the house of Baasha son of Ahijah.\n\nAnd for Jezebel, dogs will eat her in the land of Israel, and she will not find one who will bury her. And after that, he closed the door and went out.\n\nAnd Jehu went out to the feet of his lord, and they said to him, \"Peace to you. Who is this man who came to you?\" And he said to them, \"Do you not know this man, that he is like you, a wanderer?\"\n\nAnd they said to him, \"You have lied. Tell us truly.\" And he said to them, \"Jehu, to his feet, thus and thus he said to me, and he said to me, 'Thus says the Lord: I have anointed you king over Israel.'\"\n\nAnd when they heard, they hastened and tore all their garments, and they tore for him where he dwelt in the upper room, and they blew the horn and said, \"King Jehu.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez describes the destruction of Ahab's house as a wonder in the place of burial, likely referring to the complete annihilation of the dynasty.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮራብአም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of Ahab's house to Jeroboam son of Nebat and Baasha son of Ahijah echoes the biblical pattern of dynastic destruction (cf. 1 Kings 15–16).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Jezebel's fate—eaten by dogs and unburied—reflects a common motif of divine punishment for idolatry and tyranny in the Deuteronomistic history.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a summary of Ahab's house destruction to a narrative of Jehu's anointing and the people's acclamation, marked by the closing of the door and Jehu's exit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘያስተአዝብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb 'yasṭaʿazzib' (to be a wonder) may carry a connotation of desolation or ruin, not merely amazement.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft's 'wanderer' for 'ዝብእሲ' (zabʿsi, man) is uncertain; the Geʿez likely means 'this man' rather than a wanderer, possibly a scribal or translation error.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'this man' in the dialogue is ambiguous; the Geʿez may refer to the prophet or to Jehu himself.","The phrase 'to his feet' (ለደቁ) is unclear; it may be a literal translation of a Hebrew idiom or a scribal corruption."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"ወጸብአ፡ ኢዩ፡ ወልደ፡ ዮሳፍጥ፡ ወልደ፡ ናሜስ፡ ለኢዮራም፡ ወኢዮራምሰ፡ ሀሎ፡ ውስተ፡ ሬማት፡ ዘገለዓድ፡ የዐቅብዎ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እስራኤል፡ እምነ፡ አዛሔል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ።\n\nወገብአ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኀበ፡ እስራኤል፡ ይትፈወስ፡ እምነ፡ ቍስሉ፡ ዘአቍሰልዎ፡ ሶርያ፡ አመ፡ ተቃተለ፡ ምስለ፡\nአዛሔል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኢዩ፡ ለእለ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ትክሉኑ፡ መጥዎ፡ ነፍስክሙ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ዑቁ፡ እንከ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘያመስጠክሙ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይወፅእ፡ እምነ፡ ሀገርክሙ፡ ኢይዜንውዎሙ፡ ለእስራኤል።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ሖረ፡ ኢዩ፡ ፍጡነ፡ ኀበ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወወረደ፡ ወኢዮራምሰ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ሀለወ፡ ውስተ፡ እስራኤል፡\nይትፌወስ፡ ንድፈቶ፡ ኀበ፡ ነደፍዎ፡ ሶርያ፡ አረማዊያን፡ በሬማት፡ አመ፡ ተቃተለ፡ ምስለ፡ አዛሔል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡\nእስመ፡ ጽኑዕ፡ ብእሲ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወኀያል፡ ውእቱ ፤ ወአካዝያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወረደ፡ ይርአዮ፡ ለኢዮራም።\n\nወዐርገ፡ ሰብአ፡ ዐይን፡ ውስተ፡ ማኅፈድ፡ ይርአዮሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወርእየ፡ ጸበሎሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ኢዩ፡ እንዘ፡ ይመጽኡ፡ ወይቤ፡ ናሁ፡ ጸበለ፡ እሬኢ፡ አንሰ ፤ ወይቤ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ይሖር፡ ፩ያሩጽ፡ ፈረሰ፡ ይትቀበሎሙ፡ ወይበሎሙ፡ ሰላም፡\nለክሙ።","english":"And Jehu, son of Jehoshaphat, son of Nimshi, went to Joram. And Joram was in Ramoth-Gilead; all Israel was guarding him from Hazael, king of Syria.\n\nAnd Joram, king of Israel, came to be healed from his wound which the Syrians had inflicted upon him when he fought with Hazael, king of Syria. And Jehu said to those who were with him, \"Do you truly think that I have brought my life with you? Rise up now, for there is none who will save you, and there is none who will go out from your land.\" And he incited Israel.\n\nThen Jehu went quickly to Israel, and he descended. And Joram, king of Israel, was in Israel being healed from his wound which the Aramean Syrians had inflicted upon him at Ramoth when he fought with Hazael, king of Syria, for he was a strong man and mighty. And Ahaziah, king of Judah, descended to see Joram.\n\nAnd a watchman climbed up into the tower to see Israel, and he saw the army of those of Jehu as they were coming. And he said, \"Behold, the army of the Hebrews! I am.\" And Joram said, \"Let one swift horse go to receive them and say to them, 'Peace to you.'","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዩ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez consistently writes the name of the Israelite king as 'Jehu' (ኢዩ), following the Hebrew form, not the Greek 'Iou' of the Septuagint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮራም","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Joram' (ኢዮራም) is used for the king of Israel, distinct from 'Jehoram' of Judah in other passages; the Geʿez spelling reflects the Hebrew consonantal root.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሬማት ዘገለዓድ","severity":"info","text":"Ramoth-Gilead (ሬማት ዘገለዓድ) is a key site in 1 Kings 22 and 2 Kings 8–9, where Ahab and later Joram fought the Arameans; the Geʿez preserves the toponym with the Hebrew 'Gilead'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አዛሔል","severity":"info","text":"Hazael (አዛሔል) was king of Syria (Aram-Damascus) in the 9th century BCE; his conflict with Israel is recorded in 2 Kings 8–13. The Geʿez follows the biblical narrative closely.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Then' (ወእምዝ) marks a narrative transition, moving from Jehu's incitement to his rapid journey to Israel, typical of the Ethiopic chronicle style.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እሬኢ","severity":"caution","text":"The watchman's exclamation 'Behold, the army of the Hebrews! I am' (ናሁ ጸበለ እሬኢ አንሰ) is grammatically awkward; the Geʿez may be corrupt or reflect a misreading of the Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The watchman's speech 'እሬኢ አንሰ' is unclear: it may mean 'I am a Hebrew' or be a textual corruption; the English draft interprets it as 'the army of the Hebrews! I am'.","The phrase 'ይሖር ፩ያሩጽ ፈረሰ' could be read as 'let one swift horse go' or 'let a horse go quickly'; the numeral ፩ (1) is unambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"ወሖረ፡ ፩አሮጸ፡ ፈረሰ፡ ወተቀበሎሙ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡ ይቤለክሙ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኢዩ፡ ምንተ፡ ብከ፡\nምስለ፡ ሰላም ፤ ግባእ፡ ድኅሬየ ፤ ወነገሮሙ፡ ዝኩ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዐይን፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ በጽሐ፡ ዘለአክሙ፡ ኀቤሆሙ፡ ወኢገብአ።\n\nወፈነወ፡ ካዕበ፡ ካልአ፡ ያሩጽ፡ ፈረሰ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ ኀቤሆሙ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ሰላምአ፡ ለክሙአ፡ ይቤ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወይቤሎ፡\nኢዩ፡ ምንተ፡ ብከ፡ ምስለ፡ ሰላም ፤ ግባእ፡ ድኅሬየ።\n\nወነገሮ፡ ዝኩ፡ ሰብአ፡ ዐይን፡ ወይቤሎ፡ በጽሐ፡ ዘለአክሙ፡ ኀቤሆሙ፡ ወኢተመይጠ ፤ መሪሐ፡ ይመርሖ፡ ለኢዩ፡ ወልደ፡\nናሜሴ፡ እስመ፡ ካልእት፡ ፍኖቶሙ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ንዑ፡ ንሖር፡ ወአሖሩ፡ ሰረገላቲሆሙ፡ ወወፅአ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወአካዝያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡\nይሁዳ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ በሰረገላቲሆሙ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ወተቀበልዎ፡ ለኢዩ፡ ወረከብዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ዐጸደ፡ ናቡቴ፡ እስራኤላዊ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ሰላም፡ ለኢዩ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ እንከ፡ ኢዩ፡ ምንተ፡ ብከ፡ ምስለ፡ ሰላም፡ አኮኑ፡ ዝሙታ፡ ለእምካ፡ ኢያዛቤል፡ ወሥራያቲሃ፡ በዝኀ።","english":"And he sent one runner on horseback, and he met them and said to them, “Peace be to you. The king says to you.” And Jehu said to him, “What have you to do with peace? Come behind me.” And he told them that man of the eye, and he said to them, “He has arrived for you to them, and he did not enter.”\n\nAnd he sent a second runner on horseback, and he arrived to them and said to them, “Peace be to you. The king says.” And Jehu said to him, “What have you to do with peace? Come behind me.”\n\nAnd he told him that man of the eye, and he said to him, “He has arrived for you to them, and he did not delay. A guide will guide Jehu, son of Nimshi, for their other path.”\n\nAnd Joram said, “Come, let us go.” And they went with their chariots. And Joram, king of Israel, and Ahaziah, king of Judah, both of them in their chariots, went, and they met Jehu, and they found him in the vineyard of Naboth the Israelite.\n\nAnd he said to him, “Peace to Jehu.” And Jehu said to him, “Indeed, Jehu, what have you to do with peace? Is it not the mourning for your mother Jezebel and her servants in abundance?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብእ ዐይን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'man of the eye' (ሰብእ ዐይን) likely refers to a scout or lookout, possibly a fixed epithet in this narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዐጸደ ናቡቴ","severity":"info","text":"The vineyard of Naboth the Israelite is a known location from 1 Kings 21, where Naboth was killed for his vineyard, setting the stage for Jehu's coup.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮራም ... አካዝያስ","severity":"info","text":"This passage parallels 2 Kings 9:14-17, where Joram of Israel and Ahaziah of Judah meet Jehu in Naboth's vineyard.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage repeats the pattern of sending a runner, a greeting, and Jehu's rebuke, emphasizing the ritualized confrontation before the assassination.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘለአክሙ ኀቤሆሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'He has arrived for you to them' is syntactically awkward; the Geʿez may reflect a textual corruption or a literal translation of a Semitic idiom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያዛቤል","severity":"info","text":"Jezebel is invoked as a figure of condemnation; her mention here ties Jehu's rebellion to the earlier prophetic denunciations in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'that man of the eye' is unclear; it may be a specific character or a generic scout.","The phrase 'He has arrived for you to them' is ambiguous in its referents."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"ወተመይጠ፡ ኢዮራም፡ ከመ፡ ይጕየይ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለአካዝ፡ ተጓሐለወነ፡ አካዝ።\n\nወወሰቀ፡ ወመሰከ፡ ቀስቶ፡ በኀይሉ፡ ወነደፎ፡ ለኢዮራም፡ ማእከለ፡ ተኬሳሁ፡ ወወፅአ፡ ሐጹ፡ እንተ፡ ውስተ፡ ልቡ፡\nወወድቀ፡ በብረኪሁ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኢዩ፡ ለበዴቃ፡ ወዓሊሁ፡ ግድፎ፡ ውስተ፡ ዐጸደ፡ ናቡቴ፡ እስራኤላዊ፡ እስመ፡ አነ፡ እዜከር፡ ወለሊከ፡\nታአምር፡ አመ፡ ንጼዐን፡ አእዱገ፡ ወንተልዎ፡ ለአካአብ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወአምጽአ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘይቤ ፤\n\nደሞ፡ ለናቡቴ፡ ወደመ፡ ደቂቁ፡ ርኢኩ፡ ትማልም፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወእትበቀሎ፡ በዝ፡ ዐጸድ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይእዜኒ፡ ንሥኦ፡ ወግድፎ፡ ውስተዝ፡ ዐጸድ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወሶበ፡ ርእየ፡ አካዝያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ጐየ፡ እንተ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ቤታን፡ ወተለዎ፡ ኢዩ፡ ወዴገኖ፡ ወይቤ፡ ኢየኀድጎ፡ ኪያሁኒ፡ ወቀተሎ፡ በውስተ፡ ሰረገላቲሁ፡ እንዘ፡ የዐርግ፡ መንገለ፡ ጋይ፡ አንተ፡ ኤብላሔም፡ ወእምህየ፡ ጐየ፡ ውስተ፡ መጌዶን፡ ወበህየ፡ ወፅአት፡ ነፍሱ።","english":"And Joram turned to flee, and he said to Ahaz, “You have betrayed us, Ahaz.”\n\nAnd he drew and bent his bow with his strength, and he shot Joram in the middle of his chest, and the arrow came out through his heart, and he fell on his knees.\n\nAnd Jehu said to Bidqah and his servant, “Throw him into the field of Naboth the Israelite, for I remember and you know that when we were young, we were orphans and we were raised with Ahab his father, and the Lord brought upon him what he said:\n\n‘The blood of Naboth and the blood of his children I have seen yesterday,’ said the Lord, ‘and I will avenge it in this field,’ said the Lord. ‘And now take him and throw him into this field, as the Lord said.’”\n\nAnd when Ahaziah, king of Judah, saw, he fled by the road to Bethan, and Jehu pursued him and overtook him, and Jehu said, “I will not let him go,” and he killed him in his chariot while he was going up toward the city of Gath. “You are Eberlahem.” And from there he fled to Megiddo, and there his soul departed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮራም","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢዮራም (Joram) corresponds to the Hebrew יְהוֹרָם (Yehoram), king of Israel. The English draft uses 'Joram' consistently.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ናቡቴ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Naboth's field and the blood vengeance echoes 1 Kings 21 (the vineyard of Naboth) and 2 Kings 9:26, where Jehu cites the prophecy of Elijah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አካዝ","severity":"info","text":"Ahaz (አካዝ) is here a character distinct from the king of Judah; the text may confuse or conflate names. The English draft retains 'Ahaz' as a proper name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሶበ ርእየ አካዝያስ","severity":"info","text":"The narrative shifts from Joram's death to Ahaziah's flight and death, following the biblical sequence (2 Kings 9:27-28). The Geʿez text compresses the account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አንተ ኤብላሔም","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'አንተ ኤብላሔም' ('You are Eberlahem') is obscure; it may be a corruption or a gloss. The English draft retains it without explanation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዩ","severity":"info","text":"Jehu's speech invoking Naboth's blood and the Lord's vengeance reflects the Ethiopic tradition's emphasis on divine justice, as seen in the Book of Kings' homiletic expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Ahaz' (አካዝ) is unclear; it may be a variant of Ahaziah or a separate figure.","The phrase 'አንተ ኤብላሔም' ('You are Eberlahem') is of uncertain meaning and may be a textual corruption.","The location 'Bethan' (ቤታን) is not clearly identified; it may be a variant of Beth-haggan (2 Kings 9:27)."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"ወጸዐንዎ፡ ደቁ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰረገላቲሁ፡ ወአእተውዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገረ፡\nዳዊት።\n\nወአመ፡ ፲ወ፩ክረምት፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮራም፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ነግሠ፡ አካዝያስ፡ ለይሁዳ።\n\nወሖረ፡ ኢዩ፡ ውስተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወሰምዐት፡ ኢያዛቤል፡ ወተኵሕለት፡ አዕይንቲሃ፡ ወተሠነየት፡ ወተፀፍረት፡ ርእሳ፡\nወሐወጸት፡ እንተ፡ ውስተ፡ መስኮት።\n\nወቦአ፡ ኢዩ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገር፡ ወትቤሎ፡ ስላም፡ ለዝንበሪ፡ ለቀታሌ፡ እግዚኡ።\n\nወአንሥአ፡ ገጾ፡ ወርእያ፡ ውስተ፡ መስኮት፡ ወይቤላ፡ መኑ፡ አንቲ፡ ረዲ፡ ዝየ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ሐወጹ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ኅጽዋን።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ አጽድፍዋ፡ ወአጽደፍዋ፡ ወተነዝኀ፡ ደማ፡ ኀበ፡ አረፍት፡ ወኀበ፡ አፍራስ፡ ወኬድዋ።\n\nወቦአ፡ ኢዩ፡ ወበልዐ፡ ወሰትየ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ይቤ፡ ሖሩ፡ ርእይዋ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ርግምት፡ ወቅብርዋ፡ እስመ፡ ወለተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ይእቲ።\n\nወሖሩ፡ ይቅብርዋ፡ ወኢረከቡ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ናላሃ፡ ወሰሎና፡ እገሪሃ፡ ወእራኃተ፡ እደዊሃ።","english":"And they stabbed him, and he fell into his chariot, and they brought him into Jerusalem, and they buried him in his tomb in the city of David.\n\nAnd in the eleventh year of the reign of Joram, king of Israel, Ahaziah reigned over Judah.\n\nAnd Jehu went into Israel, and Jezebel heard, and she painted her eyes, and she adorned herself, and she braided her head, and she looked out from the window.\n\nAnd Jehu entered the city, and she said to him, “Peace to you, Zimri, the slayer of his master.”\n\nAnd he raised his face and saw her at the window, and he said, “Who are you, my friend, here with me?” And then the two eunuchs threw her down.\n\nAnd he said to them, “Trample her,” and they trampled her, and blood flowed to the trough and to the horses, and they drank it.\n\nAnd Jehu entered and ate and drank, and then he said, “Go, see this accursed woman, and bury her, for she is a king’s daughter.”\n\nAnd they went to bury her, and they found nothing but the palm of her hand and the soles of her feet.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያዛቤል","severity":"info","text":"Jezebel, the Phoenician queen of Ahab, is here depicted in a dramatic scene of her death, which follows the biblical account (2 Kings 9:30–37) but with added details of her grooming and the consumption of her blood by horses.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ስላም ለዝንበሪ ለቀታሌ እግዚኡ","severity":"info","text":"Jezebel’s greeting to Jehu, “Peace to you, Zimri, the slayer of his master,” alludes to the earlier usurper Zimri (1 Kings 16:9–20), taunting Jehu as a regicide.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዩ","severity":"info","text":"Jehu’s campaign against the house of Omri, including the killing of Joram and Ahaziah, is part of the biblical narrative of the northern kingdom’s dynastic purge, here adapted in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the death of Joram (previous passage) to the reign of Ahaziah, then to Jehu’s encounter with Jezebel, marking a new narrative episode with a chronological note (eleventh year of Joram).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኬድዋ","severity":"info","text":"The detail that horses drank Jezebel’s blood is not in the Masoretic text (2 Kings 9:33) but appears in some Ethiopic and later Christian traditions, possibly emphasizing her ignominious end.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢረከቡ ዘእንበለ ናላሃ ወሰሎና እገሪሃ ወእራኃተ እደዊሃ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase “they found nothing but the palm of her hand and the soles of her feet” is ambiguous: it may mean only these body parts remained after trampling, or that they were the only recognizable parts; the text does not specify the fate of the rest.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase “ኢረከቡ ዘእንበለ ናላሃ ወሰሎና እገሪሃ ወእራኃተ እደዊሃ” could be interpreted as either the only remains or the only identifiable parts; the text does not clarify.","The chronological note “፲ወ፩ክረምት” (eleventh year) may refer to Joram’s reign or to a different reckoning; the Geʿez is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"ወገብኡ፡ ወነገርዎ፡ ወይቤ፡ ዝክቱ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘነበለ፡ በእደ፡ ኤልያስ፡ ትስብያዊ፡ ወይቤ፡ በውስተ፡\nዐጸደ፡ እስራኤል፡ ይበልዕዋ፡ ከለባት፡ ለኤልዛቤል ፤\n\n[ወይከውን፡ በድና፡ ለኤልዛቤል፡] ከመ፡ መሬት፡ ውስተ፡ ገጸ፡ ገዳም፡ በደወለ፡ እስራኤል፡ ከመ፡ ኢይበልዋ፡ እንከ፡ ኢያዜቤል።\n\nIV Regum 10\n\n10\nወቦቱ፡ አካአብ፡ ፸ደቂቀ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወጸሐፈ፡ [ኢዩ፡] መጽሐፈ፡ ወፈነወ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ኀበ፡ መላእክተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወኀበ፡ ሊቃናት፡ ወኀበ፡ ሐፀንቶሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ አካአብ፡ ወጸሐፈ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል ፤\n\nይእዜኒአ፡ እምከመ፡ በጽሐት፡ ዛቲአ፡ መጽሐፍአ፡ ኀቤክሙ፡ ናሁ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ደቂቁ፡ ለእግዚእክሙ፡ ኀቤክሙ፡ ወአፍራሲሁኒ፡ ኀቤክሙ፡ ወሰረገላቲሁኒ፡ ወአህጉሪሁኒ፡ ጽኑዓት፡ ወንዋየ፡ ሐቅሉኒ።\n\nወርእዩ፡ ለክሙ፡ ዘይኄይስ፡ ዘትፈቅዱ፡ እምውስተ፡ ደቁ፡ ለእግዚእክሙ፡ አንብርዎ፡ ላዕለ፡ መንበረ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወተቃተሉአ፡ ለቤተ፡ እግዚእክሙአ።","english":"And they found him, and they told him, and he said, \"This is the word of the Lord which was in the hand of Elijah the Tishbite.\" And he said, \"In the field of Israel, the dogs will devour Jezebel.\n\n[And the corpse of Jezebel will be] like the earth upon the face of the wilderness, in the valley of Israel, so that they will not devour her, nor will they anoint her.\"\n\nIV Kings 10\n\n10\nAnd Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria, and he wrote [them] a letter, and he sent it into Samaria to the messengers of Samaria and to the elders and to the guardians of the sons of Ahab, and he wrote, saying:\n\n\"Now, when this letter reaches you, the sons of your lord are with you, and his horses are with you, and his chariots are with you, and his cities are strong, and the produce of the field is abundant.\n\nAnd see for yourselves who is worthy, whom you desire from among the sons of your lord; set him upon the throne of his father, and fight for the house of your lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልዛቤል","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኤልዛቤል (ʾElzabēl) corresponds to the Hebrew אִיזֶבֶל (Jezebel). The spelling with ዛ (z) instead of ዘ (z) is consistent in this manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዝክቱ ቃለ እግዚአብሔር ዘነበለ በእደ ኤልያስ ትስብያዊ","severity":"info","text":"This phrase echoes 1 Kings 21:19 (LXX), where Elijah prophesies that dogs will lick Jezebel’s blood. The Geʿez text explicitly attributes the prophecy to Elijah the Tishbite.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"፸ደቂቀ","severity":"info","text":"The number 70 (፸) for Ahab’s sons is traditional (cf. 2 Kings 10:1–6). The Geʿez text follows the LXX tradition, which also gives 70 sons.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 10","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided by a Latin chapter heading 'IV Regum 10' and a Geʿez numeral ፲ (10), marking the start of a new chapter in the Ethiopic division of Kings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዩ","severity":"caution","text":"The word ኢዩ (ʾuyu) is bracketed in the edition, indicating a textual uncertainty. It may be a scribal insertion or a variant of ኢይ (ʾuy, 'they').","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተቃተሉአ ለቤተ እግዚእክሙአ","severity":"info","text":"The call to 'fight for the house of your lord' reflects the Ethiopic tradition’s emphasis on loyalty to the Davidic line, a theme recurrent in the Kings narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The bracketed phrase ኢዩ in the letter may be a scribal error or a variant; the translation treats it as 'them' (referring to the sons).","The phrase 'the corpse of Jezebel will be like the earth' is partially bracketed in the Geʿez, suggesting possible textual corruption or interpolation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"ወፈርሁ፡ ፈድፋደ፡ ወይቤሉ፡ ዘ፪ነገሥት፡ ስእኑ፡ ቀዊመ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ እፎ፡ እንከ፡ ንሕነ፡ ንክል፡ ቀዊመ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ።\n\nወለአኩ፡ መገብተ፡ ቤቱ፡ ወመገብተ፡ ሀገር፡ ወሊቃናት፡ ወሐፀንቶሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ኢዩ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብሉ፡ ንሕነሰአ፡\nአግብርቲከአ፡ ንሕነ፡ ወዘአዘዝከነ፡ ንገብር፡ ወአልቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘናነግሥ ፤ ዘትፈቅድአ፡ ግበርአ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ጸሐፈ፡ ሎሙ፡ ኢዩ፡ ካልእተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ እመሰኬአ፡ እሊአየአ፡ አንትሙ፡ ትሰምዑኒ፡ ቃልየ፡\nምትሩ፡ አርእስቲሆሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ እግዚእክሙ፡ ወፈንዉ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ውስተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ጌሠምአ፡ ዘጊዜ ፤ ወደቂቀ፡ ንጉሥ፡\n፸ዕደው፡ እሙንቱ፡ ጽኑዓነ፡ ሀገር።\n\nወሶበ፡ በጽሐት፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ኀቤሆሙ፡ ነሥእዎሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወረገዝዎሙ፡ ፸ዕደው፡ ወሰቀሉ፡ አርእስቲሆሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ዕፀወ፡ ቀርጣልስ፡ ወፈነውዎሙ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ውስተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወበጽሐ፡ ሐዋርያሁ፡ ወነገሮ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ አምጻእኩ፡ አርእስቲሆሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወጥኅዎሙ፡\nምክዕቢተ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ኀበ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ሀገር።","english":"And they feared, one after another, and they said, \"The Two Kings, his servant, stood before his face. How then shall we stand before his face?\"\n\nAnd they said to him, \"The magnates of his house and the magnates of the country and the nobles and their protectors, where are they?\" while they said, \"We are your servants, we, and what you have commanded us, we will do. And there is no man whom we serve. What you desire, do.\"\n\nAnd then Jehu wrote them a second letter, saying, \"If you are to me, you will hear my word. Cut off the heads of the sons of your lord, and send them to me within Israel, to Jezreel at this time. And the sons of the king, seventy-two of them, are the strong ones of the country.\"\n\nAnd when the letter reached them, they took the sons of the king and killed the seventy-two of them, and they hung their heads on the trees of the fortress, and they sent them to him within Israel.\n\nAnd his messenger arrived and told him, and he said to him, \"I have brought the heads of the sons of the king.\" And the king said to him, \"Put them in the basket of the city gate in the morning.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዩ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez name ኢዩ (ʿUyu) corresponds to the Hebrew king Jehu. The spelling reflects the Ethiopic rendering of the biblical name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘ፪ነገሥት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'The Two Kings' (ዘ፪ነገሥት) likely refers to the biblical book of 2 Kings (4 Kings in the Ethiopic tradition), indicating the source of the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"፸ዕደው","severity":"info","text":"The number seventy-two (፸ዕደው) for the sons of the king aligns with the biblical account in 2 Kings 10, where Jehu kills seventy of Ahab's sons, though the Ethiopic text specifies seventy-two.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Jehu's purge, following the previous passage's prophecy about Jezebel. The sequence of letters and executions is a structural unit within the larger story.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ጌሠምአ","severity":"caution","text":"The place name ጌሠምአ (Geshama) is rendered as 'Jezreel' in the English draft. The identification is plausible but not certain; the Geʿez form may reflect a variant tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the Two Kings' (ዘ፪ነገሥት) as a book title or a reference to two rulers is ambiguous; the reading as a book title is adopted.","The place name ጌሠምአ (Geshama) may correspond to Jezreel or another location; the translation follows the biblical parallel."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"ወሶበ፡ ጸብሐ፡ ወጽአ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኀበ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ሀገር፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ድኅንክሙ፡ አንትሙ፡ ናሁ፡ አነ፡ ዐለውኩ፡ ቤተ፡ አጋእዝትየ፡ ወቀተልክዎሙ መኑ፡ ቀተሎሙ፡ እንከ፡ ለእሉ፡ ኵሎሙ።\n\nናሁ፡ ርእይዎ፡ በእፎ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይወድቅ፡ እምነ፡ ቃሉ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ዘነበበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ አካአብ፡ በውስተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወገብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘነበበ፡ በእደ፡ ገብሩ፡ ኤልያስ።\n\nወቀተሎሙ፡ ኢዩ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቤቱ፡ ለአካአብ፡ እለ፡ ተርፉ፡ ውስተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወለኵሎሙ፡ ጽኑዓኒሁ፡ ወለኵሉ፡ ማኅፈሩ፡ ወለኵሉ፡ ካህናቲሁ፡ ወኢያትረፈ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ወኢ፩።\n\nወተንሥአ፡ ወሖረ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ ቤተ፡ ቃት፡ ኀበ፡ ኖሎት፡ እለ፡ ውስተ፡ ፍኖት።\n\nወረከቦሙ፡ ኢዩ፡ ለአኀዊሁ፡ ለአካዝያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ መኑ፡ አንትሙ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ አኀዊሁ፡ ለአካዝያስ፡\nንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ንሕነ፡ ወወረድነ፡ ንዜንዎሙ፡ ዳኅናሆሙ፡ ለዶቂቀ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወለደቂቀ፡ ኀያላኑ።","english":"And when it was morning, the king went out to the gate of the city and said to all the people, \"You are saved. Behold, I have gone up to the house of my lords and killed them. Who killed them? Behold, these all.\"\n\nBehold, see how the word of the Lord does not fall to the ground, which the Lord had decreed against the house of Ahab in Israel, and the Lord accomplished all that he had decreed through the hand of his servant Elijah.\n\nAnd he killed all the men of the house of Ahab who remained in Israel, and all his strong ones, and all his counselors, and all his priests, and he left not one of them.\n\nAnd he arose and went to Samaria, and arrived at the house of the gate, to the nobles who were on the road.\n\nAnd he found them, the brothers of Ahaziah, king of Judah, and said to them, \"Who are you?\" And they said to him, \"We are the brothers of Ahaziah, king of Judah, and we have come down to greet them, to greet the sons of the king and the sons of the nobles.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The king claims to have killed the lords of the house of Ahab, fulfilling a divine decree.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይወድቅ እምነ ቃሉ ለእግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the word of the Lord does not fall to the ground' echoes prophetic language found in 1 Kings 22 and 2 Kings 9, emphasizing divine fulfillment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The narrative follows the biblical account of Jehu's purge of the house of Ahab and the killing of Ahaziah's brothers, as in 2 Kings 10.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አንቀጸ ሀገር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'gate of the city' (አንቀጸ ሀገር) is a standard Geʿez term for a city gate, often a site of public proclamation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from direct speech to a theological commentary, then back to narrative action, marking a distinct structural unit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text's 'ኢዩ' (ʿuyu) is ambiguous: it may be a particle of emphasis or a verb form; the translation 'Behold' is interpretive.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the king' is not explicitly named in this passage, but context from the broader work (Kings 4) suggests Jehu.","The phrase 'ኢዩ' (ʿuyu) could be read as an interjection or a verb, affecting the rhetorical force."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"ወአዘዘ፡ የአኀዝዎሙ፡ ሕያዋኒሆሙ፡ ወረገዝዎሙ፡ በቤተ፡ ቃት፡ ፵ወ፪ዕደው፡ እሙንቱ፡ ወኢያትረፈ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ወኢ፩ብእሌ\n።\n\nወሖረ፡ እምህየ፡ ወረከቦ፡ ለኢዮናዳብ፡ ወልደ፡ ሬካብ፡ በፍኖት፡ ተቀበሎ፡ ወባረኮ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኢዩ፡ ርቱዕኑ፡ ልብከ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ከመ፡ ርቱዕ፡ ልብየ፡ ምስሌከ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኢዮናዳብ፡ እወ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኢዩ፡ እመሰኬ፡ አማንከ፡ መጥወኒ፡\nእዴከ፡ ወመጠዎ፡ እዴሁ፡ ወአዕረጎ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰረገላሁ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ነዓ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ወትሬኢ፡ ዘከመ፡ እቀንእ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ጻባኦት፡ ወአጽዐኖ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰረገላሁ።\n\nወቦአ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወቀተለ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘተረፈ፡ ሰብኡ፡ ለአካአብ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ እስከ፡ ደምሰሶሙ፡ በከመ፡ ቃለ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘይቤሎ፡ ለኤልያስ።\n\nወወሐኮሙ፡ ኢዩ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ አካአብሰ፡ ውኁደ፡ ተቀንየ፡ ለበዓል፡ ወኢዩስ፡ ብዙኀ፡ ይትቀነይ፡ ሎቱ\n።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ ጸውዑ፡ [ሊተ፡] ኵሎ፡ ነቢያቲሁ፡ ለበዓል፡ ወኵሎ፡ አግብርቲሁ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ማርያቶ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘተኀድጉ፡\nእስመ፡ ዐቢይ፡ መሥዋዕቱ፡ ለበዓል፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘኢመጽአ፡ ይመውት ፤ ወኢዩሰ፡ ተመየኖሙ፡ ከመ፡ ይቅትሎሙ፡ ለኵሉ፡ አግብርተ፡ በዓል።","english":"He commanded that they be taken alive, and he had them bound in the house of the gate, forty-two men, and not one of them escaped, nor a single person.\n\nAnd he went from there and found Jehonadab son of Rechab on the road; he received him and blessed him and said to him, “Is your heart steadfast with me as my heart is steadfast with you?” And Jehonadab said, “Yes.” And he said to him, “If so, you have believed me, stretch out your hand to me.” And he stretched out his hand to him, and he raised him up to him into his chariot.\n\nAnd he said to him, “Come with me, and see how I am zealous for the Lord of Hosts.” And he took him with him into his chariot.\n\nAnd he entered Samaria and killed all the remnant of the people of Ahab who were in Samaria, until he had destroyed them, according to the word of the Lord which he had spoken to Elijah.\n\nAnd he, Jehu, smote all the people and said to them, “Ahab indeed was zealous for Baal, but I am not; I am more zealous for him than he.”\n\nAnd now, summon to me all the prophets of Baal and all his servants and all his priests, and let there be none who are left out, for the sacrifice of Baal is great, and all who come shall die; and I have appointed them that I may kill all the servants of Baal.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮናዳብ፡ ወልደ፡ ሬካብ፡","severity":"info","text":"Jehonadab son of Rechab is a biblical figure (2 Kings 10:15–23) associated with the Rechabite ascetic movement. His inclusion here underscores the narrative's alignment with the biblical account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘይቤሎ፡ ለኤልያስ።","severity":"info","text":"This phrase echoes the divine prophecy against Ahab's house, as in 1 Kings 21:29 and 2 Kings 9:7–10. The Geʿez text explicitly links Jehu's purge to the word of the Lord spoken to Elijah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በዓል፡","severity":"info","text":"Baal worship, condemned in the Hebrew Bible, is central to Jehu's reform. The Geʿez text amplifies the polemic, portraying Jehu as more zealous than Ahab, reflecting the Ethiopic tradition's anti-polytheistic stance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢዩስ፡ ተመየኖሙ፡ ከመ፡ ይቅትሎሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I have appointed them that I may kill them' introduces a chiastic structure: Jehu's command to summon Baal's servants mirrors the earlier slaughter of Ahab's remnant, reinforcing the theme of total eradication.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰማርያ፡","severity":"info","text":"Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom, is a site of divine judgment in Ethiopic exegesis. This passage likely informed later homilies on the fate of idolatrous rulers, as seen in the dossier of Ethiopic anonymous works.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፵ወ፪ዕደው፡","severity":"caution","text":"The number 'forty-two' (፵ወ፪) is textually secure but may reflect a scribal variant; the Masoretic Text (2 Kings 10:14) records seventy sons of Ahab. The discrepancy suggests a different source tradition or intentional alteration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'forty-two men' are Ahab's sons or other kin, unlike the biblical account. The reading taken follows the English draft's interpretation as 'men'.","The phrase 'ኢዩስ፡ ብዙኀ፡ ይትቀነይ፡ ሎቱ' is ambiguous: it could mean 'I am more zealous for him' (Baal) or 'I am more zealous than he' (Ahab). The English draft adopts the latter, but the Geʿez allows both."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኢዩ፡ አንጽሑ፡ መሥዋዕተክሙ፡ ለበዓል፡ ወሰበኩ፡ ሎሙ።\n\nወለአከ፡ ኢዩ፡ ውሰተ፡ ኵሉ፡ በሓውርተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወመጽኡ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ አግብርተ፡ በዓል፡ ወኵሎሙ፡ ነቢያቲሁ፡\nወኢተኅደገ፡ ወኢ፩እምውስቴቶሙ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘኢመጽአ፡ ወቦኡ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ቤተ፡ በዓል፡ ወመልእዎ፡ ለቤተ፡ በዓል፡ ኵለንታሁ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኢዩ፡ ለመጋቤ፡ ቤተ፡ መስተዓድ፡ አውጽእ፡ አልባሰ፡ ለኵሉ፡ አግብርተ፡ በዓል፡ ወአውፅአ፡ ሎሙ፡ ዘይዔርዘሙ\n።\n\nወቦኡ፡ ኢዩ፡ ወኢዩናዳብ፡ ወልዴ፡ ሬካብ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ በዓል፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ለአግብርተ፡ በዓል፡ ተፋቀዱ፡ ወአእምሩ፡ እመበ፡ ውስቴትክሙ፡ እምነ፡ አግብርተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ባሕቲትክሙ፡ አንትሙ፡ ዳእሙ፡ አግብርተ፡ በዓል፡\nወመሥዋዕትክሙ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘየሀሉ፡ ዝየ።\n\nወአዘዘ፡ ኢዩ፡ ፹ብእሴ፡ ይቁሙ፡ አፍአ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ፩ብእሲ፡ እመቦ፡ ዘአምሠጠክሙ፡ እምእሉ፡ ዕደው፡ እለ፡ ኣወፅእ፡ ኀቤክሙ፡ አነ፡ ነፍስክሙ፡ ትመውት፡ ህየንተ፡ ነፍሱ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ዘአምሠጠክሙ።","english":"And he said to them, \"Go, purify your sacrifice for Baal, and they went.\n\nAnd after that, he went throughout all the highways of Israel, and all the servants of Baal and all his prophets came. And not one man among them remained who did not come, and they burned all the house of Baal and filled the house of Baal with all its contents.\n\nAnd Jehu said to the keeper of the house of the treasury, \"Bring out garments for all the servants of Baal,\" and he brought out for them what would cover them.\n\nAnd Jehu and Jehonadab son of Rechab entered the house of Baal, and he said to the servants of Baal, \"Be divided and know which among you are servants of the Lord apart from yourselves; you alone are servants of Baal, and your sacrifice is not here.\"\n\nAnd Jehu commanded eighty men to stand at the door, and he said to them, \"If one man among you escapes from these swords which I have brought against you, I myself will die in place of the one who escaped.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"በዓል","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term በዓል (Baʿal) is used throughout for the Canaanite deity, reflecting the biblical narrative's polemic against non-Yahwistic cults.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዩ ወኢዩናዳብ ወልዴ ሬካብ","severity":"info","text":"Jehu and Jehonadab son of Rechab appear together, echoing 2 Kings 10:15-23, where Jehonadab supports Jehu's purge of Baal worship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መጋቤ ቤተ መስተዓድ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'keeper of the house of the treasury' (መጋቤ ቤተ መስተዓድ) reflects a temple administrative role, likely adapted from the Hebrew Bible's temple context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Jehu's campaign against Baal worship, with a sequence of commands, assembly, and execution, typical of biblical historical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፹ብእሴ","severity":"caution","text":"The number 'eighty men' (፹ብእሴ) is a specific detail; the Geʿez text may reflect a textual variant or scribal addition, as the Masoretic Text (2 Kings 10:22) does not specify a number.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'fill the house of Baal with all its contents' is ambiguous: it may mean they filled it with cultic objects or with combustible material for burning.","The identity of the 'keeper of the house of the treasury' is not specified further in the Geʿez text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"ወእምዝ፡ ሶበ፡ አኅለቁ፡ ገቢረ፡ መሥዋዕት፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኢዩ፡ ለወዓሊሁ፡ ወለሐራሁ፡ ባኡ፡ ወቅትልዎሙ፡ ወአልበ፡\nዘያመሥጠክሙ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ወቀተልዎሙ፡ በኀጺን፡ ወገደፍዎሙ፡ ወዓሊሁ፡ ወሐራሁ፡ ወቦኡ፡ ሀገረ።\n\nወአውዐዩ፡ ቤተ፡ በዓል፡ ወኵሎ፡ ንዋዮ፡ ወኵሎ፡ አልባሲሁ።\n\nወአውደቁ፡ ኵሎ፡ አምሳሊሁ፡ ለበዓል።\n\nወእማሰኖ፡ ኢዩ፡ ለበዓል፡ ይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ እምነ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ኢዩ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ኢየኀድጎሙ፡ ኢዩ፡ እምቅድሜሆሙ፡\nለእልክቱ፡ እጐልት፡ እለ፡ ወርቅ፡ አሐቲ፡ እንተ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤቴል፡ ወአሐቲ፡ እንተ፡ ውስተ፡ ዳን።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዩ፡ እስመ፡ አሠነይከ፡ ገቢረ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘኀለይኩ፡ በልብየ፡ ገበርከ፡\nላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ አካአብ፡ እስከ፡ ራብዕ፡ ትውልድከ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ላዕለ፡ መንበረ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወኢተዐቀበ፡ ኢዩ፡ ከመ፡ ይሖር፡ በሕገ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡ እስራኤል፡ በኵሉ፡ ልቡ ፤ ኢኀደገ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡\nለኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል።","english":"And after that, when they had finished making the sacrifice, he said to them, \"Go to Baal's servants and his prophets, and kill them, and let none of them escape you.\" And they killed them with the sword and cast them out, both the servants and the prophets, and they burned the city.\n\nAnd they burned the house of Baal and all its vessels and all its garments.\n\nAnd they destroyed all the images of Baal.\n\nAnd from then on, they went to Baal, that is, the remnant of Israel.\n\nAnd only the sin of Jeroboam son of Nebat, who had caused Israel to sin, remained; they did not abandon it from before them, those two golden calves, one in Bethel and one in Dan.\n\nAnd the Lord said to him, \"Because you have done well before my eyes and have done all that I had in my heart against the house of Ahab, until the fourth generation your descendants shall sit upon the throne of Israel.\"\n\nAnd he followed after that, to walk in the law of the Lord, the God of Israel, with all his heart; he abandoned the sin of Jeroboam son of Nebat, which had caused Israel to sin.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዩ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢዩ (ʾu-yu) is a form of the verb 'to go' (ኢየ), here in the imperative plural. The English draft renders it as 'Go'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮርብዓም ወልደ ናባጥ","severity":"info","text":"Jeroboam son of Nebat is the biblical figure who led the northern kingdom of Israel into idolatry with the golden calves (1 Kings 12:28–30). The reference here echoes the sin of Jeroboam as a recurring theme in Kings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እጐልት እለ ወርቅ","severity":"info","text":"The 'two golden calves' (እጐልት እለ ወርቅ) refer to the cultic objects set up by Jeroboam at Bethel and Dan, as described in 1 Kings 12:28–30. Their mention here underscores the incomplete eradication of idolatry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with ወእምዝ ('And after that'), a common narrative connective in Geʿez, linking this episode to the preceding purification of Baal's house.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየኀድጎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they did not abandon' (ኢየኀድጎሙ) regarding the golden calves reflects a later Ethiopic concern with the persistence of idolatrous practices, possibly alluding to contemporary debates about syncretism.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢተዐቀበ ኢዩ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ወኢተዐቀበ ኢዩ ('And he followed after that') is ambiguous: it could mean Jehu subsequently obeyed the law, or that he continued in his previous actions. The English draft takes the former reading, but the Geʿez allows both.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወኢተዐቀበ ኢዩ' is ambiguous: it may indicate Jehu's subsequent obedience or his continuation in prior actions. The English draft adopts the former interpretation.","The identity of 'the remnant of Israel' (እምነ እስራኤል) is unclear: it could refer to those who survived the purge or to the remaining population of the northern kingdom."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"ወይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ አኀዘ፡ ይቅትሎሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወቀተሎሙ፡ አዛሔል፡ በውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ በሓውርቲሆሙ፡\nለእስራኤል ፤\n\nእምጽባሐ፡ ዮርዳኖስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ብሔረ፡ ገለአድ፡ ዘጋድ፡ ወዘሮቤል፡ ወዘምናሴ፡ እምአሮኤር፡ እንተ፡ ውስተ፡ ከንፈረ፡\nአርኖን፡ ዘገለአድ፡ ወባሳን።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለኢዩ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ኀይሉ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘቀተለ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡\nመጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወሰከበ፡ ኢዩ፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ወተቀብረ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወነግሠ፡ ኢዮአካስ፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።\n\nወ፳ወ፰ክራማተ፡ ነግሠ፡ ኢዩ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ በሰማርያ።\n\nIV Regum 11\n\n11\nወጎቶልያ፡ እሙ፡ ለአካዝያስ፡ ሶበ፡ ርእየት፡ ከመ፡ ሞተ፡ ወልዳ፡ ወጠፍአ፡ ዘመደ፡ መንግሥት ፤\n\nነሥአ[ቶ]፡ ኢዮሰቡሔ፡ ወለተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ [ኢዮራም፡ እኅቱ፡ ለአካዝያስ፡ ለኢዮአስ፡ ወልደ፡ አካዝያስ፡] ሰረቀቶ፡\nእማእከለ፡ ደቀቀ፡ ንጉሥ፡ እለ፡ ቀተሉ፡ ወለሐፃኒቱ፡ ወኀብአቶ፡ ውሳጢተ፡ ጽርሕ፡ እምጎቶልያ፡ ወኢቀተለቶ።","english":"And when he had finished, the Lord began to kill Israel, and Hazael killed them throughout all their roads of Israel.\n\nFrom the morning of the Jordan and all the land of Gilead, of Gad and of Reuben and of Manasseh, from Aroer which is on the bank of the Arnon, of Gilead and Bashan.\n\nAnd all of them told Jehu, and all that he did, and all his army, and all that he killed—this is what is written in the book of their prophets of the kings of Israel.\n\nAnd Jehu slept with his fathers and was buried in Samaria, and Jehoahaz his son reigned after him.\n\nAnd the years of the reign of Jehu over Israel in Samaria were 28.\n\n4 Kings 11\n\n11\nAnd Athaliah, the mother of Ahaziah, when she saw that her son had died, she destroyed the royal lineage.\n\nJehosheba, the daughter of the king [Jehoram, the sister of Ahaziah, for Jehoash the son of Ahaziah], took him; she stole him from among the king's servants who were killed, and from his nurses, and hid him inside the bedchamber from Athaliah, and she did not kill him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The first sentence is syntactically ambiguous: 'the Lord began to kill Israel' is a theologically charged reading; the Geʿez could also mean 'the Lord began to kill the Israelites' or 'the Lord began to kill for Israel.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አዛሔል","severity":"info","text":"Hazael is the Aramean king who, according to 2 Kings 8–13, fought against Israel. The text here attributes killings to him, consistent with biblical accounts of his campaigns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The geographical list (Jordan, Gilead, Gad, Reuben, Manasseh, Aroer, Arnon, Bashan) describes the Transjordanian territories that were contested between Israel and Aram, matching the setting of Hazael's incursions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'book of their prophets of the kings of Israel' likely refers to the biblical books of Kings or a prophetic source, echoing the Chronicler's use of 'book of the kings of Israel' (cf. 1 Chr 9:1).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The note that Jehu reigned 28 years in Samaria matches the biblical account (2 Kings 10:35–36), though some manuscripts give 27 years; the Ethiopic tradition here follows the longer figure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage transitions from a summary of Jehu's reign to the narrative of Athaliah, marked by the chapter heading '4 Kings 11' and the Coptic cue '11' in the Geʿez, indicating a new section.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'the Lord began to kill Israel' could be read as divine agency or as a passive construction; the Geʿez allows both.","The list of territories may be a gloss or a later addition; its exact source is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"ወኀብአቶ፡ ፮ዓመተ፡ ወጎቶልያ፡ ለሊሃ፡ ነግሠት፡ ለብሔር፡ ፮ዓመተ።\n\nወአመ፡ ሳብዕ፡ ዓም፡ ለአከ፡ ዮዳሔ፡ ወአምጽኦሙ፡ ለመሳፍንት፡ ለኮሪ፡ ወለራሲን፡ ወአብኦሙ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ወተካየዶሙ፡ ኪዳነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአምሐሎሙ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአርአዮሙ፡ ዮዳሔ፡ ወልደ፡ ንጉሥ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ከመዝ፡ ግበሩ ፤ ሣልስተ፡ እዴክሙ፡ ባኡ፡ በዕለተ፡ ሰንበት፡ ወዕቀቡ፡ ቤተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወንበሩ፡ ውስተ፡\nአንቀጽ ፤\n\nወሣልስተ፡ እዴክሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ስፍሐተ፡ ፍናዌ፡ ንበሩ፡ መንገለ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ዘዐውደ፡ ድኅሬሆሙ፡ ለወዐልተ፡ ንጉሥ፡\nወዕቀቡ፡ ወአጽንዑ፡ ቤተ።\n\nወ፪እድ፡ እምውስቴትክሙ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ዘይወጽእ፡ በዕለተ፡ ሰንበት፡ ወዕቀቡ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ሀለወ።\n\nወዕግትዎ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ትጸውሩ፡ ንዋየ፡ ሐቅልክሙ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘቦአ፡ ውስተ፡ አዴሮታ፡ ቅትሉ፡ ወእለኒ፡ ምስለ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ይበውኡ፡ ወይወፅኡ።\n\nወገብሩ፡ መሳፍንት፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘአዘዞሙ፡ ዮዳሔ፡ ጠቢብ፡ ወነሥኡ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ሰብኦሙ፡ ወአስተጋብኡ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ቦኡ፡\nበዕለተ፡ ሰንበት፡ ወሖሩ፡ ኀበ፡ ዮዳሔ፡ ካህን።","english":"And he gave her six years, and Athaliah reigned over the land for six years.\n\nAnd in the seventh year, Jehoiada the priest brought out the commanders of the hundreds and the captains, and brought them to him into the house of the Lord, and they made a covenant of the Lord, and he made them swear before the Lord, and showed them Jehoiada, the son of the king.\n\nAnd he said to them, \"Do thus: let a third of your hands be on guard on the Sabbath day, and guard the king's house, and stay in the inner court.\n\nAnd let a third of your hands be in the courtyard of the gate, staying on the side of the inner court, which is behind the queen, and guard and strengthen the house.\n\nAnd let two hands from among you be for everyone who goes out on the Sabbath day, and guard the house of the Lord where the king is.\n\nAnd all of you, shut in the king while you plunder the property of his field and everything that is within his courts, kill, and those who are with the king, they shall enter and go out.\"\n\nAnd the commanders did everything that Jehoiada the wise had commanded them, and they took all their people, and gathered all those who were on guard on the Sabbath day, and went to Jehoiada the priest.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮዳሔ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Yodāḥe' (ዮዳሔ) is the Geʿez form of Jehoiada, the high priest who orchestrates the coup against Athaliah. The same figure appears in 2 Kings 11 as Jehoiada the priest.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሣልስተ እዴክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'šālləstə ʾəddēkəmu' (ሣልስተ እዴክሙ) literally 'a third of your hands' is a military idiom meaning 'a third of your forces' or 'a third of your men.' The same construction recurs with 'two hands' (፪እድ) for 'two thirds.'","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኀብአቶ ፮ዓመተ ወጎቶልያ ለሊሃ ነግሠት ለብሔር ፮ዓመተ","severity":"info","text":"The six-year reign of Athaliah (ጎቶልያ) corresponds to 2 Kings 11:3, where she rules for six years after the death of Ahaziah. The Geʿez text closely follows the biblical chronology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአምሐሎሙ በቅድመ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The covenant (ኪዳነ) and oath (አምሐሎሙ) before the Lord reflect the biblical account in 2 Kings 11:4, where Jehoiada makes the commanders swear loyalty to the young king Joash. The Geʿez text emphasizes the religious solemnity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሣልስተ እዴክሙ ... ወ፪እድ እምውስቴትክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a tripartite military order: one third guards the king's house, one third the gate, and two thirds handle those leaving the temple. This division is unique to the Geʿez version and not found in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዕግትዎ ለንጉሥ ኵልክሙ እንዘ ትጸውሩ ንዋየ ሐቅልክሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'shut in the king while you plunder the property of his field' is ambiguous: it may mean to confine the king (Joash) for protection, or to trap the usurper (Athaliah). The English draft takes it as the former, but the Geʿez could support either reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the king' in the final command is ambiguous: it could refer to the young Joash (to be protected) or to Athaliah (to be trapped). The Geʿez does not specify.","The phrase 'ወእለኒ ምስለ ንጉሥ ይበውኡ ወይወፅኡ' ('those who are with the king, they shall enter and go out') is unclear: it may mean that supporters of the king may come and go freely, or that they are to be allowed to enter and leave the temple precincts."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"ወወሀቦሙ፡ ዮዳሔ፡ ለመሳፍንት፡ አርማሒሁ፡ ለዳዊት፡ ወንዋየ፡ ሐቅሉ፡ ዘሀሎ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወቆሙ፡ ወዓሊሁ፡ ምስለ፡ ንዋየ፡ ሐቅሎሙ፡ መንገለ፡ የማነ፡ ቤት፡ እስከ፡ መንገለ፡ ፀጋመ፡ ቤት፡ ዘምሥዋዕ፡\nወዐገትዎ፡ ለንጉሥ።\n\nወአውፅእዎ፡ ለወልደ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወአልበሶ፡ ልብሰ፡ ኢያዜር፡ ዘስምዕ፡ ወአንገሦ፡ ወቀብኦ፡ ወጠፍሑ፡ እደዊሆሙ፡ ወይቤሉ፡ ሕያው፡ አበ፡ ነጋሢ።\n\nወሰምዐት፡ ጎቶልያ፡ ድምፀ፡ ሕዝብ፡ እንዘ፡ ይረውጹ፡ ወቦአት፡ ኀበ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nሪጋረከበቶ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ይቀውም፡ ወያሰምክ፡ ውስተ፡ ዐምድ፡ በከመ፡ ሕጎሙ፡ ወቅድሜሁ፡ ይነፍሑ፡ ቀርነ፡ ወመዝሙራተኒ፡\nወኵሉ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ምድር፡ ይትፌሥሑ፡ ወይነፍሑ፡ ቀርነ፡ ወሠጠጠት፡ አልባሲሃ፡ ጎቶልያ፡ ወዐውየወት፡ ወትቤ፡ ማዕሌት፡\nመዕሌት።\n\nወአዘዞሙ፡ ዮዳሔ፡ ካህን፡ ለመሳፍንት፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ለመላእክተ፡ ሰራዊት፡ አውፅእዋ፡ እምውስተ፡ አዴሮታ፡ ወኵሉ፡\nዘተለዋ፡ ቅትልዎ፡ በኀጺን፡ እስመ፡ ካህን፡ አዘዘ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይቅትልዋ፡ በቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"And Jehoiada gave the commanders his armor, the armor of David, and the treasure of the field which was in the house of the Lord.\n\nAnd they stood and went up with the treasure of their field toward the right side of the house as far as the left side of the house, which is the sanctuary.\nAnd they crowned the king.\n\nAnd they brought out the king’s son and clothed him in the vestment of the ephod of fine linen, and girded him, and crowned him, and they clapped their hands and said, “Long live the father, the king!”\n\nAnd Athaliah heard the sound of the people as they rejoiced, and she entered to the people at the house of the Lord.\n\nIt was their custom that the king would stand and be anointed at the pillar according to their law, and before him they would blow the horn and the psalteries.\nAnd all the people of the land rejoiced and blew the horn; and Athaliah tore her garments and cried out and said, “Treason! Treason!”\n\nAnd Jehoiada the priest commanded the commanders and said to the officers of the army, “Bring her out from within the ranks, and all who follow her, kill them with the sword, for the priest commanded that she not be killed in the house of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ንዋየ ሐቅሉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'treasure of the field' is obscure; it may refer to a specific cultic object or treasury associated with the temple precinct.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያዜር","severity":"info","text":"'Ephod' (ኢያዜር) is a priestly vestment; here it is specified as 'of fine linen' (ዘስምዕ), indicating a liturgical garment for the king's investiture.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዐምድ","severity":"info","text":"The anointing at a pillar reflects a known Judahite coronation custom; the Geʿez text explicitly notes this as 'their law' (ሕጎሙ).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage alternates between narrative action (crowning, Athaliah's entry) and explanatory ritual detail (anointing custom), a pattern typical of Ethiopic historical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The command not to kill Athaliah in the temple echoes later Ethiopic legal and liturgical concerns about bloodshed in sacred space, as seen in the Senodos.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the treasure of the field' (ንዋየ ሐቅሉ) is unclear; it may be a literal treasury or a symbolic object.","The phrase 'the king’s son' (ወልደ ንጉሥ) could refer to Joash, but the text does not name him explicitly here."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"ወአኀዝዋ፡ ወወሰድዋ፡ ፍኖተ፡ አፍራስ፡ ዘቤተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወቀተልዋ፡ በህየ።\n\nወአስተካየደ፡ ዮዳሔ፡ ኪዳነ፡ ማእካለ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወማእከለ፡ ቤተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወማእከለ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ከመ፡ ይኩኑ፡ ሕዝበ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወቦኡ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ዘብሔር፡ ቤተ፡ በዓል፡ ወሰበርዎ፡ ወነሰቱ፡ ምሥዋዓቲሁ፡ ወቀጥቀጡ፡ አምሳሊሁ፡ በሕቁ፡\nወቀተልዎ፡ ለማታን፡ ለማሬ፡ በዓል፡ በቀድመ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ወሤመ፡ ካህን፡ መገብተ፡ ለቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወነሥኦሙ፡ ለመሳፍንት፡ ለኮሪ፡ ወለራሲን፡ ወለኵሉ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ምድር፡ ወአውጽእዎ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ እምቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nወወሰዶ፡ እንተ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ፍኖቶሙ፡ ለ[ወዐልተ]፡ ቤተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወአንበሮ፡ ውስተ፡ መንበረ፡ ነገሥት።\n\nወተፈሥሑ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ምድር፡ ወነበረት፡ እንከ፡ ሀገርኒ፡ ዳኅና፡ ወለጎቶልያሰ፡ ቀተልዋ፡ በኀጺን፡ በቤተ፡ ንጉሥ\n።\n\nወ፯ክረምቱ፡ ለኢዮአስ፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ።\n\nIV Regum 12\n\n12\nአመ፡ ሳብዕ፡ ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዩ፡ ነግሠ፡ ኢዮአስ፡ ወ፵ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ አብያ፡ ወለተ፡ ቤርሳቤሕ።","english":"And they took it and carried it by the way of the horses of the house of the king, and they killed it there.\n\nAnd Jehoiada renewed the covenant in the midst of the house of the Lord and in the midst of the house of the king and in the midst of the people, that they might be the people of the Lord.\n\nAnd all the people of the land of the house of Baal cried out, and they broke it, and they overturned its altars, and they shattered its images in truth. And they killed Mattan, the priest of Baal, before the altar, and they appointed a priest of the treasury for the house of the Lord.\n\nAnd he took the nobles, the couriers, and the chiefs, and all the people of the land, and they brought out the king from the house of the Lord, and they took him by the way of the gate of their path to the house of the king, and they placed him upon the throne of the kings.\n\nAnd all the people of the land rejoiced, and the city remained peaceful. And they killed Athaliah with a sword in the house of the king.\n\nAnd Joash was seven years old when he reigned.\n\nIV Kings 12\n\n12\nIn the seventh year of his reign, Jehu reigned, and Joash reigned for forty years in Jerusalem, and the name of his mother was Abijah, daughter of Beersheba.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኪዳነ፡ ማእካለ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'renewed the covenant' (ኪዳነ፡ ማእካለ፡) echoes the covenant-renewal language found in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., 2 Kings 11:17), but the Geʿez text expands the location to include the house of the king and the people.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ማታን፡","severity":"info","text":"The killing of Mattan, priest of Baal, before the altar (cf. 2 Kings 11:18) is a direct parallel to the biblical account, though the Geʿez adds the detail of appointing a 'priest of the treasury' (ካህን፡ መገብተ፡).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ፡ በዓል፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'house of Baal' (ቤተ፡ በዓል፡) refers to the temple of the Canaanite deity Baal, whose cult was suppressed in Judah under Jehoiada's reform (2 Kings 11). The Geʿez text emphasizes its destruction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"፯ክረምቱ፡","severity":"info","text":"The note that Joash was seven years old when he began to reign (፯ክረምቱ፡) aligns with 2 Kings 11:21, but the following verse (IV Regum 12) introduces a conflicting chronology, stating Joash reigned 40 years and naming his mother Abijah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዩ፡ ነግሠ፡ ኢዮአስ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The final verse (IV Regum 12) appears corrupt: it states 'in the seventh year of his reign, Jehu reigned, and Joash reigned for forty years,' which conflates Jehu and Joash. This likely results from a scribal error in the Geʿez transmission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 12","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into two sections: the narrative of Athaliah's overthrow and Joash's coronation (lines 1–10), followed by a separate chapter heading (IV Regum 12) that introduces a chronological summary, typical of the Ethiopic book divisions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'it' in the first sentence (the object taken and killed) is ambiguous; the context suggests the image or altar of Baal, but the Geʿez does not specify.","The final verse's reference to 'Jehu' (ኢዩ፡) is likely a scribal error for 'Joash' or a conflation with the northern king Jehu, creating a chronological inconsistency."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"ወገብረ፡ ኢዮአስ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በኵሉ፡ መዋዕል፡ ዘመሀሮ፡ ዮዳሔ፡ ካህን።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክት፡ ኢያሰሰለ፡ ወሕዝብኒ፡ ህየ፡ ዳእሙ፡ የዐጥኑ፡ ወይሠውዑ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ አማልክት።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ኢዮአስ፡ ለካህናት፡ ኵሎ፡ ወርቀ፡ ዘይቄድሱ፡ ወያበውኡ፡ ለቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወወርቀኒ፡ ዘቤዘ፡ ወኵሎ፡\nወርቀ፡ ዘበፈቃዱ፡ ያበውእ፡ ሰብእ፡ ለቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፤\n\nለይንሥኡ፡ ካህናት፡ ለርእሶሙ፡ ኵሉ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምውስተ፡ ተግባሩ፡ ወለሊሆሙ፡ ይዕቀቡ፡ ቤዴቀ፡ ዘበቤቱ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ አመ፡ ፴ወ፫ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮአስ፡ ሶበ፡ ርእየ፡ ኢዮአስ፡ ካህናት፡ ከመ፡ ኢዐቀቡ፡ ቤዴቀ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቤቱ ፤\n\nጸውዖ፡ ኢዮአስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለዮዳሔ፡ ካህን፡ ወለካህናትኒ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ በእፎ፡ ኢዐቀብክሙ፡ ቤዴቀ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቤት ፤\nእምይእዜ፡ እንከ፡ ኢትንሥኡ፡ ወርቆ፡ ለተግባርክሙ ፤ ለቤዴቅ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቤት፡ ያብእዎ።\n\nወተካየዱ፡ ካህናት፡ ከመ፡ ኢይንሥኡ፡ እንከ፡ ወርቀ፡ መባእ፡ ዘሕዝብ፡ ወከመ፡ ይዕቀቡ፡ ቤዴቀ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቤት።","english":"And Joash did righteousness before the Lord in all the days that Jehoiada the priest taught him.\n\nBut only the houses of the gods did Joash neglect, and the people there continued to offer incense and make sacrifices in the house of the gods.\n\nAnd Joash said to the priests, “All the gold that is consecrated and brought into the house of the Lord, and the gold that is in the treasury, and all the gold that people bring by their own will into the house of the Lord—\n\nlet the priests take for themselves every man from his work, and let them keep the treasury that is in his house.”\n\nAnd then, in the thirty-third year of the reign of Joash, when Joash saw that the priests had kept the treasury that was in his house,\n\nKing Joash summoned Jehoiada the priest and the priests, and said to them, “Why have you kept the treasury that is in the house?\n\nFrom now on, you shall take the gold for your work; for the treasury that is in the house, let them bring it in.”\n\nAnd the priests agreed that they would no longer take the gold of the people’s offering, and that they would keep the treasury that was in the house.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes Joash's early piety under Jehoiada, his later neglect of other cults, and a dispute over temple gold and treasury management.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ቤዴቅ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ቤዴቅ (bēdeq) is a loanword from Hebrew (בֶּדֶק) meaning 'treasury' or 'repair fund'; here it refers to the temple treasury.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage corresponds to 2 Kings 12:4-11, where Joash orders the priests to take gold from the temple treasury for their work, and later rebukes them for keeping it.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The narrative reflects tensions between royal authority and priestly control of temple wealth in the ancient Near East, a theme also found in other biblical and extra-biblical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a narrative with a temporal shift: first a summary of Joash's early reign, then a specific event in his 33rd year, followed by dialogue and resolution.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains a possible scribal error: 'ቤዴቀ፡ ዘበቤቱ' (treasury of his house) may be a misreading or variant of 'treasury of the house of the Lord'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ቤዴቀ፡ ዘበቤቱ' could mean 'the treasury that is in his house' (referring to each priest's house) or 'the treasury of the house' (the temple). The English draft takes the former, but the context of temple gold suggests the latter.","The identity of 'the house of the gods' (አብያተ፡ አማልክት) is ambiguous: it may refer to the temple of Baal or to other cultic sites in Jerusalem."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"ወነሥአ፡ ዮዳሔ፡ ካህን፡ አሐተ፡ ታቦተ፡ ወሰቈራ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰሌዳሃ፡ ወአንበራ፡ ኀበ፡ አሚቢን፡ ውስተ፡ ቤቱ፡\nለመጋቤ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአግብኡ፡ ካህናት፡ ኵሎ፡ ወርቆ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በመድሎቱ።\n\nወሶበ፡ ርእዩ፡ ከመ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ወርቁ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ውስተ፡ ታቦት፡ ዐርገ፡ ጸሓፌ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወካህናት፡ ወኈለቍዎ፡\nወርቆ፡ ወአስርዎ፡ ዐቍሮሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ወርቀ፡ ዘረከቡ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወአዘዘ፡ ይንሥኡ፡ መገብተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወርቀ፡ ዘይበውእ፡ ለፃእፃእ፡ ይኩኖሙ፡ ዘይሁቡ፡ ለጸረብተ፡ ዕፅ፡\nወለነደቅት፡ እለ፡ የሐንጹ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፤\n\nወለመገይራን፡ ወለወቀርተ፡ እብን፡ በዘ፡ ይሣየጡ፡ እብነ፡ ውቁረ፡ ወዕፀ፡ ጽሩበ፡ በዘየዐቅቡ፡ ቤዴቀ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወለኵሉ፡ ፃእፃአ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በዘ፡ የዐቅቡ ፤\n\nእንበለ፡ መዓጹት፡ ዘብሩር፡ ዘይገብሩ፡ ለቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወፍያላትኒ፡ ወአቅርንትኒ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ንዋየ፡ ወርቅ፡\nወብሩር፡ ዘይበውእ፡ ለቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፤","english":"And Jehoiada the priest took one chest and sealed it and placed it beside the altar in the house of the treasury of the house of the Lord, and the priests brought all the gold that was found in the house of the Lord by his measure.\n\nAnd when they saw that the gold that was found in the chest was abundant, the scribe of the king and the priests went up and weighed the gold and brought it down, all of them, the gold that they found in the house of the Lord.\n\nAnd he commanded that they take the treasury of the house of the Lord, and the gold that would come in for repairs would be for them to give to the carpenters of wood and to the stonecutters who build the house of the Lord;\n\nand to the masons and to the hewers of stone, with which they would cut hewn stone and timber of juniper, with which they would repair the foundation within the house of the Lord, and for all the repairs of the house of the Lord, with which they would repair;\n\nwithout the vessels of silver that they would make for the house of the Lord, and the lamps and the censers and all the vessels of gold and silver that would come in for the house of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ታቦት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ታቦት (tābot) here denotes a chest or coffer for collecting offerings, distinct from its more common use for the Ark of the Covenant. The context of a sealed chest beside the altar clarifies the local meaning.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰሌዳሃ","severity":"info","text":"ሰሌዳሃ (salaydā) is a loanword from Greek σανίς (sanis) meaning 'plank' or 'board', here used for the altar. This reflects Greek influence on Geʿez ecclesiastical vocabulary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መገብተ ቤተ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase መገብተ ቤተ እግዚአብሔር (magbata beta ʾəgziʾabəḥer) means 'treasury of the house of the Lord', a distinct location within the temple complex for storing sacred funds and vessels.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፃእፃእ","severity":"info","text":"ፃእፃእ (ṣāʿṣāʿ) means 'repair' or 'restoration', referring to the maintenance of the temple. The passage details how gold was allocated for construction and repair work.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕፀ ጽሩበ","severity":"info","text":"ዕፀ ጽሩበ (ʿəḍa ṣaruba) translates as 'timber of juniper', a specific wood used in construction. The term ጽሩበ (ṣaruba) is a loanword from Greek θύϊνος (thyinos) or Latin thyinum, indicating imported aromatic cedar or juniper.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መዓጹት ዘብሩር","severity":"info","text":"መዓጹት ዘብሩር (māʿāṣut za-bərur) means 'vessels of silver', referring to liturgical implements. The passage distinguishes these from gold items, showing a hierarchy of precious metals in temple service.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'by his measure' (በመድሎቱ) is ambiguous: it may refer to Jehoiada's standard measure for collecting gold, or to a specific measuring vessel.","The identity of 'the scribe of the king' (ጸሓፌ ንጉሥ) is not specified; it may be a title or a named official.","The allocation of gold for repairs is described in a complex series of clauses; the precise distribution among carpenters, stonecutters, masons, and hewers is not fully clear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":57,"ref":"p57","source":"አዘዘ፡ ይመጥውዎሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይገብሩ፡ ግብሮ፡ ወቦቱ፡ ይዕቀቡ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወኢትትሓሰብዎሙ፡ ለእሙንቱ፡ ዕደው፡ እለ፡ ይነሥኡ፡ ወርቆ፡ ወያስተዋፅእዎ፡ ለግብሮሙ፡ በሃይማኖቶሙ።\n\nወወርቅሰ፡ ዘበእንተ፡ ኀጢአት፡ ወዘበእንተ፡ ንስሓኒ፡ ዘይበውእ፡ ለቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለካህናት፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወበውእቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ዐርገ፡ አዛሔል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወተቃተሎሙ፡ ለጌት፡ ወነሥኣ፡ ለጌት፡ ወአስተጋብኣ፡ ወፈነወ፡\nአዛሔል፡ ሰራዊት፡ ይዕርጉ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ አቅዲሞ፡ እምኔሁ።\n\nወነሥአ፡ ኢዮአስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ዘቅድሳ[ት]፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘቀደሱ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ዮሳፍጥ፡ ወኢዮራም፡ ወአካዝያስ፡ ነገሥተ፡\nይሁዳ፡ ወዚአሁኒ፡ ዘቀደሰ፡ ለሊሁ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ወርቀ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ውስተ፡ መዝገበ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወዘቤተ፡ ንጉሥኒ፡\nወፈነወ፡ ለአዛሔል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወገብአ፡ አዛሔል፡ ወኀደጋ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለኢዮአስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ መዋዕሊሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ።","english":"He commanded that they bring to him those who perform the work, and that they guard the house of the Lord.\n\nAnd they did not count those hands that take the gold and bring it out for their work, because of their faith.\n\nAnd the gold that is for sin and for repentance, which enters the house of the Lord, belongs to the priests.\n\nAnd in those days, Hazael, king of Syria, went up and fought against Gath, and he took Gath and gathered it and sent.\n\nHazael sent an army to go up to Jerusalem before him.\n\nAnd Jehoash, king of Judah, took all the holy things that his fathers Jehoshaphat, Jehoram, and Ahaziah, kings of Judah, had consecrated, and that he himself had consecrated, and all the gold that was found in the treasury of the house of the Lord and in the house of the king.\n\nAnd he sent to Hazael, king of Syria, and Hazael went and left Jerusalem.\n\nAnd all the story of Jehoash and all that he did, this is what is written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"አዘዘ፡ ይመጥውዎሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይገብሩ፡ ግብሮ፡ ወቦቱ፡ ይዕቀቡ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","severity":"info","text":"The subject of 'he commanded' is ambiguous; the preceding passage names Jehoiada the priest, but the English draft implies a royal command, possibly Jehoash.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትትሓሰብዎሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'they did not count' (ኢትትሓሰብዎሙ፡) suggests a deliberate omission of accountability, contrasting with the earlier weighing of gold.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አዛሔል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡","severity":"info","text":"Hazael, king of Syria, is a historical figure (c. 842–800 BCE) known from Assyrian and biblical sources; his campaign against Gath and Jerusalem is attested in 2 Kings 12:17–18.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነሥአ፡ ኢዮአስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ዘቅድሳ[ት]፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘቀደሱ፡ አበዊሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"This account of Jehoash plundering temple treasures to pay tribute to Hazael parallels 2 Kings 12:17–18, though the Geʿez text adds details about consecrated items.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለኢዮአስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ መዋዕሊሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ።","severity":"info","text":"This concluding formula explicitly cites a 'book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah' as the source, indicating the passage's self-awareness as a secondary compilation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘቅድሳ[ት]፡","severity":"caution","text":"The word 'holy things' (ዘቅድሳት) is partially reconstructed; the manuscript may have a lacuna or scribal error, affecting the precise list of consecrated items.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'he commanded' in the first sentence is unclear: Jehoiada or Jehoash?","The phrase 'because of their faith' (በሃይማኖቶሙ፡) may be ironic or a gloss, as the context involves theft.","The exact list of consecrated items taken by Jehoash is uncertain due to the textual corruption in ዘቅድሳ[ት]፡."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":58,"ref":"p58","source":"ወተንሥኡ፡ አግብርቲሁ፡ ወአስተቋጸሩ፡ ሎቱ፡ በኵለሄ፡ ማዕሌተ፡ ወቀተልዎ፡ ለኢዮአስ፡ በቤተ፡ ማኅሎ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ገዳም\n።\n\nኢያዜክር፡ ወኢያሙሐድ፡ ወኢያዛብድ፡ ወልዱ፡ እሉ፡ አግብርቲሁ፡ እለ፡ ቀተልዎ፡ ወሞተ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡\nውስተ፡ ሀገረ፡ ዳዊት፡ ወነግሠ፡ አሜስያስ፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።\n\nIV Regum 13\n\n13\nአመ፡ ፳ወ፫ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮያስ፡ ወልደ፡ አካዝያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ነግሠ፡ ዮአካስ፡ ወልደ፡ ኢዩ፡ በሰማርያ፡ ፲ወ፯ክረምተ።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሖረ፡ ወተለወ፡ ኀጢአተ፡ ኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወኢኀደገ፡ ኪያሃ።\n\nወተምዕዐ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መዐተ፡ ላዕለ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወአግብኦሙ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ለአዛሔል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወውስተ፡\nእዴሁ፡ ለወልደ፡ አዴር፡ ወልደ፡ አዛሔል፡ በኵሉ፡ መዋዕል።\n\nወተጋነየ፡ ዮአካዝ፡ ለገጸ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ ርእየ፡ ሕማሞሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ እስመ፡ ሣቀዮሙ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ።","english":"And his servants rose up, and they counted for him all the measure of the treasury, and they killed Jehoash in the house of the mill which is within the desert.\n\nAnd they did not remember, and they did not spare, and they did not bury him. These are his servants who killed him, and he died, and they buried him with his fathers in the city of David. And Amaziah his son reigned after him.\n\nIV Kings 13\n\n13\n\nIn the twenty-third year of the reign of Jehoash son of Ahaziah, king of Judah, Jehoahaz son of Jehu reigned in Samaria for seventeen winters.\n\nAnd he did evil before the Lord, and he went and repeated the sin of Jeroboam son of Nebat, who caused Israel to err, and he did not abandon it.\n\nAnd the Lord was kindled in wrath against Israel, and he delivered them into the hand of Hazael, king of Syria, and into the hand of the son of Hadad, the son of Hazael, for all the days.\n\nAnd Jehoahaz prayed before the Lord, because he saw the affliction of Israel, because the king of Syria had oppressed them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ፡ ማኅሎ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'house of the mill' (ቤተ ማኅሎ) is a literal rendering of the Hebrew בֵּית הַמִּלְתָּא, referring to a mill-house or granary. The Geʿez preserves the architectural detail of the assassination site.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልደ፡ ኢዩ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'son of Jehu' (ወልደ ኢዩ) identifies Jehoahaz as Jehu's successor, aligning with 2 Kings 13:1. The Geʿez text follows the Masoretic chronology, noting a 17-year reign in Samaria.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡","severity":"info","text":"Jeroboam son of Nebat (ኢዮርብዓም ወልደ ናባጥ) is the first king of the northern kingdom, whose sin of setting up golden calves is referenced. The Geʿez text condemns Jehoahaz for repeating this idolatry.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"አዛሔል፡ ወልደ፡ አዴር፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Hazael and 'son of Hadad' (ወልደ አዴር) parallels 2 Kings 13:3-5, where Hazael and his son Ben-Hadad oppress Israel. The Geʿez text expands the oppression to 'all the days'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 13","severity":"info","text":"The Latin heading 'IV Regum 13' marks the chapter division from the Vulgate, inserted into the Geʿez manuscript. This reflects the reception of the Latin Bible tradition in Ethiopic manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢኀደገ፡ ኪያሃ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'and he did not abandon it' (ወኢኀደገ ኪያሃ) is ambiguous: the antecedent of 'it' could be the sin of Jeroboam or the evil act. The English draft takes it as the sin, but the Geʿez allows either reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The antecedent of 'it' in 'and he did not abandon it' is unclear: it could refer to the sin of Jeroboam or to the evil act Jehoahaz performed.","The phrase 'they did not remember, and they did not spare, and they did not bury him' contradicts the later statement that they buried him with his fathers; the Geʿez may preserve a textual variant or a scribal error."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":59,"ref":"p59","source":"ወፈነወ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መድኀኒተ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወአውፅኦሙ፡ እምውስተ፡ እዴሆሙ፡ ለሶርያ፡ ወነበሩ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡\nውስተ፡ አብያቲሆሙ፡ ከመ፡ ዘልፈ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ኢኀደጉ፡ ኀጢአተ፡ ቤተ፡ ኢዮርብዓም፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወተለዉ፡ ኪያሃ፡ ወምሕራመ፡ ዖምኒ፡ ቆመ፡\nውስተ፡ ስማርያ።\n\nእስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ዘተረፈ፡ ለኢዮአክስ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ፶አፍራስ፡ ወ፲ሰረገላት፡ ወ[፼]ብእሲ፡ አጋር፡ እስመ፡\nቀተሎሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወረሰዮሙ፡ ወኬዶሙ፡ ከመ፡ መሬት።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለኢዮአክስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ኀይሉ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያት፡\nመዋዕሊሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወሰከበ፡ ዮአክስ፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወነግሠ፡ ዮአስ፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።\n\nአመ፡ ፴ወ፯ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮአስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ነግሠ፡ ዮአስ፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአክስ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ በሰማርያ፡\n፲ወ፮ዓመተ።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢኀደገ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡\nለእስራኤል፡ ወኪያሃ፡ ተለወ።","english":"And the Lord sent salvation to Israel, and he brought them out from the hand of the Syrians, and the children of Israel dwelt in their houses as before.\n\nBut they did not forget the sin of the house of Jeroboam, which had caused Israel to stumble, and they followed her, and the curse of Amni stood in Samaria.\n\nFor there was no people left for Jehoahaz except fifty horses and ten chariots and a hundred foot soldiers, for the king of Syria had killed all of them, and had seized them, and had driven them out like dust.\n\nAnd all the story of Jehoahaz, and all that he did, and all his might, now this is written in the book of the prophets of the times of the kings of Israel.\n\nAnd Jehoahaz slept with his fathers, and they buried him in Samaria, and Jehoash his son reigned after him.\n\nIn the thirty-seventh year of the reign of Jehoash, king of Judah, Jehoash son of Jehoahaz reigned over Israel in Samaria for sixteen years.\n\nAnd he did evil before the Lord, and he did not forget all the sin of Jeroboam son of Nebat, which had caused Israel to stumble, and he followed her.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወፈነወ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መድኀኒተ፡ ለእስራኤል፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Lord sent salvation to Israel' is a theological interpretation of the military reversal, not a direct biblical quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢዮርብዓም፡","severity":"info","text":"Jeroboam (ኢዮርብዓም) here refers to Jeroboam son of Nebat, the first king of the northern kingdom, whose sin is a recurring theme in Kings.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያት፡ መዋዕሊሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል።","severity":"info","text":"The text claims the story of Jehoahaz is written in the 'book of the prophets of the times of the kings of Israel,' a reference to the canonical Books of Kings (cf. 2 Kings 13).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"አመ፡ ፴ወ፯ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮአስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The synchronism places Jehoash of Israel's accession in the 37th year of Jehoash of Judah, which aligns with 2 Kings 13:10 (16-year reign).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢኀደገ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage repeats the motif of Jeroboam's sin (cf. earlier in the passage), framing Jehoash's reign as a continuation of that transgression.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወምሕራመ፡ ዖምኒ፡ ቆመ፡ ውስተ፡ ስማርያ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the curse of Amni stood in Samaria' is obscure; 'Amni' may be a corruption or variant of a name (e.g., Omri?), and the curse is not clearly identified in the biblical source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Amni' (ዖምኒ) is uncertain; it may be a scribal error or a reference to an otherwise unknown figure.","The phrase 'they followed her' (ወተለዉ፡ ኪያሃ፡) has an ambiguous feminine antecedent, possibly referring to 'sin' (ኀጢአተ) or 'the house of Jeroboam' (ቤተ፡ ኢዮርብዓም፡)."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":60,"ref":"p60","source":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለዮአስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ኀይሉ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያት፡\nመዋዕሊሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ [እስራኤል]።\n\nወሰከበ፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ወካልእ፡ ኢዮርብዓም፡ ነግሠ፡ ወነበረ፡ ውስተ፡ መንበሩ፡ በሰማርያ፡ ምስለ፡ ደቂቀ፡\nእስራኤል።\n\nወኤልሳዕኒ፡ ደወየ፡ ደዌሁ፡ ዘዘልፈ፡ እንተ፡ ባቲ፡ ይመውት፡ ወወረደ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ኢዮአስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወበከየ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ወይቤለመ፡ አባ፡ አባ፡ ሰረገላቲሆሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወአፍራሲሆሙ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ንሣእ፡ ቀስተከ፡ ወሐጸከ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ምስክ፡ ቀስተከ፡ ወወስቅ፡ ሐጸከ፡ ወወሰቀ፡ ዮአስ፡ ወመሰከ፡ ቀስቶ፡ በእዴሁ፡ ወወደየ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ እዴሁ፡ ላዕለ፡ እዴሁ፡ ለንጉሥ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ አርኁ፡ መሰኮተ፡ መንገለ፡ ጽባሕ፡ ወአርኀወ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ንድፍ፡ ወነደፈ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ሐጸ፡ መድኀኒቱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወሐጸ፡ ተምውእቶሙ፡ ለሶርያ፡ ወትቀትሎሙ፡ ለሶርያ፡ እምነ፡ አፌቅ፡ እስከ፡ ጽንፋ።","english":"And all his story, and all that he did, and all his power, now this is written in the book of the prophets, in the times of the kings of Israel.\n\nAnd he slept with his fathers, and the second Jeroboam reigned, and he sat upon his throne in Samaria with the children of Israel.\n\nAnd Elisha was sick with his long illness, by which he was to die, and Joash, king of Israel, came down to him and wept before him and said, \"Father, father, the chariots of Israel and their horses.\"\n\nAnd Elisha said to him, \"Take your bow and your arrows.\"\n\nAnd he said to the king, \"Draw your bow and shoot your arrows.\" And Joash drew and bent his bow in his hand, and Elisha placed his hand over the hand of the king.\n\nAnd he said to him, \"Loosen the bowstring toward the east,\" and he loosened it. And Elisha said to him, \"Shoot.\" And he shot. And Elisha said to him, \"Shoot the salvation of the Lord.\" And he shot the destruction of the Syrians, and he killed the Syrians from the river to the border.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a summary formula (all his story... written in the book of the prophets) that closes the reign of Jehoahaz and introduces Jeroboam II, then shifts to the deathbed scene of Elisha.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ ነቢያት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'book of the prophets' likely refers to a now-lost compilation of prophetic histories, not the canonical Book of Kings; it may be a source notice by the Ethiopic compiler.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Elisha's illness and death (2 Kgs 13:14–20) and Joash's visit (2 Kgs 13:14) are paralleled in the Masoretic Text, but the archery ritual and the symbolic shooting of 'salvation' and 'destruction' are unique to this Ethiopic version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'second Jeroboam' (Jeroboam II) reigned over the northern kingdom from Samaria; the text compresses the chronology by omitting the intervening kings between Jehoahaz and Jeroboam II.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic tradition expands the biblical narrative with a symbolic archery scene where Elisha guides Joash's hand to shoot 'the salvation of the Lord' and 'the destruction of the Syrians,' emphasizing divine intervention.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'from the river to the border' is ambiguous: it may refer to the Euphrates or a local wadi; the Geʿez does not specify which river, and the English draft leaves it unresolved.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the river' (ፌቅ) is not specified; it could be the Euphrates or a local boundary river.","The phrase 'the second Jeroboam' may conflate Jeroboam II with the earlier Jeroboam I, though the context suggests the later king."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":61,"ref":"p61","source":"ወይቤሎ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ንሣእ፡ ቀስተ፡ ወንድፍ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ወነደፈ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ሥልሰ፡ ወኀደገ።\n\nወተከዘ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ሶበ፡ ነደፍከ፡ ስብዐ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ስድሰ፡ እምቀተልኮሙ፡ ለሶርያ፡\nወእምአኅለቆሙ፡ ወይእዜሰ፡ ሥልሰ፡ ትቀትሎሙ፡ ለሶርያ።\n\nወሞተ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ ወበውእቱ፡ ዓመት፡ ሮድዎሙ፡ ብሔሮሙ፡ ሞአብ።\n\nወእንዘ፡ ይቀብርዎ፡ በኤልሳዕ፡ አምጽኡ፡ ካልአ፡ ብእሴ፡ ይቅብሩ፡ ወሶበ፡ ይሬእዩ፡ ይረውድዎሙ፡ ገደፍዎ፡ በድኖ፡\nለውእቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብረ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወወረደ፡ ውእቱ፡ በድን፡ ላዕሰ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወለከፎ፡ ውእቱ፡ በድን፡ ለበድነ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ወሐይወ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወተንሥአ፡ ወቆመ፡ በእገሪሁ።\n\nወሣቀዮሙ፡ አዛሔል፡ ለእስራኤል፡ በኵሉ፡ መዋዕሊሁ፡ ለዮአስ።\n\nወመሐሮሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወተሣሀሎሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ማሕላሁ፡ ዘመሐለ፡ ለአብርሃም፡ ወለይስሐቅ፡ ወለያዕቆብ፡ ወኢፈቀደ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ያጥፍኦሙ፡ ወኢገደፎሙ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ።","english":"And Elisha said to him, “Take the bow and shoot into the ground.” And the king shot an arrow and let it go.\n\nAnd the man of God was angry and said to him, “If you had shot seven, and not six, you would have killed them, the Syrians, and would have destroyed them. But now you will kill only three of the Syrians.”\n\nAnd Elisha died, and they buried him. And in that same year, the Moabites raided their land.\n\nAnd while they were burying Elisha, they brought another man to bury. And when they saw that they were raiding, they threw the corpse of that man into the tomb of Elisha. And that corpse fell upon the corpse of Elisha, and that corpse covered the corpse of Elisha. And that man lived and arose and stood on his feet.\n\nAnd Hazael oppressed Israel throughout all the days of Joash.\n\nAnd the Lord had mercy on them and had compassion on them because of the covenant which He made with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. And the Lord did not wish to destroy them, nor did He cast them from before His face.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ንሣእ፡ ቀስተ፡ ወንድፍ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡","severity":"info","text":"Elisha's instruction to shoot an arrow into the ground is a symbolic act, not a military tactic; the number of arrows shot (six or seven) determines the extent of victory over the Syrians.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ማሕላሁ፡ ዘመሐለ፡ ለአብርሃም፡ ወለይስሐቅ፡ ወለያዕቆብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob is a distinctive reference in the Ethiopic tradition, linking divine mercy to the patriarchal promises; not found in the Hebrew Bible's account of Elisha.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሮድዎሙ፡ ብሔሮሙ፡ ሞአብ።","severity":"info","text":"The Moabite raid in the year of Elisha's death is an addition to the biblical narrative; in 2 Kings 13, Moab's harassment of Israel occurs under Jehoahaz, not after Elisha's death.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሐይወ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብእሲ፡","severity":"info","text":"The resurrection of a corpse thrown into Elisha's tomb parallels hagiographic motifs in Ethiopic saints' lives, where contact with a holy body restores life; not in the biblical account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበውእቱ፡ ዓመት፡","severity":"info","text":"The narrative compresses events: Elisha's death, the Moabite raid, and the resurrection occur in the same year, reflecting a non-historical, thematic chronology typical of Ethiopic expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢፈቀደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ያጥፍኦሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Lord's mercy based on the patriarchal covenant reflects a theological emphasis in Ethiopic Christianity on God's covenantal faithfulness, possibly influenced by later liturgical or homiletic traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez does not specify whether the 'seven' and 'six' refer to arrows or to the number of Syrians killed; the English draft interprets them as arrows.","The identity of the 'other man' brought for burial is unclear; he may be a narrative device to illustrate Elisha's sanctity."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":62,"ref":"p62","source":"ወሞተ፡ አዛሔል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወነግሠ፡ ወልደ፡ አዴር፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።\n\nወተመይጠ፡ ዮአስ፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአክስ፡ ወሄደ፡ አህጉሪሁ፡ ለወልደ፡ አዴር፡ ወልደ፡ አዛሔል፡ እለ፡ ነሥአ፡ እምኀበ፡\nዮአክስ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወአመ፡ ተቃተሎ፡ ሥልሰ፡ ቀተሎ፡ ዮአስ፡ ወሄደ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ፡ ለእስራኤል።\n\nIV Regum 14\n\n14\nወአመ፡ ካልእት፡ ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለዮአስ፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአክስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወነግሠ፡ አሜስያስ፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ።\n\n፳ወ፭ክረምቱ፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ፡ ወ፳ወ፱ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ ዮአድሞ፡ እንተ፡ እምኢየሩሳሌም።\n\nወገብረ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወባሕቱ፡ አኮ፡ ከመ፡ ዳዊት፡ አቡሁ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘከመ፡ ገብረ፡\nዮአስ፡ አቡሁ፡ ገብረ።\n\nወአብያተ፡ አማልክትሰ፡ ኢያሰሰለ፡ ወሕዝብኒ፡ ህየ፡ ዓዲሆሙ፡ የዐጥኑ፡ ወይሠውዑ፡ ውስተ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክት።\n\nወሶበ፡ ጸንዐት፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ቀተሎሙ፡ ለአግብርቲሁ፡ እለ፡ ቀተልዎ፡ ለአቡሁ።","english":"And Hazael, king of Syria, died, and Adad, his son, reigned in his stead.\n\nAnd Joash, son of Jehoahaz, became angry and went and took the cities of Adad, son of Hazael, which Jehoahaz, his father, had taken, and when he fought against him, he killed him three times, and Joash went and took the cities of Israel.\n\nIV Kings 14\n\n14\n\nAnd in the second year of the reign of Joash, son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, Amaziah, son of Joash, king of Judah, reigned.\n\nTwenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem, and the name of his mother was Jehoaddan, who was from Jerusalem.\n\nAnd he did what was right before the eyes of the Lord, and not only as David, his father, had done, but he did everything as Joash, his father, had done.\n\nAnd as for the temples of the gods, he restored them, and the peoples there renewed them, offering sacrifices and making offerings in the temples of the gods.\n\nAnd when his kingdom was established, he killed his servants who had killed his father.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አዴር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form 'Adad' (አዴር) corresponds to the Hebrew name Hadad, a common Syrian royal name. The English draft renders it as 'Adad'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 14","severity":"info","text":"The passage is marked as 'IV Regum 14', aligning with the Vulgate's 4 Kings 14, which covers the reign of Amaziah of Judah and the death of Hazael.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮአድሞ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Jehoaddan' (ዮአድሞ) for Amaziah's mother is consistent with 2 Kings 14:2, where she is identified as from Jerusalem.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልደ፡ አዴር፡ ወልደ፡ አዛሔል","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Adad, son of Hazael' is ambiguous: it may refer to a single king (Ben-Hadad III) or be a genealogical note. The English draft treats it as a single person.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አብያተ፡ አማልክት","severity":"info","text":"The mention of restoring 'temples of the gods' (አብያተ አማልክት) reflects a positive view of Amaziah's religious policy, unusual in a biblical context that condemns idolatry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአመ፡ ካልእት፡ ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ","severity":"info","text":"The passage transitions from the death of Hazael to the reign of Amaziah with a chronological marker ('in the second year'), typical of the regnal formulas in Kings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'killed him three times' (ሥልሰ ቀተሎ) is unclear: it may mean a threefold defeat or a literal triple killing; the English draft retains the literal sense.","The identity of 'Adad, son of Hazael' is ambiguous; it may conflate two rulers or be a patronymic."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":63,"ref":"p63","source":"ወደቂቆሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ቀተልዎ፡ ኢቀተሎሙ፡ እስመ፡ ከማሁ፡ ጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ሕጉ፡ ለሙሴ፡ ዘከመ፡ አዘዘ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤ፡ ኢይመውቱ፡ አበው፡ በጌጋየ፡ ውሉዶሙ፡ ወኢይመውቱ፡ ውሉድ፡ በጌጋየ፡ አበዊሆሙ ፤ ኵሉ፡ በጌጋየ፡\nዚአሁ፡ ይመውት።\n\nወውእቱ፡ ቀተሎሙ፡ ለኤዶም፡ በርዴ፡ ፼ ብእሴ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ እስከ፡ ጸወኖሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ይቀትሎሙ፡ ወሰመዮ፡ ቀቶሔል፡\nእስከ፡ ዮም።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ፈነወ፡ አሜስያስ፡ ሐዋርያተ፡ ኀበ፡ ዮአስ፡ ወልድ፡ ዮአክስ፡ ወልደ፡ ኢዩ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ እንዘ፡\nይብል፡ ነዓአ፡ ንትራአይአ፡ ገጸአ፡ በገጽአ።\n\nወለአከ፡ ዮአስ፡ ኀበ፡ አሜስያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ እቃንአ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ዕፀ፡ ሊባኖስአ፡ ለአከ፡ ኀበ፡ ዕፀ፡ ቄድሮስ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ሊባኖስ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ሀቦአ፡ ለወልድየአ፡ ወለተከአ፡ ያውስብአ፡ ወመጽኡአ፡ አራዊተ፡\nገዳምአ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ሊባኖስአ፡ ወቀተልዎአ፡ ለአቃንአ።\n\nእስመሁአ፡ ቀተልኮሙአ፡ ለኢዶምያስ፡ አዕበይከ፡ ልበከ፡ ወትዜኀር፡ ንቡረከ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤትከ፡ ለምንት፡ ትትዐበይ፡\nበእከይከ፡ እንዘእ፡ ሀለውክሙአ፡ ትደቁአ፡ አንተኒአ፡ ወይሁዳአ፡ ምስሌከአ።","english":"And their children, those who killed him, he killed them, for thus it is written in the book of the law of Moses, as the Lord commanded, and he said: \"Fathers shall not die for the sin of their children, nor shall children die for the sin of their fathers; each one shall die for his own sin.\"\n\nAnd he killed the Edomites, one hundred thousand men, and he pursued them until he destroyed them, while killing them, and he named it \"Kill them all\" until this day.\n\nAnd after that, Amaziah sent messengers to Joash, son of Jehoahaz, son of Jehu, king of Israel, saying, \"Come, let us see each other face to face.\"\n\nAnd Joash said to Amaziah, king of Judah, \"I have a thornbush in the forest of Lebanon; go to the cedar tree in Lebanon,\" saying, \"Give my son your daughter in marriage, and the wild beasts of the forest came from Lebanon and killed the thornbush.\"\n\n\"Because you have killed the Edomites, your heart has become proud, and you are arrogant in your dwelling; why do you boast in your wickedness? While we are here, you will be destroyed, you and Judah with you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይመውቱ፡ አበው፡ በጌጋየ፡ ውሉዶሙ፡ ወኢይመውቱ፡ ውሉድ፡ በጌጋየ፡ አበዊሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text cites a principle from the law of Moses, likely echoing Deuteronomy 24:16, though the exact wording is not a direct biblical quotation. The Ethiopic tradition often adapts legal maxims.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀቶሔል","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Qatohēl' (ቀቶሔል) is a Geʿez calque meaning 'Kill them all,' derived from the verb ቀተለ (to kill) and the suffix -ሔል (them all). It is not attested in the Masoretic Text or Septuagint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዶምያስ","severity":"info","text":"The Edomites (ኢዶምያስ) are a recurring enemy in the Ethiopic Kings narrative. The exaggerated casualty figure of 100,000 reflects a legendary or homiletic expansion, common in Ethiopic biblical retellings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"አቃንአ","severity":"info","text":"The parable of the thornbush (አቃንአ) and the cedar (ቄድሮስ) in Lebanon is a fable-like exchange between Joash and Amaziah, not found in the biblical account (2 Kings 14). It may derive from a lost Jewish or Christian midrash.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from a legal maxim (lex talionis) to a military campaign against Edom, then to a diplomatic exchange with a parable, and finally to a threat. The structure is episodic, typical of Ethiopic narrative expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ኢይመውቱ፡ አበው፡ በጌጋየ፡ ውሉዶሙ፡' is ambiguous: it could mean 'fathers shall not die for the sin of their children' (as translated) or 'fathers shall not die because of the error of their children.' The Geʿez ጌጋይ can mean 'sin' or 'error.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez ጌጋይ (gägay) is ambiguous between 'sin' and 'error'; the translation opts for 'sin' but the legal context may allow 'error.'","The identity of 'their children' (ውሉዶሙ) in the first sentence is unclear: it may refer to the children of those who killed the king, or to the children of the Edomites."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":64,"ref":"p64","source":"ወአበየ፡ ሰሚዐ፡ አሜስያስ፡ ወዐርገ፡ ዮአስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወተራከበ፡ ምስለ፡ አሜስያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ በቤተ፡ ሳሚስ፡ በምድረ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወተራአዩ፡ ገጸ፡ በገጽ።\n\nወወድቁ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ቅድመ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወጐዩ፡ ወአተዉ፡ አብያቲሆሙ።\n\nወለአሜስያስሰ፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአ[ስ]፡ አኀዞ፡ ዮአስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ በቤተ፡ ሳሚስ፡ ወአተወ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወሰቀሎ፡\nውስተ፡ አረፍተ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ውስተ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ኤፍሬም፡ ወሰሐበ፡ እስከ፡ አንቀጸ፡ መኣዝንት፡ ፬፻በእመት።\n\nወነሥአ፡ ወርቀ፡ ወብሩረ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ንዋየ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወዘውስተ፡ መዝገበ፡ ቤተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወነሥአ፡ ደቀ፡ ፈላስያን፡ እለ፡ ተደመሩ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ወአተወ፡ ወተመይጠ፡ ሰማርያ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለዮአስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ኀይሉ፡ ወዘከመ፡ ተቃተለ፡ ምስለ፡ አሜስያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝንቱ፡\nዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወስከበ፡ ዮአስ፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ወተቀብረ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ምስለ፡ ነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወነግሠ፡ ኢዮራብዓም፡\nወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።","english":"And when Amaziah heard, Joash, king of Israel, went up and met with Amaziah, king of Judah, at Beth-shemesh in the land of Judah, and they faced each other.\n\nAnd Judah fell before Israel, and they smote them and entered their houses.\n\nAnd as for Amaziah, the son of Joash, Joash, king of Israel, seized him at Beth-shemesh and entered Jerusalem and slew him\nwithin the precincts of Jerusalem, within the gate of Ephraim, and dragged him as far as the gate of the ear, four hundred cubits.\n\nAnd he took the gold and silver and all the treasure that was found in the house of the Lord and that was in the treasury of the king's house, and he took the sons of the Philistines who had gathered with him, and he entered and returned to Samaria.\n\nAnd all this matter of Joash and all his might, and how he fought with Amaziah, king of Judah—behold, this\nis what is written in the book of their prophets, the kings of Israel.\n\nAnd Joash slept with his fathers and was buried in Samaria with the kings of Israel, and Jeroboam his son reigned after him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage narrates the defeat of Amaziah by Joash, the plunder of Jerusalem and the Temple, and Joash's death and succession.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አንቀጸ፡ ኤፍሬም","severity":"info","text":"The 'gate of Ephraim' is a toponym in Jerusalem; the 'gate of the ear' (አንቀጸ፡ መኣዝንት) is obscure, possibly a corruption or a local name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The account of Joash's plunder of the Temple and treasury echoes 2 Kings 14:13-14, though the Geʿez version adds details about the Philistines.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Beth-shemesh (ቤተ፡ ሳሚስ) is a city in Judah, site of the battle; the 'four hundred cubits' (፬፻በእመት) is a precise measure of the dragging of Amaziah's body.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'book of their prophets, the kings of Israel' suggests the Geʿez compiler viewed this as a prophetic history, aligning with the work's genre as a scriptural paraphrase.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አንቀጸ፡ መኣዝንት","severity":"caution","text":"The 'gate of the ear' is unattested in other sources; it may be a scribal error or a local tradition; the English draft renders it literally.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'gate of the ear' is uncertain; it may be a corruption or a topographical feature.","The phrase 'sons of the Philistines' (ደቀ፡ ፈላስያን) is ambiguous: it could mean Philistine allies or mercenaries."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":65,"ref":"p65","source":"ወሐይወ፡ አሜስያስ፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወእምድኅረ፡ ሞተ፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአክስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡\n፲ወ፭ዓመተ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ በአሜስያስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡\nይሁዳ።\n\nወዐለውዎ፡ ማዕሌተ፡ ሰብአ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወተኀጥአ፡ እምህየ፡ ውስተ፡ ለኪስ፡ ወለአከ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ለኪስ፡ ወአዴገኖ፡\nወቀተሎ፡ በህየ።\n\nወጸዐንዎ፡ በድኖ፡ ውስተ፡ አፍራስ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ኢየሩሳልም፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገረ፡ ዳዊት።\n\nወአኀዝዎ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ለአዛርያስ፡ አሜሃ፡ እንዘ፡ ፲ወ፮ክረምቱ፡ ወአንገሥዎ፡ ህየንተ፡ አሜስያስ፡ አቡሁ\n።\n\nወውእቱ፡ ሐነጻ፡ ለኤላም፡ ወአስተጋብኣ፡ ለይሁዳ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ሰከበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ።\n\nወአመ፡ ፲ወ፭ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአሜስያስ፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ነግሠ፡ ኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአስ፡\nለእስራኤል፡ በሰማርያ፡ ፵ወ፩ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ።","english":"And Amaziah, son of Joash, king of Judah, lived. And after the death of the son of Joash, king of Israel, fifteen years.\n\nAnd all their account is concerning Amaziah, and all that he did, behold, this is what is written in the book of the prophets of the kings of Judah.\n\nAnd they set a tribute of men upon Jerusalem, and he fled from there to Lachish. And to the king of Lachish he went, and he betrayed him and killed him there.\n\nAnd they brought his corpse on horses and buried him in Jerusalem with his fathers in the city of David.\n\nAnd all the people of Judah took Azariah, his son, while he was sixteen years old, and made him king in place of Amaziah, his father.\n\nAnd he built Elam and gathered Judah after the king slept with his fathers.\n\nAnd in the fifteenth year of the reign of Amaziah, son of Joash, king of Judah, Jeroboam, son of Joash, reigned over Israel in Samaria for forty-one years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase 'And Amaziah ... lived' marks a transition: Amaziah survives the battle narrative of the previous passage, but his death is then recounted in the following lines.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ ነቢያቲሆሙ ለነገሥተ ይሁዳ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'book of the prophets of the kings of Judah' likely refers to a source or chronicle used by the compiler, not a known biblical book; it may indicate a lost prophetic record.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The flight to Lachish and betrayal by its king reflects a tradition not found in the Masoretic 2 Kings 14; it may derive from a variant source or local legend.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The fifteen-year reign of Amaziah and the forty-one-year reign of Jeroboam II are given; the latter aligns with 2 Kings 14:23, but the synchronism here is unique to this Ethiopic version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a composite: Amaziah's death, Azariah's accession, Jeroboam's reign, and a note on building Elam are juxtaposed without smooth narrative transition, typical of the Ethiopic compilation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤላም","severity":"caution","text":"The place name 'Elam' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of 'Elath' (a port on the Red Sea) or a different site; the Geʿez text does not clarify.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the son of Joash, king of Israel' in the first line is ambiguous: it could refer to Jeroboam II or another figure; the text later names Jeroboam as son of Joash.","The phrase 'they set a tribute of men upon Jerusalem' is unclear: it may mean a levy of soldiers or a forced tribute of captives.","The building of 'Elam' is ambiguous: it may be a place name or a corruption; the Geʿez offers no further context."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":66,"ref":"p66","source":"ወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢኀደገ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ለኢዮራብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡\nለእስራኤል።\n\nውእቱ፡ አቀመ፡ ደወሎሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ እምፍኖተ፡ ኤማት፡ እስከ፡ ባሕር፡ ዘዐረብ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nአምላከ፡ እስራኤል፡ ዘከመ፡ ነበበ፡ በእደ፡ ገብሩ፡ ዮሐና፡ ወልደ፡ አማቴ፡ ነቢይ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ጌድ፡ ዘኮቤር።\n\nእስመ፡ ርእየ፡ ሕማሞሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለእስራኤል፡ መራር፡ ፈድፋደ፡ ወውኅዱሂ፡ ወተገድፉሂ፡ ወኀጥኡ፡ ዘይረድኦሙ፡\nለእስራኤል።\n\nወኢነበበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ይደምስስ፡ ዘርኦሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ እምታሕተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወአድኀኖሙ፡ [በ]እደ፡ ኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአስ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነንሩ፡ ለኢዮራብዓም፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘንብረ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ኀይሉ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ፀብኡ፡ ወዘከመ፡ አስተጋብኦሙ፡ ለኤማት፡\nወለደማስቆ፡ አምእስራኤል፡ ለይሁዳ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወሰከበ፡ ኢዮርብዓም፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ምስለ፡ ነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወነግሠ፡ አዜከርያስ፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።","english":"And he did evil before the Lord, and he did not abandon all his sins, Jeroboam son of Nebat, who led Israel astray.\n\nIt was he who set up the calves for Israel from the border of Hamath to the Sea of Arabia, as the Lord, the God of Israel, said, as was spoken by the hand of his servant Jonah son of Amittai, the prophet in Gath-hepher.\n\nFor the Lord saw the sufferings of Israel, very bitter, and they were oppressed and rejected and sinned, and he who would guide them was lacking for Israel.\n\nAnd the Lord decreed that he would destroy the seed of Israel from under heaven and save them by the hand of Jeroboam son of Joash.\n\nAnd all the valor of Jeroboam, and all his deeds, and all his strength, and all his battles, and how he gathered Hamath and Damascus from among Israel for Judah—behold, this is what is written in the book of their prophets, the kings of Israel.\n\nAnd Jeroboam slept with his fathers, with the kings of Israel, and his son Azariah reigned after him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮራብዓም","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢዮራብዓም (ʿUyorabʿam) represents the Hebrew name Jeroboam. The passage conflates Jeroboam son of Nebat (first king of the northern kingdom) with Jeroboam son of Joash (later king of Israel), a common confusion in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልደ፡ አማቴ፡ ነቢይ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ጌድ፡ ዘኮቤር","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Jonah son of Amittai, prophet in Gath-hepher, echoes 2 Kings 14:25, where Jonah is mentioned as a prophet during Jeroboam II's reign. The Geʿez explicitly names the prophet and his town.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አቀመ፡ ደወሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'set up the calves' refers to the golden calves erected at Dan and Bethel by Jeroboam I (1 Kings 12:28-30). The Ethiopic tradition here attributes this act to Jeroboam II, reflecting a conflation of the two kings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with a formulaic notice of Jeroboam's death and succession by his son Azariah, mirroring the standard regnal summaries in the Books of Kings. This marks a transition in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮራብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ","severity":"caution","text":"The text explicitly identifies Jeroboam as 'son of Nebat' (the first Jeroboam) but then describes events from the reign of Jeroboam II (son of Joash). This conflation is a known feature of the Ethiopic Kings tradition and may confuse readers unfamiliar with the biblical chronology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Jeroboam is ambiguous: the text names him as son of Nebat but describes deeds of Jeroboam II. The reading taken is that the Ethiopic tradition conflates the two figures.","The phrase 'from the border of Hamath to the Sea of Arabia' may refer to the extent of Jeroboam II's kingdom, but the geography is imprecise."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":67,"ref":"p67","source":"IV Regum 15\n\n15\nአመ፡ ፳ወ፯ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ [ነግሠ፡ አዛርያስ፡ ወልደ፡ አሜስያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ\n።]\n\nወ፲ወ፮ክረምቱ፡ ለአዛርያስ፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ ፤ ፶ወ፪ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ ከልያ፡ እንተ፡\nኢየሩሳሌም።\n\nወገብረ፡ ጽድቀ፡ በቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘከመ፡ ገብረ፡ አሜስያስ፡ አቡሁ።\n\nወአብያተ፡ አማልክትሰ፡ ኢያሰሰለ ፤ ዓዲሆሙ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ህየ፡ የዐጥኑ፡ ወይሠውዑ፡ ውስተ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክት።\n\nወገሰሶ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ወአኀዞ፡ ለምጽ፡ እስከ፡ አመ፡ ሞተ፡ ወነግሠ፡ እምቤተ፡ አፍሶት፡ ወዮናታን፡ ወልደ፡ ንጉሥ፡ የዐቅብ፡ ቤቶ፡ ወይኴንን፡ አሕዛበ፡ ምድር።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለአዛርያስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡\nይሁዳ።\n\nወስከበ፡ አዛርያስ፡ ምሰለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገረ፡ ዳዊት፡ ወነግሠ፡ ዮናታን፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።","english":"In the twenty-seventh year of his reign, Jeroboam king of Israel [reigned; Azariah son of Amaziah king of Judah reigned].\n\nAnd in the sixteenth year of Azariah, from when he began to reign, he reigned fifty-two years in Jerusalem, and the name of his mother was Jecoliah of Jerusalem.\n\nAnd he did righteousness before the eyes of the Lord, as his father Amaziah had done.\n\nAnd as for the houses of the gods, he restored them; he renewed the people there to offer incense and to sacrifice in the houses of the gods.\n\nAnd the Lord smote the king, and he was afflicted with leprosy until the time of his death; and he reigned from the house of confinement, and Jonathan the son of the king guarded his house and judged the peoples of the land.\n\nAnd all the account of Azariah and all that he did is this which is written in the book of the prophets of the kings of Judah.\n\nAnd Azariah slept with his fathers in the city of David, and Jonathan his son reigned after him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮርብዓም","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a synchronistic regnal formula linking Jeroboam of Israel and Azariah of Judah, a common structural device in the Deuteronomistic History.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢያሰሰለ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'restored' (ኢያሰሰለ) is used for repairing the houses of the gods, reflecting a positive evaluation of Azariah's cultic actions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አዛርያስ","severity":"info","text":"The account of Azariah (Uzziah) and his leprosy echoes 2 Chronicles 26, where his pride leads to divine punishment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ለምጽ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'leprosy' (ለምጽ) for Azariah's affliction aligns with the Chronicler's tradition that Uzziah was struck with leprosy for usurping priestly duties.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to a 'book of the prophets of the kings of Judah' suggests a source used by the Ethiopic compiler, possibly a lost chronicle or prophetic collection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮናታን","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Jonathan' for Azariah's son and successor is anomalous; the biblical name is Jotham. This may reflect a textual corruption or a variant tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Jonathan' as Azariah's son is uncertain; the biblical record gives Jotham. The phrase 'house of confinement' (ቤተ፡ አፍሶት) may refer to Azariah's isolation due to leprosy, but its exact meaning is debated."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":68,"ref":"p68","source":"ወአመ፡ ፴ወ፰ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአዛርያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ነግሠ፡ አዜኬርያስ፡ ወልደ፡ ኢዮርብዓም፡ ለእስራኤል፡\nበሰማርያ፡ ፮አውራኀ።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በከመ፡ ገብሩ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ወኢኀደገ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡\nወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል።\n\nወዐለውዎ፡ ሴሎም፡ ወልደ፡ ኢያቢሶ፡ ወበላዓን፡ ወሴሎም፡ አቡሁ፡ ቀተልዎ፡ ወነግሠ፡ ሴሎም፡ ህየንቴሁ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለአዜኬርያስ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወዝውእቱ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዩ፡ ዘይቤለመ፡ እስከ፡ ራብዕ፡ ትውልድከ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ መንበረ፡ እስራኤል፡\nወከማሁ፡ ኮነ።\n\nወነግሠ፡ ሴሎም፡ ወልደ፡ ያቤሳ ፤ አመ፡ ፴ወ፱ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአዛርያ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ነግሠ፡ ሴሎም፡ ፴መዋዕለ፡ በሰማርያ።\n\nወዐርገ፡ ምናሔም፡ ወልደ፡ ጌዱ፡ እምተርሲላቅ፡ ወሖረ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወቀተሎ፡ ለሴሎም፡ ወልደ፡ ያቤሶ፡ በሰማርያ።","english":"And in the thirty-eighth year of the reign of Azariah king of Judah, Zechariah son of Jeroboam reigned over Israel in Samaria for six months.\n\nAnd he did evil before the eyes of the Lord, as his fathers had done, and he did not abandon the sin of Jeroboam son of Nebat, which he had caused Israel to commit.\n\nAnd Shallum son of Jabesh rose up against him, and he killed him, and Shallum reigned in his stead.\n\nAnd all the account of Zechariah is as it is written in the book of the prophets of the kings of Israel.\n\nAnd this is the word of the Lord to Jehu, who said, “Until the fourth generation, they shall sit upon the throne of Israel.” And so it happened.\n\nAnd Shallum son of Jabesh reigned. In the thirty-ninth year of the reign of Azariah king of Judah, Shallum reigned for thirty days in Samaria.\n\nAnd Menahem son of Gadi rose up from Tirzah and went to Samaria and killed Shallum son of Jabesh in Samaria.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage synchronizes the reigns of Azariah of Judah and Zechariah of Israel, then Shallum, then Menahem, following the regnal framework of 2 Kings 15.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአመ፡ ፴ወ፰ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአዛርያስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening date (38th year of Azariah) corresponds to 2 Kings 15:8, where Zechariah’s six-month reign is recorded.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡","severity":"info","text":"Jeroboam son of Nebat is the archetypal sinful king of Israel; the text uses his name to characterize Zechariah’s evil as inherited sin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዩ፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'word of the Lord to Jehu' refers to the prophecy in 1 Kings 19:15-18 (MT) that Jehu’s dynasty would end after four generations, fulfilled here with Zechariah’s death.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into three narrative blocks: Zechariah’s reign and death, the prophetic fulfillment, and Shallum’s brief reign and assassination by Menahem.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለአዜኬርያስ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'all the account of Zechariah is as it is written in the book of the prophets of the kings of Israel' may indicate a source citation or a gloss; the referent 'book of the prophets' is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The 'book of the prophets of the kings of Israel' is not identified in extant sources; it may be a lost work or a reference to a prophetic collection.","The phrase 'he did evil before the eyes of the Lord, as his fathers had done' is a formulaic moral judgment, not a specific historical claim."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":69,"ref":"p69","source":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለሴሎም፡ ወማዕሌቱኒ፡ ዘዐለወ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡\nለነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ቀተሎሙ፡ ምናሔም፡ ለቴርሳ፡ ወኵሎሙ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቴርሳ፡ ወለኵሉ፡ አድያሚሆሙ፡ ወዘእምቴርሳ፡ እስመ፡\n[ኢያ]ርኀውዎ፡ ወኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ውስቴታ፡ ወፅኑሳቲሆሙኒ፡ ነፀሮን።\n\nወአመ፡ ፴ወ፱ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአዛርያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ነግሠ፡ ምናሔም፡ ወልደ፡ ጊዱ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ፲ክረምተ፡\nበሰማርያ።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢኀደገ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡\nዘአስሐቶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል።\n\nወበመዋዕሊሁ፡ ዐርገ፡ ፎሐ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ውስተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብሔር፡ ወወሀቦ፡ ምናሔም፡ ለፉሐ፡ ፲፻መካልየ፡ ብሩር፡\nከመ፡ ይኅበር፡ ምስሌሁ።\n\nወአዘዞሙ፡ ምናሔም፡ ለእስራኤል፡ የሀብዎ፡ ብዙኀ፡ ብሩረ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ያስተዋፅኡ፡ ሎቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ብእሲ፡\nበበ፶ሰቅሎን፡ ወኢቦአ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወኢነበረ፡ ውስተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብሔር።","english":"And all the story of Shalum and his rule, which was above, this is what is written in the book of their prophets, the kings of Israel.\n\nAnd then Menahem killed them of Tirzah, and all who were in Tirzah, and all their families, and those from Tirzah who had [exiled] him, and all who were in it, and their nobles he destroyed.\n\nAnd in the thirty-ninth year of the reign of Azariah king of Judah, Menahem son of Gadi reigned over Israel for ten years in Samaria.\n\nAnd he did evil before the eyes of the Lord, and he did not abandon all the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, which he had caused Israel to commit.\n\nAnd in his days, Pul king of Persia came up into that land, and Menahem gave to Pul one thousand talents of silver, that he might be allied with him.\n\nAnd Menahem commanded Israel to give much silver to the king of Persia, to contribute to him each man fifty shekels, and the king of Persia entered and dwelt in that land.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሴሎም","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form 'Selom' corresponds to the Hebrew name Shallum, the king of Israel who assassinated Zechariah. The English draft uses 'Shalum'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፎሐ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez 'Foḥa' (Pul) is a name for the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III, used in 2 Kings 15:19. The text identifies him as king of Persia, an anachronism common in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"፲፻መካልየ፡ ብሩር","severity":"info","text":"The 'one thousand talents of silver' given by Menahem to Pul echoes 2 Kings 15:19, where Menahem pays tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III. The Geʿez text adds the detail of a per-capita levy of fifty shekels.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"፴ወ፱ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአዛርያስ","severity":"info","text":"The thirty-ninth year of Azariah (Uzziah) of Judah as the start of Menahem's reign aligns with 2 Kings 15:17, though the Geʿez text gives Menahem a ten-year reign, consistent with 2 Kings 15:17.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያርኀውዎ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez verb 'ʾayyarḫawwo' (exiled) is partially reconstructed from a lacuna in the manuscript; the reading is uncertain. The English draft supplies 'exiled' as a plausible restoration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ምናሔም","severity":"info","text":"Menahem's massacre of the town of Tirzah and its nobles, not recorded in the Masoretic text, appears to be an Ethiopic expansion. Tirzah was an early capital of the northern kingdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text at the lacuna (ኢያርኀውዎ) is damaged; the reading 'exiled' is conjectural.","The identification of Pul as 'king of Persia' is an anachronism; the biblical source identifies him as king of Assyria."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":70,"ref":"p70","source":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለምናሔም፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡\nእስራኤል።\n\nወሰከበ፡ ምናሔም፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ።\n\nወአመ፡ ኀምሳ፡ ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአዛርያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ነግሠ፡ ፋቄስያስ፡ ወልደ፡ ምናሔም፡ ለእስራኤል፡\nበሰማርያ፡ ፪ዓመተ።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢኀደገ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡\nለእስራኤል።\n\nወዐለዎ፡ ፋቂሔ፡ ወልደ፡ ሮሜልዩ፡ ወዓሊሁ፡ ወቀተስመ፡ በሰማርያ፡ በቅድመ፡ ቤተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ምስለ፡ አርጎብ፡ ወምስለ፡ አርያ፡ ወምስሌሁ፡ ፶ብእሲ፡ እምውስተ፡ ፬፻ወቀተሎ፡ ወነግሠ፡ ህየንቴሁ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለፋቄስያስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡\nእስራኤል።\n\nወአመ፡ ፶ወ፪ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአዛርያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ነግሠ፡ ፋቁሔ፡ ወልደ፡ ሮሜልዩ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ በሰማርያ፡\n፳ክረምተ።","english":"And all the story of Menahem and all that he did, this is what is written in the book of their prophets, the kings of Israel.\n\nAnd Menahem slept with his fathers.\n\nAnd in the fiftieth year of the reign of Azariah, king of Judah, reigned Pekahiah, son of Menahem, over Israel in Samaria, two years.\n\nAnd he did evil before the eyes of the Lord, and he did not abandon the sin of Jeroboam, son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin.\n\nAnd Pekah, son of Remaliah, rose up against him, and he rose up and killed him in Samaria before the king's house, together with Argob and together with the lion, and with him fifty men from among four hundred, and he killed him and reigned in his place.\n\nAnd all the story of Pekahiah and all that he did, this is what is written in the book of their prophets, the kings of Israel.\n\nAnd in the fifty-second year of the reign of Azariah, king of Judah, reigned Pekah, son of Remaliah, over Israel in Samaria, twenty years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰከበ፡ ምናሔም፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Menahem slept with his fathers' is a euphemism for death, common in biblical and Ethiopic narrative style.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ","severity":"info","text":"Jeroboam son of Nebat is the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel after the division, often depicted as a paradigmatic sinner in the Deuteronomistic history.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢኀደገ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Jeroboam's sin alludes to 1 Kings 12–14, where Jeroboam establishes golden calves and leads Israel into idolatry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አርጎብ፡ ወምስለ፡ አርያ","severity":"info","text":"Argob and 'the lion' (አርያ) are likely names of military units or elite guards; Argob appears in 2 Kings 15:25 as a group of warriors.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"፶ወ፪ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአዛርያስ","severity":"info","text":"The fifty-second year of Azariah (Uzziah) of Judah corresponds to ca. 740 BCE, aligning with the reign of Pekah in the northern kingdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለ...","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'all the story of X is written in the book of their prophets' frames each reign as a self-contained unit, marking a structural division in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Argob' and 'the lion' (አርያ) is uncertain; they may be personal names, place names, or military titles.","The number 'fifty men from among four hundred' (፶ብእሲ፡ እምውስተ፡ ፬፻) is ambiguous: it may indicate a specific group of fifty out of four hundred guards or a general massacre."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":71,"ref":"p71","source":"ወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢኀደገ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡\nለእስራኤል።\n\nበመዋዕሊሁ፡ ለፋቁሔ፡ መጽአ፡ ተልገተፌለሰር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወነሥኦ፡ ለናይን፡ ወለአቤል፡ ወለዘምሕኮ፡ ወለዘአንዮኅ፡\nወለቄኔዝ፡ ወለአሶር፡ ወለገለአድ፡ እንተ፡ ገሊላ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ምድረ፡ ንፍታሌም፡ ወአፍለሶሙ፡ ብሔረ፡ ፋርስ።\n\nወዐለዎ፡ ማዕሌተ፡ ሆሴዕ፡ ወልደ፡ ኤላ፡ ለፋቁሔ፡ ወልደ፡ ሮሜልዩ፡ ወቀተሎ፡ ወነግሠ፡ ህየንቴሁ፡ አመ፡ ፳ዓመቱ፡\nለዮናታን፡ ወልደ፡ አዛርያስ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለፋቁሔ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡\nእስራኤል።\n\nአመ፡ ፪ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለፋቁሔ፡ ወልደ፡ ሮሜልዩ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ነግሠ፡ ዮአታም፡ ወልደ፡ አዘርያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ።\n\nእንዘ፡ ፳ወ፭ክረምቱ፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ ፤ ወ፲ወ፮ክረምተ፡ ነግሁ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ ዔሩሳ፡ ወለተ፡ ሳዱቅ።","english":"And he did evil before the eyes of the Lord, and he did not abandon his sin, that of Jeroboam son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin.\n\nIn the days of Pekah, Tiglath-Pileser, king of Persia, came and took Nain, Abel, Beth-shemesh, Anathoth, Cenez, Asor, Gilead of Galilee, and all the land of Naphtali, and he carried them off to the land of Persia.\n\nAnd Hoshea son of Elah conspired against Pekah son of Remaliah and killed him, and he reigned in his place in the twentieth year of Jonathan son of Azariah.\n\nAnd all the story of Pekah and all that he did, this is what is written in the book of their prophets, the kings of Israel.\n\nIn the second year of the reign of Pekah son of Remaliah, king of Israel, Jotham son of Azariah, king of Judah, reigned.\n\nHe was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem, and the name of his mother was Jerusha daughter of Zadok.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ፋርስ (Fāres) here translates 'Assyria' (Tiglath-Pileser was an Assyrian king), but the Ethiopic tradition often conflates Persia and Assyria.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ፋቁሔ","severity":"info","text":"The list of conquered towns (Nain, Abel, Beth-shemesh, etc.) and the deportation to 'Persia' loosely parallels 2 Kings 15:29, where Tiglath-Pileser takes cities in Naphtali and carries the people to Assyria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮናታን","severity":"info","text":"The regnal synchronism places Pekah's death in the 20th year of Jonathan (Jotham) son of Azariah, which differs from the Masoretic chronology (2 Kings 15:30 places it in the 20th year of Jotham).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ተልገተፌለሰር","severity":"info","text":"Tiglath-Pileser (ተልገተፌለሰር) is the Assyrian king Pul, whose campaigns against Israel are recorded in 2 Kings 15:19 and 15:29. The Ethiopic text calls him 'king of Persia'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ","severity":"info","text":"The formula 'And all the story of Pekah...this is what is written in the book of their prophets' recurs from the previous passage, marking a structural refrain that closes a king's reign.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"The note on Jotham's age (25) and reign length (16 years) and his mother's name (Jerusha daughter of Zadok) follows 2 Kings 15:32-33, but the Ethiopic tradition adds the mother's name explicitly.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identification of Tiglath-Pileser as 'king of Persia' is a geographical conflation; the original source likely referred to Assyria.","The list of conquered towns includes some names (e.g., Cenez, Anathoth) that are not in the Masoretic account of Tiglath-Pileser's campaign."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":72,"ref":"p72","source":"ወገብረ፡ ሠናየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘከመ፡ ገብረ፡ አዛርያስ፡ አቡሁ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ቤተ፡ አማልክት፡ ኢያሰሰለ፡ ወዓዲሆሙ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ይሠውዑ፡ ወየዐጥኑ፡ ውስተ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክት፡ ወውእቱ፡\nሐነጸ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕሌየ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለዮአታም፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነዚያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ\n።\n\nወይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ አኀዘ፡ ይፈንዎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለረዐሶን፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወፋቁሔ፡ ወልደ፡ ሮሜልዩ፡ ውስተ፡\nኢየሩሳሌም።\n\nወሰከበ፡ ኢዮአታም፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገረ፡ ዳዊት፡ አቡሁ፡ ወነግሠ፡ አካዝ፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።\n\nIV Regum 16\n\n16\nአመ፡ ፲ወ፯ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለፋቁሔ፡ ወልደ፡ ሮሜልዩ፡ ነግሠ፡ አካዝ፡ ወልደ፡ ዮአታም፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ።\n\nወ፳ክረምቱ፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ፡ አካዝ፡ ወ፲ወ፮ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወኢገብረ፡ ሠናየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡\nለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኩ፡ ወኢኮነ፡ ምእመነ፡ ከመ፡ ዳዊት፡ አቡሁ።","english":"And he did evil before the eyes of the Lord, all as Azariah his father had done.\n\nBut only the house of the gods did he build, and the people continued to sacrifice and burn incense in the houses of the gods, and he himself built the gate of the house of the Lord above me.\n\nAnd all his story is told to Jotham, and all that he did, now this is what is written in the book of these kings of Judah.\n\nAnd after this, the Lord began to send Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekah son of Remaliah, into Jerusalem.\n\nAnd Jotham slept with his fathers in the city of David his father, and Ahaz his son reigned after him.\n\nIV Kings 16\n\n16\n\nIn the seventeenth year of the reign of Pekah son of Remaliah, Ahaz son of Jotham, king of Judah, reigned.\n\nAnd in the first year when Ahaz reigned, and for sixteen years he reigned in Jerusalem, and he did evil before the eyes of the Lord his God, and he was not faithful like David his father.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ፡ አማልክት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'house of the gods' (plural) contrasts with the singular 'house of the Lord' (ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር) later in the same passage, marking a distinction between pagan shrines and the Jerusalem Temple.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 16","severity":"info","text":"The passage is headed 'IV Regum 16', a Vulgate-derived chapter division. The content corresponds to 2 Kings 16 in the Hebrew Bible, covering the reign of Ahaz.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"፲ወ፯ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለፋቁሔ","severity":"info","text":"The text dates Ahaz's accession to the 17th year of Pekah's reign, a synchronism not found in the Masoretic Text but typical of the Ethiopic Kings' chronological framework.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ረዐሶን፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ","severity":"info","text":"Rezin (ረዐሶን) is the Aramean king of Damascus who, with Pekah, attacked Judah in the Syro-Ephraimite War (c. 734 BCE). The Geʿez form reflects the Syriac or Arabic transmission.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለዮአታም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'all his story is told to Jotham' is a redactional note, signaling a source citation ('the book of these kings of Judah') that the Ethiopic compiler inserted to explain the narrative's origin.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ላዕሌየ","severity":"caution","text":"The first-person suffix 'above me' (ላዕሌየ) is anomalous; it may be a scribal error or a gloss from a marginal note. The English draft omits it, but the Geʿez retains a first-person voice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2700Kings","label":"source edition: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the first-person speaker in 'above me' (ላዕሌየ) is unclear; it may be a scribal intrusion or a remnant of a source text.","The phrase 'house of the gods' could refer to specific high places or generic pagan shrines; the text does not specify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":73,"ref":"p73","source":"ወሖረ፡ በፍኖተ፡ ኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወወልዶ፡ ሦዐ፡ በእሳት፡ ለርኵሶሙ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ አሰሰለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጾሙ፡ ለእስራኤል።\n\nወሦዐ፡ ወዐጠነ፡ ሎሙ፡ ውስተ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክት፡ ወውስተ፡ አውግር፡ ወታሕተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዖም፡ ጽፉቅ።\n\nወይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ዐርጉ፡ ረአሶን፡ ንጉሠ፡ [ሶርያ፡] ወፋቁሔኒ፡ ወልደ፡ ሮሜልዩ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ላዕለ፡\nኢየሩሳሌም፡ ከመ፡ ይትቃተልዎሙ፡ ወተቃተልዎ፡ ለአካዝ፡ ወስእኑ፡ መዊኦቶ።\n\nወይእተ፡ ዕለተ፡ አግብአ፡ ሎሙ፡ ረአሶን፡ ንጉሠ፡ [ሶርያ፡] ኤላተ፡ ለሶርያ፡ ወአውፅኦሙ፡ በአይሁድ፡ እምኤላት፡\nወሰብአ፡ ኤዶምያስ፡ ገብኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ኤላት፡ ወነበፋ፡ ህየ፡ እስከ፡ ዮም።\n\nወለአከ፡ አካዝ፡ ሐዋርያተ፡ ኀበ፡ ተልጌልፌልሶር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ገብርከኒአ፡ ወወልድከኒአ፡ አነአ ፤\nዕረግአ፡ ወአድኅነኒአ፡ እምነ፡ እዴሁ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወእምእዴሁ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ እስራኤልአ፡ እለ፡ ተንሥኡ፡ ሳዕሌየአ።","english":"And he went in the way of Jeroboam son of Nebat, king of Israel, and he sacrificed his son by fire to all the gods of the peoples whom the Lord had removed from before the face of Israel.\n\nAnd he sacrificed and burned incense for them in the houses of the gods and in the high places and under every green tree.\n\nAnd at that time, having finished, Rezon king of Syria and Pekah son of Remaliah, king of Israel, went up against Jerusalem to do battle with them, and they fought against Ahaz and asked for his surrender.\n\nAnd on that day, Rezon king of Syria brought Elath to Syria and drove out the Jews from Elath, and the men of Edom entered into Elath and dwelt there until this day.\n\nAnd Ahaz sent envoys to Tiglath-Pileser, king of Persia, saying, \"I am your servant and your son; come up and deliver me from the hand of the king of Syria and from the hand of the king of Israel, who have risen up against me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮርብዓም","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢዮርብዓም (ʿUyorbəʿam) represents the Hebrew name Jeroboam, here identified as Jeroboam son of Nebat, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሖረ በፍኖተ ኢዮርብዓም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'went in the way of Jeroboam' echoes the biblical condemnation of Jeroboam’s cultic innovations (1 Kings 12:25–33; 2 Kings 17:22). The Geʿez text adapts the narrative to emphasize idolatry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ረአሶን ንጉሠ [ሶርያ]","severity":"info","text":"Rezon (Rəʿəson) is the Geʿez form of Rezin, king of Aram-Damascus (Syria), who allied with Pekah of Israel against Ahaz of Judah (2 Kings 16:5–9). The bracket notation [ሶርያ] indicates a scribal insertion or correction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሦዐ ወዐጠነ ሎሙ ውስተ አብያተ አማልክት","severity":"info","text":"The description of sacrificing and burning incense in houses of gods, high places, and under green trees parallels the biblical account of Ahaz’s syncretistic practices (2 Kings 16:3–4).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ተልጌልፌልሶር፡ ንጉሠ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"Tiglath-Pileser (ተልጌልፌልሶር) is called 'king of Persia' (ንጉሠ ፋርስ), an anachronism reflecting the Ethiopic tradition’s conflation of Assyrian and Persian empires.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልዶ ሦዐ በእሳት","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'sacrificed his son by fire' is ambiguous: it may refer to the cult of Molech (2 Kings 16:3) or be a rhetorical condemnation of Ahaz’s idolatry. The Geʿez text does not specify the recipient deity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the son sacrificed by fire is not specified; it may be a literal or figurative reference.","The phrase 'under every green tree' (ታሕተ ኵሉ ዖም ጽፉቅ) is a Geʿez idiom for illicit cultic sites, but its exact referent is unclear.","The name [ሶርያ] appears in brackets, suggesting a scribal correction or variant reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":74,"ref":"p74","source":"ወነሥአ፡ አካዝ፡ ወርቀ፡ ወብሩረ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ውስተ፡ መዛግብተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወዘቤተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወፈነወ፡ ሎቱ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ አምኃሁ።\n\nወአሆ፡ ይቤሎ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወዐርገ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ውስተ፡ ደማስቆ፡ ወነሥኦሙ፡ ወአፍለሶሙ፡ ወቀተሎ፡ ለረአሶን\n።\n\nወሖረ፡ አካዝ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወተቀበሎ፡ ለቴልገፌልሶር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ውስተ፡ ደማስቆ፡ ወርእየ፡ በህየ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡\nበደማስቆ፡ ወፈነወ፡ አካዝ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኀበ፡ አርያ፡ ካህን፡ አርአያሁ፡ ለውእቱ፡ መሥዋዕት፡ ወሥርዐተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ግብረቱ።\n\nወሐነጸ፡ አርያ፡ ካህን፡ ምሥዋዐ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘከመ፡ ፈነወ፡ ሎቱ፡ ንጉሥ፡ አካዝ፡ እምደማስቆ።\n\nወርእዮ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ወዐርገ፡ ውስቴቱ።\n\nወዐጠነ፡ ወሦዐ፡ ወአውጽሐ፡ ወከዐወ፡ ደመ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ሰላም፡ ውስተ፡ ምሥዋዕ።\n\nምሥዋዕኒ፡ ዘብርት፡ ዘቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አሰሰለ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እማእከለ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ወአንበሮ፡\nመንገለ፡ ደቡቡ፡ ለምሥዋዕ።","english":"And Ahaz took the gold, silver, and bronze that was found in the treasuries of the house of the Lord and of the king’s house, and sent it to the king of Assyria as tribute.\n\nAnd the king of Assyria said to him, “Woe!” And the king of Assyria went up to Damascus, took them, turned them back, and killed Rezin.\n\nAnd Ahaz the king went and received Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria, in Damascus, and there he saw the sacrifice in Damascus. And Ahaz the king sent to Uriah the priest, showing him that sacrifice and the ordinance of all its ritual.\n\nAnd Uriah the priest built an altar, all as the king Ahaz had sent to him from Damascus.\n\nAnd the king saw that altar and went up into it.\n\nAnd he burned incense, poured libation, brought forth, and sprinkled the blood of the sacrifice of peace upon the altar.\n\nAnd the altar, which was of bronze before the Lord, he removed from before the house of the Lord, from the middle of the altar, and placed it to the south of the altar.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text consistently calls the Assyrian king 'king of Persia' (ንጉሠ ፋርስ), reflecting a late antique conflation of successive Near Eastern empires.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The narrative of Ahaz sending tribute to Tiglath-Pileser and the construction of a new altar in Jerusalem is drawn from 2 Kings 16:10–16, but the Ethiopic version expands the ritual details.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥዋዕ","severity":"info","text":"ምሥዋዕ (altar) is used for both the new bronze altar built by Uriah and the original altar of the Temple, which is moved southward.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from political tribute to cultic reform: Ahaz’s tribute to Assyria is followed by his adoption of a foreign sacrifice and altar, then Uriah’s compliance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአሆ","severity":"caution","text":"The interjection 'Woe!' (ወአሆ) in the king of Assyria’s speech is obscure; it may be a scribal gloss or a truncated response not paralleled in the Masoretic text.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic version’s emphasis on Ahaz personally performing sacrifice and libation heightens his condemnation as an apostate king, a theme developed in later Ethiopic homiletics.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the king of Assyria' is clear from context as Tiglath-Pileser, but the Geʿez text calls him 'king of Persia'.","The phrase 'took them, turned them back' (ነሥኦሙ ወአፍለሶሙ) lacks a clear antecedent; it may refer to the tribute or to captives."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":75,"ref":"p75","source":"ወአዘዞ፡ አካዝ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለእርያ፡ ካህን፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ውስተ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ዘየዐቢ፡ ሡዕ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ነግህ፡ ወመሥዋዕተ፡ ሰርክ፡ ወመባአ፡ ንጉሥሰ፡ ወመሥዋዕቶ፡ ወመሥዋዕተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ወመባኦሙ፡ ወሞጻሕቶሙ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ደመ፡ መሥዋዕት፡\nወኵሎ፡ ደመ፡ መባኦሙ፡ ትክዑ፡ ዲቤሁ፡ ወምሥዋዕሰ፡ ዘብርት፡ ይኩነነ፡ ለነግሀ፡ ነግህ።\n\nወገብረ፡ አርያ፡ ካህን፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘከመ፡ አዘዞ፡ አካዝ፡ ንጉሥ።\n\nወዐጸወ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኵሎ፡ መብዐለ፡ ሜክኖት፡ ወአሰሰለ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ማዕከከ፡ ወባሕረኒ፡ ነሠተ፡ ወአውረዶ፡ እምላዕለ፡\nአልህምተ፡ ብርት፡ እለ፡ መትሕታ፡ ወገብረ፡ ዘእብን፡ ምንባራ።\n\nመሰረተ፡ ምንባራኒ፡ ሐነጸ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሙባኡ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ወዘአፍአኒ፡ አግብአ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለአካዝ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ\n።\n\nወሰከበ፡ አካዝ፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገረ፡ ዳዊት፡ ወነግሠ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።","english":"And Ahaz commanded Uriah the priest, and said to him, “On the altar which is great, place the morning sacrifice and the evening sacrifice, and the king’s offering, and his sacrifice, and the sacrifice of all the people, and their offerings, and their oblations, and all the blood of the sacrifice, and all the blood of their offerings; they shall pour them upon it. And the altar of bronze shall be for the morning of the morning.”\n\nAnd Uriah the priest did all as Ahaz the king commanded.\n\nAnd the king removed all the vessels of bronze, and he took from them the middle and the basin, and he brought them down from upon the bronze oxen which were beneath, and he made a stone basin.\n\nThe foundation of the basin he laid within the house of the Lord, and the entrance of the king and the entrance of the people he brought into the house of the Lord from before the face of the king of Persia.\n\nAnd all this was told to Ahaz, and all that he did; now this is what is written in the book of the prophets of the kings of Judah.\n\nAnd Ahaz slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city of David; and Hezekiah his son reigned after him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥዋዕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ምሥዋዕ (mǝśwāʿ) denotes an altar, specifically the great altar of the Temple. The passage distinguishes between the great altar and a bronze altar (ምሥዋዕ ዘብርት).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መባአ","severity":"info","text":"The word መባአ (mabāʾ) means 'offering' or 'entrance' depending on context. Here it likely refers to offerings brought by the king and people, as part of the sacrificial system.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘጽሑፍ ውስተ መጽሐፈ ነቢያቲሆሙ ለነገሥተ ይሁዳ","severity":"info","text":"The passage claims that Ahaz's actions are recorded in 'the book of the prophets of the kings of Judah,' likely a reference to the biblical books of Kings or Chronicles, though the exact source is not specified.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አካዝ","severity":"info","text":"Ahaz (አካዝ) was a king of Judah (c. 735–715 BCE) known for his alliance with Assyria and religious reforms. The narrative here describes his reorganization of Temple sacrifices and construction of a stone basin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a narrative sequence: Ahaz's command to Uriah, Uriah's compliance, the king's removal of bronze vessels, construction of a stone basin, and a concluding note about the record of these events, followed by Ahaz's death and Hezekiah's succession.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'the king of Persia' (ንጉሠ ፋርስ) is anachronistic for Ahaz's time, reflecting a later editorial or transmission context where Persian rule was a reference point for the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'altar of bronze shall be for the morning of the morning' is unclear; it may indicate a daily morning sacrifice or a specific ritual.","The identity of the 'king of Persia' in this context is ambiguous; it may be a scribal addition or a reference to a later Persian ruler."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":76,"ref":"p76","source":"IV Regum 17\n\n17\nአመ፡ ፲ወ፪ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአካዝ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁደ፡ ነግሠ፡ ሆሴዕ፡ ወልደ፡ ኤላ፡ በሰማርያ፡ ለእስራኤል፡\n፱ክረምተ።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወባሕቱ፡ ኢከመ፡ ነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል፡ እለ፡ እምቅድሜሁ።\n\nወዐርገ፡ ስልምናሶር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወኮኖ፡ ሆሴዕ፡ ገብረ፡ ወአግብአ፡ ሎቱ፡ መሀና።\n\nወብእሶ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ እስመ፡ ፈነወ፡ ሐዋርያተ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰጎል፡ ንጉሠ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወኢያምጽአ፡ ሎቱ፡ መሀና፡\nለንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ በውእቱ፡ ዓመት፡ ወተቃተሎ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወአሰሮ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ ሞቅሕ።\n\nወዐርገ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ምድር፡ ወዐርገ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወተቃተለ፡ ፫ዓመተ።\n\nወአመ፡ ፱፡ ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለሆሴዕ፡ ነሥኣ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ለሰማርያ፡ ወአፍለሶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ብሔረ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወአንበሮሙ፡ ውስተ፡ አላሔ፡ ወውስተ፡ አቦር፡ አፍላገ፡ ጎዛን፡ ወውስተ፡ አድባረ፡ ሜዶን።","english":"In the twelfth year of the reign of Ahaz, king of Judah, Hoshea son of Elah reigned in Samaria over Israel for nine years.\n\nAnd he did evil before the eyes of the Lord, just as the kings of Israel who were before him.\n\nAnd Shalmaneser, king of Persia, went up and subdued Hoshea, and he made him a servant and brought tribute to him.\n\nAnd the king of Persia was angry because he had sent messengers to So, king of Egypt, and he did not bring tribute to the king of Persia in that year, and the king of Persia fought him and bound him in a house of prison.\n\nAnd the king of Persia went up into all the land, and he went up into Samaria and fought for three years.\n\nAnd in the ninth year of the reign of Hoshea, the king of Persia took Samaria and carried away the Israelites to the land of Persia, and he placed them in Alah and in Abor, the river of Gozan, and in the mountains of Media.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text identifies Shalmaneser as 'king of Persia', an anachronism reflecting the Ethiopic tradition's conflation of Assyrian and Persian empires.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሆሴዕ፡ ወልደ፡ ኤላ፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage corresponds to 2 Kings 17:1–6, recounting Hoshea's reign and the Assyrian conquest of Samaria.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰጎል፡","severity":"info","text":"The name 'So' (ሰጎል) for the king of Egypt is a direct transliteration of the Hebrew סוֹא, reflecting the Geʿez translator's reliance on a Semitic source.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"፲ወ፪ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለአካዝ፡","severity":"info","text":"The synchronism of Hoshea's accession with Ahaz's 12th year follows the biblical chronology (2 Kings 17:1), but the Geʿez text adds a precise 9-year reign for Hoshea.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አላሔ፡ ወውስተ፡ አቦር፡ አፍላገ፡ ጎዛን፡","severity":"info","text":"The deportation of Israelites to Alah, Abor (river Gozan), and the mountains of Media reflects the Ethiopic tradition's elaboration on the biblical account (2 Kings 17:6).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The identification of Shalmaneser as 'king of Persia' is historically inaccurate; the Geʿez text likely conflates the Assyrian king with later Persian rulers due to scribal tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not clarify whether 'So' (ሰጎል) refers to a specific pharaoh or is a generic title; the biblical parallel (2 Kings 17:4) is similarly ambiguous.","The phrase 'king of Persia' for Shalmaneser may reflect a deliberate anachronism or a scribal error in transmission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":77,"ref":"p77","source":"ወአመ፡ ይኤብሱ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ፡ ዘአውፅኦሙ፡ አምድረ፡ ግብጽ፡ እምታሕተ፡ እዴሁ፡\nለፈርዖን፡ ንጉሠ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወኢፈርህዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወአምላኩ፡ ባዕደ፡ አማልክተ።\n\nወሖሩ፡ በሕገ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ አሰሰለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጾሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብሩ፡\nነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል ፤\n\nወኵሉ፡ ዘፈጠሩ፡ ነገረ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ዘኢይፈቅድ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ፡ ወሐነጹ፡ ሎሙ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክት፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ፡ እምነ፡ ማኅፈዶሙ፡ ለሰብአ፡ ዐይን፡ እስከ፡ አህጉረ፡ ቅጽር።\n\nወገብሩ፡ ሎሙ፡ ምስለ፡ ወአምለኩ፡ ወአሕረሙ፡ ዖመ፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ አድባር፡ ነዋኅት፡ ወአውግር፡ ወታሕተ፡ ኵሉ፡\nዖም፡ ጽፉቅ።\n\nወዐጠኑ፡ ህየ፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክቲሆሙ፡ በከመ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ አሰሰለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምቅድመ፡\nገጾሙ፡ ወገብሩ፡ ምሕራማተ፡ ወጸቈኑ፡ ከመ፡ ያምዕዕዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።","english":"And the children of Israel angered the Lord their God, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt from under the hand of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, and they did not fear the Lord and their God, but other gods.\n\nAnd they walked in the law of the peoples whom the Lord had removed from before the face of the children of Israel, and all that the kings of Israel did,\n\nand all that the children of Israel devised, which the Lord their God did not desire, and they built for themselves houses of gods in all their cities, from their fortresses for the men of the eye as far as the city of Qəṣr.\n\nAnd they made for themselves images and worshipped, and they planted groves in all the high mountains and hills and under every green tree.\n\nAnd they placed there, in all the houses of their gods, as the peoples whom the Lord had removed from before their face, and they made altars and set them up as if to please the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብአ፡ ዐይን፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'men of the eye' likely refers to a specific group, possibly seers or prophets, but its precise meaning in this context is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅጽር።","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Qəṣr' may denote a fortified city or a specific location; its identification remains unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአመ፡ ይኤብሱ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes the deuteronomistic theme of Israel's apostasy and divine punishment, reminiscent of 2 Kings 17:7-18, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሖሩ፡ በሕገ፡ አሕዛብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the law of the peoples' likely alludes to the Canaanite or foreign religious practices condemned in the Hebrew Bible, reflecting a common polemic in Ethiopic biblical retellings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብሩ፡ ነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"This passage forms a catalog of Israel's sins, listing acts of idolatry and disobedience, which serves as a narrative prelude to divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአሕረሙ፡ ዖመ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'planted groves' may be a translation of the Hebrew 'asherah' (sacred trees or poles), but the Geʿez text does not specify the exact nature of these cultic objects.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'men of the eye' (ሰብአ፡ ዐይን፡) is ambiguous; it may refer to a specific group of seers or officials.","The location 'Qəṣr' (ቅጽር።) is not clearly identified; it could be a generic term for a fortress or a specific place.","The phrase 'planted groves' (ወአሕረሙ፡ ዖመ፡) is ambiguous as to whether it refers to actual trees or cultic poles."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":78,"ref":"p78","source":"ወተቀንዩ፡ ለአማልክት፡ ዘይቤሎሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዑቁ፡ ኢትግበሩ፡ ዘነገረ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።\n\nወተካየዶሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወለይሁዳ፡ በአደ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ነቢያቲሁ፡ እንዘ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ይሰምዑ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡\nተመየጡ፡ እምፍኖትክሙ፡ እኪት፡ ወዕቀቡ፡ ፍናውየ፡ ወትእዛዝየ፡ ወኵነኔየ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ሕግየ፡ ዘአዘዝክዎሙ፡ ለአበዊክሙ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘለአኩ፡ ሎሙ፡ ምስለ፡ አግብርትየ፡ ነቢያት።\n\nወኢሰምዑ፡ ወአጽንዑ፡ ዘባናቲሆሙ፡ እምዘባናተ፡ አበዊሆሙ።\n\nወኵሎ፡ ኪዳነ፡ ዘተካየዶሙ፡ ኢዐቀቡ፡ ወተለዉ፡ ከንቶ፡ ወኮኑ፡ ከንቶ፡ ወተለዉ፡ አሕዛበ፡ እለ፡ ዐውዶሙ፡ ዘአዘዞሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ኢይግበሩ፡ ከማሆሙ።\n\nወኀደጉ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ፡ ወገብሩ፡ ሎሙ፡ ስብኮ፡ ፪እጐልተ፡ ወገብሩ፡ ሎሙ፡ ምሕራማተ፡ ዖም፡\nወሰገዱ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ኀይለ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወአምላክዎ፡ ለበዓል።\n\nወሦዑ፡ ሎሙ፡ ደቂቆሙ፡ ወአዋልዲሆሙ፡ በእሳት፡ ወያስተቃስሙ፡ ወያሰግሉ፡ ወተሠየጡ፡ ከመ፡ ይግበሩ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ወከመ፡ ያምዕዕዎ።","english":"And they bowed down to gods, which the Lord had said to them, \"Do not do what I have forbidden for the Lord.\"\n\nAnd the Lord contended with Israel and with Judah through all his prophets, while all of them listened, and he said to them, \"Turn from your evil ways, and keep my ways and my commandments and my judgments and all my law which I commanded your fathers, and all that I established for them with my servants the prophets.\"\n\nBut they did not listen, and they hardened their ears from the ears of their fathers.\n\nAnd all the covenant which he had made with them, they did not keep, and they became vain, and they were vain, and they became peoples who turned aside from what the Lord had commanded them, as if they did not do like them.\n\nAnd they abandoned the commandment of the Lord their God, and they made for themselves two calves of gold, and they made for them images of wood, and they worshipped every power of heaven and the gods of Baal.\n\nAnd they sacrificed their sons and their daughters in fire, and they practiced divination and sorcery, and they were polluted, as they do evil before the Lord, and as they provoke him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ተቀንዩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ተቀንዩ (taqanyu) means 'they bowed down' or 'they prostrated themselves,' often in a cultic context of worship or submission to deities.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተካየዶሙ እግዚአብሔር ለእስራኤል ወለይሁዳ","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes the prophetic rebuke in 2 Kings 17:13-18, where God contends with Israel and Judah through prophets, calling them to abandon evil ways and keep the covenant.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሕራማተ ዖም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'images of wood' (ምሕራማተ ዖም) refers to wooden cultic objects, likely Asherah poles or similar idols, common in ancient Near Eastern worship and condemned in biblical texts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሦዑ ሎሙ ደቂቆሙ ወአዋልዲሆሙ በእሳት","severity":"info","text":"The description of child sacrifice in fire parallels the condemnation of Molech worship in Leviticus 18:21 and 2 Kings 23:10, though here it is attributed to Israelite apostasy.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢሰምዑ ወአጽንዑ ዘባናቲሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The narrative uses a repetitive pattern of disobedience: the people refuse to listen, harden their ears, and abandon the covenant, emphasizing the theme of apostasy as a collective failure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ኢይግበሩ ከማሆሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'as if they did not do like them' is syntactically ambiguous; it may mean the people acted contrary to God's command, or that they imitated the forbidden practices of other nations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ከመ ኢይግበሩ ከማሆሙ' is ambiguous: it could mean 'as if they did not do like them' (i.e., they disobeyed) or 'as if they did not do as them' (i.e., they imitated). The reading taken follows the English draft's interpretation of disobedience.","The identity of 'the gods of Baal' (አምላክዎ ለበዓል) is unclear; it may refer to a specific Canaanite deity or a generic term for foreign gods."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":79,"ref":"p79","source":"ወተምዐ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ፈድፋደ፡ ላዕለ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወገደፎሙ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ወኢተርፉ፡ እንበለ፡ ነገደ፡ ይሁዳ፡\nባሕቲቶሙ።\n\nወይሁዳኒ፡ ኢዐቀቡ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ፡ ወሖሩ፡ በግዕዞሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ዘገብሩ፡ ወኀደግዎ፡\nለእግዚአብሔር።\n\nወተምዕዐ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘርአ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወሆኮሙ፡ ወአግብኦሙ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴሆሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይትማሠጥዎሙ፡ እስከ፡ ገደፎሙ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ።\n\nወአልቦ፡ እምቤተ፡ ዳዊት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወአንገሥዎ፡ ለኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ወአኅደጎሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡\nተሊዎቶ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወአስሐቶሙ፡ በዐቢይ፡ ጌጋይ።\n\nወተለዉ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ኵሎ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ለኢዮርብንም፡ ዘገብረ፡ ወኢኀዶጉ፡ ኪያሁ ፤\n\nእስከ፡ ገደፎሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለእስራኤል፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ በከመ፡ ነበበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእደ፡ ኵሉ፡ አግብርቲሁ፡ ነቢያት ፤ ወፈለሱ፡ እስራኤል፡ እምብሔሮሙ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ፋርስ፡ እስከ፡ ዮም።","english":"And the Lord was angry repeatedly against Israel, and He cast them out from before His face, and none remained except the tribe of Judah alone.\n\nAnd Judah kept the commandment of the Lord their God, and they walked in the footsteps of Israel, who had done and abandoned the Lord.\n\nAnd the Lord was angry against all the seed of Israel, and He struck them and delivered them into the hands of those who would plunder them, until He cast them out from before His face.\n\nAnd there was none from the house of David without Israel, and they made Jeroboam son of Nebat king, and they caused Israel to abandon the Lord and to fall into great error.\n\nAnd the children of Israel followed all the sins of Jeroboam, which he committed, and they did not abandon him.\n\nUntil the Lord cast Israel out from before His face, as the Lord had spoken through the hand of all His servants the prophets; and Israel fled from their land to the land of Persia until this day.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit that recounts the divine punishment of Israel and the preservation of Judah, followed by the rise of Jeroboam and the exile of Israel to Persia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮርብዓም","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Jeroboam' (Geʿez: ኢዮርብዓም) refers to Jeroboam I, son of Nebat, who led the northern kingdom of Israel into schism and idolatry according to biblical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The casting out of Israel 'from before His face' echoes the language of divine rejection found in 2 Kings 17 and Hosea 9:15, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Israel fleeing 'to the land of Persia' reflects a later tradition, possibly from the Beta Israel or other Ethiopian Christian lore, identifying the lost tribes with Persia.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of the Ethiopic Book of Kings (Kings 4), which expands on biblical narrative with homiletic and legendary material, likely compiled in the Aksumite or early Solomonic period.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft translates 'ኢዮርብንም' as 'Jeroboam' but the Geʿez spelling varies; the text may have a scribal error or variant form.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢዮርብንም' in the fifth sentence may be a scribal variant of 'ኢዮርብዓም' (Jeroboam), but the exact intended form is uncertain.","The identity of 'the land of Persia' as a destination for exiled Israel is ambiguous; it may refer to a legendary location rather than historical Persia."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":80,"ref":"p80","source":"ወወሰዶሙ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ እምባቢሎን፡ ለአኩንታ፡ ወእምነ፡ ኤላ፡ ወእምኤማት፡ ወሴፋራሔም፡ ወአንበሮሙ፡ ውስተ፡\nአህጉረ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ህየንቴሆሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወወረስዋ፡ ለሰማርያ፡ ወተካፈልዋ፡ ወነበሩ፡ ውስተ፡ አህጉሪሃ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ በቀዳሚ፡ ንብረቶሙ፡ ኢፈርህዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወፈነወ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዐናብስተ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ወቀተልዎሙ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ልዎ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ እልክቱ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ አፍለስከ፡ ወአንበርከ፡ ውስተ፡ አህጉረ፡ ሰማርያ፡\nወኢያእመሩ፡ ሕጎ፡ ለአምላ[ከ]፡ ውእቱ፡ ብሔር፡ ወፈነወ፡ ዐናብስተ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ወበልዕዎሙ፡ ወቀተልዎሙ፡ እስመ፡ ኢያእመሩ፡ ሕጎ፡ ለአምላ[ከ]፡ ውእቱ፡ ብሔር።\n\nወአዘዘ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ይንሥኡ፡ እምውስተ፡ አይሁድ፡ ፩ካህነ፡ ወይሰዱ፡ ወያንብሮ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ወይምሀ[ሮ]ሙ፡ ሕጎ፡ ለአምላ[ከ]፡ ብሔር።\n\nወወሰዱ፡ ፩ካህነ፡ እምውስተ፡ እለ፡ አፍለሱ፡ እምሰማርያ፡ ወአንበርዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤቴል፡ ወመሀሮሙ፡ ውእቱ፡ ካህን፡\nከመ፡ ይፍርህዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።","english":"And the king of Persia took them from Babylon—Achunta, and from Ela, and from Emat, and Sepharahim—and settled them in the cities of Samaria in place of the children of Israel, and they inherited Samaria and divided it among themselves, and they dwelt in its cities.\n\nAnd after that, in the beginning of their dwelling, they feared the Lord, and the Lord sent lions against them, and they killed them.\n\nAnd he said to the king of Persia, “These peoples whom you have brought and settled in the cities of Samaria do not know the law of the god of that land.” And he sent lions against them, and they devoured them and killed them because they did not know the law of the god of that land.\n\nAnd the king of Persia commanded that they bring one priest from among the Jews, and that he go and settle with them and teach them the law of the god of the land.\n\nAnd they brought one priest from among those who had returned from Samaria, and they settled him in Bethel, and that priest taught them to fear the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The 'king of Persia' here likely refers to a historical or legendary figure associated with the resettlement of peoples in Samaria, possibly alluding to the Assyrian or Persian practice of deporting populations. The narrative conflates Persian and earlier Mesopotamian rulers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አኩንታ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Achunta' (አኩንታ) is obscure and may represent a place or group; it is not clearly identified in known historical sources. The list of locations (Ela, Emat, Sepharahim) likely refers to regions or cities in Mesopotamia or Syria.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዐናብስተ","severity":"info","text":"The motif of lions sent by God to punish those who do not know the law echoes biblical themes of divine retribution (cf. 2 Kings 17:25-26, where lions attack settlers in Samaria for not fearing the Lord). The Geʿez text closely parallels this passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit recounting the resettlement of Samaria by the king of Persia, the settlers' initial fear of the Lord, their punishment by lions, and the subsequent appointment of a Jewish priest to teach them the law. It follows a cause-effect pattern.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤቴል","severity":"info","text":"Bethel (ቤቴል) is a significant cultic site in Israelite history, here depicted as the location where a Jewish priest is installed to teach the law. This reflects later Jewish and Christian traditions that emphasize Bethel's role in preserving worship.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያእመሩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains a repeated phrase 'they did not know the law of the god of that land' (ኢያእመሩ ሕጎ ለአምላከ ውእቱ ብሔር), which may be a scribal duplication or emphasis. The English draft smooths this repetition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'king of Persia' is ambiguous; the narrative may conflate Persian and Assyrian rulers.","The list of place names (Achunta, Ela, Emat, Sepharahim) is not fully identifiable from known historical sources.","The phrase 'they feared the Lord' in the second paragraph may be a later theological insertion, as the settlers are later said not to know the law."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":81,"ref":"p81","source":"ወገብሩ፡ በበሕዘቢሆሙ፡ አማልክቲሆሙ፡ ወአንበርዎሙ፡ ውስተ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክት፡ ዘገብሩ፡ ሰብአ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወበበ፡\nሕዘቢሆሙ፡ ወአህጉሪሆሙ፡ እለ፡ ውስቴቶን፡ ይነብሩ።\n\nወሰብአ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ገብርዋ፡ ለሰከተቤናሆን፡ ወሰብአ፡ ኵቱ፡ ገብርዋ፡ ለኤርጌት፡ ወሰብአ፡ ኤማት፡ ገብርዋ፡ ለኤሴማት\n።\n\nወሰብአ፡ ኤዌዎን፡ ገብርዋ፡ ለኤብላዘር፡ ወለትርቃት፡ ወለሌፍሮን፡ በኀበ፡ ሦዑ፡ ውሉዶሙ፡ ባእሳት፡ ለአድራሜሌክ፡\nወእኔሜሌክ፡ አማልክተ፡ ሴፋርም።\n\nወተፀምዱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እሙንቱ፡ ወአማልክቲሆሙ፡ አንበሩ፡ ውስተ፡ አብያት፡ ዘሰማርያ፡ ዘአማልክቲሆሙ፡ በበሕዘቢሆሙ፡\nለለአህጉሪሆሙ።\n\nወፈርሁ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እንዘ፡ አማልክቲሆሙ፡ ያመልኩ፡ በሕገ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ አፍለሱ፡ በህየ፡ እስከ፡ ዮም።\n\nወይፈርህዎ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ወለሊሆሙ፡ ይገብሩ፡ በሕጎሙ፡ ዘያለምዱ፡ ወበሕገ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወበትእዛዙ፡ ዘአዘዞሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ወሰመዮ፡ ስሞ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወተካየደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኪዳነ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ወአዘዞሙ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኢትፍርሁ፡ ባዕደ፡ አማልክተ፡ ወኢትስግዱ፡ ሎሙ፡\nወኢታምልክዎሙ፡ ወኢትሡቡ፡ ሎሙ።","english":"And they made, each according to their peoples, their gods, and placed them in the houses of the gods that the people of Samaria had made, each according to their peoples and their cities, wherein they dwelt.\n\nAnd the people of Babylon made Sakkut-Benahon, and the people of Kutu made Ergeth, and the people of Emat made Esemat.\n\nAnd the people of Eweon made Eblazer, and Tarketh, and Lefron, before the eunuchs, their sons, the husbands of Adramelek and Enemelak, the gods of Sepharim.\n\nAnd those ones feared the Lord, and they placed their gods in the houses of Samaria, each according to their peoples, each of their cities.\n\nAnd they feared the Lord, while their gods were worshipped according to the law of the peoples who had turned aside there until this day.\n\nAnd those ones fear them, and they do for themselves according to their law that they learn, and according to the law of the Lord and his commandment that he commanded the children of Jacob and named them Israel.\n\nAnd the Lord made a covenant with them, and commanded them, and said to them: Do not fear foreign gods, and do not bow down to them, and do not worship them, and do not turn aside to them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰከተቤናሆን","severity":"info","text":"Sakkut-Benahon is a transliteration of a Mesopotamian deity name, likely Sakkuth (a form of Ninurta) or a conflation with Benahon (possibly Ben-El). The Geʿez preserves the foreign name without translation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤርጌት","severity":"info","text":"Ergeth is a Geʿez rendering of the deity name Ergetu or Erra, associated with the people of Kutu (Cutha). The form reflects a standard transliteration of Akkadian divine names.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤሴማት","severity":"info","text":"Esemat is a Geʿez form of the deity name Eshemet or Ashima, a West Semitic goddess. The people of Emat (Hamath) are said to have made this god.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists deities brought by settlers in Samaria after the Assyrian deportations, reflecting the syncretistic religious landscape of the northern kingdom. The names are drawn from 2 Kings 17:30-31, but the Geʿez version expands the list.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage alternates between the settlers' idolatry and their fear of the Lord, creating a tension that resolves in the Lord's covenant. The repetition of 'each according to their peoples' emphasizes ethnic division in worship.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic version of Kings 2 (Book of Kings 4) is part of the broader Ethiopic biblical canon, which often expands on biblical narratives with local traditions. This passage shows the influence of Jewish and Christian polemics against idolatry.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the deity 'Eblazer' is uncertain; it may be a corruption of 'El-azar' or a local name. The phrase 'before the eunuchs, their sons' is syntactically ambiguous in Geʿez, possibly meaning the gods were placed before the eunuchs who were their sons."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":82,"ref":"p82","source":"ዘእንበለ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘአውፅአክሙ፡ እምድረ፡ ግብጽ፡ በዐቢይ፡ ኀይል፡ ወበመዝራዕቱ፡ ልዑል፡ ሎቱ፡ ፍርህዎ፡\nወሎቱ፡ ስግዱ፡ ወሎቱ፡ ሡዑ።\n\nወዕቀቡ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኵነኔሁ፡ ወሕጎ፡ ወትእዛዞ፡ ዘጸሐፈ፡ ለክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ትግበርዎ፡ ኵሎ፡ መዋዕሊክሙ፡ ወኢትፍርሁ፡ ባዕደ፡ አማልክተ።\n\nወኢትርስዑ፡ ኪዳነ፡ ዘተካየደክሙ፡ ወኢትፍርሁ፡ ባዕደ፡ አማልክተ።\n\nዘእንበለ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክክሙ፡ ኪያሁ፡ ፍርህዎ፡ ወውእቱ፡ ያድኅነክሙ፡ እምነ፡ ኵሉ፡ ፀርክሙ።\n\nወኢታፅምእዎሙ፡ ሕጎሙ፡ ዘከመ፡ ይገብሩ፡ እሙንቱ።\n\nወነበሩ፡ እሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ እንዘ፡ ይፈርህዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወለአማልክቲሆሙ፡ ይትቀነዩ፡ ወውሉዶሙኒ፡ ወውሉደ፡ ውሉዶሙኒ፡ በከመ፡ ገብሩ፡ አበዊሆሙ፡ ገብሩ፡ እሙንቱ፡ እስከ፡ ዮም።\n\nIV Regum 18\n\n18\nወአመ፡ ፫ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለሆሴዕ፡ ወልደ፡ ኤላ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ነግሠ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ወልደ፡ አካዝ፡ ንጉሠ፡\nይሁዳ።\n\nእንዘ፡ ፳ወ፭ክረምቱ፡ አመ፡ ነግሠ፡ ወ፳ወ፱ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ ሀቡ፡ ወለተ፡ ዘካርያ።","english":"Except for the Lord who brought you out of the land of Egypt with great power and his high arm, fear him, worship him, and bow down to him. And keep all his judgments, his law, and his commandments which he wrote for you, that you may observe them all the days of your life, and do not fear other gods. And do not forget the covenant that was made with you, and do not fear other gods. Except for the Lord your God, fear him, and he will save you from all your enemies. And do not imitate their law, as they do. And these peoples dwelt, fearing the Lord, and they were zealous for their gods, and their children and their children's children, as their fathers did, they did, until today.\n\nIV Regum 18\n\n18 And in the third year of the reign of Hoshea son of Elah, king of Israel, Hezekiah son of Ahaz, king of Judah, reigned. He was twenty-five years old when he reigned, and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem, and the name of his mother was Habu, daughter of Zechariah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘእንበለ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘአውፅአክሙ፡ እምድረ፡ ግብጽ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a long parenetic address (vv. 1–5 in the Geʿez) before the chronological notice of Hezekiah’s reign, which is marked by the chapter heading “IV Regum 18” and the numeral ፲፰ (18).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘአውፅአክሙ፡ እምድረ፡ ግብጽ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase “who brought you out of the land of Egypt” echoes the exodus formula of Exodus 20:2 (LXX) and is a standard Geʿez liturgical reference to the Decalogue’s prologue.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሡዑ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ሡዑ (from ሰገደ, “bow down”) is a rare imperative form; the Geʿez text uses three imperatives in sequence: ፍርህዎ (fear him), ስግዱ (worship), and ሡዑ (bow down), intensifying the call to exclusive devotion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሀቡ፡ ወለተ፡ ዘካርያ።","severity":"info","text":"The name of Hezekiah’s mother is given as “Habu, daughter of Zechariah.” This detail is not found in the Masoretic Text (where she is Abijah) and reflects a distinct tradition in the Ethiopic version.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"፳ወ፭ክረምቱ፡ አመ፡ ነግሠ፡ ወ፳ወ፱ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡","severity":"info","text":"Hezekiah is said to have been 25 years old at accession and to have reigned 29 years. This matches 2 Kings 18:2 (LXX) but differs from the MT (25 years old, 29-year reign is consistent with some LXX manuscripts).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትፍርሁ፡ ባዕደ፡ አማልክተ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase “do not fear other gods” appears twice in the Geʿez (lines 2 and 3), possibly a scribal duplication or an intentional rhetorical repetition. The English draft conflates them.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has a double occurrence of “do not fear other gods” (ኢትፍርሁ ባዕደ አማልክተ); it is unclear whether this is a scribal error or a deliberate emphasis.","The name “Habu” for Hezekiah’s mother is unattested in the standard biblical tradition; its source is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":83,"ref":"p83","source":"ወገብረ፡ ጽድቀ፡ በቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘከመ፡ ገብረ፡ ዳዊት፡ አቡሁ።\n\nወውእቱ፡ ነሠተ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክት፡ ወሰበረ፡ ኵሎ፡ ምስለ፡ ወሠረወ፡ ምሕራማቲሆሙ፡ ወአርዌ፡ ምድርኒ፡ ዘገብረ፡\nሙሴ፡ እስመ፡ እስከ፡ ይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ነበሩ፡ እንዘ፡ የዐጥኑ፡ ሎቱ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወሰመይዎ፡ ኔስታሊ፡\nበእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወውእቱሰ፡ ተአመነ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ከማሁ፡ በውስተ፡ ነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወኢእለ፡ እምቅድሜሁ።\n\nወተለዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢኀይጎ፡ ወዐቀበ፡ ትእዛዞ፡ ዘአዘዘ፡ ሙሌ።\n\nወሀለወ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምስሌሁ፡ በኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ወአፅረርዎ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወኢተቀንዩ፡ ሎቱ።\n\nወውእቱ፡ ቀተሎሙ፡ ለኢሎፍሊ፡ እስከ፡ ጋዛ፡ ወእስከ፡ አድያሚሃ፡ እማኅፈደ፡ ሰብአ፡ ዐይን፡ እስከ፡ ሀገረ፡ ቅጽር።\n\nወአመ፡ ራብዕ፡ ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡ ወሰቡዑ፡ ለሆሴዕ፡ ወልደ፡ ኤላ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወዐርገ፡\nስልምናሶር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ላዕለ፡ ሰማርያ።","english":"And he did righteousness before the eyes of the Lord, and all that David his father did.\n\nAnd he destroyed the houses of the gods and broke all the images, and he tore down their altars, and the serpent of the earth that Moses made, for until that day the children of Israel were serving it and calling it Něstāli, by the Lord God of Israel.\n\nBut he trusted in the Lord, and there was none like him among the kings of Judah nor among those before him.\n\nAnd he followed the Lord and did not turn aside, and he kept his commandment that he commanded fully.\n\nAnd the Lord was with him in all that he did, and he humbled the king of Persia, and they did not bow down to him.\n\nAnd he killed the Philistines as far as Gaza and as far as its borders, from the face of the people of the eye as far as the land of Egypt.\n\nAnd in the fourth year of the reign of Hezekiah, and the seventh of Hoshea son of Elah, king of Israel, Shalmaneser, king of Persia, went up against Samaria.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኔስታሊ (Něstāli)","severity":"info","text":"The name Něstāli likely derives from the Hebrew neḥaš neḥōšet (the copper serpent of Moses) via a secondary tradition; the Geʿez form is unique to this passage.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወገብረ ጽድቀ በቅድመ አዕይንቲሁ ለእግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"Echoes 2 Kings 18:3–4, where Hezekiah is praised for his righteousness; the Geʿez expands the biblical account with a comparison to David.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕዝቅያስ (Hezekiah)","severity":"info","text":"Hezekiah’s reform (2 Kings 18:4) included destroying cultic objects; the Geʿez text adds the detail of the Mosaic serpent, reflecting later Jewish and Christian polemic against idolatry.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ራብዕ ዓመተ መንግሥቱ ለሕዝቅያስ","severity":"info","text":"The synchronism of Hezekiah’s fourth year with Hoshea’s seventh and Shalmaneser’s campaign matches 2 Kings 18:9–10, but the Geʿez calls Shalmaneser 'king of Persia', an anachronism.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአርዌ ምድርኒ ዘገብረ ሙሴ","severity":"info","text":"The destruction of the Mosaic serpent parallels Numbers 21:8–9 and 2 Kings 18:4, but the Geʿez uniquely claims the serpent was worshipped until Hezekiah’s time.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢሎፍሊ (Philistines)","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text says Hezekiah killed Philistines as far as Gaza and Egypt, which conflates his campaign (2 Kings 18:8) with later Assyrian actions; the geography is confused.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the serpent of the earth that Moses made' is unclear: it may refer to the bronze serpent of Numbers 21 or a local cult object; the Geʿez text treats it as an idol.","The phrase 'from the face of the people of the eye' (እማኅፈደ ሰብአ ዐይን) is obscure; it may be a corruption or a reference to a specific group or region."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":84,"ref":"p84","source":"ወአግረሮሙ፡ በ፫ዓመት፡ አመ፡ [፮]ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡ ወ[በ፱]ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለሆሴዕ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ነሥኦሙ፡ ለሰማርያ።\n\nወአፍለሶሙ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ለሰማርያ፡ ብሔረ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወአንበሮሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ኤላ፡ ወውስተ፡ አብዮር፡ አፍላገ፡ ጎዞር፡ ወውስተ፡ በሓውርተ፡ ሜዶን።\n\nእስመ፡ ኢሰምዑ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ፡ ወኀደጉ፡ ኪዳኖ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘአዘዞ፡ ለሙሴ፡ ቍልዔሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡\nወአበዩ፡ ገቢረ።\n\nወአመ፡ ፲ወ፬ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡ ዐርገ፡ ሰናክሬም፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ላዕለ፡ አህጉረ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ዐበይት፡\nወነሥአ።\n\nወለአከ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ሐዋርያተ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ውስተ፡ ለኪስ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ምንተአ፡\nአበስኩ፡ እቱአ፡ ወኅድገኒአ ፤ ዘአጾርከኒአ፡ እጸውርአ፡ ወአገበሮ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ፫፻መክሊተ፡ ብሩር፡ ወ፴መክሊተ፡ ወርቅ።\n\nወወሀበ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ኵሎ፡ ወርቀ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወዘውስተ፡ መዛግብተ፡ ቤተ፡ ንጉሥ።","english":"And he destroyed them in the third year, in the sixth year of the reign of Hezekiah, and in the ninth year of the reign of Hoshea, king of Israel, he carried off Samaria.\n\nAnd the king of Persia turned Samaria into the land of Persia and settled them in Ela and in the Abior of the river Gozor and in the plains of Media.\n\nFor they had not heeded the word of the Lord their God and had abandoned his covenant, all that he had commanded Moses, his servant of the Lord, and they refused to act.\n\nAnd in the fourteenth year of the reign of Hezekiah, Sennacherib, king of Persia, marched against the great cities of Judah and took them.\n\nAnd Hezekiah, king of Judah, sent messengers to the king of Persia in Lachish, saying, \"What have I done wrong that you have entered and abandoned me? What you have besieged me, I will pay tribute.\" And the king of Persia imposed upon Hezekiah, king of Judah, three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold.\n\nAnd Hezekiah gave all the gold that was found in the house of the Lord and that in the treasuries of the king's house.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage combines two distinct narrative blocks: the fall of Samaria and the deportation of its inhabitants, followed by the campaign of Sennacherib against Judah and Hezekiah's tribute.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez repeatedly calls Sennacherib 'king of Persia' (ንጉሠ ፋርስ), an anachronistic identification that conflates the Neo-Assyrian and later Persian empires, common in Ethiopic historiography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The account of Sennacherib's invasion and Hezekiah's tribute echoes 2 Kings 18:13–16 and 2 Chronicles 32, but the Geʿez version adds details (e.g., the location Lachish, the specific tribute amounts) not found in the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The deportation of Samaria's inhabitants to 'Ela, Abior of the river Gozor, and the plains of Media' reflects the Assyrian policy of resettlement; the place names may be corrupt or adapted from Assyrian records.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage moralizes the fall of Samaria as divine punishment for abandoning the covenant, a theme consistent with the Deuteronomistic theology that shapes the Ethiopic Kings tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains a lacuna or corruption in the phrase 'he destroyed them in the third year' — the antecedent of 'them' is unclear, possibly referring to the images or altars mentioned in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'king of Persia' is ambiguous: the text conflates the Assyrian king Sennacherib with a Persian ruler, likely a later scribal harmonization.","The phrase 'he destroyed them in the third year' lacks a clear antecedent; it may refer to the destruction of idols or the deportation of the Samaritans."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":85,"ref":"p85","source":"ወይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ሰበረ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ኆኅተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአቅፈለ፡ በወርቁ፡ መናብርተ፡ ምስማክ፡ ወወሀቦ፡\nለንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ።\n\nወፈነዎሙ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ተንተንሃ፡ ወረፋርሶሃ፡ ወረፋስቃንሃ፡ እምለኪስ፡ ምስለ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ሰራዊቱ፡ ኀበ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ውስተ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወዐርጉ፡ ወበጽሑ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወቆሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ሙሓዘ፡ ማይ፡ ዘምጥማቃት፡ ላዕላይ፡ መንገለ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ዐጸዱ፡ ለገናፊ።\n\nወጸውዕዎ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡ ወወጽኡ፡ ኀቤሆሙ፡ ኤልያቄም፡ ወልደ፡ ኬልቅዩ፡ መጋቢ፡ ወሳምናስ፡ ጸሓፊ፡ ወዮሳፍጥ፡ መዘክር\n።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ራፍስቂስ፡ በልዎ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡ ከመዝአ፡ ይቤአ፡ ንጉሥአ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ምንት፡ ዝንቱ፡ በዘ፡\nተአመንከ ፤\n\nበነገርከ፡ ወምክርከ፡ ወአኮ፡ በኀይላ፡ ቀትል፡ ወይእዜ፡ በመኑ፡ ተአሚነከ፡ ዐለውከኒ።\n\nወይእዜሰ፡ ተአመንከ፡ በበትር፡ ባሕሩስ፡ ቅጥቁጥ፡ በግብጽ፡ እንተ፡ እመ፡ ተመርጐዘ፡ ባቲ፡ ብእሲ፡ ይሰበር፡\nወይበውእ፡ ስርዋጽ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ወያቁስሎ ፤ ከማሁ፡ ውእቱ፡ ፈርዖን፡ ንጉሠ፡ ግብጽ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ይትዌከሉ፡ ቦቱ\n።","english":"And this Hezekiah broke the seal of the house of the Lord and closed it with gold, the seats of the columns, and gave it to the king of Persia.\n\nAnd the king of Persia sent Tartan, Rabsaris, and Rabshakeh from Lachish with many of his troops to Hezekiah the king in Jerusalem. And they went up and arrived at Jerusalem and stood at the water conduit of the upper pool on the road to the fuller's field.\n\nAnd they summoned Hezekiah, and Eliakim son of Hilkiah the steward, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah the recorder went out to them.\n\nAnd Rabshakeh said to them, \"Say to Hezekiah: Thus says the great king, the king of Persia: 'What is this in which you trust? In your words and your counsel, and not in the strength of battle? And now, in whom have you trusted that you have rebelled against me?'\"\n\n\"And now you have trusted in a broken reed, a broken reed in Egypt, which, if a man leans on it, it breaks and the splinter enters his hand. Likewise is Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, to all who trust in him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ራፍስቂስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ራፍስቂስ (Rafsaqis) corresponds to the Assyrian title Rabshakeh, here applied to a Persian official, reflecting the text's conflation of Assyrian and Persian roles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ሰበረ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ኆኅተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡","severity":"info","text":"The account of Hezekiah breaking the seal of the Temple and gilding it echoes 2 Kings 18:16, but the Geʿez version adds the detail of giving it to the king of Persia, a departure from the biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'king of Persia' here replaces the Assyrian king Sennacherib of the biblical account (2 Kings 18–19), reflecting the Ethiopic tradition's anachronistic identification of later Persian rulers with earlier Assyrian events.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"በበትር፡ ባሕሩስ፡ ቅጥቁጥ፡ በግብጽ፡","severity":"info","text":"The metaphor of a broken reed in Egypt parallels Isaiah 36:6, where Rabshakeh mocks Hezekiah's reliance on Egypt; the Geʿez version expands the image with the splinter entering the hand.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ሰበረ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a narrative summary of Hezekiah's actions, then shifts to direct speech by Rabshakeh, a common pattern in Ethiopic historical narratives to introduce dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኆኅተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'seal of the house of the Lord' is ambiguous: it may refer to a literal seal on the Temple door or a symbolic act of breaking a covenant; the Geʿez text does not clarify.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'king of Persia' is ambiguous: the text conflates Assyrian and Persian rulers, and it is unclear whether a specific historical figure is intended.","The phrase 'seal of the house of the Lord' may be literal or metaphorical; the Geʿez does not resolve this."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":86,"ref":"p86","source":"ወዝኒ፡ ዘትብል፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኪየ፡ ተወከልኩ፡ አኮኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘነሠተ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ አብያቲሁ፡ ወምሥዋዓቲሁኒ፡\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ለአይሁድ፡ ወለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ቅድመዝ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ስግዱ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም።\n\nወይእዜኒአ፡ ነዓ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚእየ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወእሁበከ፡ ፳፻አፍራሰ፡ ወአምጽኡ፡ ዘይክል፡ ተጽዕኖቶን።\n\nወእፎ፡ እንከ፡ ትመይጡ፡ ገጸ፡ ፩መልአክ፡ ገብረ፡ እግዚእየ፡ እምውስተ፡ እለ፡ ይትነአሱ፡ ወተአመንከ፡ በግብጽ፡\nበሰረገላት፡ ወበአፍራስ።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ ቦኑ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ትአዛዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዐረግነ፡ ውስተዝ፡ ብሔር፡ ንትቃተሎ ፤ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይቤለነ፡\nዕረጉ፡ ውስተዝ፡ ብሔር፡ ወቅትልዎ።\n\nወይቤልዎ፡ ኤልያቂም፡ ወልደ፡ ኬልቅዩ፡ ወሰምናስ፡ ወዮሳፍጥ፡ ለራፍስቂስ፡ ሱርስተ፡ ተናገር፡ ምስለ፡ አግብርቲከ፡\nእስመ፡ ንሰምዕ፡ ንሕነ፡ ወኢትትናገረነ፡ ዕብራይስጥ፡ ለምንት፡ ትትናገር፡ በዘይሰምዑ፡ ሕዝብ፡ እለ፡ ውስተ፡ አረፍት።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ረፋስቂስ፡ ቦኑ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚእክሙ፡ ፈነወኒ፡ እግዚእየ፡ እንግሮ፡ ዘነገረ፡ አኮኑ፡ ኀበ፡ እሉ፡ ዕደው፡\nእለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ አረፍት፡ ከመ፡ ይብልዑ፡ ኵስሖሙ፡ ወይስተዩ፡ ሥንቶሙ፡ ምስሌክሙ።","english":"And this which says, \"In the Lord my God I trusted,\" is it not he who built Hezekiah his houses and his altars? And he said to the Jews and to Jerusalem, \"Before the altar, worship in Jerusalem.\"\n\nAnd now, \"Go to my lord the king of Persia, and I will give you 2,000 horses, and bring those who can bear his yoke.\"\n\nAnd how can you bring the face of one angel, a servant of my lord, from among those who are afflicted? And I trusted in Egypt, in chariots and in horses.\n\nAnd now, is it not without the command of the Lord that we have entered this land to kill him? The Lord said to us, \"Enter this land and kill him.\"\n\nAnd Eliakim son of Hilkiah, and Shebna, and Joah said to Rabshakeh, \"Speak in the language of your servants, for we hear; and do not speak to us in Hebrew. Why do you speak in a language that the people who are on the wall hear?\"\n\nAnd Rabshakeh said to them, \"Is it not to your lord that my lord sent me? Is it not what he said to these enemies who dwell on the wall, that they should eat their own dung and drink their own urine with you?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኪየ፡ ተወከልኩ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'In the Lord my God I trusted' echoes Hezekiah's prayer in 2 Kings 19:34 (MT) or 2 Kings 20:6 (LXX), but the Geʿez text attributes it to Hezekiah's own speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥዋዕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ምሥዋዕ (məśwāʿ) means 'altar' or 'sanctuary', here used in the context of Hezekiah's religious reforms.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ረፋስቂስ","severity":"info","text":"Rabshakeh (ረፋስቂስ) is the Assyrian title for the chief cupbearer, here a military envoy; the Geʿez text follows the biblical narrative of Sennacherib's siege of Jerusalem (2 Kings 18–19).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎሙ፡ ረፋስቂስ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from Hezekiah's speech to a dialogue between Eliakim, Shebna, Joah, and Rabshakeh, mirroring the biblical account of negotiations before the Assyrian assault.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኵስሖሙ፡ ወይስተዩ፡ ሥንቶሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The graphic description of eating dung and drinking urine is unique to this Geʿez version and not found in the Masoretic Text or LXX; it may reflect a later embellishment or a variant tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the king of Persia' in this passage is unclear; the biblical context involves Assyria, not Persia, suggesting a possible anachronism or scribal substitution.","The phrase 'one angel, a servant of my lord' is ambiguous: it may refer to a divine messenger or a human envoy, but the Geʿez text does not clarify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":87,"ref":"p87","source":"ወቆመ፡ ረፋስቂስ፡ ወጸርኀ፡ ሎሙ፡ በነገረ፡ ዕብራይስጥ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ስምዑ፡ ቃሎ፡ ለዐቢይ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኢያስሕትክሙአ፡ ሕዝቅያስአ፡ በነገርአ ፤ ኢይክልአ፡ አድኅኖተክሙአ፡ እምእዴየ።\n\nወኢያስተሰፉክሙአ፡ ሕዝቅያስአ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔርአ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ያድኀነክሙአ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢይክል፡ ንጉሠ፡\nፋርስአ፡ ነሢኦታአ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ሀገር።\n\nኢትስምዕዎአ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ ፤ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ግበሩ፡ ስንዓአ፡ ወፃኡአ፡ ኀቤየአ፡ ወኵልከሙአ፡\nትሰትዩአ፡ ወይነክሙአ ፤ ወትበልዑ፡ በለስክሙአ፡ ወትሰትዩ፡ ማየ፡ ዐዘቃቲክሙ ፤\n\nእስከ፡ እመጽእ፡ ወእወስደክሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ብሔርአ፡ ዘከመ፡ ብሔርክሙ፡ ብሔረ፡ ሥርናይ፡ ወወይን፡ ወእክል፡ ወቅብእ፡\nወመዓር፡ ወተሐይዉ፡ ወኢትመውቱ፡ ወኢትስምዕዎአ፡ ለሕዝቅያስአ፡ እስመ፡ ያስሕተክሙአ፡ ወይብለክሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ያድኅነክሙአ\n።\n\nቦኑ፡ እምውስተ፡ አማልክተ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ዘአድኀንዎሙ፡ ብሔሮሙ፡ እምእዴሁ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ።","english":"And Raphasqis stood and addressed them in the Hebrew language, and said to them, “Hear the word of the great king of Persia.\n\nThus says the king: ‘Did not Hezekiah deceive you by his words? He cannot save you from my hand.\n\nAnd did not Hezekiah cause you to trust in the Lord, saying, “The Lord will save you,” and cannot the king of Persia take this city?\n\nDo not listen to Hezekiah. Thus says the king of Persia: ‘Make peace with me, and come out to me, and all of you will drink and eat, and you will eat your own bread and drink the water of your cisterns,\n\nuntil I come and bring you into a land like your own land, a land of wine, grain, cattle, and pasture, and you will live and not die. And do not listen to Hezekiah, for he deceives you and says to you, “The Lord will save you.”’\n\nIs there among the gods of the nations one who has saved their lands from the hand of the king of Persia?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ረፋስቂስ","severity":"info","text":"The name Raphasqis (ረፋስቂስ) is the Geʿez rendering of the Assyrian title Rabshakeh, the chief cupbearer and envoy of Sennacherib.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎሙ፡ ስምዑ፡ ቃሎ፡ ለዐቢይ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The speech formula echoes 2 Kings 18:19–25, where the Rabshakeh delivers the Assyrian king’s ultimatum to Jerusalem in Hebrew.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The text anachronistically identifies the Assyrian king as 'king of Persia,' reflecting a later Ethiopic historiographic conflation of successive Mesopotamian empires.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ ንጉሥ","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as an embedded speech within a speech: the narrator reports Raphasqis’s words, which in turn quote the Persian king’s direct address to the people.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ሕዝቅያስ","severity":"info","text":"Hezekiah is portrayed as a deceiver who cannot deliver divine protection, a polemical inversion of his biblical role as a righteous king saved by God (2 Kings 19:35–36).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not clarify whether the 'gods of the nations' refers to specific deities or is a general rhetorical question; the English draft treats it as a rhetorical challenge."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":88,"ref":"p88","source":"አይቴ፡ እሙንቱ፡ አምላከ፡ ኤመት፡ ወአርፍድ፡ ወአይቴ፡ ውእቱ፡ አምላከ፡ ሴፋርሔም፡ ከመ፡ እፎ፡ ዘኢያድኀና፡\nለሰማርያ፡ እምእዴየ።\n\nመኑ፡ እምውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ አማልክት፡ ዘአድኀነ፡ ብሔር፡ እምእዴየ።\n\nወአርመሙ፡ ወኢያውሥእዎ፡ ቃለ፡ እስመ፡ አዘዞሙ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ከመ፡ ኢያውሥእዎ።\n\nወቦአ፡ ኤልያቄም፡ ወልደ፡ ኬልቅዩ፡ መጋቢ፡ ወሳምናስ፡ ጸሓፊ፡ ወዮአስ፡ ወልደ፡ ሳፍን፡ መዘክር፡ ኀበ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡\nእንዘ፡ ሥጡጥ፡ አልባሲሆሙ፡ ወነገርዎ፡ ቃለ፡ ረፋስቂስ።\n\nIV Regum 19\n\n19\nወሶበ፡ ሰምዐ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ሠጠጠ፡ አልባሲሁ፡ ወለብበ፡ ሠቀ፡ ወቦአ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወለአኮሙ፡ ለኤልያቄም፡ መጋቢ፡ ወለስምናስ፡ ጸሓፊ፡ ወለሊቃነ፡ ካህናት፡ እንዘ፡ ልቡስ፡ ሠቀ፡ ኀበ፡ ኢሳይያስ፡\nነቢይ፡ ወልደ፡ አሞጽ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ዕለተ፡ ምንዳቤ፡ ዮምአ፡ ወዕለተ፡ መንሱትአ፡ ወመቅሠፍትአ፡ ዛቲ፡ ዕለት፡ እስመ፡ አኀዛ፡ ማሕምም፡ ለእንተ፡ ትወልድ፡ ወኀይለ፡ አልባቲ።","english":"Where are the gods of Emeth and Arphad? And where is the god of Sepharhaim, that he might save us, as he saved Samaria from my hand? Who among all the gods has saved a land from my hand? And they were silent and did not answer him, for the king had commanded them not to answer. And Eliakim, son of Helcias, the governor, and Samnas the scribe, and Joas, son of Saphen, the recorder, went to Hezekiah, with their garments rent, and told him the words of Raphasqis.\n\nIV Kings 19\n\n19 And when King Hezekiah heard, he rent his garments, and put on sackcloth, and went into the house of the Lord. And he went to Eliakim the governor, and to Samnas the scribe, and to the chief priests, with sackcloth on, to Ussias the prophet, son of Amos. And he said to him, “This day is a day of my affliction, and a day of my rejection and my punishment, for a sickness has seized me because of her who is to give birth, and she has no strength.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አምላከ ኤመት ወአርፍድ","severity":"info","text":"The toponyms Emeth and Arphad are unattested in the Hebrew Bible; they may reflect a local tradition or a corruption of place names associated with the Assyrian campaign.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሴፋርሔም","severity":"info","text":"Sepharhaim is likely a variant of Sepharvaim, a city in Syria mentioned in 2 Kings 17:31; the Geʿez form reflects a different vocalization.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልደ አሞጽ","severity":"info","text":"The identification of the prophet Ussias as son of Amos echoes the superscription of the Book of Isaiah (Isa 1:1), linking this narrative to the Isaianic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 19","severity":"info","text":"The chapter heading 'IV Regum 19' is a Latin-derived numbering from the Vulgate tradition, inserted into the Geʿez manuscript as a structural marker.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕዝቅያስ","severity":"info","text":"Hezekiah's rending of garments and donning sackcloth is a standard biblical gesture of mourning or penitence (cf. 2 Kings 18:37), here adapted to the Ethiopic narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ለእንተ ትወልድ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'because of her who is to give birth' is obscure; it may refer to a pregnant woman (perhaps the queen) or be a metaphorical expression for the city under siege.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Emeth' and 'Arphad' is uncertain; they may be corruptions of known toponyms or legendary places.","The referent of 'her who is to give birth' is unclear; it could be a specific woman or a personification of Jerusalem."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":89,"ref":"p89","source":"እመ፡ ከመ፡ ቦአ፡ ከመአ፡ ይስማዕ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክ፡ ንባቦ፡ ለረፋስቂስ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘነበበ፡ ዘለአከ፡ ንጉሠ፡\nፋርስ፡ እግዚኡ፡ ከመ፡ ይፀርፍ፡ ላዕለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያውአ፡ ወያስተሐቅሮአ፡ በነገር፡ ዘሰምዐ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክከ፡ ወጸሊ፡ ላዕሌነአ፡ ለእለአ፡ ተረፍነአ።\n\nወበጽሑ፡ ደቀ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኀበ፡ ኢሳይያስ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ኢሳይያስ፡ በልዎ፡ ለእግዚእክሙ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኢትፍራህአ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ለዝአ፡ ነገርአ፡ ዘሰማዕከ፡ ዘፀረፋ፡ ደቁ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ፋርስአ።\n\nናሁ፡ አነ፡ እፌኑ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ወይሰምዑ፡ ዜና፡ ወይገብኡ፡ ብሔሮሙአ፡ ወእቀትሎሙ፡ በብሔሮሙአ፡ በኲናትአ።\n\nወገብአ፡ ረፋስቂስ፡ ወረከቦ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ይትቃተል፡ ምስለ፡ ሎምና፡ እስመ፡ ሰምዐ፡ ከመ፡ አፅረሩ፡ እምነ፡ ለኪስ።\n\nወሰምዐ፡ በእንተ፡ ታራ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ ናሁ፡ ወፅአ፡ ይትቃተል፡ ምስሌከ፡ ወተመይጠ፡ ወለአከ፡\nሐዋርያተ፡ ኀበ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል ፤","english":"How then does it happen that the Lord God hears the prayer of the blasphemer, all that he spoke? For you, O King of Persia, your Lord, how does he blaspheme against the living God and mock him with words? For the Lord your God has heard and prayed for us who remain.\n\nAnd the king’s servants came to Uzziah.\n\nAnd Uzziah said to them, “Tell your lord thus: The Lord God said, ‘I am afraid before the face of this thing which you have heard, which the servants of the King of Persia have blasphemed.’”\n\nNow I will send a spirit upon them, and they will hear the news and return to their land, and I will kill them in their land with weapons.\n\nAnd the blasphemer returned and found the king fighting with the Medes, for he had heard that they had withdrawn from Lachish.\n\nAnd he heard concerning the King of Ethiopia, and they said to him, “Now he has gone out to fight with you, and he has prepared for you.”\n\nAnd he sent messengers to Hezekiah, saying:","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the Persian king's blasphemous speech to the arrival of his servants before Uzziah, who then relays a divine message of fear and a plan to send a spirit to destroy the blasphemers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ረፋስቂስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ረፋስቂስ' (rafasqis) is a loanword from Greek βλάσφημος (blasphēmos), meaning 'blasphemer'. It is used here as a title for the Persian king's servant who mocks God.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I will send a spirit upon them' echoes the biblical motif of divine punishment through a spirit, reminiscent of 1 Kings 22:19-23 where a spirit of deception is sent, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of the King of Ethiopia and the Medes reflects the geopolitical context of the Assyrian period, where Hezekiah of Judah allied with neighboring kingdoms against Sennacherib, though the narrative here is legendary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a narrative sequence where the Persian king's blasphemy is countered by divine intervention, leading to the blasphemer's return and the sending of messengers to Hezekiah, setting up the next episode.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text has a lacuna or unclear phrase at 'ወተመይጠ ወለአከ', which may be corrupt; the English draft renders it as 'he has prepared for you', but the exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the King of Ethiopia' is ambiguous; it may refer to a legendary figure or a historical ruler like Taharqa, but the text does not specify.","The phrase 'ወተመይጠ ወለአከ' is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a rare verb form, and the reading 'he has prepared for you' is conjectural."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":90,"ref":"p90","source":"ኢያስሕትከ፡ አምላክከ፡ ዘቦቱአ፡ ተአመንከ፡ እስመ፡ ይቤለከ፡ ኢትገብእ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ውስተ፡ እደ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ።\n\nለሊከአ፡ ሰማዕከ፡ ኵሎአ፡ ዘገብሩ፡ ነገሥተ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወኵሎ፡ በሓውርተ፡ ዘከመ፡ ይምሰስዎ።\n\nቦኑአ፡ እምውስተ፡ አማልክቲሆሙ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ ቀተልናሆሙ፡ ቦኑ፡ ዘአድኀኖሙ፡ ወእለኒ፡ ቀተሉ፡ አበውየ፡ ጎዘን፡\nወካራን፡ ወራፌስ፡ ወልደ፡ ሴዴቄን፡ እለ፡ ውስተ፡ ታኤሴቴም።\n\nአይቴአ፡ ውእቱአ፡ ንጉሠ፡ አርፋት፡ ወንጉሠ፡ ኤማት ፤ ኦይቴአ፡ ሌፋሩ፡ ወኤናን፡ ወአጉገዌ።\n\nወነሥአ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ እምእዴሆሙ፡ ለሐዋርያት፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ወአንበባ፡ ወዐርገ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወከሠታ፡\nሕዝቅያስ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወይቤ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አምላከ፡ እስራኤል፡ ዘትነብር፡ ላዕለ፡ ኪሩቤል፡ አንተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ባሕቲትከ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡\nመንግሥታተ፡ ዓለም፡ ወአንተ፡ ገበርከ፡ ሰማየ፡ ወምድረ።\n\nአፅምእ፡ እዝነከ፡ ወስምዐኒ፡ ወክሥት፡ አዕይንቲከ፡ ወርኢ፡ ወስማዕ፡ ቃሎ፡ ለሰናክሬም፡ ዘለአከ፡ እንዘ፡ ያስተሐቅሮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያው።","english":"How then does it happen that the Lord God hears the prayer of the blasphemer, all that he spoke? For you, O King of Persia, your Lord, how does he blaspheme against the living God and mock him with words? For the Lord you trusted, who told you, “Enter Jerusalem into the hand of the King of Persia”?\n\nYou yourself have heard all that the kings of Persia did, and all the sorceries by which they deceived.\n\nAre there among the gods of the peoples whom we have slain any who saved them? And those whom my fathers slew—Gozan, Karan, Raphes, son of Sedekin—those who are in the Taelestem?\n\nWhere is the King of Arphad and the King of Emath? Where are Lepharu, Enan, and Agugewe?\n\nAnd Hezekiah took from the hands of the apostles the book, and read, and ascended into the house of the Lord, and Hezekiah prostrated himself before the Lord.\n\nAnd he said, “O Lord, God of Israel, who dwells above the cherubim, you are the Lord, alone above all the kingdoms of the world, and you made heaven and earth.\n\nIncline your ear and hear me, and open your eyes and see, and hear the voice of Sennacherib, who blasphemes against you, the living Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰናክሬም","severity":"info","text":"Sennacherib, the Assyrian king (r. 705–681 BCE), is named here as the blasphemer. The Geʿez form reflects the Hebrew סנחריב (Sennacherib) via Greek or Syriac mediation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም ውስተ እደ ንጉሠ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'enter Jerusalem into the hand of the King of Persia' echoes 2 Kings 18:13–15, where the Rabshakeh demands surrender to Assyria, here recast as Persia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጎዘን ወካራን ወራፌስ ወልደ ሴዴቄን","severity":"info","text":"Gozan, Karan, Raphes son of Sedekin, and those in Taelestem are otherwise unattested figures or places, likely from a lost source or local tradition. They may represent defeated enemies of Hezekiah's ancestors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a rhetorical address to the King of Persia (vv. 1–5) to a narrative of Hezekiah's prayer (vv. 6–9), marked by the transition 'And Hezekiah took from the hands of the apostles the book'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"አንተ እግዚአብሔር ባሕቲትከ ላዕለ ኵሉ መንግሥታተ ዓለም","severity":"info","text":"Hezekiah's prayer 'you are the Lord, alone above all the kingdoms of the world' parallels the monotheistic confession in 2 Kings 19:15–19 and Isaiah 37:16–20, emphasizing divine sovereignty over earthly rulers.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያስሕትከ","severity":"caution","text":"The opening word ኢያስሕትከ is obscure; it may be a corrupt form of ኢያስሕትከ (from አስሕተ 'to cause to err'?) or a proper name. The English draft reads 'How then does it happen', but the Geʿez is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Gozan, Karan, Raphes son of Sedekin, and Taelestem is unknown; they may be legendary or from a lost source.","The opening word ኢያስሕትከ is textually uncertain; the translation 'How then does it happen' is conjectural."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":91,"ref":"p91","source":"እስመ፡ አማን፡ እግዚኦ፡ አጥፍእዎሙ፡ ነገሥተ፡ ፋርስ፡ ለአሕዛብ ፤\n\nወአውዐይዎሙ፡ ለአማልክቲሆሙ፡ በእሳት፡ እስመ፡ ኢኮኑ፡ አማልክተ፡ እስመ፡ ግብረ፡ እደ፡ ሰብእ፡ እሙንቱ ፤ ዕፀው፡\nወእብን፡ እሙንቱ ፤ ወአጥፍእዎሙ።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አምላክነ፡ አድኅነነ፡ እምእዴሁ፡ ወያእምሩ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ነገሥተ፡ ምድር፡ ከመ፡ አንተ፡ ውእቱ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ባሕቲትከ።\n\nወለአከ፡ ኢሳይያስ፡ ወልደ፡ አሞጽ፡ ኀበ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ከመዝአ፡ ይቤአ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡\nኀይልአ፡ አምላከ፡ እስራኤል፡ ሰማዕኩ፡ ዘጸለይከ፡ ኀቤየ፡ በእንተ፡ ሰናክሬምአ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስአ።\n\nወዝውእቱአ፡ ቃልአ፡ ዘነበበ፡ እግዚአብሔርአ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ጸዐለኪአ፡ ወአስተሐቅረኪአ፡ ወለተ፡ ጽዮንአ፡ ወአሖሰ፡ ርእሶ፡\nላዕሌኪ፡ ወለተ፡ ኢየሩሳሌምአ።\n\nመነ፡ ጸዐልከ፡ ወላዕለ፡ መኑ፡ አዕበይከ፡ አፉከአ ፤ ነጽር፡ ሰማያተ፡ በአዕይንቲከ፡ ኀበ፡ ቅዱስ፡ እስራኤል፡\nዘበእዴሆሙ፡ ለመላእክቲሁ።","english":"If he had believed, O Lord, he would have destroyed the kings of Persia for the nations, and he would have burned their gods with fire, for they are not gods, for they are the work of human hands; they are wood and stone, and he would have destroyed them.\n\nAnd now, O Lord our God, save us from his hand, and let all the kings of the earth know that you alone are the Lord God.\n\nAnd to you, O Isaiah, son of Amoz, before Hezekiah, while he was saying thus: The Lord God, the God of my strength, the God of Israel, said, \"I have heard what you prayed to me concerning Sennacherib, king of Persia.\"\n\nAnd this is the word that the Lord spoke over her: \"He has mocked you and derided you, O Daughter of Zion, and he has bowed his head over you, O Daughter of Jerusalem.\"\n\nWhom have you mocked, and over whom have you exalted your mouth? Look at the heavens with your eyes, where the Holy One of Israel is, who is in the hands of his angels.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰናክሬምአ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስአ።","severity":"info","text":"Sennacherib is called 'king of Persia' here, an anachronism; in the biblical account (2 Kings 18–19) he is king of Assyria. The Ethiopic tradition often conflates Assyrian and Persian rulers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልደ፡ አሞጽ፡","severity":"info","text":"Isaiah son of Amoz is the prophet; the passage places him before Hezekiah, echoing the biblical narrative of the Assyrian siege (2 Kings 19; Isaiah 36–37).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለተ፡ ጽዮንአ፡","severity":"info","text":"'Daughter of Zion' is a personification of Jerusalem, common in prophetic literature (e.g., Isaiah 40–66). Here it is used in a direct address of mockery.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a general theological argument (gods of wood and stone) to a specific prayer for deliverance, then to a prophetic oracle addressed to Isaiah and a personified Jerusalem.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢሳይያስ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez spelling 'ኢሳይያስ' (ʿUssāyās) for Isaiah is unusual; the standard form is ኢሳይያስ (ʿĪsāyās). This may be a scribal variant or a copying error.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The identification of Sennacherib as 'king of Persia' reflects a broader Ethiopic historiographical tendency to merge biblical enemies of Israel into a single Persian archetype, as seen in other Ethiopic Old Testament pseudepigrapha.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not clarify whether the speaker of the oracle ('I have heard what you prayed') is God or the prophet; the English draft assigns it to God.","The phrase 'he has bowed his head over you' (አሖሰ፡ ርእሶ፡ ላዕሌኪ) is ambiguous: it could mean a gesture of mockery or of submission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":92,"ref":"p92","source":"ወአንተሰ፡ ጸዐልከ፡ እግዚእከ፡ ወትቤ፡ በብዝኀ፡ ሰረገላትየ፡ አዐርግ፡ ሰማያተ፡ ወውስተ፡ አድባር፡ ነዋኃት፡ አድባረ፡ ሊባኖስ፡ ወገዘምኩ፡ ዐበይተ፡ ቄድሮስ፡ ወሠናየ፡ ቄጶረስስ፡ ወበጻሕኩ፡ ማእከለ፡ ገዳም።\n\nወአዕረፍኩ፡ አንሰ፡ ወሰተይኩ፡ ማየ፡ ነኪር፡ ወአይበስኩ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዐውደ፡ ወአፍላገ፡ በመከየደ፡ እገርየ።\n\nወገበርክዎሂ፡ ወአምጻእክዎሂ፡ ወከንቶ፡ ለአንሥኦ፡ እምኀበ፡ ኤቄሴዮም፡ ዘማኪሞን፡ አህጉር፡ ጽኑዓት።\n\nወእለኒ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስቴቶን፡ ደክማ፡ እደዊሆሙ፡ ወተመውኡ፡ ወተኀፈሩ፡ ወከኑ፡ ከመ፡ ሣዕረ፡ ገዳም፡ ወከመ፡\nሐመልማለ፡ ሐምል፡ ወከመ፡ ሣዕረ፡ አንሕስት፡ ወሴዴማ፡ ቅድመ፡ ዘይቀውም፡ መንበርከ።\n\nወበአትከኒ፡ ወፀአትከኒ፡ ወአእመርኩ፡ መዐትከኒ፡ ዘተመዓዕከ፡ ላዕሌየ።\n\nወፍሒሎትከኒ፡ ዐርገ፡ ውስተ፡ እዘንየ፡ ወእወዲ፡ መሣግርየ፡ ውስተ፡ አንፍከ፡ ወልጓመ፡ ማእከለ፡ ከናፍሪከ፡ ወእመይጠከ፡ ፍኖተ፡ እንተ፡ ባቲ፡ መጻእከ።\n\nወዝአ፡ ተኣምሪሁአ ፤ ብላዕአ፡ ዘዓመተ፡ እክልሰ፡ ዘለሊሁ፡ ይበቍል፡ ወካልአኒ፡ ዓመተ፡ ዘበቈለ፡ ወአመ፡ ፫ዓመት፡\nዝራእ፡ ወእረር፡ ወትክል፡ ወይነ፡ ወብላዕ፡ ፍሬሁ።","english":"And you, you cried out, O Lord, and you said, \"With my many chariots I will ascend to the heavens, and into the mountains of the forests, the mountains of Lebanon, and I cut down great cedars and fine cypresses, and I reached the midst of the wilderness.\n\nAnd I rested, and I drank water of a strange place, and I dried up every valley and stream with the sole of my foot.\n\nAnd I made him and brought him, and immediately I raised him from the region of Ekkeseyom of Makimon, the strong cities.\n\nAnd those who dwell within them, their hands withered, and they were amazed and ashamed, and they became like grass of the wilderness, and like a blade of grass, and like grass of the threshing-floor, and like a seedling before the wind that stands.\n\nAnd you entered and you went out, and I knew your anger, that you were angry with me.\n\nAnd your wrath ascended into my nostrils, and indeed my nostrils into your face, and into the midst of your lips, and if you had sought the path by which you came.\n\nAnd this is his miracle: he ate of the year's harvest, the grain of the night that sprouts, and another year of what sprouted, and for three years, sowing and reaping and planting vines and eating its fruit.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The speaker boasts of ascending to heaven with chariots and cutting down trees, a hyperbolic claim of power over nature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤቄሴዮም ዘማኪሞን","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Ekkeseyom of Makimon' is obscure; it may refer to a legendary or symbolic region, possibly related to the 'strong cities' mentioned.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of drying up valleys and streams with the sole of the foot echoes the divine power over water found in Exodus 14:21-22, but here it is claimed by a human speaker.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from first-person boasts to a second-person address ('you entered and you went out'), then to a third-person miracle report, creating a layered narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The miracle of eating a year's harvest in one night and continuous planting for three years may reflect hagiographic or apocryphal traditions about supernatural endurance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text has several unclear phrases (e.g., 'water of a strange place', 'grass of the threshing-floor') that may be corrupt or idiomatic; the English draft smooths over ambiguities.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (whether a human king or a divine figure) is ambiguous; the boasts could be attributed to a pagan ruler or a fallen angel.","The toponym 'Ekkeseyom of Makimon' is unattested elsewhere and may be a corruption or a symbolic name.","The phrase 'water of a strange place' (ማየ ነኪር) could mean 'alien water' or 'water of a foreign land', but its significance is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":93,"ref":"p93","source":"ወይበዝኅአ፡ ቤተአ፡ ይሁዳአ፡ ዘተረፈ፡ ሥርዉ፡ በታሕቱ፡ ወይገብር፡ ፍሬሁ፡ በላዕሌሁ።\n\nእስመ፡ እምኢየሩሳሌም፡ ይወዕእ፡ ተረፎሙ፡ ዘድኅነ፡ እምደብረ፡ ጽዮን ፤ ቅንኡ፡ ለእግዚአብሔርአ፡ ይገብሮአ፡ ለዝንቱአ።\n\nወአኮ፡ ከማሁአ ፤ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእንተ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ኢይበውእ፡ ውስተዝ፡ ሀገር፡ ይቤ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ኢይነድፍ፡ በህየ፡ ሐጸ፡ ወኢይቀርብ፡ ንዋየ፡ ሐቅሉ፡ ወኢይከይድ፡ ምድረ።\n\nበፍኖት፡ እንተ፡ መጽአ፡ ይገብእ፡ ወኢይበውእ፡ ውስተ፡ ዛቲ፡ ሀገር፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወአጸንዓ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ሀገር፡ በእንተ፡ ዳዊት፡ ገብርየ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ወፅአ፡ መልአከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወቀተለ፡ እምውስተ፡ ተዓይኒሆሙ፡ ለፋርስ፡ ፲ወ፰፼ወ፶፻፡ ወሶበ፡ ነቅሁ፡\nበጽባሕ፡ ረከቡ፡ አብድንተ፡ ኵሎሙ።\n\nወተንሥኡ፡ ወገዐዙ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ወአተወ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወነበረ፡ ውስተ፡ ነነዌ።\n\nወእንዘ፡ ይሰግድ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ አምላኩ፡ ሲድራክ፡ አድራሜሌክ፡ ወሰሮሰር፡ ደቂቁ፡ ቀተልዎ፡ በኀጺን፡ ወአምሠጡ፡\nእሙንቱ፡ ብሔረ፡ አሮራት፡ ወነግሠ፡ ሆናሕርጻን፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።","english":"And the house of Judah that remained, its root was below, and it produced its fruit above.\n\nFor from Jerusalem the remnant that was saved from Mount Zion went up; they made an altar to the Lord for this purpose.\n\nAnd likewise, as the Lord said concerning the king of Persia, \"He shall not enter this land,\" the Lord said, \"He shall not break through the hedge there, nor approach the property of his field, nor cover the land.\"\n\nBy the road by which he came he shall return, and he shall not enter this land, said the Lord.\n\nAnd he strengthened this land because of David, my servant.\n\nThen the angel of the Lord went out and killed from among the Persians 185,000; and when they arose in the morning, they found all of them destroyed.\n\nAnd they arose and fled and went, and the king of Persia came and dwelt in Nineveh.\n\nAnd while he was worshipping in his temple, Sidrach, Adramelech, and Seroser, his sons, killed him with a sword and cut him up. Those are the land of Ararat and the kingdom of Honarthzan, and his son Hiyanthes.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of the Persian king's failed invasion of Judah, following the Lord's earlier boast about his own destructive power in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአኮ ከማሁአ ፤ ከመዝ ይቤ እግዚአብሔር በእንተ ንጉሠ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The Lord's prohibition against the Persian king entering the land echoes 2 Kings 19:32-34, where Sennacherib is turned back from Jerusalem.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአጸንዓ ለዛቲ ሀገር በእንተ ዳዊት ገብርየ","severity":"info","text":"The strengthening of the land because of David recalls the divine promise to David in 2 Samuel 7:16 and the protection of Jerusalem in Isaiah 37:35.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ ወፅአ መልአከ እግዚአብሔር ወቀተለ እምውስተ ተዓይኒሆሙ ለፋርስ ፲ወ፰፡፡ወ፶፻","severity":"info","text":"The angel killing 185,000 Persians parallels 2 Kings 19:35, where the angel of the Lord slays 185,000 Assyrians in Sennacherib's camp.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሲድራክ አድራሜሌክ ወሰሮሰር ደቂቁ ቀተልዎ በኀጺን","severity":"info","text":"The sons Sidrach, Adramelech, and Seroser killing the king with a sword recalls 2 Kings 19:37, where Sennacherib's sons Adrammelech and Sharezer assassinate him.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ብሔረ አሮራት ወነግሠ ሆናሕርጻን ወልዱ ህየንቴሁ","severity":"info","text":"The land of Ararat and the kingdom of Honarthzan (likely Urartu) and the son Hiyanthes (possibly Esarhaddon) reflect post-biblical traditions about Sennacherib's fate and successors.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-daniel","label":"gap dossier: Book of Daniel, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-daniel"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'king of Persia' is ambiguous; the narrative conflates the Assyrian king Sennacherib with a Persian ruler, a common anachronism in Ethiopic tradition.","The names Honarthzan and Hiyanthes are obscure; Honarthzan may be a corruption of Urartu, and Hiyanthes may refer to Esarhaddon, but this is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":94,"ref":"p94","source":"IV Regum 20\n\n20\nወውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ደወየ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ ለመዊት፡ ወቦአ፡ ኢሳይያስ፡ ነቢይ፡ ወልደ፡ አሞጽ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወይቤሎ፡\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሥራዕ፡ ቤተከአ፡ እስመ፡ ትመውትአ፡ ወኢተሐዩእ።\n\nወሜጠ፡ ገጾ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ኀበ፡ አረፍት፡ ወጸለየ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እንዘ፡ ይሴብሕ ፤\n\nእግዚኦ፡ ተዘከር፡ ከመ፡ በጽድቅ፡ ሖርኩ፡ ቅድሜከ፡ ወበፍጹም፡ ልብ፡ ገበርክዋ፡ ለሠናይት፡ ወበከየ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡\nዐቢየ፡ ብካየ።\n\nወበጽሐ፡ ኢሳይያስ፡ ውስተ፡ ማእከላዊ፡ በጸድ፡ ወነበቦ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤሎ ፤\n\nግባእ፡ ወበሎ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡ ንጉሦሙ፡ ለሕዝብየ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡ ዳዊት፡ አቡከ፡ ሰማዕኩአ፡\nጸሎተከአ፡ ወርኢኩከአ፡ አንብዕከ ፤ ናሁ፡ እፌውሰከ፡ አነ ፤ እስከ፡ ሠሉስ፡ መዋዕል፡ ተዐርግ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔርአ።\n\nወእዌስከከ፡ ላዕለ፡ ክራማቲከአ፡ ፲ወ፭ዓመተ፡ ወአድኅነከ፡ እምእዴሁ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወለዛኒ፡ ሀገርአ፡ ኣጸንዓ፡\nበእንቲአየ፡ [ወበ]በይነ፡ ዳዊት፡ ገብርየአ።","english":"And this is what Hezekiah did, and he approached death. And Isaiah the prophet, son of Amoz, came to him and said to him, \"Thus says the Lord: Set your house in order, for you will die and not live.\"\n\nAnd Hezekiah turned his face to the wall and prayed to the Lord, praising him: \"O Lord, remember that I walked before you in righteousness, and with a whole heart I did good deeds.\" And Hezekiah wept a great weeping.\n\nAnd Isaiah came into the middle courtyard, and the Lord commanded him and said to him, \"Go and say to Hezekiah, the king of my people, 'Thus says the Lord, the God of David your father: I have heard your prayer and seen your tears. Now I will add for you; until three days you shall go up to the house of the Lord. And I will add to your years fifteen years, and I will save you from the hand of the king of Persia and from this land; strengthen yourself for my sake and for the sake of David my servant.'","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 20","severity":"info","text":"The passage is numbered as chapter 20 in the Ethiopic 4 Kings, corresponding to a narrative unit not found in the canonical 2 Kings 20 (which is much shorter).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ ይቤ እግዚአብሔር ሥራዕ ቤተከ እስመ ትመውት ወኢተሐዩ","severity":"info","text":"The command 'Set your house in order, for you will die and not live' echoes 2 Kings 20:4 (LXX 4 Kings 20:4) but is expanded in the Ethiopic with the phrase 'and not live'.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢሳይያስ ነቢይ ወልደ አሞጽ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Isaiah son of Amoz' is the standard Geʿez form, matching the Hebrew Bible (Yesha‘yahu ben Amots) and LXX (Ēsaias huios Amōs).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The 'king of Persia' is an anachronistic insertion; the original narrative concerns the Assyrian king Sennacherib. The Ethiopic tradition recontextualizes the threat as Persian, likely reflecting later geopolitical concerns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአድኅነከ እምእዴሁ ለንጉሠ ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The promise of deliverance from the king of Persia and the addition of fifteen years to Hezekiah's life is unique to the Ethiopic version, not found in the Masoretic or LXX text of 2 Kings 20.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበበይነ ዳዊት ገብርየ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'for the sake of David my servant' is textually uncertain; the edition shows a lacuna or emendation with [ወበ] in brackets, suggesting possible corruption or scribal intervention.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'for the sake of David my servant' may be a later gloss; the original reading is uncertain.","The identity of the 'king of Persia' is an anachronism; the historical referent is likely Assyrian."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":95,"ref":"p95","source":"ወይቤሎ፡ ንሣእ፡ ዐጽቀ፡ በለስ፡ ወጢእ፡ ቦቱ፡ ኀበ፡ ተሐምም፡ ውተሐዩ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ለኢሳይያስ፡ ምንት፡ ትእምርቱ፡ ከመ፡ ያሕይወኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአዐርግ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nእስከ፡ ሠሉስ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኢሳይያስ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ትእምርቱ፡ ዘእምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ይግበር፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ቃሎ፡ ዘነበበ ፤\nይወርድ፡ ጽላሎት፡ ውስተ፡ ፲መዓርጋት፡ አመ፡ ይገብእ፡ ፲መዓርጋተ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ይገብእ፡ ጽላሎት፡ ድኅሬሁ፡ ፲መዐርጋተ።\n\nወጸርኀ፡ ኢሳይያስ፡ ነቢይ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወገብአ፡ ጽላሎት፡ ድኅሬሁ፡ ፲መዐርጋተ።\n\nወይእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ለአከ፡ መሮዳኅ፡ ወልደ፡ በለዓን፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ መጻሕፍተ፡ ወመሐና፡ ኀበ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ እስመ፡\nስምዐ፡ ከመ፡ ደወየ፡ ሕዝቅያስ።\n\nወተፈሥሐ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ በእንቲአሁ፡ ወአርአዮሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ቤተ፡ ኒቆታሁ፡ ወርቀ፡ ወብሩረ፡ ወአፈዋተኒ፡ ወቅብአኒ፡ ቡሩከ፡ ወቤተ፡ ንዋይኒ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ መዝገቡ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ኀበ፡ ኢያርአዮሙ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቤቱ፡\nወኵሉ፡ ምኵናኑ።","english":"And he said to him, \"Take a fig-cake, and rub it on the sore, and it will be where it is inflamed and heal.\"\n\nAnd Hezekiah said to Isaiah, \"What is the sign that the Lord will heal me, and I will go up to the house of the Lord until the third hour?\"\n\nAnd Isaiah said, \"This is the sign from the Lord: that the Lord will fulfill the word which he spoke: the shadow will descend ten steps when the sun enters ten steps.\"\n\nAnd Hezekiah said, \"The shadow will go back behind him ten steps.\"\n\nAnd Isaiah the prophet cried out to the Lord, and the shadow went back behind him ten steps.\n\nAnd after this, Merodach-Baladan, son of Baladan, king of Babylon, sent letters and gifts to Hezekiah, because he heard that Hezekiah had been ill.\n\nAnd Hezekiah rejoiced at him, and showed him all his treasures: gold and silver and incense and precious oil and household goods and everything that was found in his treasury; and there was nothing that Hezekiah did not show him of what was in his house and all his possessions.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ትእምርቱ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez noun ትእምርቱ (təʾəmrətu) means 'sign' or 'token', here used by Hezekiah to ask for a divine sign of healing. The same term recurs in Isaiah's reply, linking the request to the miraculous shadow.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መሮዳኅ ወልደ በለዓን ንጉሠ ባቢሎን","severity":"info","text":"Merodach-Baladan (Marduk-apla-iddina II) is a historical king of Babylon (ca. 722–710 BCE). His embassy to Hezekiah after the king's illness is not in the biblical Kings but appears in Ethiopic tradition, possibly from a lost source or haggadic expansion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጽላሎት","severity":"info","text":"The shadow descending ten steps is a miraculous sign of divine favor, likely drawn from the story of Hezekiah's illness in 2 Kings 20 (LXX) or from Ethiopic legendary material. The number ten may symbolize completeness or a specific liturgical hour.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a healing dialogue (Hezekiah and Isaiah) to a narrative of foreign embassy (Merodach-Baladan). The two parts are linked by Hezekiah's recovery, but the transition is abrupt, suggesting a compilation of distinct traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The embassy scene, with Hezekiah showing all his treasures, echoes the biblical account of Merodach-Baladan's envoys (2 Kings 20:12–19 LXX) but expands it with a detailed inventory. This reflects Ethiopic interest in royal wealth and diplomacy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ጽላሎት ድኅሬሁ ፲መዐርጋተ' (shadow behind him ten steps) is ambiguous: it may mean the shadow moved backward ten steps, or that it descended ten steps behind him. The translation opts for 'went back behind him'.","The identity of 'መሮዳኅ' (Merodach) is clear, but the Geʿez spelling varies; the text uses 'መሮዳኅ' here, while other Ethiopic manuscripts may have 'ማሮዳኅ'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":96,"ref":"p96","source":"ወቦአ፡ ኢሳይያስ፡ ነቢይ፡ ኀበ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ምንተኑ፡ ተናገሩ፡ እሉ፡ ዕደው፡ ወእምአይቴ፡ መጽኡ፡\nኀቤከ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ እምርሑቅ፡ ብሔር፡ መጽኡ፡ ኀቤየ፡ እምባቢሎን።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ምንተ፡ አርአይኮሙ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቤትየ፡ ርእዩ፡ ወዓዲ፡ ዘውስተ፡ መዘግብትየኒ፡ ርእዩ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኢሳይያስ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡ ስማዕ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nናሁ፡ ይበጽሕ፡ መዋዕል፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይነሥኡ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቤትከ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘዘገቡ፡ አበዊከ፡ እስከ፡\nዮም፡ ወይወስዱ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘያተርፉ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወይነሥእዎሙ፡ ለውሉድከ፡ ለእለ፡ ወለድከ፡ ወይሬስይዎሙ፡ ኅጽዋነ፡ ለቤተ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ሠናየ፡ ነበበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይኩን፡ ሰላም፡ በመዋዕልየ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ኀይሉ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ በቄርኔ፡ ወበሙሓዘ፡ ማይ፡ ወዘአብአ፡ ማየ፡ ውስተ፡\nሀገር፡ ዝንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ።","english":"And Isaiah the prophet went to Hezekiah the king, and said to him, \"What is it that these ambassadors have spoken, and from where have they come to you?\" And Hezekiah said to him, \"They have come to me from a distant land, from Babylon.\"\n\nAnd he said to him, \"What have you shown them?\" And he said to him, \"They have seen everything that is in my house, and also they have seen what is in my treasuries.\"\n\nAnd Isaiah said to Hezekiah, \"Hear the word of the Lord.\n\nBehold, the days are approaching, says the Lord, and they will take away everything that is in your house, and everything that your fathers have stored up until this day, and they will carry it to Babylon, and there will be nothing left, says the Lord.\n\nAnd they will take your children, those whom you have begotten, and they will make them eunuchs for the house of the king of Babylon.\"\n\nAnd Hezekiah said to him, \"The Lord has prophesied well, and there will be peace in my days.\"\n\nAnd all the account of Hezekiah, and all his might, and all that he did with the horn and the channel of water, and that he brought water into this city—this is what is written in the book of the prophets of the kings of Judah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢሳይያስ፡ ነቢይ፡ ኀበ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ንጉሥ፡","severity":"info","text":"Isaiah the prophet goes to King Hezekiah, initiating a prophetic warning about the Babylonian exile, a narrative not found in the biblical 2 Kings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምባቢሎን።","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Babylon as a distant land echoes the historical Babylonian exile of Judah, though the passage presents it as a future prophecy within Hezekiah's reign.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኅጽዋነ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ḫəṣwān' (eunuchs) reflects a specific cultural practice of the Neo-Babylonian court, as referenced in the prophecy of children being taken and made eunuchs.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በቄርኔ፡ ወበሙሓዘ፡ ማይ፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Hezekiah's works with the 'horn' (qərne) and 'water channel' (muḥāze māy) alludes to his historical engineering projects, such as the Siloam tunnel, recorded in 2 Kings 20:20 and 2 Chronicles 32:30.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The concluding summary (v. 8) functions as a colophon, attributing the preceding account to the 'book of the prophets of the kings of Judah,' a non-biblical source within the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ።","severity":"info","text":"This passage is unique to the Ethiopic Book of Kings (Kings 2 = Kings 4), expanding on Hezekiah's story with legendary material, likely from a lost Jewish or Christian apocryphal source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'ambassadors' (ʿədəw) are from Babylon or another location; the English draft interprets them as such based on context.","The phrase 'the Lord has prophesied well' (ሠናየ፡ ነበበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡) is ambiguous: it could mean Hezekiah accepts the prophecy as favorable or that the Lord's prophecy is accurate."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":97,"ref":"p97","source":"ወሰከበ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገረ፡ ዳዊት፡ ወነግሠ፡ ምናሴ፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።\n\nIV Regum 21\n\n21\nእንዘ፡ ፲ወ፪ክረምቱ፡ ለምናሴ፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ፡ ወ፶ወ፭ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ ሐፍሴባ።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ርኵሶሙ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ አሰሰለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nእምቅድመ፡ ገጸሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወሖነጸ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክት፡ ዘነሠተ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወገብረ፡ ምሥዋበ፡ ለበዓል፡ ወገብረ፡ ምሕራማተ፡ ዖም፡\nዘከመ፡ ገብረ፡ አካአብ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወሰገደ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ኀይለ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወተቀንየ፡ ሎሙ።\n\nወሐነጸ፡ ምሥዋዐ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውስተ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ እሠይም፡ ስምየ።\n\nወሐነጸ፡ ምሥዋዐ፡ ለኀይለ፡ ሰማይ፡ ውስተ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ዐጸደ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወሦዐ፡ ወልዶ፡ በእሳት፡ ወያስተቃስም፡ ወያሰግል፡ ወገብረ፡ ቴሌም፡ ወማእምራነ፡ ወአብዝኀ፡ ገቢሮታ፡ ለእኪት፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወአምዕዖ።","english":"And Hezekiah slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city of David. And Manasseh his son reigned after him.\n\nIV Kings 21\n\n21\nWhen Manasseh was twelve years old, he began to reign, and he reigned fifty-five years in Jerusalem. And the name of his mother was Haphsiba.\n\nAnd he did evil before the eyes of the Lord, like the abominations of the peoples whom the Lord had cast out from before the face of the children of Israel.\n\nAnd he destroyed the houses of the gods which Hezekiah his father had built, and he made an altar for Baal, and he made high places of groves, as Ahab king of Israel had done, and he worshipped every host of heaven, and he bowed down to them.\n\nAnd he built an altar within the house of the Lord, saying, \"The Lord is within Jerusalem; I will place my name.\"\n\nAnd he built an altar for the host of heaven within the two courts of the house of the Lord.\n\nAnd he caused his son to pass through fire, and he made him a soothsayer and a diviner, and he did sorcery and divination, and he multiplied the works of evil before the eyes of the Lord, and he provoked him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሰከበ፡ ሕዝቅያስ፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Hezekiah slept with his fathers' is a euphemism for death, common in biblical and Ethiopic narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐፍሴባ።","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Haphsiba' (Geʿez: ሐፍሴባ) is a transliteration of the Hebrew name Hephzibah, meaning 'my delight is in her'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes 2 Kings 21:2, describing Manasseh's evil deeds before the Lord, though the Geʿez expands with specific abominations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሐነጸ፡ ምሥዋዐ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡","severity":"info","text":"Manasseh's construction of an altar within the Temple and for the host of heaven reflects the syncretistic cults introduced during his reign, as recorded in 2 Kings 21:3-7.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘከመ፡ ገብረ፡ አካአብ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of Manasseh to Ahab, king of Israel, parallels the biblical narrative (1 Kings 16:30-33) where Ahab promoted Baal worship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሦዐ፡ ወልዶ፡ በእሳት፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'caused his son to pass through fire' is ambiguous: it may refer to a child sacrifice or a purification ritual; the Geʿez does not specify which.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'caused his son to pass through fire' (ወሦዐ፡ ወልዶ፡ በእሳት፡) is ambiguous: it could denote child sacrifice to Molech (cf. 2 Kings 21:6) or a divinatory rite; the Geʿez does not clarify.","The term 'host of heaven' (ኀይለ፡ ሰማይ፡) may refer to astral deities or angels; the context suggests pagan worship, but the Geʿez tradition sometimes uses this phrase for celestial beings."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":98,"ref":"p98","source":"ወአንበረ፡ ግልፎ፡ ምሕራም፡ ውስተ፡ ቤት፡ ዘይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለዳዊት፡ ወለሰሎሞን፡ ወልዱ፡ ውስተዝ፡ ቤት፡\nዘኢየሩሳሌም፡ ዘኀረይኩ፡ እምነ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕዝበ፡ እስራኤል፡ ኣቀውም፡ ስምየ፡ ለዓለም።\n\nወኢይደግም፡ አደኅዖቶሙ፡ እግሮሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ እምነ፡ ምድር፡ እንተ፡ ወሀብክዎሙ፡ ለአበዊሆሙ፡ ለእመ፡ ሰምዑ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘአዘዝክዎሙ፡ ዘነገሮሙ፡ ሙሴ፡ ገብርየ።\n\nወኢሰምዑኒ፡ ወአስሐቶሙ፡ ምናሴ፡ ከመ፡ ይግበሩ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወአምዕዕዎ፡ ፈድፋደ፡\nእምአሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ አማሰኖሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጾሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል።\n\nወነበበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእደ፡ አግብርቲሁ፡ ነቢያት፡ ወይቤ ፤\n\nእስመ፡ ገብረ፡ ምናሴ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ዘርኵሰ፡ እኩየ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ዘገብሩ፡ አሞሬዎን፡ ቀደምት፡ ወአበሱ፡ ወይሁዳኒ፡ ምስለ፡ አግብርቲሆሙ።\n\nወአኮአ፡ ከመዝአ፡ ይቤአ፡ እግዚአብሔርአ፡ አምላከ፡ እስራኤልአ፡ ናሁ፡ አነአ፡ ኣመጽእአ፡ እኪተ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወላዕለ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ከመ፡ ኵሉአ፡ ዘሰምዐ፡ ይእኅዝ፡ ክልኤሆን፡ አእዛኒሀ፡።","english":"And he set up an idol of Mercy in the house which the Lord said to David and to Solomon his son, in this house of Jerusalem which I have chosen from among all the people of Israel, to place my name there forever.\n\nAnd the feet of Israel shall not again be removed from the land which I gave to their fathers, if they hear all that I have commanded them, which Moses my servant told them.\n\nBut they did not hear me, and Manasseh led them astray to do evil before the eyes of the Lord, and they multiplied in wickedness more than the nations whom the Lord had destroyed from before the faces of the children of Israel.\n\nAnd the Lord spoke through the hands of his servants the prophets, and said:\n\nBecause Manasseh, king of Judah, has done evil and abominable deeds more than all that the Amorites of old did, and they have sinned, and the men of Judah with their servants.\n\nAnd thus says the Lord, the God of Israel: Behold, I will bring evil upon Jerusalem and upon Judah, so that all who hear it will cover both their ears.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ግልፎ፡ ምሕራም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'idol of Mercy' (ግልፎ ምሕራም) is unusual; ምሕራም typically means 'mercy' or 'pardon', but here it likely refers to a cultic object, possibly a statue or image set up by Manasseh.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኢየሩሳሌም፡ ዘኀረይኩ፡ እምነ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕዝበ፡ እስራኤል፡","severity":"info","text":"The divine election of Jerusalem and the Temple echoes 1 Kings 8:29 (LXX) and 2 Chronicles 6:6, but the phrasing 'chosen from all the people of Israel' is distinctive to this Ethiopic expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ምናሴ፡","severity":"info","text":"Manasseh's reign (c. 687–642 BCE) is described in 2 Kings 21 as a period of apostasy; the Ethiopic text amplifies his sins by comparing them to the Amorites, a trope found in later Jewish and Christian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ኵሉአ፡ ዘሰምዐ፡ ይእኅዝ፡ ክልኤሆን፡ አእዛኒሀ፡","severity":"info","text":"The image of hearers covering both ears in response to impending evil is not in the biblical account of Manasseh; it parallels the motif of divine judgment in Jeremiah 19 and the Apocalypse of Baruch.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-5-baruch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Apocalypse of Baruch (5 Baruch)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-5-baruch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነበበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእደ፡ አግብርቲሁ፡ ነቢያት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Lord spoke through the hands of his servants the prophets' introduces a divine speech, a structural marker that shifts from narrative to prophetic oracle, common in Ethiopic expansions of Kings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አኮአ፡ ከመዝአ፡ ይቤአ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez phrase አኮአ ከመዝአ ይቤአ is textually uncertain; it may be a scribal corruption or a rare construction. The translation 'And thus says' is a plausible reading but not certain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'idol of Mercy' (ግልፎ ምሕራም) is unclear; it may be a specific cult object or a generic term for an idol.","The phrase አኮአ ከመዝአ ይቤአ is syntactically ambiguous; the translation 'And thus says' is adopted here, but alternative readings are possible."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":99,"ref":"p99","source":"ወኣገብእ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ መስፈርተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወመዳልወ፡ ዘቤተ፡ አካአብ፡ ወእደመስሳ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ከመ፡\nይትመዘመዝ፡ ዕፍረት፡ እምከመ፡ መዝመዝዎ፡ ወትትገፈታእ፡ በገጻ።\n\nወኣጠፍኦሙ፡ ተረፎሙ፡ ለሕዝብየአ፡ ወኣገብኦሙ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴሆሙ፡ ስፀሮሙ፡ ወይፄውዎሙአ፡ ወይበርብሮሙአ፡ ፀሮሙ።\n\nእስመ፡ እኩየ፡ ገብሩ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ወአምዕዑኒአ፡ እምአመ፡ አውፃእክዎሙ፡ ለአበዊሆሙ፡ እምግብጽአ፡ እስከ፡\nዮም።\n\nወደመኒ፡ ንጹሐ፡ ከዐወ፡ ምናሴ፡ ዘሦዐ፡ እስከ፡ መልኣ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡ እምበአታ፡ እስከ፡ ጽንፋ፡ በኀጢአቱ፡\nዘአስሐቶሙ፡ ለይሁዳ፡ ወገብረ፡ ኀጢአተ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለምናሴ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ወኀጢአቱኒ፡ ዘአበሰ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ።\n\nወሰከበ፡ ምናሴ፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ወተቀብረ፡ ውስተ፡ ገነት፡ ዘቤተ፡ ዖዛ፡ ወነግሠ፡ አሞጽ፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።","english":"And he imposed upon Jerusalem the tribute of Samaria and the taxes of the house of Ahab, and he made Jerusalem like unto a harlot, that she might be adorned with harlotry more than her adornment, and that she might be prostituted in her face.\n\nAnd he destroyed the remnant of my people and delivered them into the hands of their enemies, and they drove them out and scattered them, their enemies.\n\nFor they did evil before my eyes, and they provoked me from the time I brought their fathers out of Egypt until this day.\n\nAnd the pure blood of Manasseh, which he shed from the entrance of Jerusalem to its extremity, because of his sin which he caused Judah to commit, and he committed sin before the eyes of the Lord.\n\nAnd all the story of Manasseh, and all that he did, and his sins which he committed, behold, this is written in the book of the prophets of the kings of Judah.\n\nAnd Manasseh slept with his fathers and was buried in the garden of the house of Uzza, and his son Amon reigned after him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኣገብእ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ መስፈርተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ወመዳልወ፡ ዘቤተ፡ አካአብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The imposition of Samaria's tribute and Ahab's taxes on Jerusalem is a symbolic inversion, portraying the northern kingdom's idolatry as corrupting the southern capital.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዕፍረት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ዕፍረት (ʿəfrät) means 'harlotry' or 'prostitution,' used here metaphorically to describe Jerusalem's forced degradation under Manasseh.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኣጠፍኦሙ፡ ተረፎሙ፡ ለሕዝብየአ፡","severity":"info","text":"The destruction of the remnant echoes 2 Kings 21:13–16, where Manasseh's sins lead to divine punishment, though the Geʿez text amplifies the first-person divine lament.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ምናሴ","severity":"info","text":"Manasseh (r. c. 687–642 BCE) is depicted in 2 Kings 21 as an apostate king who introduced idolatry; the Geʿez tradition here expands his sins to include bloodshed and betrayal of Judah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለምናሴ፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage functions as a narrative summary and transition, concluding Manasseh's reign with a reference to a written record in the 'book of the prophets of the kings of Judah,' likely a Geʿez source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ወሰከበ፡ ምናሴ፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The burial in the 'garden of the house of Uzza' is unique to the Geʿez tradition, differing from the biblical account (2 Kings 21:18) and reflecting local hagiographic or legendary expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Uzza' in the burial site is unclear; it may refer to a place or a person, possibly a corruption of 'Uzziah' or a local tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":100,"ref":"p100","source":"እንዘ፡ ፳ወ፪ክረምቱ፡ ለአሞጽ፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ፡ ወክልኤተ፡ ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ ሜሰለም፡\nወለተ፡ አሩሳ፡ እንተ፡ እምሔሴባል።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በከመ፡ ገብረ፡ ምናሌ፡ አቡሁ።\n\nወሖረ፡ በፍኖት፡ በኵሉ፡ እንተ፡ ሖረ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወአምለከ፡ አማልክተ፡ ዘአምለከ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወሰገደ፡ ሎሙ።\n\nወኀደጎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ወኢሖረ፡ በፍኖተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወዐለውዎ፡ ደቁ፡ ለአሞጽ፡ ወቀተልዎ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ በቤቱ።\n\nወቀተልዎሙ፡ አሕዛበ፡ ምድር፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ዐለውዎ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ በሞጽ፡ ወአንጉሠዎ፡ አሕዛበ፡ ምድር፡ ለዮስያስ፡\nወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለዐሞጽ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ።\n\nወቀበርዎ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ገነተ፡ ዖዛ፡ ወነግሠ፡ ዮስያስ፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።\n\nIV Regum 22\n\n22\nወሰማኒ፡ ክረምቱ፡ ለዮስያስ፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ፡ ወ፡ ፴ወ፩ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ ይሄድያ፡\nወለተ፡ ኤዶና፡ እንተ፡ እምባሱሮት።","english":"And in the twenty-second year of Amon, when he reigned, and two years he reigned in Jerusalem, and the name of his mother was Meserem, daughter of Arusa, who was from Heseval.\n\nAnd he did evil before the eyes of the Lord, as his father Manasseh did.\n\nAnd he went in the path in all that his father went, and he worshipped the gods that his father worshipped, and he bowed down to them.\n\nAnd he abandoned the Lord, the God of his fathers, and he did not go in the path of the Lord.\n\nAnd his servants conspired against Amon and killed the king in his house.\n\nAnd the people of the land killed all those who conspired against the king in Amon, and the people of the land made Josiah, his son, king in his stead.\n\nAnd all the deeds of Amon that he did, this is what is written in the book of the prophets of the kings of Judah.\n\nAnd they buried him in his tomb in the garden of Oza, and Josiah, his son, reigned in his stead.\n\nIV Regum 22\n\n22\nAnd in the eighth year of Josiah, when he reigned, and thirty-one years he reigned in Jerusalem, and the name of his mother was Yihudya, daughter of Edona, who was from Basurot.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"እንዘ፡ ፳ወ፪ክረምቱ፡ ለአሞጽ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez reads 'in the twenty-second year of Amon,' but the English draft renders this as 'in the twenty-second year of Amon, when he reigned, and two years he reigned in Jerusalem,' which conflates the regnal year with the duration of his reign. The Geʿez likely means that Amon reigned two years, with the twenty-second year being a scribal error or a different reckoning.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሜሰለም፡","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Meserem' (ሜሰለም፡) for Amon's mother is not found in the Masoretic Text (where she is Meshullemeth). This variant reflects the Geʿez tradition's independent transmission of onomastic material.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡","severity":"info","text":"This phrase echoes 2 Kings 21:2, where Manasseh is said to have done evil. The Geʿez text explicitly compares Amon to his father Manasseh, a parallel not present in the Masoretic Text of 2 Kings 21:18-26.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለዐሞጽ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ።","severity":"info","text":"This editorial comment, 'all the deeds of Amon... this is what is written in the book of the prophets of the kings of Judah,' is a unique structural marker in the Geʿez version, possibly indicating a source citation or a scribal gloss.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሰማኒ፡ ክረምቱ፡ ለዮስያስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez states Josiah reigned 31 years, consistent with 2 Kings 22:1. However, the preceding note on Amon's reign (two years) aligns with the Masoretic Text (2 Kings 21:19), but the 'twenty-second year' is anomalous.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቀበርዎ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ገነተ፡ ዖዛ፡","severity":"info","text":"The burial of Amon 'in the garden of Oza' (גן עזא) is attested in 2 Kings 21:18, but the Geʿez tradition preserves this toponym, which may reflect a local tradition or a variant reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'twenty-second year of Amon' is ambiguous: it may be a scribal error for 'second year,' or it may reflect a different chronological system. The Geʿez also does not clarify whether 'two years he reigned' is a separate statement or part of the same regnal formula."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":101,"ref":"p101","source":"ወገብረ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ወሖረ፡ በኵሉ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ዳዊት፡ አቡሁ፡ ወኢተግሕሠ፡\nኢለየማን፡ ወኢለፀጋም።\n\nወአመ፡ ፲ወ፰ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለዮስያስ፡ አመ፡ ሳምን፡ ወርኅ፡ ፈነዎ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለሶፋን፡ ወልደ፡ ኤሴልዩ፡ ወልደ፡\nሜሰላም፡ ጸሓፌ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል ፤\n\nዕርግአ፡ ኀበ፡ ኬልቅዩአ፡ ካህን፡ ዐቢይ፡ ወኅትም፡ ወርቀ፡ ዘቦኦ፡ ለቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘአስተጋብኡ፡ እለ፡\nየዐቅቡ፡ መዳልዎሙ፡ ለሕዝብ።\n\nወአወፍይዎሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ያገብሩ፡ ግብረ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በዘይጼንዑ፡ ቤዴቀ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቤት ፤\n\nለጸረብት፡ ወለነደቅት፡ ወለእስ፡ ይገብሩ፡ አረፍተ፡ በዘ፡ ይሣየጡ፡ ዕፀወ፡ ወእብነ፡ ውቅሮ፡ በዘይጼንዕዎ፡ ለቤዴቅ፡\nለቤቱ።\n\nወኢይትሓሰብዎሙ፡ ወርቆ፡ ዘወሀብውሙ፡ እስመ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ይገብሩ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ኬልቅዩ፡ ካህን፡ ዐቢይ፡ ለሳፋን፡ ጸሓፊ፡ አንብብ፡ ሎቱ።\n\nወቦአ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወአግብአ፡ ሎቱ፡ መልእክቶ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ወይቤ[ሎ]፡ ሰበክዎ፡ አግብርቲከ፡\nለውእቱ፡ ብሩር፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወወሀብዎሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይገብሩ፡ ግብረ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"And he did righteousness before the Lord, before his eyes, and he walked in all the path of David his father, and he did not turn aside to the right or to the left.\n\nAnd in the eighteenth year of the reign of Josiah, in the eighth month, the king sent Shaphan, son of Eseliu, son of Meselam, the scribe of the house of the Lord, saying:\n\n\"Go to Hilkiah, the high priest, and seal the silver that has been collected for the house of the Lord by those who guard the thresholds of the people.\n\nAnd pay out to those who perform the work of the house of the Lord, according to what they need for the work of the house.\n\nFor the beams and the planks and for those who make the roofs, according to what they cut the wood and the stone for the work, for the house.\n\nAnd do not count the silver that they have given, for they work in faith.\"\n\nAnd Hilkiah, the high priest, said to Shaphan the scribe, \"Read to him.\"\n\nAnd he entered the house of the Lord, to the king, and delivered his message to the king, and said to him, \"I have found your servants, the silver that was found in the house of the Lord, and I have given it to those who perform the work of the house of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወገብረ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በቅድመ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he did righteousness before the Lord, before his eyes' contrasts Josiah with his father Amon, who 'did evil before the eyes of the Lord' in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሶፋን፡ ወልደ፡ ኤሴልዩ፡ ወልደ፡ ሜሰላም፡","severity":"info","text":"Shaphan son of Eseliu son of Meselam is the scribe; the Geʿez patronymic chain differs from the MT (2 Kings 22:3), which gives Shaphan as son of Azaliah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአመ፡ ፲ወ፰ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለዮስያስ፡ አመ፡ ሳምን፡ ወርኅ፡","severity":"info","text":"The eighteenth year and eighth month of Josiah’s reign matches 2 Kings 22:3, the standard biblical chronology for the discovery of the scroll in the Temple.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኬልቅዩአ፡ ካህን፡ ዐቢይ፡","severity":"info","text":"Hilkiah the high priest is a key figure in the Deuteronomistic history; his role here (sealing silver, directing the scribe) reflects the Temple administration narrative of 2 Kings 22.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይትሓሰብዎሙ፡ ወርቆ፡ ዘወሀብውሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The king’s instruction 'do not count the silver' and the workers' payment 'in faith' form a thematic unit on trust, absent from the parallel in 2 Kings 22, suggesting an Ethiopic expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ፡ ኬልቅዩ፡ ካህን፡ ዐቢይ፡ ለሳፋን፡ ጸሓፊ፡ አንብብ፡ ሎቱ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Read to him' is ambiguous: the antecedent of 'him' could be the king or Shaphan; the English draft takes it as Shaphan reading to Hilkiah, but the Geʿez allows either reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'him' in 'Read to him' (አንብብ፡ ሎቱ) is unclear: it may be the king (as in the following verse) or Shaphan himself.","The silver 'found' (ተረክበ) may refer to the same collection mentioned earlier or a separate discovery; the text conflates the two."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":102,"ref":"p102","source":"ወይቤሎ፡ ሳፋን፡ ለንጉሥ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ሕግ፡ ወሀበኒ፡ ኬልቅዩ፡ ካህን፡ ወአንበባ፡ ሳፋን፡ በቅድመ፡ ንጉሥ።\n\nወሶበ፡ ሰምዓ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለይእቲ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ዘሕግ፡ ሠጠጠ፡ አልባሲሁ።\n\nወአዘዞ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለኬልቅያስ፡ ካህን፡ ወለአኪቃም፡ ወልደ፡ ሳፋን፡ ወለአክባር፡ ወልደ፡ ሚክዩ፡ ወለሶፋን፡ ጸሓፊ፡\nወለአስያ፡ ገብረ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፤\n\nንዑ፡ አስተብቍዕዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በእንቲአየ፡ ወበእንተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወእንበይነ፡ ኵሉ፡ ቃላ፡ ለዛቲ፡\nመጽሐፍ፡ እስመ፡ ዐቢይ፡ መዐተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ላዕሌነ፡ ይነድድ፡ እሳት ፤ ኢሰምዑ፡ አበዊነ፡ ቃላ፡ ለዛቲ፡\nመጽሐፍ፡ ወኢገብሩ፡ ሕጎሙ፡ ዘጽሑፍ።\n\nወሖረ፡ ኬልቅያስ፡ ካህን፡ ወአኪቃም፡ ወአክባር፡ ወሶፋን፡ ወአሶያስ፡ ኀበ፡ ሕልደና፡ ነቢይት፡ እሙ፡ ለሴሌም፡ ወልደ፡ ቴቄሀው፡ ወልደ፡ አድራስ፡ ዐቃቤ፡ አልባስ፡ ወውስተ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ሀለወት፡ ህየ፡ ምንባራ፡ ውስተ፡ ምናሴ፡ ወነገርዋ\n።\n\nወትቤሎሙ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡ እስራኤል፡ በልዎ፡ ለብእሲ፡ ዘፈነወክሙ፡ ኀቤየ ፤","english":"And Shaphan said to the king, \"The book of the law, and Hilkiah the priest gave it to me.\" And Shaphan read before the king.\n\nAnd when the king heard this book of the law, he tore his garments.\n\nAnd the king commanded Hilkiah the priest, and Achikam the son of Shaphan, and Akbar the son of Michaias, and Shaphan the scribe, and Asa the servant of the king, and said to them:\n\n\"Go, prostrate yourselves before the Lord on my behalf and on behalf of all the people of Judah, and on account of all the words of this book, for the great wrath of the Lord which has been found upon us, fire will burn. And our fathers did not hear the words of this book, and they did not do their written law.\"\n\nAnd Hilkiah the priest, and Achikam, and Akbar, and Shaphan, and Asa went to the dwelling place of the prophetess, the mother of Shelem the son of Teqehaw the son of Adras, the keeper of the garments, and in Jerusalem she was there, her dwelling place in Manasseh, and they told her.\n\nAnd she said to them, \"Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel: 'Say to the man who sent you to me.'","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠጠጠ አልባሲሁ","severity":"info","text":"The king tears his garments as a sign of mourning or repentance upon hearing the law, a gesture not in the Masoretic 2 Kings 22 but found in the Ethiopic version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕልደና ነቢይት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'dwelling place of the prophetess' refers to Huldah (here unnamed), whose dwelling is located in Manasseh, a detail unique to the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ ሕግ","severity":"info","text":"The 'book of the law' corresponds to the scroll found in the Temple under Josiah, as in 2 Kings 22:8, but the Ethiopic expands the narrative with additional characters and speeches.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሴሌም ወልደ ቴቄሀው ወልደ አድራስ","severity":"info","text":"The genealogy of Shelem (son of Teqehaw, son of Adras) and his role as 'keeper of the garments' is not in the biblical account; it likely reflects local Ethiopic hagiographic or traditional expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትቤሎሙ ከመዝ ይቤ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with the prophetess's speech formula 'Thus says the Lord', introducing a direct divine oracle that continues in the next passage, marking a structural break.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አስያ ገብረ ንጉሥ","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Asa the servant of the king' is not in the Masoretic text; it may be a scribal addition or confusion with another figure. The Ethiopic text here is a free expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Asa the servant of the king' is unclear; he is not attested in the biblical account.","The location of the prophetess's dwelling 'in Manasseh' is ambiguous—whether a district or a personal name is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":103,"ref":"p103","source":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔርአ፡ ናሁ፡ አነአ፡ ኣመጽእአ፡ እኪተ፡ ላዕለ፡ ዝብሔር፡ ወላዕለ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስቴቱ፡\nኵሎአ፡ ቃለአ፡ ዘሀሎ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ዘአንበበ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ።\n\nእስመ፡ ኀደግሙኒ፡ ወዐጠንክሙ፡ ለባዕድ፡ አማልክት፡ ከመ፡ ታምዕዑኒ፡ በግብረ፡ እደዊክሙ፡ ወትነድድአ፡ መዐትየ፡\nውስተዝ፡ ብሔር፡ ወኢያጠፍእአ።\n\nወላዕለ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ዘፈነወክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ትሰእሉ፡ ለእግዚአብሔርአ፡ ከመዝ፡ በልዎአ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nአምላከ፡ እስራኤል፡ ዝቃል፡ ዘሰማዕከ ፤\n\nእስመ፡ ኢያግዘፍከ፡ ልበከ፡ ወፈራህከ፡ እምገጸ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘሰማዕከ፡ ዘነበብኩ፡ ላዕለዝ፡ ብሔር፡ ወላዕለ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስቴቱ፡ ከመ፡ ኣማስኖሙ፡ ወይኩኑአ፡ ለመርገምአ፡ ወሠጠጥከአ፡ አልባሲከ፡ ወበከይከ፡ ቅድሜየ፡ ሰማዕኩአ፡\nአነአ፡ ይቤአ፡ እግዚአብሔርአ።\n\nወአኮአ፡ ከመዝአ ፤ ናሁ፡ አነ፡ እቀትለከ፡ ወትመውት፡ ወተአቱ፡ ኀበ፡ አበዊከ፡ ወትበውእ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብሪከ፡ በሰላም፡ ወኢትሬእያ፡ በዐይንከ፡ ለኵሉ፡ እኪት፡ እንተ፡ ኣመጽእ፡ አነ፡ ውስተዝ፡ ብሔርአ፡ ወላዕለ፡ እለ፡ ይነብርዎአ።","english":"Thus says the Lord: \"Behold, I have brought evil upon this land and upon those who dwell in it—all the words that are in the book which the king of Judah read.\n\nFor you have abandoned me and have turned away to foreign gods, so that you might provoke me by the work of your hands and kindle my wrath against this land, and I will not destroy it.\n\nAnd concerning the king of Judah who sent you to inquire of the Lord, thus say to him: Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel, the word which you have heard.\n\nFor you have not hardened your heart, but you have feared the face of the Lord, having heard what I have proclaimed against this land and against those who dwell in it—that I have deceived them and they shall be for my curse; and you have torn your garments and wept before me. I have heard you,\" says the Lord.\n\nAnd thus: \"Behold, I will kill you, and you shall die and go to your fathers, and you shall enter your tomb in peace, and you shall not see with your eyes all the evil that I have brought into this land and upon those who dwell in it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Lord's speech continues from the previous passage, now addressing the king of Judah directly through the envoys. The divine voice declares that the king's repentance (tearing garments, weeping) has been heard, and he will be spared witnessing the coming destruction.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እኪተ (ʾəkita)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term እኪተ (ʾəkita) means 'evil' or 'calamity,' consistent with its use in prophetic contexts. Here it denotes the divinely sent punishment on the land.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage echoes themes from 2 Kings 22 and 2 Chronicles 34, where King Josiah reforms after discovering the law book. The divine threat and conditional mercy parallel the Deuteronomistic theology of covenant and repentance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The tearing of garments and weeping are standard biblical gestures of mourning and repentance, here indicating the king's contrition. The promise of a peaceful death and burial contrasts with the fate of the unrepentant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a divine oracle in three parts: a declaration of impending evil, a rebuke for apostasy, and a conditional reprieve for the king's humility. The repetition of 'Thus says the Lord' frames each section.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains a possible scribal error: 'ኢያግዘፍከ' (ʾuyagzäfkä) may be a miswriting of 'ኢያጸንዕከ' (ʾuyasnəʿkä) 'you have not hardened,' as the English draft reads. The sense is clear from context but the exact reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ኢያግዘፍከ ልበከ' is ambiguous: it may mean 'you have not hardened your heart' (as in the English draft) or 'you have not strengthened your heart,' but the context of fear and repentance supports the former.","The identity of the 'foreign gods' (ባዕድ አማልክት) is not specified; they likely refer to Canaanite or Assyrian deities introduced under earlier kings."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":104,"ref":"p104","source":"IV Regum 23\n\n23\nወአግብኡ፡ ሎቱ፡ መልእክቶ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ወለአከ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወአስተጋብኦሙ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ሊቃናተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወኢየሩሳሌም\n።\n\nወዐርገ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኵሉ፡ ሰብአ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወኵሉ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡\nምስሌሁ፡ ወካህናትኒ፡ ወነቢያትኒ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ንኡሶሙ፡ ወዐቢዮሙ፡ ወአንበበ፡ ቅድሜሆሙ፡ ኵ ሎ፡ ቃለ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ሕግ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወቆመ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኀበ፡ ዐምድ፡ ወተካየደ፡ ኪዳነ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይዕቀቡ፡ ትእዛዞ፡ ወኵነኔሁ፡ ወሕጎ፡ በኵሉ፡ ልቦሙ፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ ከመ፡ ያቅሙ፡ በዝ፡ ነገር፡ ኪዳኖሙ።\n\nወአዘዞ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለኬልቅያስ፡ ለዐቢይ፡ ካህን፡ ወለካህናትኒ፡ እለ፡ እምታሕቴሁ፡ ወለእለ፡ የዐቅቡ፡ መዳልወ፡ ከመ፡\nያውፅኡ፡ ኵሎ፡ ንዋየ፡ በዓል፡ ወዘምሕራማት፡ ወዘኵሉ፡ ኀይለ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወአውፀይዎ፡ በአፍአ፡ እምኢየሩሳሌም፡ በሰዴሞተ፡\nቄድሮን፡ ወነሥኡ፡ ሐመዶ፡ ወወሰዱ፡ ቤቴል።","english":"And he sent his message to the king and to the people of the king, and he gathered to him all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem.\n\nAnd the king went up into the house of the Lord, and all the people of Judah and all who dwell in Jerusalem with him, and the priests and the prophets, and all the people, both small and great, and he read before them the entire text of the book of the law which was found in the house of the Lord.\n\nAnd the king stood by the pillar and made a covenant before the Lord, and they would keep his commandments and his judgments and his law with all their heart and with all their soul, as they would stand firm in this matter of their covenant.\n\nAnd the king commanded Hilkiah, the high priest, and the priests who were under him, and those who guarded the thresholds, that they should bring out all the vessels of Baal and the altars and all the host of heaven, and they cast them out from Jerusalem into the valley of Kidron, and they took the ashes and carried them to Bethel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊቃናተ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሊቃናተ (liqānāta) is a plural of ሊቅ (liq), meaning 'elders' or 'chiefs'. It corresponds to the Hebrew זִקְנֵי (ziqnei) in 2 Kings 23:1, referring to the senior leaders of Judah and Jerusalem.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ ሕግ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase መጽሐፈ ሕግ (maṣḥafa ḥəgg) 'book of the law' refers to the scroll of Deuteronomy or a portion thereof, discovered in the Temple during Josiah's reign, as narrated in 2 Kings 22–23 and 2 Chronicles 34.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቄድሮን","severity":"info","text":"The valley of Kidron (ቄድሮን, Qedron) is a ravine east of Jerusalem, often used as a site for disposal of idolatrous objects, as in 2 Kings 23:4 and 2 Chronicles 34:4.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤቴል","severity":"info","text":"Bethel (ቤቴል) is a city in the northern kingdom, associated with a major sanctuary. The removal of ashes there (2 Kings 23:4) parallels the account in 2 Kings 23:15, where Josiah desecrates the high places.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአግብኡ ሎቱ መልእክቶ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a narrative sequence: the king sends a message (ወአግብኡ ሎቱ መልእክቶ), then gathers the people, reads the law, makes a covenant, and orders the removal of idolatrous objects. This structure mirrors the biblical account in 2 Kings 23:1–4.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኵሎ ንዋየ በዓል","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ኵሎ ንዋየ በዓል (kʷəllo nəwāya baʿal) 'all the vessels of Baal' is ambiguous: it may refer to cultic objects of the Canaanite god Baal or, more broadly, to any idolatrous paraphernalia. The Geʿez text follows the LXX's πάντα τὰ σκεύη τοῦ Βάαλ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the king' is not explicitly named in the Geʿez text, but the context (Josiah) is clear from the narrative.","The phrase 'all the host of heaven' (ኵሉ ኀይለ ሰማይ) may refer to astral deities or to the entire pantheon of foreign gods; the Geʿez is a direct translation of the LXX's πᾶσαν τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":105,"ref":"p105","source":"ወአውዐዮሙ፡ ለከማርም፡ እለ፡ ወሀበ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወየዐጥኑ፡ በአብያተ፡ አማልክት፡ ወውስተ፡ አህጉረ፡ ይሁዳ፡\nወውስተ፡ ዐውደ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወለእለ፡ የዐጥኑ፡ ለበዓል፡ ወለፀሓይ፡ ወለወርኅ፡ ወለማዙሮት፡ ወለኵሉ፡ ኀይለ፡ ሰማያት።\n\nወአውፅኦሙ፡ ምስለ፡ አማልክቲሆሙ፡ እምቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አፍአ፡ እምኢየሩሳሌም፡ ውስተ፡ ፈለገ፡ ቄድሮን፡ ወአውዐይዎሙ፡ በፈለገ፡ ቄድሮን፡ ወቀጥቀጥዎሙ፡ ወወደየ፡ ስባራቲሆሙ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብረ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ሕዝብ።\n\nወነሠተ፡ ቤተ፡ ቃዴስም፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኀበ፡ የአንማ፡ አንስት፡ ለአምላከ፡ ኬጣእም።\n\nወአውፅኦሙ፡ ለገነውት፡ እምአህጉረ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወአርኰሰ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክት፡ ኀበ፡ የዐጥኑ፡ ህየ፡ ገነውት፡ እምጌባል፡ እስከ፡ ቤርሳቤሕ፡ ወነሠተ፡ አጽርሕ፡ ዴዴያት፡ ዘኀበ፡ ዴዴ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ዘሆሴዕ፡ መልአከ፡ ሀገር፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘኀበ፡\nየማነ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ሀገር፡ አንቀጽ፡ ዘያበውእ፡ መንገለ፡ ወግዕ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ኢያንበሩ፡ ገነውተ፡ አማልክት፡ በኀበ፡ ምሥዋዐ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ እንበለ፡ ሶበ፡ ይበልዑ፡ ምስለ፡ ቢጾሙ።","english":"And he informed the priests who had given the king of Judah, and who burned incense in the houses of the gods and within the cities of Judah and within the circuit of Jerusalem, and those who burned incense to Baal and to the sun and to the moon and to the Mazurot and to all the host of the heavens.\n\nAnd he brought them out with their gods from the house of the Lord, outside of Jerusalem, into the valley of Kidron, and he informed them in the valley of Kidron, and they shattered them and cast their fragments into the tomb of the children of the people.\n\nAnd he removed the house of the Qadeshim which was within the house of the Lord, where women prostituted themselves for the god of the Keta'em.\n\nAnd he brought out the high places from the cities of Judah and destroyed the houses of the gods where they burned incense there, the high places from Gebal as far as Beersheba, and he removed the altars of the Dede-yat which were at Dede Anqas of Hosea, the angel of the city, a man who was at the right side of the city gate, the gate which enters toward the south.\n\nAnd only the high places of the gods remained at the altar of the Lord in Jerusalem, except when they would eat with their priests.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ማዙሮት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'Mazurot' likely transliterates Hebrew 'Mazzaroth' (constellations) or 'Mazalot' (planets), referring to astral deities. The English draft retains the transliteration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃዴስም","severity":"info","text":"'Qadeshim' (plural) refers to male cult prostitutes associated with Canaanite fertility worship. The Geʿez form reflects Hebrew 'qedeshim'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኬጣእም","severity":"info","text":"'Keta'em' is obscure; possibly a corruption or transliteration of a foreign deity name. The English draft renders it as 'the god of the Keta'em'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The valley of Kidron (Geʿez: ቄድሮን) is a real location east of Jerusalem, associated in the Hebrew Bible with disposal of idolatrous objects (e.g., 1 Kings 15:3; 2 Kings 23:4).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Josiah's reform, detailing the removal of idolatrous priests, cult objects, and high places, culminating in a note about remaining high places at the Lord's altar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዴዴያት","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'Dede-yat' and the toponym 'Dede Anqas' are uncertain; the English draft treats them as proper names, but their identification with known biblical sites or objects is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Mazurot' (astral deities or specific constellation) is ambiguous.","The meaning of 'Keta'em' and 'Dede-yat' is uncertain; they may be corruptions or non-biblical additions.","The phrase 'tomb of the children of the people' (መቃብረ ደቂቀ ሕዝብ) is obscure, possibly a specific location or a generic term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":106,"ref":"p106","source":"ወአርኰስዎ፡ ለጤፌጣ፡ በቈላተ፡ ወልደ፡ ሄኖም፡ ከመ፡ ይሡዑ፡ ኵሉ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወልዶ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወለቶ፡ ለሞሎሕ፡ በእሳት።\n\nወአውዐየ፡ አፍራሰ፡ ዘወሀቡ፡ ነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ለፀሓይ፡ በውስተ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውስተ፡ ሙዳየ፡\nምጽዋት፡ ዘናታን፡ ኅጽው፡ በፈሩርም፡ ወሰረገላተ፡ ዘፀሓይ፡ አውዐየ፡ በእሳት።\n\nወምሥዋዓተኒ፡ ዘውስተ፡ አንሕስት፡ ዘአጽራሕ፡ አካዝ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ ፤ ምሥዋዕኒ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ምናሴ፡ ውስተ፡\n፪ዐጸደ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወነሠቶ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወአውረዶሙ፡ እምህየ፡ ወሰበሮሙ፡ ወስባራቲሆሙ፡ ገደፈ፡ ውስተ፡ ፈለገ፡\nቄድሮን።\n\nወቤተኒ፡ ዘቅድመ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ዘመንገለ፡ የማነ፡ ደብር፡ መስኅት፡ ዘሐነጸ፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ሰሎሞን፡ ለአስጠርጤ፡ ኀሳሮሙ፡ ለሲዶና፡ ወለኮሞስ፡ ኀሳሮሙ፡ ለሞአብ፡ ወለሜልኮል፡ ርኵሶሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ አሞን፡ አርኰሰ፡ ንጉሥ።\n\nወቀጥቀጠ፡ አምሳሊሆሙ፡ ወሠረወ፡ ምሕራማቲሆሙ፡ ወመልአ፡ ውስተ፡ መካናቲሆሙ፡ አዕፅምተ፡ ሰብእ።","english":"And they stoned Ṭēfēṭā in the valley of the son of Hēnōm, so that every man who had begotten a son and every man who had begotten a daughter would pass through for Mōlōḥ with fire.\n\nAnd he burned the horses which the kings of Judah had given to the sun in the precinct of the house of the Lord, in the court of the altar of Nāṭān, the bronze one, in the furnace; and the chariots of the sun he burned with fire.\n\nAnd the altars which were within the porticoes of the court of Aḥāz, which the king of Judah had made; and the altar which Manasseh had made within the two courts of the house of the Lord, the king removed and brought them down from there, and broke them, and cast their fragments into the valley of Qēdrōn.\n\nAnd the house which was before Jerusalem, on the right side of the mountain of Misḥat, which Solomon, king of Israel, had built for Ashtart, the gods of Sidon, and for Kōmōs, the gods of Moab, and for Malkōl, the abomination of the children of Ammon, the king stoned.\n\nAnd he shattered their images, and cut off their engravings, and filled their places with the bones of men.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሞሎሕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሞሎሕ (Mōlōḥ) corresponds to the Canaanite deity Moloch, associated with child sacrifice. The valley of Hēnōm (Gehenna) is linked to this practice in biblical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ናታን","severity":"info","text":"The name ናታን (Nāṭān) likely refers to the prophet Nathan, though the altar of Nāṭān is not attested in the Hebrew Bible. This may reflect a local tradition or a textual corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቄድሮን","severity":"info","text":"The valley of Qēdrōn (Kidron) is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., 1 Kings 15:22, 2 Kings 23:4) as a place where idolatrous objects were discarded. This passage echoes that tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"አስጠርጤ","severity":"info","text":"The deity አስጠርጤ (Ashtart) is the Geʿez form of Astarte, a Semitic goddess. The pairing with Kōmōs (Chemosh) and Malkōl (Milcom) parallels the biblical account of Solomon's foreign cults (1 Kings 11:5-7).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit detailing the destruction of idolatrous objects and structures, following the pattern of Josiah's reforms in 2 Kings 23. The stoning of Ṭēfēṭā and the burning of horses and chariots are unique to this Ethiopic version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ጤፌጣ","severity":"caution","text":"The name ጤፌጣ (Ṭēfēṭā) is obscure and not found in the Hebrew Bible. It may be a corruption of Topheth, a site associated with child sacrifice in the valley of Hinnom (Jeremiah 7:31-32). The reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Ṭēfēṭā is unclear; it may be a place name or a personification of the Topheth cult site.","The altar of Nāṭān is not attested in biblical sources; it may be a scribal error or a local tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":107,"ref":"p107","source":"ወምሥዋዐኒ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ቤቴል፡ ዘቤተ፡ አማልክቲሆሙ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ኢዮርብዓም፡ ወልደ፡ ናባጥ፡ ዘአስሐቶሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡\nወውእተኒ፡ ምሥዋዐ፡ ዘቤተ፡ አምላኮሙ፡ ነሠተ፡ ወሰበረ፡ ወቀጥቀጠ፡ እበኒሁ፡ ወሐረፀ፡ ወአውዐየ፡ ምሕራሞሙ።\n\nወሖረ፡ ኢዮስያስ፡ ወርእየ፡ መቃብረ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሀገር፡ ወፈነወ፡ ወአውፅኡ፡ ኵሎ፡ አዕፅምቺ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ውእቱ፡ መቃብር፡ ወአውዐዮ፡ በውስተ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ወአርኰሶ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘነበበ፡ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አመ፡\nበዓል፡ ዘገብረ፡ ኢዮርብዓም ፤ ወተመይጠ፡ ወርእየ፡ መቃብሮ፡ ለብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘነበቦ፡ ለዝ፡ ቃል።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ምንትኑ፡ ዝንቱ፡ መድፍን፡ ዘእሬኢ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ ሰብአ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብሔር፡ መቃብሩ፡ ለብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nውእቱ፡ ዘመጽአ፡ እምይሁዳ፡ ዘነበበ፡ በቃል፡ ከመዝ፡ በኀበ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ቤቴል።\n\nወይቤሎሙ፡ ኅድግዎ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይገስስ፡ አዕፅምቲሁ ፤ ወድኅነ፡ አዕፅምቲሁ፡ ምስለ፡ አዕፅምተ፡ ነቢይ፡ ዘመጽአ፡\nእምሰማርያ።","english":"And the altar that was in Bethel, the house of their gods, which Jeroboam son of Nebat had made, which had caused Israel to sin—that altar of the house of their gods he took and broke and shattered its stones, and he burned and consumed their offerings.\n\nAnd Josiah went and saw a tomb that was in that city, and he sent and brought out all the bones that were in that tomb, and he burned them in the altar, as the Lord had said through the man of God, the Lord, at the time of the festival that Jeroboam had made. And he was astonished and saw the tomb of the man of God who had spoken this word.\n\nAnd he said to them, “What is this monument that I see?” And the people said to him, “It is the tomb of the man of God who came from Judah, who had spoken thus at the altar of Bethel.”\n\nAnd he said to them, “Leave him; there is no one who will touch his bones.” And his bones were saved together with the bones of the prophet who came from Samaria.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥዋዕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ምሥዋዕ (mǝśwāʿ) is used for 'altar' in this passage, but in the previous passage it also appears in the context of the cult of Mōlōḥ, suggesting a generic term for a sacrificial installation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮርብዓም","severity":"info","text":"Jeroboam son of Nebat is the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel after the division, associated with the establishment of rival cult centers at Dan and Bethel (1 Kings 12:25–33).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ብእሴ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'man of God' (ብእሴ እግዚአብሔር) likely refers to the anonymous prophet from Judah who prophesied against Jeroboam's altar at Bethel, as recounted in 1 Kings 13.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a narrative sequence in which Josiah purges idolatrous sites; it follows the destruction of the Mōlōḥ cult and the burning of solar horses and chariots, and precedes further reforms.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The preservation of the bones of the man of God and the prophet from Samaria reflects a hagiographic concern for the relics of righteous figures, a motif common in Ethiopic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'man of God' is not explicitly given in the text; the reading assumes the prophet from 1 Kings 13.","The phrase 'the Lord, at the time of the festival that Jeroboam had made' may refer to the dedication festival of the Bethel altar, but the syntax is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":108,"ref":"p108","source":"ወኵሎ፡ አብያተ፡ አማልክቲሆሙ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ሰማርያ፡ ዘንብሩ፡ ነገሥተ፡ እስራኤል፡ ከመ፡ ያምዕዕዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡\nነሠተ፡ ኢዮስያስ፡ ወገብረ፡ ቤተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ግብረ፡ ዘገብረ፡ በቤቴል።\n\nወሦዖሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ገነውተ፡ አማልክት፡ እለ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ህየ፡ ውስተ፡ ምሥዋዓቲሆሙ፡ ወአንደዱ፡ አዕፅምተ፡ እጓለ፡\nእመሕያው፡ ውስቴቱ፡ ወአተወ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም።\n\nወአዘዞሙ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ከመ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ፋሲካሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኮሙ፡ በከመ፡ ጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡\nውእቱ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ሕግ።\n\nእስመ፡ ኢተገብረ፡ ውእቱ፡ ፋሲካ፡ እምአመ፡ መሳፍንት፡ እለ፡ ኰነንዎሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ በኵሉ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ነገሥተ፡\nእስራኤል፡ ወነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ።\n\nእንበለ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፰ክረምተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለኢዮስያስ፡ ተገብረ፡ ፋሲካሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በኢየሩሳሌም።\n\nለማእምራን፡ ወለፈቃድያን፡ ወለቴርፋን፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘአማልክቲሆሙ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ኀሳሮሙ፡ ዘገብሩ፡ በይሁዳ፡ ወበኢየሩሳሌም፡\nአሰሰለ፡ ኢዮስያስ፡ ከመ፡ ይብጻሕ፡ ቃለ፡ ሕጎሙ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ዘረከበ፡ ኬልቅያስ፡ ካህን፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"And all the houses of their gods that were in Samaria, which the kings of Israel had built to cause them to forget the Lord, Josiah destroyed and did to them all that he had done at Bethel.\n\nAnd he cut down all the groves of the gods that were there, on their altars, and he cast the bones of the dead into them, and he entered Jerusalem.\n\nAnd the king commanded all the peoples to celebrate the Passover of the Lord, their God, according to what is written in that book of the Law.\n\nFor this Passover had not been celebrated from the time of the judges who ruled Israel throughout all the days of the kings of Israel and the kings of Judah.\n\nBut in the eighteenth year of the reign of Josiah, the Passover of the Lord was celebrated in Jerusalem.\n\nFor the wise, the priests, and the levites, all that pertained to their gods and all the deficiencies they had made in Judah and in Jerusalem, Josiah corrected so as to fulfill the word of their Law, which was written, which Hilkiah the priest had found in the house of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ገነውተ አማልክት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase ገነውተ አማልክት (gannawta ʾamālkət) literally means 'groves of the gods,' referring to cultic tree-groves or asherah-poles associated with non-Yahwistic worship. The English draft renders it as 'groves of the gods.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ፋሲካ","severity":"info","text":"The Passover celebration described here (Geʿez: ፋሲካ, fāsikā) echoes the account in 2 Kings 23:21–23, where Josiah mandates the Passover after the discovery of the law book. The Geʿez text explicitly notes the eighteenth year of Josiah's reign, matching the biblical chronology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Hilkiah the priest (Geʿez: ኬልቅያስ, kēlqəyās) is the figure who, according to 2 Kings 22:8, discovered the 'book of the Law' in the Temple during Josiah's reign, sparking the religious reforms. The Geʿez text here aligns with that tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes a narrative sequence of Josiah's reforms, moving from destruction of cultic sites in Samaria and Bethel (previous passage) to the central celebration of Passover in Jerusalem. The final sentence summarizes Josiah's correction of all religious deficiencies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text specifies the eighteenth year of Josiah's reign as the time of the Passover celebration, a detail consistent with 2 Kings 23:23. It also notes that Passover had not been observed since the period of the judges, emphasizing the reform's novelty.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text's emphasis on Josiah destroying 'all the houses of their gods' in Samaria and cutting down groves reflects a later Ethiopic concern with eradicating non-Christian cultic practices, possibly resonating with Aksumite or medieval Ethiopian Christian reforms.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'the bones of the dead' (አዕፅምተ እጓለ እመሕያው) could refer to human remains from earlier burials or to bones used in pagan rituals; the text does not specify. The reading taken follows the English draft's interpretation as 'bones of the dead.'"],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":109,"ref":"p109","source":"ወከማሁ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘኮነ፡ እምእለ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ነገሥት፡ ዘገብአ፡ በኵሉ፡ ልቡ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ኀይሉ፡\nወበኵሉ፡ ነፍሱ፡ በከመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕገ፡ ሙሴ፡ ወእምድኅሬሁኒ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘቆመ፡ ዘከማሁ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ኢሜጠ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መዐቶ፡ ዘተምዐ፡ ላዕለ፡ ይሁዳ፡ መዐተ፡ ዘአምዕዖ፡ ምናሴ።\n\nወይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለይሁዳኒ፡ እገድፎሙ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጽየ፡ በከመ፡ ገዴፍክዎሙ፡ ለእስራኤል፡ ወእደመስሳ፡ ለዛቲ፡\nሀገር፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ እንተ፡ ኀረይኩ፡ ወዝኒ፡ ቤት፡ ዘእቤ፡ ይሄሉ፡ ስምየ፡ ህየ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለኢዮስያስ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡\nይሁዳ።\n\nወበመዋዕሊሁ፡ ዐርገ፡ ፈርዖን፡ ኒካዑ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ግብጽ፡ ላዕለ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ እንተ፡ ፈለገ፡ አፍራጤን፡ ወሖረ፡\nኢዮስያስ፡ ወተቀበሎ፡ ወቀተሎ፡ ኒካዑ፡ በመጌዱ፡ ሶበ፡ ተራከቦ።\n\nወአጽዐንዎ፡ በድኖ፡ አግብርቲሁ፡ እመጌዱ፡ ወአእተውዎ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብር፡ ወነሥእዎ፡ አሕዛበ፡\nምድር፡ ለዮአክስ፡ ወልዱ፡ ወቀብእዎ፡ ወአንገሥዎ፡ ህየንተ፡ አቡሁ።","english":"And there was none like him among the kings before him, who had gathered with all his heart toward the Lord, and with all his strength, and with all his soul, according to all the law of Moses. And after him, there was none who stood like him.\n\nBut the wrath of the Lord was kindled, which had been kindled against Judah, the wrath that Manasseh had provoked.\n\nAnd the Lord said to Judah, \"I will cast them out from before my face, as I cast out Israel, and I will destroy this city, Jerusalem, which I have chosen, and this house where my name shall be.\"\n\nAnd all the deeds of Josiah, and all that he did, now this is what is written in the book of the prophets of the kings of Judah.\n\nAnd in his days, Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt, went up against the king of Persia, who had crossed the Euphrates River, and Josiah went and met him, and Necho killed him on the road when he encountered him.\n\nAnd his servants carried his corpse from the road and brought him to Jerusalem and buried him in the tomb. And the people of the land took Jehoahaz, his son, and buried him and made him king in place of his father.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage contrasts Josiah's unparalleled devotion with the divine wrath incurred by Manasseh, framing Judah's downfall as a consequence of Manasseh's sins.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእደመስሳ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ሀገር፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡","severity":"info","text":"The Lord's threat to destroy Jerusalem echoes prophetic oracles, particularly Jeremiah 19 and 2 Kings 21, where divine judgment is pronounced on the city.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ፈርዖን፡ ኒካዑ፡","severity":"info","text":"Pharaoh Necho II (r. 610–595 BCE) historically fought at Megiddo, where Josiah was killed in 609 BCE. The mention of a 'king of Persia' is anachronistic, as Persia was not yet a major power.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበመዋዕሊሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The sequence places Josiah's death after his reforms, consistent with 2 Kings 23–24, but the reference to a 'king of Persia' reflects a later scribal confusion or conflation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Josiah's deeds are recorded in a 'book of the prophets of the kings of Judah' suggests a lost or apocryphal source, possibly a midrashic expansion within the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ለዮአክስ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Jehoahaz' (ዮአክስ) is correctly identified as Josiah's son and successor, but the burial and coronation details conflate events from 2 Kings 23:30–34, where Jehoahaz was deposed by Necho.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'king of Persia' is unclear; Persia was not a kingdom in Josiah's time, possibly a scribal error for 'Assyria' or a later interpolation.","The phrase 'book of the prophets of the kings of Judah' may refer to a lost source or a rhetorical device, not a known biblical book."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":110,"ref":"p110","source":"፳ወ፫ክረምቱ፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ፡ ዮአክስ፡ ወ፫አውራኀ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ አሚጣል፡ ወለተ፡ ኤርምያስ፡ ዘእምሌምና።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘገብሩ፡ አበዊሁ።\n\nወአፍለሶ፡ ፈርዖን፡ ኒካዑ፡ በኤብለታ፡ በምድረ፡ ኤመጤ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይንግሥ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወአገበሮሙ፡ ጸባሕተ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ብሔሮሙ፡ ወአዘዞሙ፡ ፻መክሊተ፡ ወርቅ፡ ወ፻መክሊተ፡ ብሩር።\n\nወአንገሠ፡ ፈርዖን፡ ኒካዑ፡ ኤልያቄምሃ፡ ወልደ፡ ኢዮስያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ህየንተ፡ ኢዮስያስ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወሜጠ፡ ስሞ፡ ዮአቂም፡ ወነሥኦ፡ ለዮአክዝ፡ ወወሰዶ፡ ብሔረ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወበህየ፡ ሞተ።\n\nወወሀቦ፡ ዮአቂም፡ ለፈርዖን፡ ወርቆ፡ ወብሩሮ፡ ወአጽሐፈ፡ ኵሎ፡ ብሔሮ፡ ከመ፡ የሀቡ፡ ጸባሕተ፡ ወርቅ፡ ለፈርዖን ፤\nኵሉ፡ ብእሲ፡ በአምጣነ፡ ንዋዩ፡ የሀቡ፡ ጸባሕተ፡ ለፈረዖን፡ ኒካዑ።\n\n፳ወ፭ ክረምቱ፡ ለዮአቂም፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ፡ ወ፲ወ፩ክረምቱ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ ሄልድፍ፡ ወለተ፡\nፌደየ፡ ቅሩማ።","english":"23 years of age when Jehoahaz began to reign, and 3 months he reigned in Jerusalem. And the name of his mother was Hamutal, daughter of Jeremiah, from Libnah.\n\nAnd he did evil before the Lord, like all that his fathers had done.\n\nAnd Pharaoh Necho turned him back at Riblah in the land of Hamath, so that he should not reign in Jerusalem, and he imposed tribute upon all their land, and commanded them 100 talents of gold and 100 talents of silver.\n\nAnd Pharaoh Necho made Eliakim, son of Josiah, king of Judah, in place of Josiah his father, and changed his name to Jehoiakim, and he took Jehoahaz and brought him to the land of Egypt, and there he died.\n\nAnd Jehoiakim gave to Pharaoh his gold and his silver, and he exacted from all his land, so that they gave tribute of gold to Pharaoh; every man according to the amount of his wealth gave tribute to Pharaoh Necho.\n\n25 years of age when Jehoiakim began to reign, and 11 years he reigned in Jerusalem. And the name of his mother was Zebidah, daughter of Pedaiah, from Rumah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፳ወ፫ክረምቱ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a regnal formula giving Jehoahaz's age (23) and reign length (3 months), a pattern repeated for Jehoiakim (age 25, reign 11 years).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez spelling ኢየሩሳሌም (ʾiyārusālēm) reflects a standard Ethiopic rendering of Jerusalem, derived from the Greek Ἱεροσόλυμα via Syriac.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ፈርዖን ኒካዑ","severity":"info","text":"Pharaoh Necho II (r. 610–595 BCE) is the Egyptian pharaoh who intervened in Judah after Josiah's death, as recorded in 2 Kings 23:29–35 and 2 Chronicles 35:20–36:4.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወገብረ እኩየ ቅድመ እግዚአብሔር ከመ ኵሉ ዘገብሩ አበዊሁ","severity":"info","text":"This phrase echoes the Deuteronomistic judgment formula found in 2 Kings 23:32, where Jehoahaz is said to have done evil like his fathers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"፳ወ፭ ክረምቱ ለዮአቂም","severity":"info","text":"Jehoiakim's reign is given as 11 years (c. 609–598 BCE), consistent with the biblical account (2 Kings 23:36). The age 25 at accession matches 2 Kings 23:36.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ዮአቂም","severity":"info","text":"The name change from Eliakim to Jehoiakim (Geʿez: ዮአቂም) is a political act by Necho, asserting Egyptian suzerainty, as in 2 Kings 23:34.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify the source of the tribute amounts (100 talents gold, 100 silver) beyond the biblical parallel.","The phrase 'he did evil before the Lord' may be a stock formula rather than a specific historical judgment."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":111,"ref":"p111","source":"ወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘገብሩ፡ አበዊሁ።\n\nIV Regum 24\n\n24\nወበመዋዕሊሁ፡ ዐርገ፡ ናቡክድናጾር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ውስተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብሔር፡ ወተቀንየ፡ ሎቱ፡ ዮአቂም፡ ፫ዓመተ፡\nወእምዝ፡ አፅረረ፡ ወዐለዎ።\n\nወፈነዎሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለጸባኢተ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወለጸባኢተ፡ ሞአብ፡ ወለጸባኢተ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ዐሞን፡ ወፈነዎሙ፡ ብሔረ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ከመ፡ ይቅንይዎሙ፡ በከመ፡ ነበበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእዶ፡ አግብርቲሁ፡ ነቢያት።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ መዐቱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወከመ፡ ያውፅእ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ በኀጢአተ፡ ምናሴ፡ ወኵሉ፡\nዘገብረ።\n\nወቀተለ፡ ነፍሰ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ወመልኣ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ደመ፡ ንጹሐ፡ ወአበየ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ተሣህሎቶሙ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለዮአቄም፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ\n።\n\nወሰከበ፡ ኢዮአቄም፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ገራሀተ፡ ዖዛ፡ ወነግሠ፡ ኢዮአቄም፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ።","english":"And he did evil before the Lord, like all that his fathers had done.\n\nIV Kings 24\n\n24\nAnd in his days, Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, went up into that land, and Jehoiakim submitted to him for three years.\nAnd after that, he rebelled and went up.\n\nAnd the Lord sent the armies of Syria and the armies of Moab and the armies of the Ammonites, and he sent them to the land of Judah to destroy them, as the Lord had spoken by the hand of his servants the prophets.\n\nAnd only the wrath of the Lord was upon Judah, to remove them from before his face because of the sin of Manasseh and all that he had done.\n\nAnd he killed the soul of the righteous and filled Jerusalem with innocent blood, and the Lord refused to forgive them.\n\nAnd all the story of Jehoiakim and all that he did, behold, this is what is written in the book of the prophets of the kings of Judah.\n\nAnd Jehoiakim slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the garden of Uzza, and Jehoiachin his son reigned after him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"IV Regum 24","severity":"info","text":"The chapter heading 'IV Regum 24' marks the start of a new section, corresponding to 2 Kings 24 in the Vulgate, though the Ethiopic text diverges in content and order.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበመዋዕሊሁ፡ ዐርገ፡ ናቡክድናጾር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes 2 Kings 24:1, where Nebuchadnezzar's invasion and Jehoiakim's submission are described, but the Ethiopic adds a three-year submission not in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ፡ አፅረረ፡ ወዐለዎ።","severity":"info","text":"The rebellion of Jehoiakim after three years reflects a tradition found in Josephus (Antiquities 10.8) and later Jewish sources, not in the biblical account, suggesting a non-canonical source.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Josephus Antiquities"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለዮአቄም፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ናሁ፡ ዝውእቱ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ነቢያቲሆሙ፡ ለነገሥተ፡ ይሁዳ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to a 'book of the prophets of the kings of Judah' is unique to the Ethiopic tradition, possibly indicating a lost source or a scribal gloss linking to prophetic writings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቀተለ፡ ነፍሰ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ወመልኣ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ደመ፡ ንጹሐ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'killed the soul of the righteous' is ambiguous; 'soul' (ነፍሰ) may be a metonym for 'person,' but the text could also imply spiritual death, a theological reading not in the source.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሰከበ፡ ኢዮአቄም፡ ምስለ፡ አበዊሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The death of Jehoiakim and burial in the 'garden of Uzza' (2 Kings 21:18, 26) is placed here, but the Ethiopic text omits the biblical detail of his reign length (11 years), creating a chronological gap.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'righteous' killed is unspecified; it may refer to the prophet Uriah (Jer 26:20-23) or a general group.","The 'book of the prophets of the kings of Judah' is unattested elsewhere; its nature (prophetic or historical) is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":112,"ref":"p112","source":"ወኢደገመ፡ እንከ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወፂአ፡ እምነ፡ ብሔሩ፡ እስመ፡ አስተጋብአ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ እምፈለገ፡ ግብጽ፡\nእስከ፡ ፈለገ፡ አፍራጢስ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘንጉሠ፡ ግብጽ።\n\nወ፲ወ፰ክረምቱ፡ ለኢዮአቂም፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ፡ ወ፫አውራኀ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ ኔስተ፡ ወለተ፡\nኤላናታን፡ እንተ፡ እምኢየሩሳሌም።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘገብሩ፡ አበዊሁ።\n\nወውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ዐርገ፡ ናቡከደናጾር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ውስተ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወተጸወነት፡ ሀገር፡ ወተጸወኑ።\n\nወናቡከደነጾር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ መጽአ፡ ኀበ፡ ሀገር፡ ይትቃተሎሙ፡ ምስለ፡ አሕዛቢሁ።\n\nወወፅአ፡ ኢዮአቄም፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ኀባ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ምስለ፡ ደቂቁ፡ ወመላእክቲሁ፡ ወኅጽዋኒሁ፡ ወአኀዞ፡\nንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ወአስተጋብአ፡ አመ፡ ፰ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ።\n\nወአውፅአ፡ ኵሎ፡ መዛግብተ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወመዛግብተ፡ ቤተ፡ ንጉሥኒ፡ ወሰበረ፡ ኵሎ፡ ንዋየ፡ ወርቅ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ሰሎሞን፡ ንጉሠ፡ እስራኤል፡ ለቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"And the king of Egypt turned back and went out from his land, because the king of Babylon had assembled from the river of Egypt as far as the river Euphrates, and all that belonged to the king of Egypt.\n\nAnd it was the eighteenth year of Jehoiakim when he began to reign, and he reigned for three months in Jerusalem; and the name of his mother was Nestē, daughter of Elnathan, who was from Jerusalem.\n\nAnd he did evil before the Lord, like all that his fathers had done.\n\nAnd in that year, Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, went up into Jerusalem, and the city was besieged, and they were besieged.\n\nAnd Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, came to the city to fight against them with his armies.\n\nAnd Jehoiakim, king of Judah, went out to the king of Babylon with his children, his messengers, and his nobles; and the king of Babylon seized him and assembled him in the eighth year of his reign.\n\nAnd he brought out all the treasures of the house of the Lord and the treasures of the king’s house, and he broke all the vessels of gold that Solomon, king of Israel, had made for the house of the Lord, as the Lord had said.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ወ፲ወ፰ክረምቱ ለኢዮአቂም","severity":"info","text":"The eighteenth year of Jehoiakim corresponds to 608/607 BCE, but the three-month reign in Jerusalem is historically associated with his son Jehoiachin, not Jehoiakim.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኔስተ","severity":"info","text":"The name of Jehoiakim's mother is given as Nestē, daughter of Elnathan. This name is not found in the Masoretic Text (where the mother is Zebidah) and may reflect a tradition from the Septuagint or Ethiopic sources.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢደገመ እንከ ንጉሠ ግብጽ","severity":"info","text":"The withdrawal of the king of Egypt and the assembly of the king of Babylon from the river of Egypt to the Euphrates echoes 2 Kings 24:7, but the Geʿez expands the geographical scope.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወገብረ እኩየ ቅድመ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'he did evil before the Lord, like all that his fathers had done' (also in the previous passage) serves as a structural refrain, framing Jehoiakim's reign within a pattern of impiety.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአውፅአ ኵሎ መዛግብተ ቤተ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The plundering of temple treasures and the breaking of gold vessels made by Solomon is not in the biblical account of Jehoiakim's reign but appears in later traditions about Nebuchadnezzar's destruction of Jerusalem.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአስተጋብአ አመ ፰ዓመተ መንግሥቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'assembled him in the eighth year of his reign' is ambiguous: it may mean Nebuchadnezzar assembled Jehoiakim in the eighth year of Nebuchadnezzar's reign (597 BCE) or in the eighth year of Jehoiakim's own reign (601 BCE). The Geʿez pronoun 'ሁ' could refer to either king.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The eighth year of whose reign is unclear: Nebuchadnezzar's or Jehoiakim's?","The mother's name Nestē is unattested in the Hebrew Bible and may be a scribal innovation or a variant from a lost source."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":113,"ref":"p113","source":"ወአፍለሳ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወለኵሉ፡ መላእክቲሆሙ፡ ወዐበይቶሙ፡ ወጽኑዓኒሆሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ፄዋሁ፡ ፼ወኵሎ፡ ኬነቶሙ፡\nወጸረብቶሙኒ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘአትረፈ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ቢጸ፡ ነዳያን።\n\nወአፍለሶ፡ ለኢዮአቄም፡ ባቢሎን፡ ወለእሙ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ወአንስትያ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወኅጽዋኒሁ፡ ወዐበይተ፡ ብሔር፡ እፍለሶሙ፡\nኵሎሙ፡ ባቢሎን።\n\nወኵሎ፡ መላእክተ፡ ሰራዊቶሙ፡ ፸፻ብእሴ፡ ወኬነቶሙሰ፡ ወጸረብቶሙ፡ ፲፻ኵሎ፡ ጽኑዓነ፡ እለ፡ ይክሉ፡ ተቃትሎ፡ አፍለሶሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ውስተ፡ ባቢሎን።\n\nወእንገሦ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ለናታንያን፡ እኁሁ፡ ለአቡሁ፡ ህየንቴሁ፡ ወወለጠ፡ ስሞ፡ ሴዴቅያስ፡ ሰመዮ።\n\n፳ወ፩ክረምቱ፡ ለሴዴቄያን፡ አመ፡ ይነግሥ፡ ወ፲ወ፩ክረምተ፡ ነግሠ፡ በኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወስማ፡ ለእሙ፡ አሚጠል፡ ወለተ፡\nኤርምያስ።\n\nወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ኢዮአቄም።\n\nእስመ፡ ኮነ፡ መዐተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወላዕለ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እስከ፡ አውፅኦሙ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡\nወአፅረሮ፡ ሴዴቅያን፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን።","english":"And he turned back to Jerusalem and all their angels and their elders and their strong ones, all their treasure and all their vessels, and he smashed them, and there was nothing left except the poor who were cut off.\n\nAnd he turned back Jehoiakim to Babylon, and his mother, the king's women, and the king's eunuchs, and the elders of the land, he turned them all back to Babylon.\n\nAnd all the angels of their armies, seventy thousand men, and their vessels, and he smashed them, ten thousand of all the strong ones who could fight, he turned them all back to the king in Babylon.\n\nAnd the king of Babylon appointed Natanian, his brother, in his place, and he changed his name, calling him Zedekias.\n\nThe twenty-first year of Zedekian when he reigned, and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem, and his mother's name was Amithel, daughter of Jeremiah.\n\nAnd he did evil before the Lord, just as Jehoiakim had done.\n\nFor the wrath of the Lord was upon Jerusalem and upon Judah until he expelled them from before his face, and Zedekian shut out the king of Babylon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መላእክቲሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መላእክት (malāʾəkt) can mean 'angels' or 'messengers'; here it likely refers to military envoys or officers, not celestial beings.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is composed of three parallel deportation reports (Jerusalem, Jehoiakim's court, the army), followed by the appointment of Zedekiah and a theological summary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Zedekiah's reign is given as 11 years (21st year of his reign?); the text may conflate his accession year with regnal years, a common scribal issue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The account of Zedekiah's appointment and name change echoes 2 Kings 24:17, but the Geʿez version adds details (mother's name, Amithel) not in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The numbers (70,000 angels, 10,000 strong ones) are symbolic exaggerations typical of Ethiopic historical narratives, not literal census figures.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'shut out the king of Babylon' (አፅረሮ) is ambiguous: it may mean Zedekiah rebelled or was besieged; the Geʿez verb can mean 'to close off' or 'to obstruct'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'their angels' (መላእክቲሆሙ) is unclear—whether divine beings or human messengers.","The phrase 'shut out the king of Babylon' could indicate either Zedekiah's defensive action or his defeat.","The chronological note 'twenty-first year of Zedekian when he reigned' is syntactically confused; it may mean he began reigning in his 21st year of life or that the 21st year of his reign is meant."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":114,"ref":"p114","source":"IV Regum 25\n\n25\nወአመ፡ ታስዕ፡ ክረምተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ በዓሥር፡ ወርኅ፡ መጽአ፡ ናቡከደናጾር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ምስለ፡ ሰራዊቱ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወተዐየነ፡ ላዕሌሃ፡ ወሐጸራ።\n\nወተጸወነት፡ ሀገር፡ እስከ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፩ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለሴዴቅያን፡ እስከ፡ ፱ሠረቀ፡ ወርኅ።\n\nወኮነ፡ ዐቢየ፡ ረኃብ፡ ወአልቦ፡ እክለ፡ ለአሕዛበ፡ ምድር።\n\nወተገፍትአት፡ ሀገር፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዕደው፡ መስተቃትላን፡ ወፅኡ፡ በሌሊት፡ በፍኖተ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ማእከላዊ፡ እንተ፡ መንገለ፡\nገነቱ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ወዐገትዋ፡ ፋርስ፡ ለሀገር፡ ወእሙንቱሰ፡ ወፅኡ፡ እንተ፡ ዐረቦት።\n\nወዴገንዎ፡ ሰራዊተ፡ ፋርስ፡ ወተለውዎ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ወአኀዝዎ፡ በዐረቦት፡ ዘኢያሪኮ፡ ወጐዩ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብኡ፡ ወኀደግዎ።\n\nወአኀዝዎ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ወወሰድዎ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ዴብለታ፡ ወተናገሮ።\n\nወረገዞሙ፡ ለደቂቁ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ወአዕወሮ፡ ለሴዴቅያን፡ ወሞቅሖ፡ ወወሰዶ፡ ባቢሎን።\n\nወአመ፡ ሰቡዑ፡ ለሠርቀ፡ ሳብዕ፡ ወርኅ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፱ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለናቡከደናጾር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ መጽአ፡\nናቡዛርዳን፡ ሊቀ፡ መብስላኑ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ዘይቀውም፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ መጽአ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም።","english":"And when the tenth year of his reign had passed, in the month of Tebet, Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, came with his armies against Jerusalem, and he besieged it and blockaded it.\n\nAnd the city was besieged until the eleventh year of the reign of Zedekiah, until the ninth month.\n\nAnd there was a great famine, and there was no food for the peoples of the land.\n\nAnd the city was breached, and all the strong warriors went out by night by the path of the middle gate, which is toward the king’s garden, and the Persians set fire to the city, and they themselves went out through the breaches.\n\nAnd the Persian army found them and seized the king, and they captured him in the breaches of Jericho, and they killed all his men and left him.\n\nAnd they seized the king and brought him to the king of Babylon at Diblath, and he spoke with him.\n\nAnd he killed his sons before him, and he blinded Zedekiah, and he put him in fetters and took him to Babylon.\n\nAnd on the seventh day of the month of Sivan, in the nineteenth year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, came Nebuzaradan, the chief of the cooks of the king who stands before him, and he came to Jerusalem.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"በዓሥር፡ ወርኅ፡","severity":"info","text":"The tenth month (Tebet) of Zedekiah's reign is given as the start of the siege; the siege lasts until the ninth month of the eleventh year. This matches the biblical chronology of 2 Kings 25:1–2.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፋርስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text introduces 'Persians' (ፋርስ) as the army that sets fire to Jerusalem and captures Zedekiah. This is an anachronism: the Neo-Babylonian army under Nebuchadnezzar is meant, not the later Persian Empire.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዴብለታ፡","severity":"info","text":"Diblath (ዴብለታ) is likely a corruption of Riblah, the Syrian city where Nebuchadnezzar held court. The confusion may arise from the similarity of the Geʿez letters ደ and ረ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሞቅሖ፡","severity":"info","text":"The blinding of Zedekiah and the killing of his sons before his eyes (ወሞቅሖ፡) follows 2 Kings 25:7, but the Geʿez adds the detail of fetters (ወሞቅሖ፡) not in the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊቀ፡ መብስላኑ፡","severity":"info","text":"Nebuzaradan is titled 'chief of the cooks' (ሊቀ፡ መብስላኑ፡), a literal rendering of the Hebrew rab-ṭabbāḥîm, which actually means 'chief of the bodyguard' or 'chief executioner'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኢያሪኮ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'breaches of Jericho' (ዘኢያሪኮ፡) is ambiguous: it may refer to the location where the king was captured, or to a specific gate or breach named after Jericho. The Geʿez text does not clarify.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'Persians' is an anachronism; the text likely means the Babylonian army.","Diblath is probably a scribal error for Riblah.","The 'breaches of Jericho' may be a toponym or a descriptive phrase."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":115,"ref":"p115","source":"ወአውዐየ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወቤተ፡ ንጉሥኒ፡ ወኵሎ፡ አብያተ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወአውዐየ፡ ሊቀ፡ መብስላኒሁ፡ ለንጉሥ\n።\n\nወነሠቱ፡ አረፍተ፡ ጥቅማ፡ ለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ሰራዊቶሙ፡ ለፋርስ።\n\nወዘተረፈሂ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገር፡ ወእለኒ፡ ሖሩ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ወባዕደኒ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘተረፈ፡ እፍለሶሙ፡\nናቡዛርዳን፡ ሊቀ፡ መብስላን፡ ውስተ፡ ከራሜ፡ ወውስተ፡ ኤሬቢ።\n\nወእምውስተ፡ ነዳያነ፡ ብሔር፡ አትረፈ፡ ሊቀ፡ መብስላን፡ ለዐጸደ፡ ወይን፡ ወለማሕረስ።\n\nወአዕማደ፡ ብርትኒ፡ ዘቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሜኬኖተ፡ ወባሕረ፡ ብርት፡ ዘቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሰበርዎ፡ ፋርስ፡\nወአእተውዎ፡ ብርቶ፡ ባቢሎን።\n\nወጸሀርትኒ፡ ወኢያሚን፡ ወፍያላትኒ፡ ኵሎ፡ ንዋየ፡ ብርት፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ይገብሩ፡ ነሥኡ።\n\nወመዓጥነ፡ ወፍያላተ፡ ወርቅ፡ ወዘብሩር፡ ነሥአ፡ ሊቀ፡ መብስላን።\n\nአዕማድ፡ ክልኤ፡ ወባሕር፡ አሐቲ፡ ወሜኬኖት፡ ዘገብረ፡ ሰሎሞን፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአልቦ፡ መድሎተ፡\nብርቱ።","english":"And he burned the house of the Lord, and the king's house, and all the houses of Jerusalem, and he burned the chief of the cooks of the king.\n\nAnd the armies of the Persians took the spoils of Jerusalem.\n\nAnd the people who remained in the city, and those who went to the king of Babylon, and also all who remained, Nebuzaradan, the chief of the cooks, scattered them into Carmel and into Ereb.\n\nAnd from among the poor of the land, the chief of the cooks increased the vineyard and the plowland.\n\nAnd the Persians broke the bronze pillars of the house of the Lord, and the candlesticks, and the bronze sea of the house of the Lord, and they brought the bronze to Babylon.\n\nAnd the basins and the ewers and the bowls, all the vessels of bronze that were there, they took.\n\nAnd the chief of the cooks took the censers and the bowls of gold and of silver.\n\nTwo pillars and one sea and the candlesticks which Solomon the king made for the house of the Lord, and there is no measure of their bronze.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊቀ መብስላን","severity":"info","text":"The title ሊቀ መብስላን (liqa mebslan) is rendered 'chief of the cooks' in the English draft, but it is a calque of the Hebrew rab ṭabbāḥīm, a high military/official title in the Neo-Babylonian court, not a culinary role. Nebuzaradan held this office.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ከራሜ ወኤሬቤ","severity":"info","text":"The toponyms ከራሜ (Karme) and ኤሬቤ (Erebe) likely refer to regions in Babylonia where deportees were settled. 'Carmel' in the English draft is a misreading; the Geʿez points to a place name distinct from the biblical Mount Carmel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አዕማደ ብርትኒ ... ወባሕረ ብርት","severity":"info","text":"The description of the bronze pillars, the bronze sea, and the candlesticks made by Solomon echoes 1 Kings 7:15–26 and 2 Kings 25:13–17, where these temple furnishings are listed. The Geʿez text closely follows the biblical inventory.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit detailing the aftermath of Jerusalem's fall: destruction of buildings, looting, deportation, and redistribution of land. It moves from general destruction to specific temple spoils, then to the fate of the poor.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text anachronistically attributes the looting to 'the Persians' (ፋርስ) rather than the Babylonians. This reflects a later scribal tradition that conflated the Babylonian and Persian conquests, common in Ethiopic historical narratives.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah","label":"gap dossier: Book of Isaiah, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-isaiah"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አውዐየ ሊቀ መብስላኒሁ ለንጉሥ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he burned the chief of the cooks of the king' is ambiguous: it could mean the official was burned alive, or that his house was burned. The Geʿez verb አውዐየ (ʾawʿaya) can take a person or a building as object; the context of burning houses suggests the latter, but the syntax is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Whether አውዐየ ሊቀ መብስላኒሁ means the official was burned or his dwelling was burned.","The precise location of ከራሜ and ኤሬቤ is uncertain; they may be regions in Babylonia, not the biblical Carmel.","The anachronistic reference to Persians instead of Babylonians may confuse readers unfamiliar with Ethiopic scribal conventions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":116,"ref":"p116","source":"፲ወ፰በእመት፡ ኑኁ፡ ለለ፩፡ ዐምድ፡ ወከታር፡ ዘብርት፡ መልዕልቱ፡ ወቆሙ፡ ለከታር፡ ፫በእመት፡ ወሰቃራር፡ ላዕለ፡\nከታር፡ ወ፩ኵሉ፡ ዘብርት፡ ወከማሁ፡ ዘካልኡኒ፡ ዐምድ፡ ወ፻ጽጌያት፡ ላዕለ፡ ሰባኬ፡ ዐውዱ።\n\nወነሥኦ፡ ሊቀ፡ መብስላን፡ ለሴሬያ፡ ለዐቢይ፡ ካህን፡ ወሰፎንያስ፡ ወልዱ፡ ዘእምታሕቴሁ፡ ወለደላዊያን።\n\nወነሥአ፡ እምውስተ፡ ሀገር፡ ፩ኅጽወ፡ መልአከ፡ ስረዊሆሙ፡ ለመስተቃትላን፡ ወ፮ዕደው፡ እምእለ፡ ይቀውሙ፡ ቅድመ፡ ንጉሥ፡ እለ፡ ተረክቡ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገር፡ ወጻሓፊሁ፡ ለመልአክ፡ ስረዊሆሙ፡ ዘይኤዝዞሙ፡ ለአሕዛበ፡ ምድር፡ ወ፷ብእሲ፡ እምውስተ፡\nአሕዛበ፡ ምድር፡ እለ፡ ተረክቡ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገር።\n\nወነሥኦሙ፡ ናቡዛርዳን፡ ሊቀ፡ መብስላን፡ ወወሰዶሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ዴብለታ።\n\nወቀተሎሙ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ በዴብለታ፡ በምድረ፡ ኤማት፡ ወአፍለሶሙ፡ ለይሁዳ፡ እምነ፡ ብሔሮሙ።\n\nወለሕዝብሰ፡ እለ፡ ተርፉ፡ ውስተ፡ ብሔረ፡ ይሁዳ፡ እለ፡ አትረፈ፡ ናቡከደነጾር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ወሤሞ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ጎዶልያን፡ ወልደ፡ አኪቃም፡ ወልደ፡ ሳፍን።","english":"And in the eighth year, one pillar of bronze and its capital, and the height of the capital, three cubits, and a chain upon the capital, and one whole of bronze, and likewise the second pillar, and one hundred pomegranates upon the porch of the court.\n\nAnd he took the chief of the cooks, Sereya, the great priest, and Sophonias his son from under him, and the Levites.\n\nAnd he took from within the city one measure of the angel of the destruction of the combatants, and they added to those who stand before the king, those who were found within the city, and he wrote for the angel of the destruction of those who lead the peoples of the land, and sixty men from among the peoples of the land who were found within the city.\n\nAnd Nabuzardan, the chief of the cooks, took them and brought them to the king of Babylon at Deblata.\n\nAnd the king of Babylon killed them at Deblata in the land of Emath, and he turned Judah away from their land.\n\nAnd for the people who remained in the land of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, had left, he set over them Godolias, son of Achikam, son of Saphan.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊቀ መብስላን","severity":"info","text":"The title 'chief of the cooks' (liqa mäbslan) is a calque from Hebrew rab-ṭabbāḥīm, the title of Nebuzaradan in 2 Kings 25. The Geʿez retains the Hebrew administrative term.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሴሬያ ለዐቢይ ካህን","severity":"info","text":"Sereya the high priest and his son Sophonias correspond to Seraiah and Zephaniah in 2 Kings 25:18, where they are executed by Nebuchadnezzar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዴብለታ","severity":"info","text":"Deblata (Diblathaim) is a location in the land of Emath (Hamath) where the Babylonian king executed Judean captives, as in 2 Kings 25:20-21.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ጎዶልያን ወልደ አኪቃም","severity":"info","text":"Godolias son of Achikam (Gedaliah son of Ahikam) is appointed governor of Judah, matching 2 Kings 25:22-24. The Geʿez form reflects the Greek Septuagint spelling.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፲ወ፰በእመት","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a chronological marker 'in the eighth year' (of Nebuchadnezzar's reign), which aligns with the narrative sequence of the destruction of Jerusalem in 2 Kings 25.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፩ኅጽወ መልአከ ስረዊሆሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'one measure of the angel of the destruction of the combatants' is obscure; the Geʿez may be corrupt or reflect a lost tradition. The English draft interprets it as a military levy, but the angelic reference is unusual.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The meaning of 'one measure of the angel of the destruction of the combatants' is uncertain; it may refer to a census or a symbolic number.","The identity of 'those who stand before the king' is ambiguous—possibly Judean officials or temple personnel."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":117,"ref":"p117","source":"ወሰምዑ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ መላእክተ፡ ሰራዊቶሙ፡ ወአሕዛቢሆሙ፡ ከመ፡ ሤሞ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ለጎዶልያ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ኀበ፡ ጎዶልያ፡ ውስተ፡ መሴፋ፡ ወይስማኤል፡ ወልደ፡ ናታንዩ፡ ወዮሐናን፡ ወልደ፡ ቃሬሄ፡ ወሴሬያ፡ ወልደ፡ ቴንሄሜት፡ ፍትያዊ፡\nወዖዝንያስ፡ ወልደ፡ መካት፡ እሙንቱኒ፡ ምስለ፡ ሰብአሙ።\n\nወመሐለ፡ ጎዶልያ፡ ሎሙ፡ ወለሰብኦሙ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኢትፍርሁ፡ እምነ፡ ፋርስ ፤ ንበሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ብሔር፡ ወተቀነዩ፡\nለንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ ወያሤኒ፡ ላዕሌክሙ።\n\nወአመ፡ ሳብዕ፡ ወርኅ፡ መጽአ፡ ይስማዔል፡ ወልደ፡ ናታንዩ፡ ወልዶ፡ ኤልስማ፡ ወእምዘመደ፡ መንግሥት፡ ወ፲ዕደው፡\nምስሌሁ፡ ወቀተሎ፡ ለጎዶልያ፡ ወሞተ፡ ወለአይሁድኒ፡ ወለፋርስኒ፡ እለ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ውስተ፡ መሴፋት።\n\nወተንሥኡ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ንኡሶሙ፡ ወዐቢዮሙ፡ ወመላእክተ፡ ሰራዊቶሙኒ፡ ወቦኡ፡ ብሔረ፡ ግብጽ፡ እስመ፡ ፈርህዎሙ፡\nለፋርስ።\n\nወአመ፡ ፴ወ፯ዓመት፡ እምዘ፡ ፈለሰ፡ ኢዮአቄም፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወስኑዩ፡ ለጽልመት፡ በዓሥር፡ ወርኅ፡\nአክበሮ፡ ኤዌያል፡ ማርዴቅ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ባቢሎን፡ አመ፡ ፩ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ አክባሮ፡ ለኢዮእቄም፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ፡ ወአውፅኦ፡ እምነ፡ ቤተ፡ ሞቅሕ።","english":"And all the captains of their armies and their peoples heard that the king of Babylon had appointed Gedaliah, and they went to Gedaliah at Mizpah. And Ishmael son of Nethaniah, and Johanan son of Kareah, and Seraiah son of Tanhumeth the Netophathite, and Ozeniah son of Mecath—these also with their men.\n\nAnd Gedaliah swore to them and to their men, and said to them, “Do not fear the Persians; dwell in the land and submit to the king of Babylon, and he will do good to you.”\n\nAnd in the seventh month, Ishmael son of Nethaniah came, a descendant of Elishama and of the royal lineage, and ten men with him, and he killed Gedaliah; and he died, and also the Jews and the Persians who were with him in Mizpah.\n\nThen all the people, young and old, and the captains of their armies arose and fled to the land of Egypt, because they feared the Persians.\n\nAnd in the thirty-seventh year from the time Jehoiakim king of Judah fled, in the tenth month, on the twenty-seventh day, Evil-Merodach king of Babylon, in the first year of his reign, honored Jehoiakim king of Judah and brought him out from the house of prison.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጎዶልያ","severity":"info","text":"Gedaliah, appointed governor of Judah by Babylon after the fall of Jerusalem, is a figure from 2 Kings 25:22–26.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ይስማዔል ወልደ ናታንዩ","severity":"info","text":"Ishmael son of Nethaniah, who kills Gedaliah, is a figure from 2 Kings 25:25, part of the biblical narrative of the assassination.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ፋርስ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'Persians' (ፋርስ) is anachronistic in the context of the Neo-Babylonian period, reflecting later Persian dominance and the text's composition or transmission in a Persian-influenced milieu.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic explanation of Hebrew names occurring in the Books of Kings","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-hebrew-names"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"፴ወ፯ዓመት","severity":"info","text":"The thirty-seventh year from Jehoiakim's flight aligns with 2 Kings 25:27, where Evil-Merodach honors Jehoiakim in the thirty-seventh year of his exile.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአመ ፴ወ፯ዓመት","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the narrative of Gedaliah's assassination and transitions to a chronological note about Jehoiakim's release, mirroring the structure of 2 Kings 25.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮአቄም","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Jehoiakim' (ኢዮአቄም) here may be a scribal confusion; in 2 Kings 25:27, it is Jehoiachin who is released, not Jehoiakim. The Geʿez text follows a variant tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Jehoiakim' vs. 'Jehoiachin' is ambiguous; the Geʿez text uses the former, but the biblical parallel suggests the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":118,"ref":"p118","source":"ወተናገሮ፡ ሠናየ፡ ወአዕበየ፡ መንበሮ፡ እመናብርተ፡ ነገሥት፡ እለ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ባቢሎን።\n\nወአልበሶ፡ ሠናየ፡ አልባሰ፡ ወይመስሕ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ዘልፈ።\n\nወሲሳዮ፡ ኵሎ፡ አሚረ፡ ይነሥእ፡ እምነ፡ ቤተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወይሁብዎ፡ እንተ፡ ጸብሐት፡ በኵሉ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ሕይወቱ።","english":"And he spoke well of him and magnified his throne above the thrones of the kings who were with him in Babylon.\n\nAnd he clothed him in fine garments, and he anointed him with oil continually.\n\nAnd he gave him a portion of every meal from the king's table, and he gave him what he desired for all the days of his life.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተናገሮ፡ ሠናየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'he spoke well of him' is a free rendering of the Hebrew idea of speaking favorably, not a literal translation of a known Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መንበሮ፡","severity":"info","text":"The term 'throne' (መንበር) is used here metaphorically for royal status, consistent with its use in Ethiopic royal ideology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ባቢሎን።","severity":"info","text":"Babylon (ባቢሎን) is the setting for the exile narrative; the passage reflects the favor shown to a Jewish leader in the Babylonian court, a theme also found in the book of Daniel.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-daniel","label":"gap dossier: Book of Daniel, Ethiopic version","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-daniel"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአልበሶ፡ ሠናየ፡ አልባሰ፡","severity":"info","text":"The motif of clothing and anointing (fine garments and oil) parallels the treatment of court favorites in other ancient Near Eastern texts, such as the Joseph story in Genesis.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሲሳዮ፡ ኵሎ፡ አሚረ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with a formulaic statement of perpetual provision ('for all the days of his life'), typical of royal grants in Ethiopic historiography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2700Kings","label":"betmas: Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2700Kings"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker ('he') is not specified in this passage; the previous narrative context suggests Gedaliah, but the Geʿez does not clarify.","The phrase 'what he desired' (እንተ፡ ጸብሐት፡) is ambiguous: it could refer to specific items or general favor."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}