{"slug":"LIT2679ACAbt2","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","title":"Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:01Z","cost_usd":0.0218},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","work_id":"LIT2679ACAbt2","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"},"stats":{"passages":36,"english_words":8097,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":210,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":72,"work_notes":6,"external_links":6,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT2679ACAbt2","abstract":"The Apostolic Canons Abṭelisāt (80) is a Geʿez canonical work attributed to the apostles and transmitted within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition. It survives in multiple manuscripts, often bound with the Senodos or other canonical collections, indicating its integration into Ethiopic church law. The text likely originated between the 4th and 6th centuries CE, with the Geʿez translation probably made during the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.). The canons regulate clerical and monastic life and were cited in later Ethiopic monastic rules and synodal decrees. The edition reproduces a single manuscript without a critical apparatus, and variant readings from other witnesses are not represented.","historical_context":"The Abṭelisāt canons are part of the broader corpus of apostolic church orders that circulated in late antique and early medieval Christianity. The Geʿez version was likely translated during the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.), when the Ethiopian church was developing its canonical and liturgical traditions. The work is attributed to the apostles and framed as a synod related by Clement of Rome, a common pseudepigraphal strategy to enhance authority. The canons were integrated into the Senodos, the main canonical collection of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and were used to regulate clerical ordination, monastic discipline, and ecclesiastical hierarchy. Parallels exist with the Greek Apostolic Canons and Zonaras’ commentary, but the Geʿez version shows independent development and local adaptation. The text survives in multiple manuscripts, often bound with other canonical materials, reflecting its ongoing authority in Ethiopian church law.","significance":"The Abṭelisāt canons are a key witness to the reception and adaptation of apostolic church orders in the Ethiopian tradition. They illustrate how early Christian canonical material was translated, modified, and integrated into local ecclesiastical law. The work's attribution to the apostles and its use in later monastic rules and synodal decrees underscore its enduring authority in regulating clerical and monastic life in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–6th c.","event":"Probable composition of the original apostolic canons in Greek or Syriac."},{"date":"5th–7th c.","event":"Geʿez translation likely made during the Aksumite period."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Integration into the Senodos and other Ethiopic canonical collections."},{"date":"Later centuries","event":"Cited in Ethiopic monastic rules and synodal decrees."},{"date":"Modern period","event":"Edition published in betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2 based on a single manuscript."}],"relations":[{"work":"Senodos","relation":"The Abṭelisāt canons are often bound with the Senodos, the main canonical collection of the Ethiopian church.","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"},{"work":"Greek Apostolic Canons","relation":"Parallels exist with the Greek Apostolic Canons, though the Geʿez version shows independent development.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Zonaras’ commentary","relation":"Parallels with Zonaras’ commentary on the canons, indicating shared canonical traditions.","key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"},{"work":"Canons of Hippolytus","relation":"Canon 1 parallels the Canons of Hippolytus requiring multiple bishops for episcopal ordination.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Prohibitions for Monks","relation":"The canons were cited in later Ethiopic monastic rules, such as the Prohibitions for Monks.","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"Edition of the Abṭelisāt canons","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2","reason":"Primary edition used for this dossier."},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"Senodos canonical collection","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","reason":"Contextualizes the Abṭelisāt canons within the broader Ethiopic canonical tradition."},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"Prohibitions for Monks","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","reason":"Shows later reception of the canons in monastic rules."},{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"Zonaras' commentary on the canons","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","reason":"Provides parallels with Greek canonical commentary."},{"key":"hollis:alma990002681050203941","label":"Manuscript witness at Hill Museum & Manuscript Library","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990002681050203941","reason":"One of the variant manuscript witnesses not collated in the edition."},{"key":"hollis:alma990003815950203941","label":"Another manuscript witness","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990003815950203941","reason":"Additional witness for textual variation."}],"cautions":["The date of the original composition is uncertain; the 4th–6th c. range is a scholarly estimate.","The Geʿez translation date is not precisely known; the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.) is a plausible but unconfirmed timeframe.","The edition reproduces a single manuscript without a critical apparatus; variant readings from other witnesses are not represented.","The title states 'eighty canons' but numbers them 81; the discrepancy may stem from a scribal addition or a separate introductory canon.","Attribution to the apostles and Clement of Rome is pseudepigraphal and not historically accurate."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000586,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:37:02Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2679ACAbt2","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":36,"translated":36,"commentary_passages":36,"commentary_units":210,"english_words":8097,"source_letters":19690,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text survives in multiple manuscripts, often bound with the Senodos or other canonical collections, indicating its integration into Ethiopic church law.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is attributed to the Apostles but likely dates to the 4th–6th centuries CE, with the Geʿez translation probably made during the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Abṭelisāt canons were cited in later Ethiopic monastic rules and synodal decrees, reflecting their authority in regulating clerical and monastic life.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not collate all known manuscripts; variant readings in other witnesses (e.g., those at the Hill Museum & Manuscript Library) are not represented here.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990002681050203941","label":"The Lenten Triodion","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990002681050203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990003815950203941","label":"Statistical year-book of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other states for the year ..","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990003815950203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text is based on the edition in betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2, which reproduces a single manuscript; no critical apparatus is provided.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"source edition: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Parallels exist with the Greek Apostolic Canons and Zonaras’ commentary, though the Geʿez version shows independent development and local adaptation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 36 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":36},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2":{"label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona":{"label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos":{"label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"},"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons":{"label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks":{"label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"},"hollis:alma990002681050203941":{"label":"The Lenten Triodion","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990002681050203941"},"hollis:alma990003815950203941":{"label":"Statistical year-book of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other states for the year ..","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990003815950203941"},"ed:LIT2679ACAbt2":{"label":"source edition: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ዝንቱ፡ ሴኖዶስ፡ ዘሐዋርያት፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ዘነገረ፡ ቀሌምንጦስ፡ ወይእቲ፡ በጥልሳት፡ ዘኀብሩ፡ ባቲ፡ አርዳኢሁ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወኍልቍ፡ ፹ወ፩\n\n፩፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ሢመተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ወስፍን፡ ይደሉ፡ የሀልዉ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ለሢመተ፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት። እስመ፡ ኢይትፈጸም፡ ዝንቱ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በህላዌ፡ ጉባኤሆሙ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ወህላዌ፡ መጥረብሊጥ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ጳጳስ። ወይነግር፡ ካዕበ፡ ለዘ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ውስተ፡ ውእቱ፡ መካን፡ ወየአዝዞሙ፡ ለካልእ፡ ሕዝብ፡ በምክረ፡ መላህቅቲሆሙ\n\n፪፡ ቀኖና። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘአምጽእዎ፡ ከመ፡ ይሠየም፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወይኩን፡ ዝንቱ፡ በሥምረተ፡ ሰብአ፡ ብሔሩ፡ ኵሎሙ። ወይኩን፡ ጳጳስ፡ አው፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ዘይሠይሞ፡ ወየሀልዉ፡ ለሢመቱ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ክልኤቱ፡ አው፡ ሠለስቱ፡ እስመ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይዌስኮ፡ ሞገሰ፡ ወሢመተ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወዲያቆን፡ ወዘይቴሐት፡ እምውእቱ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ይሢሞሙ፡ ውስተ፡ መዓርጊሆሙ፡ በበሥርዐተ፡ ክህነቶሙ፡ ወውእቱ፡ ይኩን፡ በሥምረተ፡ እለ፡ ይሳተፍዎሙ","english":"This Synod of the Holy Apostles, which Clement related, and it is the eighty canons which his disciples, of our Lord Christ, compiled, and their number is eighty-one.\n\nCanon 1. Concerning the ordination of a Metropolitan Archbishop, and it is fitting that there be bishops for the ordination of the Archbishop. For this is not accomplished without the presence of the assembly of the bishops and the presence of the Patriarch, who is the Bishop. And he shall also speak to those who are in that place, and he shall command the other people by the counsel of their teachers.\n\nCanon 2. If a man is brought so that he may be ordained a bishop, and this shall be with the consent of all the people of his country. And the Bishop or Archbishop who ordains him shall have two or three bishops with him for the ordination. For this is what confers authority and the ordination of a priest and a deacon. And he who is inferior to that bishop alone shall ordain them into their ranks according to the order of their priesthood. And he shall be with the consent of those who receive them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዝንቱ፡ ሴኖዶስ፡ ዘሐዋርያት፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ዘነገረ፡ ቀሌምንጦስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening identifies the work as a synod of the holy apostles related by Clement, framing the canons as apostolic in origin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሢመተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ordination of a Metropolitan Archbishop' uses ሊቀ ጳጳሳት (liqa pāpāsāt) for 'archbishop' or 'metropolitan', a key hierarchical term in Geʿez canon law.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጳጳስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The term ጳጳስ (pāpās) here refers to the patriarch, distinct from a bishop (ኤጲስ ቆጶስ), reflecting the hierarchical structure of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ሢመተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡","severity":"info","text":"Canon 1 parallels the Apostolic Canons (e.g., Canons of Hippolytus) requiring multiple bishops for episcopal ordination, a standard in early church orders.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘነገረ፡ ቀሌምንጦስ፡","severity":"info","text":"Attribution to Clement of Rome is common in pseudepigraphal church orders, enhancing authority in Ethiopian tradition; this work is part of the broader 'Senodos' corpus.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፹ወ፩","severity":"caution","text":"The title states 'eighty canons' but numbers them 81; the discrepancy may stem from a scribal addition or a separate introductory canon, requiring textual criticism.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the 80 and 81 canon counts is unclear; the first canon may be introductory or a later addition.","The term 'ጳጳስ' (pāpās) could refer to the patriarch or a bishop in some contexts, but here it is distinguished from 'ኤጲስ ቆጶስ' (bishop)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"፫፡ ቀኖና። እመሂ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘተዐደወ፡ ሕገ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ በውስተ፡ ቍርባን፡ ወአቅረበ፡ ዲበ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ መዐረ፡ አው፡ ሐሊበ፡ ወእመሂ፡ አቅረበ፡ ህየንተ፡ ስቴ፡ ወይን፡ ስቴ፡ ሶካር፡ አው፡ እምአምያስ፡ ዘግቡር፡ በእሳት፡ አው፡ ባዕደ። ወኢምንተሂ፡ እምአዕዋፍ፡ አው፡ እንስሳ፡ ወኢባዕደ፡ ዘይሠውዑ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ቍርባን፡ ዘአዘዘ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እምኅብስት፡ ንጹሕ፡ ስንዳሌ፡ ሠናየ፡ ሐዲሰ፡ ወወይነ፡ ዘንጡፍ፡ እምአስካል፡ ዘይነሥኡ፡ እምሐረጉ። ወዘገብረ፡ ዘንተ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዝንቱ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ይስዐር፡ እምክህነቱ፡ ወኢይትወከፍዎ። ወያቅርቡ፡ ካዕበ፡ ሠዊተ፡ ሰብለ፡ በጊዜሁ፡ ወእክለ፡ ቀዳሜ፡ ፍሬ፡ ወአስካለ፡ ወይን፡ ካዕበ፡ በጊዜሁ፡ አመ፡ ይመልኦ፡ ማይ፡ ወይጥዕም፡ ወቦቱ፡ እምርተ፡ ጊዜ፡ በበዓል፡ ዘስሙይ፡ ውእቱ፡ በዓለ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ወያዕርጉ፡ ውስተ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ወያቅርቡ፡ ቦቱ፡ ወሰብልሰ፡ በጊዜሁ፡ ወዘእንበሌሁሰ፡ ኢመፍትው፡ ያቅርቡ፡ ወኢይደሉ፡ ያብኡ፡ ኀበ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ምንተኒ፡ ቅብአ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ቅብአ፡ ሜሮን፡ ዘግቡር፡ ሎቱ፡ ዘአዘዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወቅብአ፡ ዘይት፡ ዘያኀትዉ፡ ቦቱ፡ መኃትወ፡ ወዕጣነ፡ ጽንሓሓት፡ ዘመዐዛሁ፡ ሠናይ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ቅንአት፡ ወሰሊኆት፡ በጊዜ፡ ቅዳሴ፡ ወጸሎት፡ ወሶበ፡ ያርኅዉ","english":"Canon 3. If a bishop, or a presbyter, or a deacon transgresses the law of Christ at the time of the offering, and brings upon the altar honey or milk; and if he brings instead of wine a drink of wine, a drink of sugar, or from fruits which are cooked with fire, or anything else; or from birds or animals, and not anything else which they sacrifice without the offering which our Lord Jesus Christ commanded, except pure bread, fine, good, new, and wine, pure, from the grape which is taken from the vine; and if he does this without these, he shall be deposed from his priesthood and they shall not accept him. And they shall offer again the first fruits of the grain at its time, and the first fruits of the harvest, and the grape of the vine again at its time, when the water fills it and it becomes sweet; and at that time, on the feast which is called the Feast of John, they shall bring it to the altar and offer it, and the grain at its time. And besides this, they shall not bring to the altar anything else, except oil, the oil of myron which God commanded, and the oil of olives with which they anoint, and incense of frankincense whose fragrance is good, which is cinnamon and cassia at the time of the liturgy and prayer, and when they consecrate.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Canon 3","severity":"info","text":"This canon is the third in the series of eighty (or eighty-one) apostolic canons. It follows the pattern of conditional penalties for clergy who violate liturgical norms.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ስንዳሌ (səndale)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ስንዳሌ (səndale) is a loanword from Greek σινδών (sindōn), meaning fine linen cloth. Here it modifies bread, likely indicating a fine quality of bread for the Eucharist.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሶካር (sokar)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ሶካር (sokar) is a loan from Greek σάκχαρις (sakcharis) or Arabic sukkar, meaning sugar. It refers to a sweet drink made from sugar, prohibited as a substitute for wine in the Eucharist.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Feast of John","severity":"info","text":"The 'Feast of John' likely refers to the feast of John the Baptist (Enkratis or Timqat in Ethiopian tradition), associated with the blessing of water and the offering of first fruits. This aligns with the canon's mention of water and grapes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሜሮን (meron)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሜሮን (meron) is a loan from Greek μύρον (myron), meaning holy chrism or anointing oil. The canon distinguishes this consecrated oil from ordinary olive oil used for anointing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Canon 3","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft translates 'honey or milk' as offerings on the altar, but the Geʿez መዐረ (maʿar) and ሐሊብ (ḥalib) may refer to specific ritual substances. The exact nature of these offerings in the original context is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ዘተዐደወ ሕገ ክርስቶስ' (zataʿaddawa ḥəgga kərestos) could mean 'transgresses the law of Christ' or 'violates the ordinance of Christ'; the precise nuance is unclear.","The list of prohibited offerings includes 'honey or milk' (መዐረ አው ሐሊብ), but whether these are literal or symbolic is ambiguous.","The 'Feast of John' (በዓለ ዮሐንስ) is not further specified; it could refer to the Nativity of John the Baptist or another feast in the Ethiopian calendar."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"፬፡ ቀኖና። ኵሉ፡ ዘበፅዑ፡ መሃይምናን፡ በእንተ፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ ቀዳሜ፡ ፍረያት፡ ወበኵረ፡ እንስሳሆሙ፡ ያምጽእዎሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ በከመ፡ አዘዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ወእምፍረያተ፡ ዕፀው፡ ካዕበ፡ ወዘይመስሎ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ወያምጽእዎሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ አው፡ ኀበ፡ ማኅደረ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ መክፈልቱ፡ ወለሊሁ፡ ሥሉጥ፡ ባቲ፡ በእንተ፡ መልእክተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። ወኢያቅርቡ፡ ዲበ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ ወይኩን፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘይከፍሎሙ፡ ለቀሳውስት፡ በበመዓርጊሆሙ፡ ወመልእክቶሙ፡ ወቀሳውስትኒ፡ ይክፍልዎሙ፡ ለዲያቆናት፡ ወለኵሉ፡ ላእካነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን\n\n፭፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘፈቀደ፡ ይኅድግ፡ ብእሲቶ፡ በእንተ፡ ፅሙና። ኢይከውኖ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወለቀሲስ፡ ወለዲያቆን፡ ያውፅእ፡ ብእሲቶ፡ እማኅደሩ፡ በምክንያተ፡ ጽሙና፡ ወሐዊረ፡ ኀበ፡ ምንኵስና፡ ወይትፈለጥ፡ እምኔሃ። ወዘገብረ፡ ከመዝ፡ ምግባር፡ ወይስዐርዎ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ወይክልእዎ፡ እምነገሩ። ወለእመ፡ ተቃሐወ፡ በዝንቱ፡ ለይፃእ፡ እምሢመቱ፡ ወይትመተር","english":"Canon 4. All those who are faithful, concerning themselves, bring the first fruits and the firstborn of their animals to the church, as the Lord commanded. And from the fruits of trees, likewise, and what resembles these, and they bring them to the church, or to the residence of the bishop, for it is his portion, and he alone has authority over it, concerning the offering of the church. And they shall not offer upon the altar from it, nor anything else. And the bishop shall be the one who distributes them to the clergy according to their orders and their offerings. And the clergy shall distribute them to the deacons and to all the servants of the church.\n\nCanon 5. Concerning one who wishes to divorce his wife on account of barrenness. It is not permitted for a bishop, or a presbyter, or a deacon to expel his wife from his house on the pretext of barrenness, and to go to monasticism, and to be separated from her. And whoever has done such a deed, the people shall rebuke him and hinder him from his office. And if he persists in this, he shall be expelled from his rank and shall be deposed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፬፡ ቀኖና / ፭፡ ቀኖና","severity":"info","text":"Canons 4 and 5 are presented as distinct units, each introduced by a numeral and the word ቀኖና (qanona, 'canon'). Canon 4 concerns offerings of first fruits and firstborn animals; Canon 5 addresses divorce on grounds of barrenness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መሃይምናን","severity":"info","text":"መሃይምናን (mähāymənān) is the Geʿez plural of 'faithful ones' or 'believers', derived from the root for 'faith'. It designates the laity as distinct from clergy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምሥዋዕ","severity":"info","text":"ምሥዋዕ (mäśwāʿ) means 'altar', specifically the altar of the church. The canon forbids offering first fruits or firstborn animals upon it, reserving them for the bishop's distribution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ፅሙና","severity":"info","text":"ፅሙና (ṣəmunā) means 'barrenness' (of a wife). Canon 5 reflects early Christian and Byzantine legal traditions that prohibited clergy from divorcing their wives on grounds of infertility, a rule also found in the Apostolic Constitutions and later canon law.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"መክፈልቱ","severity":"info","text":"The term መክፈልቱ (mäkfältu, 'his portion') indicates that first fruits and firstborn animals are considered the bishop's share, a practice attested in early Ethiopian canon collections and linked to the bishop's role as distributor to clergy.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፭፡ ቀኖና","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text of Canon 5 contains a possible textual corruption: the phrase ኢይከውኖ (ʿuykawəno) is unclear; it may be a scribal error for ኢይከውን (ʿuykawən, 'it is not permitted'). The English draft reads 'It is not permitted', which resolves the ambiguity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 5: the Geʿez ኢይከውኖ is ambiguous; likely a misspelling of ኢይከውን ('it is not permitted'), as adopted in the English draft.","Canon 4: the phrase ወኢምንተኒ (wa-ʿaməntäni) is ambiguous; it may mean 'nor anything else' (as in the draft) or 'nor any of them'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"፮፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ካህናት። ኢይትለአኩ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ለምሥዋዕ። ኢይኅሥሥ፡ መኑሂ፡ እምኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ወቀሳውስት፡ ወዲያቆናት፡ እለ፡ ትኩላን፡ ለመልእክተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ግብረ፡ እምግብረ፡ ዓለም። ወለእመ፡ ገብረ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይትመተር፡ ካዕበ፡ ወይደቅ፡ እምሢመቱ\n\n፯፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ፋሲካ። እመሂ፡ እጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ አው፡ አሐዱ፡ እምላእካነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘገብረ፡ ፋሲካ፡ እምቅድመ፡ የዐሪ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ወመዓልተ፡ ወየኀሥሥ፡ በዝንቱ፡ ይትመሰሎሙ፡ ለአይሁድ፡ ወይገብር፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ፋሲካ፡ በአሐቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በዕለተ፡ እሑድ፡ ዘይከውን፡ እምድኅረ፡ ፋሲካ፡ አይሁድ፡ ለይትመተር፡ እምሢመቱ፡ ወይትገደፍ፡ እምኔሃ\n\n፰፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘአበየ፡ ቍርባነ። እመሂ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ አው፡ አሐዱ፡ እምላእካነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘኢቀርበ፡ ወኢተመጠወ፡ ቍርባነ፡ ምስለ፡ ሕዝብ፡ በጊዜ፡ ይፌጽሙ፡ ቅዳሴ፡ በምክንያት፡ ለይጠየቁ፡ ምክንያቱ፡ ወሕማሙ፡ ወለእመ፡ ረከበ፡ ምክንያተ፡ በዘየኀድግ፡ ይእተ፡ ጊዜ፡ ወአኮ፡ ባዕድ፡ ይስረዩ፡ ሎቱ። ወለእመ፡ አመክነየ፡ በእንቲአሁ፡ ወኮኖ፡ ልማደ፡ ይትገሐሥዎ፡ ወይሰደድ፡ እስመ፡ ኮነ፡ ዕቅፍተ፡ ለሕዝብ፡ ወያስተማስል፡ ላዕለ፡ ካህን፡ ዘቀደሰ፡ ቍርባነ፡ ከመዘ፡ ኢቀደሰ፡ በኅሊና፡ ንጹሕ፡ ወበሀይማኖት፡ ርትዕት","english":"Canon 5. Concerning priests: they shall not take anything from the offerings except for the Eucharist. No bishop, presbyter, or deacon who is appointed for the service of the church shall engage in worldly business. And if one does so, he shall be deposed a second time and shall be removed from his rank.\n\nCanon 6. Concerning Passover: If a bishop, or a presbyter, or a deacon, or any one of the clergy of the church celebrates Passover before the night and day of the full moon, and in this follows the Jews and celebrates Passover with them on a single day, not on the Sunday that occurs after the Jewish Passover, he shall be deposed from his rank and shall be expelled from it.\n\nCanon 7. Concerning one who despises the Eucharist: If a bishop, or a presbyter, or a deacon, or any one of the clergy of the church does not offer and does not partake of the Eucharist with the people at the time when they complete the liturgy, on account of an excuse, his excuse and his illness shall be examined. And if he is found to have an excuse for neglecting that time, and not for another reason, they shall forgive him. But if he is convicted concerning this, and it becomes a habit, they shall rebuke him and expel him, because he has become a stumbling block to the people and brings shame upon the priest who consecrated the Eucharist, as one who consecrated with a pure mind and right faith.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፮፡ ቀኖና። … ፯፡ ቀኖና። … ፰፡ ቀኖና።","severity":"info","text":"The passage contains three canons (5–7), each introduced by a numeral and the word ቀኖና (canon). The numbering continues from the previous passage (canon 4).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፋሲካ","severity":"info","text":"ፋሲካ (Påsika) is a Geʿez loanword from Greek πάσχα, meaning Passover/Easter. In canon 6 it refers to the Christian Easter, with a prohibition against celebrating it before the full moon or with Jews.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይትለአኩ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ለምሥዋዕ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 5 forbids clergy from taking anything from offerings except the Eucharist (ምሥዋዕ). This reflects early church discipline on clerical purity and avoidance of simony, common in Apostolic Tradition sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይገብር፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ፋሲካ፡ በአሐቲ፡ ዕለት፡","severity":"info","text":"The prohibition in canon 6 against celebrating Easter with Jews on a single day parallels the Quartodeciman controversy and canons in the Apostolic Canons (e.g., canon 7 of the 80).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይሰደድ፡ እስመ፡ ኮነ፡ ዕቅፍተ፡ ለሕዝብ፡","severity":"info","text":"Canon 7 threatens expulsion for clergy who habitually avoid communion, calling them a stumbling block (ዕቅፍተ) to the people. This reflects later Ethiopian monastic and synodal enforcement of liturgical participation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ይትመተር፡ ካዕበ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'deposed a second time' (ይትመተር፡ ካዕበ፡) in canon 5 is ambiguous: it may mean deposition from a second office or a second deposition from the same rank. The English draft takes the latter reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["ይትመተር፡ ካዕበ፡: 'deposed a second time' could mean from a second office or a second deposition; the English draft interprets as removal from rank.","ፋሲካ: the term can refer to either Passover or Easter; context in canon 6 indicates Christian Easter, but the Geʿez does not distinguish lexically."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"፱፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘኢይቀውም፡ እስከ፡ ተፍጻሜተ፡ ቅዳሴ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እመሀይምናን፡ ዘቦአ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ በጊዜ፡ ቅዳሴ፡ ወሰምዐ፡ መጻሕፍተ፡ ቅዱሳት፡ ወኢተዐገሠ፡ እስከ፡ ይፌጽሙ፡ ቅዳሴ፡ ወኢተመጠወ፡ ቍርባነ፡ ይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ እስመ፡ አማሰነ፡ ሕገ፡ ወአስተሐቀረ፡ ቁመቱ፡ ቅድመ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ሰማያዊ\n\n፲፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ተደምሮ፡ ምስለ፡ ውጉዛን። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘተናገረ፡ ምስለ፡ ዘከልእዎ፡ ቍርባነ፡ በእንተ፡ ውግዘት፡ ወተሰደ፡ ወዘተሳተፎ፡ በጸሎት፡ አው፡ ጸውዖ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤቱ፡ ለምሳሕ፡ ለይሰደድ፡ ወይትገደፍ፡ ወይትከላእ\n\n፲፩፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘተወግዘ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘተናገረ፡ ምስለ፡ ካህን፡ ዘተወግዘ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘተሰደ፡ በእንተ፡ ፅርፈት፡ ዘነበበ፡ አው፡ ካልአ፡ አበሳ፡ ወዘጸለየ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ በከመ፡ ይጼሊ፡ ምስለ፡ ካህናት፡ በኅቡእ፡ ለይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወይክልእዎ፡ ተመጥዎ፡ ቍርባን","english":"Canon 9. Concerning one who does not remain until the end of the liturgy. If any person among the faithful who is in the church at the time of the liturgy hears the reading of the holy scriptures and does not wait until they finish the liturgy, and does not partake of the Eucharist, he shall be expelled from the church, for he has violated the law and diminished his stature before the heavenly king.\n\nCanon 10. Concerning association with the excommunicated. If any person converses with one who has been forbidden the Eucharist because of excommunication and has been expelled, or who associates with him in prayer, or invites him into his house for the sake of a meal, he shall be expelled and cast out and forbidden.\n\nCanon 11. Concerning one who is excommunicated. If any person converses with a priest who has been excommunicated, or a deacon who has been expelled because of fornication or another sin, and prays with him as he would pray with priests in secret, he shall be expelled from the church and forbidden to partake of the Eucharist.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፱፡ ቀኖና። ... ፲፩፡ ቀኖና።","severity":"info","text":"Canons 9–11 form a narrative sequence on liturgical discipline: leaving early (9), associating with the excommunicated (10), and praying with an excommunicated cleric (11). The penalties escalate from expulsion to full exclusion from communion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ተፍጻሜተ፡ ቅዳሴ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'end of the liturgy' (ተፍጻሜተ፡ ቅዳሴ) likely refers to the completion of the Eucharistic prayer and distribution, not merely the dismissal. This is consistent with the requirement to receive communion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ውጉዛን","severity":"info","text":"The term 'excommunicated' (ውጉዛን) in Canon 10 denotes those formally excluded from communion. The Geʿez root implies a state of being 'cut off' or 'separated,' reflecting the Coptic practice of anathema.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅድመ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ሰማያዊ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'before the heavenly king' (ቅድመ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ሰማያዊ) in Canon 9 invokes a theocratic worldview where ecclesiastical disobedience is a sin against divine sovereignty, common in early Christian disciplinary canons.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"፲፡ ቀኖና። ... ፲፩፡ ቀኖና።","severity":"info","text":"Canons 10–11 parallel the Apostolic Tradition (c. 215 CE) and later Canons of Hippolytus, which forbid association with the excommunicated. The Geʿez version adapts these to local monastic or parish contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Apostolic Tradition","Canons of Hippolytus"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘነበበ፡ አው፡ ካልአ፡ አበሳ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'fornication or another sin' (ዘነበበ፡ አው፡ ካልአ፡ አበሳ) in Canon 11 is ambiguous: it may refer to the deacon's sin or the excommunicated person's sin. The English draft takes it as the deacon's, but the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 11: the phrase 'ዘነበበ፡ አው፡ ካልአ፡ አበሳ' could modify either the deacon or the excommunicated person; the English draft assigns it to the deacon, but the Geʿez syntax is ambiguous.","Canon 10: 'ለምሳሕ፡' (for the sake of a meal) may be a specific reference to a ritual meal or a general hospitality context; the English draft takes the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"፲፪፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ፍልሰተ፡ ካህናት። እመቦ፡ ካህን፡ ዘሖረ፡ እምብሔሩ፡ ኀበ፡ ካልእ፡ ብሔር፡ ዘእንበለ፡ መባሕተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘሤሞ፡ ካህነ፡ ኢይትወከፍዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ኍልቈ፡ ካህናት። ወለእመ፡ ተወክፍዎ፡ ይሰደድ፡ ውእቱኒ፡ ወዘተወክፎ። ወለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ስዱደ፡ አው፡ ውጉዘ፡ ወወፅአ፡ በውእቱ፡ ግብር፡ ዘተሰደ፡ ባቲ፡ በፍኖተ፡ ስሕተቱ፡ ለይናኅ፡ ተሰዶቱ፡ እስመ፡ ሐሳዊ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወመስሐቲ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወውኁደ፡ ሃይማኖት\n\n፲፫፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ኀዲገ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ መካኖ። እመቦ፡ እጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘየኀድግ፡ መንበሮ፡ ወግብሮ፡ ወትእዛዞ፡ ወዘይደልዎ፡ ሠናየ፡ ሠሪዐ፡ ሕዝቡ፡ ወየሐውር፡ ኀበ፡ ካልእ፡ ብሔር፡ ወእመሂ፡ በምንዳቤ፡ ወበዕፁብ፡ ወበእከይ፡ ለይሰደድ፡ ወይትገደፍ፡ እምሢመቱ። አላ፡ ለእመ፡ አስተብቍዕዎ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ከመ፡ ይንበር፡ ኀቤሆሙ፡ ለመፍቅዱ፡ አው፡ ለዘይከውኖሙ፡ በቍዔተ፡ ለሰብአ፡ ሀገር፡ እንተ፡ ተተክለ፡ ሎሙ፡ ወያስተብቍዕዎ፡ በንብረቱ፡ ህየ፡ እስከ፡ ይፌጽም፡ መፍቅዶ","english":"Canon 12. Concerning the flight of priests. If a priest goes from his region to another region without the permission of the bishop who ordained him to the priesthood, they shall not receive him into the number of priests. And if they receive him, he who receives him and he who is received shall both be expelled. And if he is expelled or cast out, and he goes out in that same deed by which he was expelled, on the path of his error, his expulsion shall not be diminished, for he is a fugitive and a scorner of the church of God and of the unity of the faith.\n\nCanon 13. Concerning the abandonment of a bishop’s see. If a bishop abandons his throne and his work and his command and the good order that is due to his people, and goes to another region, whether because of affliction or hardship or evil, he shall be expelled and cast out from his office. But if the bishops receive him so that he may dwell with them for the sake of his correction, or for the sake of those whom he may serve in the need of the people of the land that has been established for them, and they receive him in his property there, until he completes his correction.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 12 and 13 form a pair: the first addresses a priest who moves without permission, the second a bishop who abandons his see. Both prescribe expulsion but allow conditional reintegration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ፍልሰተ ካህናት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase ፍልሰተ ካህናት (fəlsätä kāhnāt) means 'flight of priests,' a technical term for unauthorized relocation of clergy, distinct from simple travel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መባሕተ ኤጲስ ቆጶስ","severity":"info","text":"መባሕተ ኤጲስ ቆጶስ (mäbaḥtä ʾäppis qopos) means 'permission of the bishop,' specifically the bishop who ordained the priest. The term underscores episcopal authority over clerical mobility.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These canons reflect late antique concerns about clerical vagrancy and episcopal jurisdiction, paralleling canons in the Apostolic Tradition and the Council of Chalcedon (451).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version of the Abṭelisāt was transmitted as part of the Ethiopian Senodos, a collection of church law used in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. These canons were cited in later monastic rules.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause of Canon 13 is ambiguous: 'until he completes his correction' may refer to the bishop's penance or to the resolution of the people's need. The Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 13: whether the bishop's correction (መፍቅዶ) is personal penance or administrative rectification is unclear.","Canon 12: 'he who receives him' (ዘተወከፎ) could be the receiving bishop or the community; the Geʿez does not specify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"፲፬፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ከመ፡ መፍትው፡ ኢይትዋለጡ፡ ካህናት፡ እመካኖሙ። እመቦ፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ባዕዳን፡ ካህናት፡ ዘኀደገ፡ መካኖ፡ ወቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኖ፡ መካነ፡ ኀበ፡ ሤሞ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ጳጳስ፡ አው፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ያብሕዎ፡ አላ፡ በትእዛዘ፡ ርእሱ፡ ከመ፡ ይኅሥሥ፡ በቍዔተ፡ አው፡ ያጥሪ፡ ክብረ፡ እምሰብአ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብሔር፡ ይስዐር፡ እምሢመቱ፡ እምክልኤሆን፡ መካናት፡ ኅቡረ፡ ወኢይትኈለቍ፡ ውስተ፡ ኍልቈ፡ ካህናት፡ አላ፡ ይኩን፡ ምቅዋሙ፡ በቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ምስለ፡ መእመናን። ወፈድፋደሰ፡ ለእመ፡ ጸውዖ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ከመ፡ ይግባእ፡ ኀበ፡ መካኑ፡ ወኢገብረ፡ ዘንተ፡ ወኢተሰጥዎ፡ ከመ፡ ይትመየጥ፡ ኀበ፡ መካኑ፡ ለይትፈለጥ፡ እምካህናት፡ ወእምነ፡ ማኅበሮሙ፡ ወይኩን፡ ምቅዋሙ፡ ምስለ፡ መእመናን፡ በቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ እስመ፡ አፍቀረ፡ ይምትር፡ ማእሰረ፡ ክህነት፡ ለይኩን፡ ከመ፡ ሕዝብ፡ መእመናን\n\n፲፭፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘይትወከፍ፡ ውጉዘ። ወለእመ፡ ተወክፈ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ብእሴ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ምግባሩ፡ ወግእዙ፡ ወያሰትት፡ ዘንተ፡ ግብረ፡ ወኮነ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ክብረ፡ ወይሬስዮ፡ በአምሳለ፡ እለ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ እምካህናት፡ ለይትገሐሥዎ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወይኩን፡ በኀቤሆሙ፡ በአምሳለ፡ ዘይገብር፡ በዕልወተ፡ ሕግ፡ ወይመትር፡ ሕገጊሃ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወሥርዐታ","english":"Canon 14. Concerning how priests shall not be removed from their places. If a priest, whether a presbyter or a deacon, abandons his place and his church, and goes to a place where the bishop, or archbishop, or metropolitan is, without their knowledge, not by the command of his own head, but seeks by his own will or destroys the honor of the people of that region, he shall be deprived of his rank from both places together, and he shall not be counted in the number of priests, but his place shall be among the faithful in the church. And moreover, if the bishop summons him to return to his place, and he does not do this and does not obey, so that he might be sent to his place, he shall be separated from the priests and from their assembly, and his place shall be among the faithful in the church, until he repents and restores the bond of priesthood, and he shall be like the lay faithful.\n\nCanon 15. Concerning a bishop who accepts an excommunicated person. And if one of the bishops accepts a man whose conduct and sin are like this, and conceals this deed, and it becomes known for that man to have honor with him, and he places him in the likeness of those who are with him among the priests, that bishop shall be judged, and he shall be with them in the likeness of one who acts in violation of the law, and he shall break the law and the ordinance of the church and its order.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፲፬፡ ቀኖና / ፲፭፡ ቀኖና","severity":"info","text":"Canons 14 and 15 form a narrative pair: Canon 14 penalises a priest who abandons his place without permission; Canon 15 penalises a bishop who receives an excommunicated priest. The sequence moves from the priest's offence to the bishop's complicity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መፍትው","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መፍትው (maftəw) is a passive verbal noun meaning 'being removed' or 'dismissed'. The English draft renders it as 'shall not be removed', but the Geʿez literally reads 'concerning how the removal of priests does not happen'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምቅዋሙ","severity":"info","text":"ምቅዋሙ (məqʷāmu) means 'his place' or 'his station'. In both canons it denotes the liturgical or social rank assigned to the offender: among the faithful rather than among the clergy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ኤጲስ ቆጶስ / ጳጳስ / ሊቀ ጳጳሳት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text distinguishes three hierarchical levels: bishop (ኤጲስ ቆጶስ), archbishop (ጳጳስ), and metropolitan (ሊቀ ጳጳሳት). This three-tiered structure reflects late antique ecclesiastical organisation, likely mediated through Coptic or Syriac sources.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"Canon 14","severity":"info","text":"Canon 14 parallels the Apostolic Canons (often called Abṭelisāt) in other Ethiopic manuscripts, where similar penalties for unauthorised priestly flight appear. The penalty of reduction to lay status is consistent with earlier canonical collections.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይትኈለቍ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ወኢይትኈለቍ (wa-ʾiyyatḫalläq) is ambiguous: it could mean 'he shall not be counted' (as in the English draft) or 'he shall not be separated'. The context of exclusion from the priestly number favours the former reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez verb ይስዐር (yəsʿar) in Canon 14 is ambiguous: it may mean 'he shall be deprived' (as in the English draft) or 'he shall be diminished'. The context of losing rank supports the former.","The phrase ወኢተሰጥዎ (wa-ʾiytasäṭṭəwo) in Canon 15 is unclear: it could mean 'and he does not obey' (as in the English draft) or 'and he is not sent'. The parallel with the earlier summons favours the reading of disobedience."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"፲፮፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘአውሰበ፡ ክልኤተ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምካህናት፡ ዘአውሰበ፡ ክልኤተ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ወአስተጋብኦን፡ ለክልኤሆን፡ አው፡ ዕቅብተ፡ ላዕለ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ እመሂ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ወእመሂ፡ አሐቲ፡ ድኅረ፡ አሐቲ፡ ወለእመ፡ ሞተት፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወአውሰበ፡ ካልእተ፡ አው፡ አውሰበ፡ ዘኢኮነት፡ ድንግለ፡ ኢመፍትው፡ ይሠየም፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወኢቀሲስ፡ ወኢዲያቆን፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ እመዓርገ፡ ክህነት\n\n፲፯፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘአውሰበ፡ ዘኢይደልዎሙ፡ ለካህናት። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘአውሰበ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ማእሰበ፡ አው፡ እንተ፡ ደሐርዋ፡ አው፡ ዘማዊተ፡ አው፡ አመተ፡ አው፡ ምርዕተ፡ አው፡ እሕዝተ፡ ኢይከውኖ፡ ይኩን፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወኢቀሲስ፡ ወኢዲያቆን፡ ወኢዘይቴሐት፡ እምኔሁ፡ እመዓርገ፡ ክህነት\n\n፲፰፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘአውሰበ፡ ዘኢመፍትው። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘአውሰበ፡ ክልኤተ፡ አኃተ፡ አው፡ አውሰበ፡ ወለተ፡ እኅቱ፡ አው፡ ወለተ፡ እኁሁ፡ ኢይከውኖ፡ ይሠየም፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ እመዓርገ፡ ክህነት፡ ወይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወአልቦ፡ መክፈልተ፡ ምስለ፡ መእመናን","english":"Canon 16. Concerning one who marries two women. If a man from among the priests marries two women, and brings them together, both of them, or keeps one woman secretly, whether together or one after the other, and if the woman dies and he marries another, or marries one who was a virgin, it is not permitted; the bishop, the presbyter, and the deacon, and anyone from the order of the priesthood shall be deposed.\n\nCanon 17. Concerning one who marries one who is not suitable for priests. If a man marries a woman who is a widow, or one who has been divorced, or a prostitute, or a maidservant, or a dancer, or a harlot, it shall not be; the bishop, the presbyter, and the deacon, and anyone who is not separated from him from the order of the priesthood shall be deposed.\n\nCanon 18. Concerning one who marries one who is not permitted. If a man marries two sisters, or marries the daughter of his sister, or the daughter of his brother, it shall not be; he shall be deposed, and anyone from the order of the priesthood, and he shall be expelled from the church, and there is no communion with the faithful.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 16–18 form a thematic block on marriage restrictions for clergy, following the narrative classification of the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢመፍትው","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኢመፍትው (ʿāmaftəw) means 'not permitted' or 'illicit', used in canons 16 and 18 to mark prohibited marriages.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዕቅብተ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ዕቅብተ (ʿəqəbtä) in canon 16 means 'secretly' or 'in hiding', indicating a clandestine relationship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These canons reflect early Christian prohibitions on clerical marriage to widows, divorcees, or prostitutes, rooted in purity concerns and synodal legislation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 18's ban on marrying two sisters or a niece parallels Leviticus 18:6–14 and later Byzantine canon law, e.g., the Trullan canons.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Abṭelisāt canons were transmitted in Ethiopic as part of the broader Senodos collection, influencing Ethiopian Orthodox marriage discipline.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 16: The phrase 'አው፡ ዕቅብተ፡ ላዕለ፡ ብእሲቱ' could mean either 'keeps one woman secretly' or 'keeps a woman in hiding'; the translation opts for the former.","Canon 17: The list of prohibited women (widow, divorcee, prostitute, maidservant, dancer, harlot) may overlap in meaning; the Geʿez terms are not fully disambiguated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"፲፱፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይትሐበዩ፡ ካህናት። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምካህናት፡ ዘወሀበ፡ ምግበ፡ ዚአሁ፡ በእንተ፡ ገጸ፡ ነፍሱ፡ ወወሀቦሙ፡ ነፍሶ፡ ሐቤ፡ በእንተ፡ ካልእ፡ አው፡ አስተአኀዘ፡ ብእሴ፡ ካልአ፡ በከመ፡ ይገብሩ፡ አረሚ፡ ለይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን\n\n፳፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ኅጽው። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘተኀጽወ፡ በትዕግልት፡ አው፡ ተፈጥረ፡ ከማሁ፡ አው፡ በግብር፡ ዘይከልኦ፡ አውስቦ፡ ወኮነ፡ ዘይደሉ፡ ለጵጵስና፡ ወርቱዕ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ለይሠየም\n\n፳፩፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘኀጸወ፡ ርእሰ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘኀጸወ፡ ርእሶ፡ በፈቃዱ፡ በድፍረት፡ ኢይከውኖ፡ ይሠየም፡ ውስተ፡ መዓርገ፡ ክህነት፡ እስመ፡ ቀተለ፡ ነፍሶ፡ ወኮነ፡ ፀረ፡ ለፍጥረተ፡ እግዚአብሔር\n\n፳፪፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘኀጸወ፡ ርእሶ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ክህነት። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምካህናት፡ ዘኀጸወ፡ ርእሶ፡ ሐዲሰ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ክህነት፡ ለይትመተር፡ እምሢመቱ፡ ወይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ሠለስተ፡ ዓመተ፡ እስመ፡ ኮነ፡ ፀረ፡ ለሕይወቱ፡ ወአፍቀረ፡ ሞተ፡ ነፍሱ","english":"Canon 19. Concerning that priests should not marry. If a man from among the priests gives his portion for the sake of his own person, and gives himself to another, or takes another wife as the pagans do, let him be expelled from the church.\n\nCanon 20. Concerning the eunuch. If a man who has been castrated by force, or was born thus, or by an act that prevents him, and he is worthy of the episcopate and suitable, let him be appointed for this.\n\nCanon 21. Concerning one who castrates himself. If a man who castrates himself by his own will with audacity, let him not be appointed to the order of the priesthood, for he has killed himself and has become an enemy of the creation of God.\n\nCanon 22. Concerning one who castrates himself after priesthood. If a man from among the priests castrates himself anew after priesthood, let him be stripped of his office and be expelled from the church for three years, for he has become an enemy of his own life and has loved the death of his soul.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 19–22 form a thematic block on marriage and bodily integrity for clergy, following the preceding canon on bigamy. The sequence moves from prohibition of remarriage (19) to conditions for eunuchs (20) and self-castration (21–22).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኅጽው","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኅጽው (ḫaṣṣaw) in Canon 20 translates Coptic ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩ (ouonh) or Greek εὐνοῦχος, meaning 'eunuch'. The canon distinguishes involuntary (by force or birth) from voluntary castration, a distinction rooted in early church legislation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The prohibition of self-castration (Canons 21–22) echoes early Christian canons (e.g., Council of Nicaea, Canon 1) and reflects the view that self-mutilation violates divine creation. The penalty of expulsion for three years (Canon 22) is a standard temporary excommunication.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 19's reference to 'taking another wife as the pagans do' parallels the Apostolic Canons' rejection of polygamy, also found in the Canons of Hippolytus and the Didascalia. The phrase 'gives his portion' likely refers to a priest's stipend or sacramental offering.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft of Canon 19 translates 'gives his portion for the sake of his own person' but the Geʿez ዘወሀበ ምግበ ዚአሁ በእንተ ገጸ ነፍሱ may also mean 'gives his food for his own face' (i.e., selfishly). The sense is ambiguous and may refer to simony or misuse of church resources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These canons were received in the Ethiopic tradition as part of the Abṭelisāt collection, which is a translation of the Arabic version of the Apostolic Canons. The Geʿez text shows occasional Coptic influence, suggesting a Coptic intermediary.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990002681050203941","label":"The Lenten Triodion","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990002681050203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990003815950203941","label":"Statistical year-book of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other states for the year ..","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990003815950203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 19: The phrase 'gives his portion' (ወሀበ ምግበ) could refer to a priest's stipend or a sacramental offering; the English draft interprets it as a personal gift, but the Geʿez may imply misuse of church property.","Canon 20: The phrase 'by an act that prevents him' (በግብር ዘይከልኦ አውስቦ) is vague; it may refer to accidental injury or medical necessity."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"፳፫፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ መሀይምን፡ ዘኀጸወ፡ ርእሶ። እመቦ፡ መእመነ፡ ዘኀጸወ፡ ርእሶ፡ ለይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ሠለስተ፡ ዓመተ፡ እስመ፡ ኮነ፡ ፀረ፡ ለፍጥረተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወቀታሌ፡ ነፍሱ\n\n፳፬፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ካህን፡ ዘይትረከብ፡ በእኪት። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ አው፡ ዘይቴሐቶሙ፡ እመዓርገ፡ ክህነት፡ ዘተረክበ፡ በዝሙት፡ ወመሐለ፡ በሐሰት፡ አው፡ ሰረቀ፡ ለይትመተር፡ እምክህነቱ፡ ወኢይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወኢይሀሉ፡ ውስተ፡ ካህናት፡ አላ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ እስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይቤ፡ በመጽሐፍ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኢይትቤቀል፡ ካዕበ፡ በአሐቲ፡ አበሳ\n\n፳፭፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ አውስቦ፡ ካህን። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘቦአ፡ ውስተ፡ መልእክተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወተወክፈ፡ ክህነተ፡ ለበሐውርት፡ ንሕነ፡ ንኤዝዝ፡ ከመ፡ ያውስብ፡ ለእመ፡ ፈተወ፡ ዘንተ፡ ወባዕደሰ፡ አልቦ\n\n፳፮፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ካህን፡ ከመ፡ ኢይዝብጥ። እመሂ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ለእመ፡ ዘበጠ፡ መሀይምነ፡ ሶበ፡ ይኤብስ፡ አው፡ ይጌጊ፡ ጌጋየ፡ አው፡ ዘበጠ፡ ዘኢይአምን፡ ሶበ፡ ይጌጊ፡ አው፡ ያሐሥም፡ ለይትመተር፡ እመዓርጊሁ፡ ከመ፡ ይፍርሁ፡ ቦቱ፡ ካልኣን። እስመ፡ ርኢናሁ፡ ለኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ወአምላክነ፡ ሶበ፡ ዘበጥዎ፡ ኢፈደየ፡ በዘቢጥ፡ ወከማሁ፡ ሶበ፡ ይፀርፉ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ኢፀረፈ","english":"Canon 23. Concerning a believer who has harmed himself. If a believer harms himself, let him be expelled from the church for three years, because he has become an enemy of the creation of God and a killer of his own soul.\n\nCanon 24. Concerning a priest who is found in sin. If a bishop, or a priest, or a deacon, or one who is among the orders of the priesthood, is found in fornication, and has lied under oath, or has stolen, let him be deposed from his priesthood, but let him not be expelled from the church, and let him not be among the priests, but within the church, because God has said in Scripture: God does not punish twice for one sin.\n\nCanon 25. Concerning the ordination of a priest. If a man who has a wife within the ministry of the church receives the priesthood, we command that he may ordain for the journey, if he wishes this; and there is no other.\n\nCanon 26. Concerning a priest, that he should not baptize. If a bishop, or a priest, or a deacon baptizes a believer when he is in sin, or performs a service, or baptizes an unbeliever when he performs a service or celebrates the Eucharist, let him be deposed from his order, so that others may fear him, because we have seen our Lord and God Jesus Christ: when they baptized him, he did not permit it because of the baptism; and likewise, when they reviled him, he did not revile.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፳፫፡ ቀኖና ... ፳፮፡ ቀኖና","severity":"info","text":"Canons 23–26 form a continuous block of disciplinary rulings. Canon 23 addresses self-harm by a believer; Canon 24 treats clergy in sin; Canon 25 permits a married man to be ordained; Canon 26 forbids clergy from baptizing sinners or unbelievers while in sin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መሀይምን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term mähayəmən (believer) in Canon 23 refers to a lay Christian, as distinct from clergy in the following canons. The same word recurs in Canon 26 for a believer in sin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር ኢይትቤቀል ካዕበ በአሐቲ አበሳ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 24 cites the principle that God does not punish twice for one sin, echoing a legal maxim found in the Bible (e.g., Nahum 1:9 LXX) and in patristic sources. The Geʿez phrase is a direct quotation of that maxim.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ ክርስቶስ እግዚእነ ወአምላክነ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 26 invokes the example of Jesus Christ, who according to the text did not permit rebaptism when reviled. This reflects a tradition that Jesus was baptized only once, used to argue against rebaptizing sinners.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀኖና ፳፭","severity":"info","text":"Canon 25 permits a married man to be ordained if his wife is within the church ministry. This parallels the Apostolic Tradition (canon 10) and the Canons of Hippolytus, which allow married clergy but forbid remarriage after ordination.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይዝብጥ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez verb yəzbəṭ (baptize) in Canon 26 is ambiguous: it could mean 'baptize' or 'immerse'. The context of sin and Eucharist suggests a ritual baptism, but the exact scope (e.g., emergency baptism) is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 25: 'we command that he may ordain for the journey' is obscure; the Geʿez በሐውርት (baḥawərt) may mean 'for the journey' or 'for the travelers', possibly referring to ordination for a specific mission.","Canon 26: The phrase 'when they baptized him' could refer to Jesus' baptism by John or a later rebaptism attempt; the text does not specify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"፳፯፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘያቀልል፡ ውግዘተ። እመሂ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘተሰደ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ በእንተ፡ አበሳ፡ ዘገብረ፡ አው፡ ኮነ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ መኣስር፡ እምሊቅ፡ ራትዕ፡ ዘየዐቢዮ፡ ወኢያሕዘኖ፡ ውእቱ፡ መኣስር፡ ወግዘት፡ ወነሥአ፡ መልእክቶ፡ በትዕግልት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ፍርሀት፡ ወኢገረሞ፡ ወተልእከ፡ ባቲ፡ አስተሐቂሮ፡ ዘንተ፡ ለይትመተር፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ለዝሉፉ\n\n፳፰፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይንሥኡ፡ ክህነተ፡ በሕልያን። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘአጥረየ፡ ከህነተ፡ ወመዓርገ፡ ዘይሄሉ፡ ውስቴታ፡ በሕልያን፡ ወዐስበ፡ ንዋይ፡ አው፡ አሰፈወ፡ ከመ፡ የሀብ፡ ንዋየ፡ ከመ፡ ይሠየም፡ ባቲ፡ በምክር፡ ወበጽልሑት፡ ኢይትወከፍዎ፡ ሢመቶ። ወለእመ፡ ሞአ፡ በጕሕሉት፡ ኢይኩን፡ በኀቤክሙ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ከመ፡ መምላኬ፡ ጣዖት፡ ወምቱር፡ ውእቱ፡ ወውጉዝ፡ ወርጉም፡ ወይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይትገሐሡ፡ እምነገሩ፡ ወትድምርቱ፡ በከመ፡ ተገሐሥኩ፡ አነ፡ ጴጥሮስ፡ ትድምርተ፡ ሲሞን፡ መሠርይ፡ ወሰደድክዎ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በትእዛዘ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ","english":"Canon 27. Concerning one who lightens a penalty. If a bishop or a presbyter or a deacon who has been expelled from the church because of a sin he committed, or if a penalty of one hundred lashes of a thick whip that causes pain and does not spare has been laid upon him, and he takes his letter of dismissal with patience without fear and does not grieve, and he rejoices in it, having made this agreement, let him be cut off from the church, this one.\n\nCanon 28. Concerning how they shall not receive ordination through gifts. If a bishop or a presbyter or a deacon who has obtained ordination and rank, and they are in it through gifts, and on account of money, or he has offered so that he may have money, so that he may be appointed in it through counsel and bribery, do not accept him for the office. And if he dies in his error, let him not be in your midst without a memorial, for he is an idol and a rebel, and he is cursed and excommunicated, and let him be expelled from the church of God. And let them abhor his matter and his teaching, just as I, Peter, abhorred the teaching of Simon the Magician and expelled him from the church of God by the command of the Holy Spirit.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መኣስር (maʿasr)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መኣስር (maʿasr) denotes a 'whip' or 'lash,' here specifying a penalty of one hundred lashes with a thick whip that causes pain and does not spare.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መልእክቶ (malʾekto)","severity":"info","text":"The word መልእክቶ (malʾekto) means 'letter of dismissal' or 'letter of release,' referring to a formal document given to an expelled cleric.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሲሞን መሠርይ (Simon the Magician)","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Simon the Magician (Acts 8:9–24) is a scriptural parallel, where Peter condemns Simon's attempt to buy spiritual power, mirroring the canon's prohibition of simony.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"simony","severity":"info","text":"Canon 28 addresses simony, the buying or selling of ecclesiastical offices, a persistent concern in early church legislation, here linked to the apostolic example of Peter and Simon Magus.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Canon 27–28","severity":"info","text":"Canon 27 deals with a cleric who accepts a penalty without remorse, while Canon 28 addresses simony; both are narrative in form, each introduced by a numbered rubric (፳፯፡ ቀኖና, ፳፰፡ ቀኖና).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"Peter's expulsion of Simon","severity":"info","text":"The appeal to Peter's expulsion of Simon Magus by command of the Holy Spirit reinforces the canon's authority, linking Geʿez church discipline to apostolic precedent.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase ዘያቀልል ውግዘተ (za-yaqallal wəgzata) in Canon 27 is ambiguous: it could mean 'one who lightens a penalty' (as in the English draft) or 'one who makes a penalty light,' possibly referring to a cleric who mitigates his own punishment. The reading taken follows the English draft.","In Canon 28, the phrase በሕልያን (ba-ḥəlyān) is ambiguous: it may mean 'through gifts' or 'through bribes,' both implying simony. The English draft renders it as 'through gifts,' which is adopted here."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"፳፱፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘይመሥጥ፡ ክህነተ፡ በእደ፡ ኀይል። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘተማሕፀነ፡ በእንተ፡ ሢመቱ፡ በሰብአ፡ አፍኣ፡ አው፡ በመኳንንት፡ አው፡ በሥዩማነ፡ ዓለም፡ ከመ፡ ይርድእዎ፡ ላዕለ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወይፈቅድ፡ በዝንቱ፡ አድክሞ፡ ሕዝበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ንጹሐ፡ ወቅዱሰ፡ እንተ፡ ወለደቶ፡ ንዋይ፡ ንጽሕት፡ እንተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ጥምቀት፡ ቅድስት፡ ወይትሌዐል፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ በዘኢይደሉ፡ አው፡ ይሬሲ፡ ለርእሱ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘኢኮነ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ወኢሥዩም፡ ውእቱ፡ ላዕሌሃ፡ ወባቲ፡ ይእቲ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ሊቀ፡ ካህናት፡ ካልአ፡ ወካህናተ፡ እምታሕተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሊቅ፡ ለይደቅ፡ ውእቱ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ እምትእዛዘ፡ ይእቲ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወእምትእዛዘ፡ ካህናቲሃ፡ አው፡ መነኮሳተ፡ ዘህየ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሊቅ፡ ዘዚአሆሙ፡ ውጉዝ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወርጉም፡ ወይትመተር፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ውእቱኒ፡ ወኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ረድእዎ፡ ላዕለ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ወባልሕዎ፡ ቦቱ","english":"Canon 29. Concerning one who seizes the priesthood by force. If a bishop who has been deposed because of his sin, by the people, or by the princes, or by the rulers of the world, so that they might help him against the command of the church, and he permits by this that the pure and holy people of God, who have given birth to pure property, which is holy baptism, be defiled, and he exalts himself over them without their will, or he seizes for himself a church which is not his, and he is not appointed over it, and in it that church has another archpriest and priests under him, that archpriest is to be deposed, that bishop is to be deposed from the command of that church and from the command of its priests or the monks who are there, without the command of that archpriest who is over them, he is excommunicated and cursed, and he shall be cut off from the church of God, he also, and all those who helped him in this and deceived him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፳፱፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘይመሥጥ፡ ክህነተ፡ በእደ፡ ኀይል።","severity":"info","text":"This canon is numbered 29 in the Abṭelisāt series, following the pattern of the previous canons. The rubric introduces a new topic: seizure of priesthood by force.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘተማሕፀነ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'bishop who has been deposed' (ተማሕፀነ) indicates a bishop removed from office due to sin, a key condition for the canon's application.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሢመቱ፡ በሰብአ፡ አፍኣ፡ አው፡ በመኳንንት፡ አው፡ በሥዩማነ፡ ዓለም፡","severity":"info","text":"The three groups—people (ሰብአ፡ አፍኣ), princes (መኳንንት), and rulers of the world (ሥዩማነ፡ ዓለም)—are listed as potential instigators who help the deposed bishop against church command.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ንዋይ፡ ንጽሕት፡ እንተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ጥምቀት፡ ቅድስት፡","severity":"info","text":"'Pure property' (ንዋይ፡ ንጽሕት) is glossed as holy baptism (ጥምቀት፡ ቅድስት), a metaphorical identification of baptism as the church's pure treasure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊቀ፡ ካህናት፡ ካልአ፡ ወካህናተ፡","severity":"info","text":"The text distinguishes an 'archpriest' (ሊቀ፡ ካህናት) and 'priests' (ካህናተ) under him, indicating a hierarchical structure within the church that the deposed bishop violates.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ውጉዝ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወርጉም፡ ወይትመተር፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡","severity":"info","text":"The penalties—excommunication (ውጉዝ), curse (ርጉም), and cutting off from the church (ይትመተር)—are standard ecclesiastical sanctions in Geʿez canon law, reflecting the gravity of usurping authority.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'people' (ሰብአ፡ አፍኣ) are laity or clergy; the English draft interprets them as 'the people'. The phrase 'without their will' (በዘኢይደሉ) is ambiguous as to whose will is meant—the people's or the church's."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"፴፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ካህን፡ ዘያቀልል፡ ግዘተ። እመቦ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ዘመተሮ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ በእንተ፡ ፅርፈት፡ ዘነበበ፡ አው፡ ኀጢአት፡ ዘተዐውቀ፡ አው፡ በፍትሕ፡ ዘረከቦ፡ አው፡ ተግሕሦ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘንጹሕ፡ እምነውር፡ ወእሙር፡ በርትዕ፡ ወበኂሩት፡ ዘበሕግ፡ ወያቀልሎ፡ ወይገብር፡ ለርእሱ፡ ምሥዋዐ፡ ወይነሥእ፡ እምሕዝብ፡ ወይከፍል፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ክልኤተ፡ ክፍለ፡ ለይትመተር፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ አፍቀረ፡ ሢመተ፡ ለርእሱ፡ ወኀደገ፡ ትእዛዞ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ እንዘ፡ ይደልዎ። ወያውግዝዎ፡ ወዘንተ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ቦቱ፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ዘተመይጠ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ እምቀሳውስት፡ ወዲያቆናት፡ ወኵሉ፡ ካህናት፡ እለ፡ ተለውዎ። ወለመሀይምናንሰ፡ ያግብእዎሙ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ኵነኔ። ወዝኒ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ነገሮሙ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ለእሉ፡ ካህናት፡ ወሕዝብ፡ ወየሐውር፡ ኀበ፡ ማኅደሮሙ፡ ምዕረ፡ ወካዕበ፡ ወሥልሰ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይድፍሩ፡ ገቢረ፡ ከመ፡ ምግባሮሙ፡ ወለእመ፡ ኢሰምዕዎ፡ ይግበር፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ዘንተ","english":"Canon 30. Concerning a priest who despises the bishop. If a priest who has been appointed by a bishop, on account of the ordination which he received, or on account of a sin which was known, or on account of a judgment which found him, or on account of the humiliation of that same bishop who is pure from evil and from defilement, in righteousness and in goodness according to the law, and he despises him and makes for himself a rival, and he takes from the people and divides the church of God into two parts, he shall be cut off from the church of God, because he loved the people for himself and abandoned the commandment of the bishop, while they rebuke him and excommunicate him. And this they shall do to him, and to all who follow him from among the priests and deacons and all the clergy who are with him. As for the faithful, they shall bring them in without penalty. And this is after the bishop has told these priests and the people, and he goes to their assembly three times, as is fitting, to do according to their deeds. And if they do not listen to him, he shall do this against them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This is the thirtieth canon in the Abṭelisāt collection, following the pattern of conditional law with a protasis and apodosis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ግዘተ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ግዘተ (gəzätä) here means 'appointed' or 'ordained' by a bishop, reflecting the technical sense of ecclesiastical appointment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምሥዋዐ","severity":"info","text":"ምሥዋዐ (məśəwāʿa) is rendered 'rival' in the English draft; it can also mean 'opponent' or 'adversary' in an ecclesiastical context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The threefold summons to the clergy before excommunication reflects a standard procedural safeguard in early church discipline, paralleled in the Apostolic Tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text at the end is ambiguous: 'ወለእመ፡ ኢሰምዕዎ' could mean 'if they do not listen to him' (bishop) or 'if they do not hear him' (the priest). The English draft adopts the former.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This canon is part of the Ethiopic Abṭelisāt, a collection of 80 canons attributed to the Apostles, widely used in Ethiopian Orthodox canon law.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'faithful' (መሀይምናን) who are brought in without penalty is unclear: they may be laypeople who followed the schismatic priest, or those who remained loyal to the bishop.","The phrase 'ኢይድፍሩ ገቢረ' (as is fitting) is vague; it may refer to a customary procedure or a specific liturgical act."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"፴፩፡ ቀኖና። ከመ፡ ኢይትወከፍ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘአውገዘ፡ ካልኡ። እመቦ፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘሰዐሮ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ በእንተ፡ ቃለ፡ ክህደት፡ አው፡ ፅርፈት፡ ላዕለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኢይከውኖሙ፡ ለባዕዳን፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ይትወከፍዎ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ለእመ፡ ፈለሰ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘሰዐሮ፡ አው፡ ተስዕረ፡ አው፡ ሞተ፡ ወእመሰ፡ ሞተ፡ ኮነ፡ ብዉሐ፡ ለዘ፡ ተሠይመ፡ ህየንቴሁ፡ ወዓዲ፡ ብዉሕ፡ ለባዕድኒ፡ ዘይሠየም\n\n፴፪፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት። ኢይትወከፉ፡ ካህነ፡ ባዕደ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በመባሕት፡ እምብሔሩ። ኢይትወከፍ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ካልአ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወቀሳውስት፡ ወዲያቆናት፡ ባዕደ፡ እለ፡ መጽኡ፡ እምበሓውርት፡ ርሑቅ፡ ወኢይረስይዎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ካህናት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ለእመ፡ ቦሙ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ መባሕት፡ በዘ፡ ይደልዎሙ። ወእመሰ፡ ቦሙ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ይጠይቁ፡ ግብሮሙ፡ ወእመ፡ ኮንዎሙ፡ ሰማዕተ፡ ሰብእ፡ መእመናን፡ ወኄራን፡ በከመ፡ ይብሉ፡ ይትወከፍዎሙ፡ በሠናይ፡ ተወክፎ። ወእመሰ፡ ኢኮንዎሙ፡ ሰማዕተ፡ በዘከማሁ፡ የሀብዎሙ፡ ዘይፈቅዱ፡ ወኢይደመሩ፡ ምስለ፡ ውሉደ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ቅድስት፡ እስመ፡ ይከውን፡ ዘከመ፡ እሉ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ዘይጽሕፉ፡ ሎሙ፡ መጻሕፍተ፡ እንዘ፡ ኢያአምርዎሙ፡ ጥዩቀ፡ አእምሮ","english":"Canon 31. Concerning how a bishop should not be received who has deposed another. If a priest or a deacon whom a bishop has deposed on account of a word of denial or blasphemy against God, foreign bishops shall not receive him without the judgment of the one who deposed him, unless the one who deposed him has died, or has been removed, or has died. And if he has died, it is fitting for the one who was appointed in his place, and also fitting for a foreigner who is appointed.\n\nCanon 32. Concerning bishops. Priests from another place shall not be received without letters of commendation from their region. A bishop shall not receive another bishop, or presbyters, or deacons from another place who have come from distant regions, and he shall not receive them as clergy without the judgment of the one who sent them. If they have letters of commendation, they shall be received in the place where they are needed. And if they have letters, their deeds shall be examined. And if they have witnesses, faithful and good people, as they say, they shall be received with good reception. And if they do not have witnesses as aforesaid, they shall be given what they desire, and they shall not mingle with the children of the holy Church, because it may happen that, like these, many write letters for them while they do not know their subtle understanding.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 31 addresses the reception of deposed clergy by foreign bishops; Canon 32 governs the reception of clergy from other regions without letters of commendation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ መባሕት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'letters of commendation' (መጽሐፈ መባሕት) is a technical term for credentials carried by traveling clergy, indicating authorization from their home bishop.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These canons reflect early church discipline on clerical mobility, paralleling canons in the Apostolic Tradition and the Council of Antioch (341), which required letters of commendation to prevent schism.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"In Canon 31, the phrase 'or has been removed, or has died' appears redundant; the Geʿez may reflect a textual corruption or conflation of two conditions (removal and death) from the Coptic source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version of these canons was transmitted as part of the Abṭelisāt collection, used in Ethiopian Orthodox canon law, and survives in manuscripts like those cataloged in the Dossier project.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 32's requirement for witnesses (ሰማዕተ) and examination of deeds parallels the Apostolic Canons (e.g., Canon 33) and the Council of Chalcedon (451), Canon 13, on testing traveling clergy.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 31: The Geʿez 'or has been removed, or has died' may conflate two separate conditions (removal and death) from the Coptic Vorlage, or the repetition may be a scribal error.","Canon 32: The phrase 'they shall be given what they desire' is ambiguous—whether material support or a lesser status is meant is unclear from the text alone."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"፴፫፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ትሕትናሁ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወዐቂበ፡ ዘይደልዎ። ይደልዎ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ከመ፡ ያእምር፡ ዘይደልዎ፡ ለእመ፡ ይፈቅድ፡ ዘአዘዝነ፡ ወይሥራዕ፡ ርእሶ፡ ከማሁ፡ ወያርትዕ፡ ለሊሁ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ከመ፡ ያእምር፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በላዕሌሁ። ወለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ከማሁ፡ ኢይግበር፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ በፈቃዱ፡ አላ፡ ያእምር፡ ክብረ፡ ሊቁ፡ ዘላዕሌሁ፡ እመኒ፡ ጳጳስ፡ አው፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ወኢይግበር፡ በፈቃዱ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ቀሊላተ፡ ዘይትፈቀድ፡ ለሰብአ፡ ሢመቱ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ይረትዕ፡ መንበሩ፡ ወኢይግበር፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ወጳጳስ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በምክረ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ወበፈቃዶሙ፡ ወዝንቱኒ፡ በእንተ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ግብር\n\n፴፬፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ጳጳስ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይሢም፡ ለካልእ፡ ብሔር። ኢይከውኖ፡ ለጳጳስ፡ ይሢም፡ በኀበ፡ ዘኢሢመቱ፡ ቀሳውስተ፡ ወዲያቆናተ። ወለእመ፡ ተዐደወ፡ ወገብረ፡ ከማሁ፡ አው፡ ስምዐ፡ ኮኑ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ከመ፡ ገብረ፡ ከማሁ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ መባሕተ፡ ሰብአ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብሔር፡ ይስዐር፡ ወእለኒ፡ ሤሞሙ","english":"Canon 33. Concerning the humility of a bishop and the one who ordains him. The one who ordains a bishop shall know the one he ordains, if he is willing, as we have commanded, and he shall examine himself likewise, and he shall humble himself before the people, so that he may know that God is above him. And if it is so, he shall not act, nor anything at all, by his own will, unless he knows the honor of the one above him. Even if he is a metropolitan or an archbishop, he shall not act by his own will without the counsel of the bishops, and this also concerning a great matter.\n\nCanon 34. Concerning a bishop, that he should not go to another region. A bishop shall not go to a region where he has not been appointed by the priests and deacons. And if he transgresses and does so, or if he hears that it has happened to him that he has done so, without the permission of the people of that region, he shall be deposed. And also those who sent him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፴፫፡ ቀኖና / ፴፬፡ ቀኖና","severity":"info","text":"The passage contains two canons (33 and 34) distinguished by separate headings. Canon 33 addresses episcopal humility and the ordaining bishop's self-examination; Canon 34 forbids a bishop from moving to another region without local appointment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊቀ ጳጳሳት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term liqa pappasat (literally 'head of bishops') is rendered 'archbishop' in the English draft. In Ethiopic canonical usage it often corresponds to the Greek 'metropolitan' or 'archbishop', though the hierarchy may differ from Byzantine norms.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ትሕትናሁ ለኤጲስ ቆጶስ","severity":"info","text":"The emphasis on episcopal humility (təḥtənnahu la-ʾepis qopos) reflects a broader ascetic ideal in Ethiopic canon law, possibly influenced by monastic traditions. The requirement that a bishop humble himself before the people echoes themes in the Apostolic Tradition and later monastic rules.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይሢም ለካልእ ብሔር","severity":"info","text":"Canon 34's prohibition against a bishop going to another region without local appointment parallels Canon 14 of the Council of Antioch (341 CE) and Canon 2 of the Council of Sardica (343 CE), which restrict episcopal translation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእለኒ ሤሞሙ","severity":"info","text":"The final clause 'and also those who sent him' indicates that those who authorized a bishop's unauthorized move are also subject to deposition. This collective responsibility is a distinctive feature of the Ethiopic recension, not always present in earlier Greek or Coptic versions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዝንቱኒ በእንተ ዐቢይ ግብር","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'and this also concerning a great matter' at the end of Canon 33 is ambiguous: it may modify the preceding clause about not acting without counsel, or it may be a scribal gloss. The English draft omits it, which may obscure the intended scope.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'and this also concerning a great matter' (ወዝንቱኒ በእንተ ዐቢይ ግብር) at the end of Canon 33 is syntactically unclear; it may be a later addition or a rubric. The English draft omits it, possibly simplifying the sense.","Canon 34's condition 'if he hears that it has happened to him that he has done so' (አው ስምዐ ኮኑ ላዕሌሁ ከመ ገብረ ከማሁ) is awkward; it may mean 'if he hears that someone else has done so' or 'if he hears that it has been done to him'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"፴፭፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘይደሉ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ይግበር። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘተሠይመ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወኢቆመ፡ በግብረ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስና፡ ወኢይቀውም፡ በመዓርጊሁ፡ ወኢተወክፈ፡ በርትዕ፡ ወኢተልእከ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘተከለ፡ ላቲ፡ ነፍሶ፡ ወኢአኀዘ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ በከመ፡ ይደሉ፡ ይሰዐር፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ እስከ፡ ይትወከፍ፡ ግብራ። ወለእመ፡ ተሠይመ፡ ኀበ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘእግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢተወክፍዎ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወኢኮነ፡ ሢመቱ፡ በፈቃዱ፡ አላ፡ ዘኀረዮ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሤሞ፡ ወመንፈቀ፡ ሰብአ፡ ሀገሩ፡ ወባሕቱ፡ ይጸልእዎ፡ ካህናት፡ በተቃሕዎ፡ ወጽልእ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይኩን፡ ሥዩመ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ወመንፈቆሙ፡ ከማሁ፡ ለይኩን፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ እመሂ፡ አፍቀሩ፡ አው፡ ጸልኡ። ወለእመቦ፡ ዘተፈልጠ፡ እምካህናተ፡ ውእቱ፡ መካን፡ ለይትመተሩ፡ እሉ፡ ካህናት፡ እስመ፡ ኢተሰናአዉ፡ ወኢተአዘዙ፡ በፍቅር\n\n፴፮፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ጉባኤ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ካዕበ፡ በበዓመት። አዘዝነ፡ ከመ፡ ይኩን፡ ጉባኤ፡ በዓመት፡ ክልኤ፡ ጊዜ፡ ወይትሐተቱ፡ በበይናቲሆሙ፡ በአእምሮ፡ ፈሪሀ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወበእንተ፡ ዘይትሐደስ፡ በኀቤሆሙ፡ ነገራት፡ በእንተ፡ ሕግ፡ ወበግብረ፡ አብያተ፡ ክርስቲያናቲሆሙ፡ ወዘተሰወረ፡ እመንፈቆሙ፡ ይፈክሩ፡ ሎቱ፡ ወያርእዩ። ወለእመቦ፡ ፍትሐ፡ ማእከለ፡ ሰብእ፡ ይሥልጥዎ፡ ወይዕርቁ፡ ማእከለ፡ ሕዝብ። ወይኩን፡ ቀዳሚት፡ ጉባኤ፡ በራብዕ፡ ሰንበት፡ ዘጰንጠቈስቴ፡ ወውእቱ፡ ወርኅ፡ በሶንስ፡ በሐሳበ፡ ግብጻዊያን፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ግንቦት፡ ወካልእታ፡ ጉባኤ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፪፡ ለወርኀ፡ በአባ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ጥቅምት","english":"Canon 35. Concerning what is fitting for a bishop to do. If a man has been ordained bishop and does not stand in the work of a bishop, and does not rise to his rank, and is not accepted by the people, and does not serve the church of God to which he has been appointed, his soul and he who has not taken the commandment as is fitting shall be removed from among them until his work is accepted. And if he has been ordained to the church of God and the people have not accepted him, and he has not become their pastor by their will, but rather the one whom God has chosen and named, and the people of his country hate him, and only the priests hate him through their opposition and hatred, let him not be ordained over them and among them. Likewise, let the bishop be, whether they love or hate him. And if he has been separated from the priests, he is a place for these priests to be deposed, for they have not agreed and have not been commanded in love.\n\nCanon 36. Concerning the assembly of bishops twice a year. We have commanded that there be an assembly twice a year, and they shall consult among themselves with the fear of God, and concerning matters that are renewed among them regarding law and the work of their churches, and what is hidden among them they shall reveal and show. And if a judgment among the people is difficult for them, they shall separate it among the people. And the first assembly shall be on the fourth Sunday of Pentecost, which is the month of Bāsona according to the Egyptian calendar, which is Genbot; and the second assembly on the 12th of the month of Baʿāba, which is Ṭeqemt.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 35 addresses episcopal suitability and acceptance; Canon 36 mandates biannual episcopal synods. The two canons are structurally distinct but linked by the theme of episcopal authority and accountability.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጉባኤ","severity":"info","text":"ጉባኤ (gubaʾe) means 'assembly' or 'synod'. In Canon 36 it refers to a formal gathering of bishops, a key institution in early church governance.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The dating of the first assembly to 'the fourth Sunday of Pentecost' (i.e., the fourth Sunday after Easter) and the second to the 12th of Baʿāba (October) follows the Egyptian calendar, reflecting the Alexandrian origin of the canons.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The months Bāsona (Genbot, May–June) and Baʿāba (Ṭeqemt, October–November) are given according to the Egyptian calendar, indicating the text's transmission through Coptic Christian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft of Canon 35 contains a possible misreading: 'his soul and he who has not taken the commandment' may obscure the Geʿez syntax, which likely means 'he who has not taken the commandment as is fitting shall be removed'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The requirement for biannual episcopal synods (Canon 36) parallels canons in the Apostolic Tradition and the Council of Nicaea (Canon 5), which also mandate two provincial synods per year.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ኢተሰናአዉ ወኢተአዘዙ በፍቅር' (not having agreed and not having been commanded in love) in Canon 35 is ambiguous: it may refer to the priests' failure to accept the bishop, or to the bishop's failure to command them in love."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"፴፯፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። ኵሉ፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወአልባሲሃ፡ ይኩን፡ ውስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ። ይምልክ፡ ዐቂቦቶ፡ ለእመ፡ ይደልዎ፡ ወኮነ፡ ማእመነ፡ ወውእቱ፡ ይኩን፡ ዘይኤዝዝ፡ ወይከፍል፡ በከመ፡ ይደሉ፡ ወይረትዕ፡ በከመ፡ አዘዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለካህናትኒ፡ በከመ፡ መናብርቲሆሙ፡ ወመዓርጊሆሙ። ቦ፡ ለዘያልህቅ፡ ወቦ፡ ለዘያንእስ፡ ወኢይደልዎ፡ ይግበር፡ ዘንተ፡ በሥምረቱ። ወኢይክፍል፡ አዕቢዮ፡ ለፍቁራኒሁ፡ ወመቅርቡ፡ ወለእመ፡ መጽኡ፡ ነዳያን፡ የሀቦሙ፡ ሲሳዮሙ፡ በዐቅም፡ ወአኮ፡ በአብዝኆ፡ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ይደልዎሙ፡ ለካህናት፡ ወኢያብዝኃ፡ ሲሳዮ፡ ለርእሱ፡ ወኢይልበስ፡ አልባሰ፡ ክቡረ፡ ከመ፡ ኢያህጕል፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወይትኀሠሦ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በእንቲአሃ\n\n፴፰፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ። ኢይግበር፡ መኑሂ፡ እምቀሳውስት፡ ወዲያቆናት፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ በቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በፈቃደ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘተአምነ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወውእቱ፡ ዘይትሐተት፡ በእንተ፡ ነፍሰ፡ ሕዝብ","english":"Canon 37. Concerning the command of the property of the church. All the property of the church and its vestments shall be in the hand of the bishop. He shall distribute it, guarding it, if it is fitting, and he is a trustworthy man. And he shall be the one who commands and distributes as is fitting, and he shall pasture as the Lord commanded the priests also, according to their residences and their ranks. There is for him who increases and for him who diminishes, and it is not fitting that he do this according to his own will. And he shall not distribute the goods to his beloved ones and his relatives. And if the poor come, he shall give them their sustenance in measure, and not in excess, because it is fitting for him to give to the priests, and he shall not increase the sustenance for himself, and he shall not wear a garment of honor, so that he may not waste the property of the church, and the Lord shall be sought concerning it.\n\nCanon 38. Concerning the command of the church for the bishop. He shall not do anything from the priests and deacons, nor anything in the church, without the permission of the bishop, because he is the one who is entrusted over the church of the Lord, and he is the one who is anxious concerning the soul of the people.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፴፯፡ ቀኖና። ... ፴፰፡ ቀኖና።","severity":"info","text":"The passage contains two canons (37 and 38) in sequence, each introduced by a numeral and the word ቀኖና (canon). Canon 37 addresses church property management; Canon 38 addresses episcopal authority over clergy and church affairs.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ንዋየ ቤተ ክርስቲያን (property of the church) is a technical term for ecclesiastical assets, including vestments (አልባሲሃ). The bishop is the sole steward, a standard provision in early church orders.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ይምልክ፡ ዐቂቦቶ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ይምልክ (he shall distribute) paired with ዐቂቦቶ (guarding it) indicates the bishop's dual duty of distribution and safekeeping, echoing the fiduciary role of a steward (οἰκονόμος) in earlier canons.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይረትዕ፡ በከመ፡ አዘዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለካህናት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he shall pasture as the Lord commanded the priests' echoes the biblical metaphor of pastoral care (cf. John 21:15-17; Acts 20:28), common in early church orders for episcopal duties.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይልበስ፡ አልባሰ፡ ክቡረ","severity":"info","text":"The prohibition against the bishop wearing a 'garment of honor' (አልባሰ ክቡረ) reflects ascetic ideals in Egyptian monastic and canonical traditions, aiming to prevent misuse of church funds for personal display.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ቦ፡ ለዘያልህቅ፡ ወቦ፡ ለዘያንእስ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'there is for him who increases and for him who diminishes' is ambiguous: it may refer to the bishop's accountability for surplus or deficit, or to the poor who gain or lose. The translation 'for him who increases' is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ቦ ለዘያልህቅ ወቦ ለዘያንእስ' is syntactically unclear: it could mean the bishop is responsible for any increase or decrease in church property, or that there is provision for the one who increases (in need) and the one who diminishes (in resources). The English draft interprets it as a warning against arbitrary action, but the Geʿez allows both readings.","The phrase 'ወኢይክፍል አዕቢዮ ለፍቁራኒሁ' is rendered 'he shall not distribute the goods to his beloved ones' but 'አዕቢዮ' (goods) is implied; the Geʿez literally says 'he shall not distribute the goods of his beloved ones,' which may be a scribal error or ellipsis."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"፴፱፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዐቂበ፡ ንዋየ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። ለይኩን፡ ንዋየ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ፍሉጠ፡ እምንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ከመ፡ ይኩን፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ሥሉጠ፡ ላዕለ፡ ንዋየ፡ ርእሱ፡ ከመ፡ ይግበር፡ ዘፈቀደ፡ ወአብደረ፡ ወያውርሶ፡ ለዘ፡ ይፈቅድ፡ ወያፈቅር፡ እምሰብኡ፡ አው፡ ያውርስ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ እስመ፡ ብዉሕ፡ ሎቱ፡ ወኢያህጕል፡ ንዋዮ፡ በምክንያተ፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወኢንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ በምክንያተ፡ ንዋዩ። እስመቦ፡ እንጋ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘመደ፡ አው፡ ውሉደ፡ አው፡ ብእሲተ፡ አው፡ ካልአ፡ አው፡ ገብረ፡ ዘይፈቅድ፡ መካኖ፡ ወያውርሶሙ፡ በከመ፡ ፈቀደ፡ ወዝንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ርትዕ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ወለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ከመዝ፡ ኢይትሀጐል፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወኢየኀሥሥ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወኢወራስያን፡ ዘኢኮነ፡ ዚአሆሙ፡ ወኢይትጋአዙ፡ በላዕለ፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወኢሰብአ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ በላዕለ፡ ንዋየ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዘአብሖ፡ ለሊሁ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይትጋአዙ፡ ሰብአ፡ ቤቱ፡ ወአዝማዲሁ፡ በእንተ፡ ንዋዩ፡ ወንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወይከውኖ፡ ኀሳረ፡ ወሐሜተ፡ ወሕሡመ፡ ዜና፡ እምድኅረ፡ ሞቱ፡ ወይከውን፡ ውእቱ፡ ዕቅፍተ፡ ለሕዝበ፡ እግዚአብሔር","english":"Canon 39. Concerning the separation of the property of the bishop and the property of the church. The property of the bishop shall be separate from the property of the church, so that the bishop may have authority over his own property, to do as he wishes, and to give it as inheritance to whomever he wishes and loves from among his relatives, or to bequeath it to the church, if he has much. And he shall not mix his property with the property of the church, nor the property of the church with his property. For if the bishop has a relative, or children, or a wife, or another, or a servant whom he wishes to benefit, and he bequeaths to them as he wishes, this is right before God. And if it is thus, the property of the church shall not be mixed, and the bishop and the heirs who are not his shall not touch it, and they shall not meddle with the property of the church, nor shall the people of the church meddle with the property of the bishop, except what he himself has designated. So that the people of his house and his relatives may not meddle with his property and the property of the church, and cause loss, deceit, and evil report after his death. And he himself shall be a stumbling block to the people of God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፴፱፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዐቂበ፡ ንዋየ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን።","severity":"info","text":"The canon number is 39, not 37 as in the previous passage, indicating a new canon on the separation of episcopal and church property.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ፍሉጠ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ፍሉጠ፡ (fəluṭä) means 'separate' or 'distinct', underscoring the legal separation of the bishop's personal property from church property.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This canon reflects late antique ecclesiastical property law, paralleling canons in the Apostolic Tradition and the Canons of Hippolytus, which distinguish episcopal from church assets.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይትሀጐል፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢይትሀጐል፡ (ʾuyətəhagwəl) is ambiguous: it may mean 'shall not be mixed' or 'shall not be confused', but the context of inheritance suggests a prohibition against commingling assets.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This canon is cited in later Ethiopic legal collections, such as the Fetha Nagast, to regulate episcopal inheritance and prevent church property from being alienated to relatives.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990002681050203941","label":"The Lenten Triodion","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990002681050203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez term ኢይትሀጐል፡ (ʾuyətəhagwəl) could be read as a passive or reflexive, leaving open whether the prohibition is against mixing by the bishop or by others; the translation takes it as a general prohibition.","The phrase ዘኢኮነ፡ ዚአሆሙ፡ (zä-ʾikona ziʾahomu) is ambiguous: it may mean 'who are not his' (i.e., not the bishop's heirs) or 'who are not theirs' (i.e., not the church's); the translation adopts the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"፵፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ከመ፡ ይኩን፡ ሥሉጠ፡ በትእዛዘ፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። ንሕነ፡ ንኤዝዝ፡ ከመ፡ ይኩን፡ ሥሉጠ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ልብወ፡ እስመ፡ ሶበ፡ አመናሁ፡ ላዕለ፡ ነፍሰ፡ ሰብእ፡ ክቡር፡ ወዐቢይ፡ ይደልዎ፡ ይትአመን፡ ላዕለ፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ከመ፡ ይክፍሎ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቀሳውስት፡ ወዲያቆናት፡ ወይኩን፡ በፈሪሀ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በፍርሃት፡ ወበንጽሕ። ወይንሣእ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስኒ፡ እምኔሁ፡ መጠነ፡ መፍቅዱ፡ ውእቱኒ፡ ወአኃዊሁ፡ ካህናት፡ ከመ፡ ኢያሕጽጾሙ፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ እመፍቅዶሙ፡ እስመ፡ ሕገ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አዘዘ፡ ከመዝ። ኵሉ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ፅሙደ፡ ለመልእክተ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ይኩን፡ ሲሳዩ፡ እምንዋየ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ወከማሁ፡ ሐራዊ፡ ዘተአዘዘ፡ ውስተ፡ ግብረ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኢይክልእዎ፡ ሲሳዮ፡ ዘለርእሱ፡ ወዘይጼዐን፡ ወንዋየ፡ ሐቅሉ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ይትቃተል፡ ውስተ፡ ፀብአ፡ ፀሩ፡ ለንጉሥ\n\n፵፩፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ ካህናት፡ እምእኩይ። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘይለምድ፡ ቍጥዓ፡ ወስካረ፡ ወይነብር፡ በእከይ፡ ዘይገብር፡ ወኀደገ፡ ገቢረ፡ ሠናይ፡ ለይትመየጥ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ወእመአኮ፡ ይስዐር፡ እምሢመቱ። ወኵሉ፡ ብእሲ፡ እመሀይምናን፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ግብሩ፡ ይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘእምካህናት፡ ዘገብረ፡ ከመዝ፡ አው፡ ደፈረ፡ ለዘ፡ ኢይደሉ፡ ይትገሠጽ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ወእመአኮ፡ ይትመተር፡ እምክህነቱ","english":"Canon 40. Concerning the bishop, that he be empowered over the property of the church. We command that he be empowered over all the property of the church, if he is trustworthy, for when he is trusted over the soul of man, being honorable and great, it is fitting that he be trusted over the property of the church, that he may distribute it to the priests and deacons, and that he act in the fear of God, with fear and purity. And the bishop also shall take from it the measure of his sustenance, and likewise his brothers the priests, that he may not oppress them nor deprive them of their sustenance, for the law of God has commanded thus. All that is offered for the altar shall be his sustenance from the property of the altar. And likewise the farmers who are commanded in the service of the king shall not be deprived of their sustenance for themselves and for those who depend on them. And the property of his field which he possesses shall be divided in the war of the enemy of the king.\n\nCanon 41. Concerning the command to priests to abstain from evil. If a bishop, or a priest, or a deacon is accustomed to cursing and drunkenness, and lives in evil, and does evil, and abandons the doing of good, he shall be removed from his office. And if he does not repent from his habit, and any man of the faithful whose deed is like this, he shall be expelled from the church of God. And any of the priests who has done likewise, or has defended one who does so, it is not fitting that he be rebuked by him; and if he does not repent, he shall be deposed from his priesthood.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 40 continues the theme of episcopal authority over church property from Canon 39, while Canon 41 shifts to clerical discipline, forming a new thematic unit.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥሉጠ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሥሉጠ፡ (śǝlluṭ) translates 'empowered' or 'having authority,' reflecting the bishop's administrative control over church property.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'farmers commanded in the service of the king' likely reflects the socio-economic context of the Ethiopian Empire, where church and state property were intertwined.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 40's provision for the bishop's sustenance from altar offerings parallels similar regulations in the Apostolic Tradition and other early church orders.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'property of his field which he possesses shall be divided in the war of the enemy of the king' is ambiguous; it may refer to ecclesiastical or personal property in conflict contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 41's emphasis on clerical sobriety and removal for evil habits reflects later Ethiopian monastic reforms and synodal decrees.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'property of his field' in Canon 40 could be read as either the bishop's personal property or church land; the text does not clarify ownership.","Canon 41's 'defended one who does so' is ambiguous: it may mean defending a sinful cleric or defending the evil act itself."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"፵፪፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ርዴ። እመሂ፡ እጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘኀሠሠ፡ እምኀበ፡ ዘለቀሐ፡ ረድኤተ፡ አው፡ ርዴ፡ ይትመተር፡ እመዓርጊሁ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ለእመ፡ ተመይጠ፡ ወኀደገ፡ ውእተ፡ ግብረ\n\n፵፫፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ተደምሮ፡ ምስለ፡ ዕልዋን። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘጸለየ፡ ምስለ፡ ዕልዋን፡ እለ፡ ይሰመዩ፡ አርሲስ፡ በነገረ፡ ጽርእ፡ ለይስዐሮ፡ ሊቁ፡ ዘላዕሌሁ። ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ይስዐሮ፡ ጳጳስ፡ አው፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ወለቀሲስ፡ ወለዘይቴሐቶ፡ ይስዐሮሙ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ። ወለእመሰ፡ አብሖሙ፡ ይባኡ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ወአቀሞሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ኍልቈ፡ ካህናት፡ ይሰዐር፡ ውእቱኒ፡ እመዓርጊሁ\n\n፵፬፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ጥምቀተ፡ ዕልዋን። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘተወክፈ፡ ጥምቀተ፡ ዕልዋን፡ አው፡ ቀርበ፡ ቍርባኖሙ፡ ይትመተር፡ እመዓርጊሁ፡ እስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ለሰይጣን፡ ሰላመ፡ ምስለ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወአልቦ፡ መክፈልተ፡ ለመሀይምን፡ ምስለ፡ ዕልው፡ ወኢለራትዕ፡ ምስለ፡ ጠዋይ","english":"Canon 42. Concerning a deacon, whether bishop or priest or deacon, who seeks from one who has found a helper or a deacon, he shall be deposed from his order without appeal. For if he has been entrusted and has abandoned, that is the deed.\n\nCanon 43. Concerning association with heretics. Whether bishop or priest or deacon who has prayed with heretics who are called Arians, in the matter of the schism, he shall be removed from his office. For a bishop, he shall be removed by an archbishop or metropolitan; and for a priest, and for one who is beneath him, they shall be removed by the bishop. And if they have repented, they shall be received with him into the sanctuary, and he shall place them in the rank of clergy; he himself also shall be removed from his order.\n\nCanon 44. Concerning the baptism of heretics. Whether bishop or priest or deacon who has accepted the baptism of heretics or has approached their offering of the Eucharist, he shall be deposed from his order. For there is no peace for Satan with Christ, and there is no reconciliation for a believer with a heretic, nor friendship with an enemy.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፵፪፡ ቀኖና","severity":"info","text":"Canon 42 addresses a cleric who seeks a helper (deacon) from one who has found one; the penalty is deposition without appeal. The Geʿez text is corrupt or elliptical, making the precise offense unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አርሲስ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Arsis' (አርሲስ) in Canon 43 is a Geʿez transliteration of Greek 'Arianos', referring to Arians. This identifies the heretics as followers of Arius, a common designation in anti-heretical canons.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጳጳስ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 43 distinguishes between a bishop (ኤጲስ ቆጶስ) and an archbishop (ጳጳስ) or metropolitan (ሊቀ ጳጳሳት), reflecting a hierarchical structure where higher authority deposes a bishop, while a bishop deposes lower clergy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አልቦ ለሰይጣን ሰላመ ምስለ ክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The statement 'there is no peace for Satan with Christ' in Canon 44 echoes 2 Corinthians 6:15 (or similar Pauline antitheses), though not a direct quotation. It reinforces the irreconcilability of orthodoxy and heresy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"፵፬፡ ቀኖና","severity":"info","text":"Canon 44 parallels the Apostolic Canons (e.g., Canon 68 in the Arabic version) which forbid accepting heretical baptism or Eucharist, and impose deposition. The Geʿez version here is consistent with that tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ርዴ","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'rādē' (ርዴ) in Canon 42 is ambiguous: it can mean 'helper' or 'deacon' (as a title). The English draft translates it as 'deacon' but the Geʿez uses it alongside 'deacon' (ዲያቆን), suggesting a distinct role or a textual corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 42: The phrase 'who seeks from one who has found a helper or a deacon' is syntactically unclear; it may mean a cleric who tries to take a deacon from another cleric, or who seeks a helper from a layperson who has found one.","Canon 43: The phrase 'in the matter of the schism' (በነገረ ጽርእ) is ambiguous; it could refer to the Arian schism specifically or to any schismatic act.","Canon 44: The phrase 'or has approached their offering of the Eucharist' (አው ቀርበ ቍርባኖሙ) may imply physical approach or participation; the precise action is not specified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"፵፭፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ድሕረት። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ዘአውፅኣ፡ ለብእሲቱ፡ እምቤቱ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ምክንያት፡ አው፡ ግብር፡ በዘ፡ ይደልዋ፡ አው፡ አውሰበ፡ ካልእተ፡ ምስሌሃ፡ አው፡ ድሕርተ፡ በዝሙት፡ ለይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን\n\n፵፮፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘየሐርም፡ ንጹሐ። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ አው፡ ዘይቴሐቶሙ፡ እምካህናት፡ ዘአበየ፡ አውስቦ፡ ወበሊዐ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወሰቲየ፡ ወይን፡ ከመዘ፡ ርኩስ፡ ወይሬሲ፡ ርእሶ፡ ከመ፡ ዘይኄይስ፡ እምባዕድ፡ ወከመ፡ ዘኢይደልዎ፡ ወኢበልዖ፡ በዝንቱ፡ ምክንያት፡ ወይገብር፡ ዘንተ፡ በእበዱ፡ እስመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘፈጠረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሠናይ፡ ውእቱ፡ ፈድፋደ፡ ወተባዕትኒ፡ ወአንስትኒ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ፍጥረተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሠናይ፡ ወአዳም። አላ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይፀርፍ፡ ላዕለ፡ ፍጥረተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይክሕድ፡ ከመ፡ ኢኮነ፡ ሠናየ፡ ፍጥረቱ፡ ለይትመተር፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወከማሁ፡ መሀይምናንሂ። ወዘሰ፡ ኀደገ፡ በፍኖተ፡ አምልኮ፡ ወተፀምዶ፡ ወኀዲገ፡ ፍትወት፡ ለፈሪሀ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወለሥምረቱ፡ ወውእቱሰ፡ ብዉሕ፡ ሎቱ","english":"Canon 45. Concerning divorce. If a layman expels his wife from his house without cause, or if he beats her, or if he brings another woman in with her, or if he divorces her through fornication, he shall be expelled from the church.\n\nCanon 46. Concerning one who curses the pure. If a bishop or a priest or a deacon or one who is numbered among the priests has refused to receive and has eaten meat and drunk wine as if it were unclean, and has considered himself as one who is alienated from the flock, and as one who has not beaten it nor eaten it, for this reason, and does this in his refusal, because everything that God created is good, each one, and males and females, they are the creation of God, good. And Adam is not the one who despises the creation of God and denies that it is good. His creation shall be cut off from the church of God. And likewise the faithful, and he who has abandoned the path of worship and has been excommunicated and has abandoned desire for fear of God and for his pleasure, and he is abundant for him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 45 addresses lay divorce and expulsion from church; Canon 46 concerns clergy who reject meat and wine as unclean, with a theological justification of creation's goodness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ድሕረት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ድሕረት' (dəḥrät) in Canon 45 means 'divorce' or 'repudiation,' reflecting a legal concept of marital dissolution.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘየሐርም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ዘየሐርም ንጹሐ' (za-yäḥarrəm nəṣuḥa) in Canon 46 means 'one who curses the pure,' likely referring to those who denounce the purity of God's creation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The statement 'everything that God created is good' echoes Genesis 1:31 (LXX) and reflects a creation theology opposing Manichaean or Gnostic dualism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 46's prohibition against rejecting meat and wine as unclean likely targets ascetic or heretical groups (e.g., Encratites or Manichaeans) who deemed animal products impure.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The final sentence of Canon 46 is syntactically unclear in Geʿez; 'he is abundant for him' may be a corruption or misreading, possibly meaning 'he is sufficient for him' or referring to divine grace.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text of Canon 46's conclusion is ambiguous: 'ወውእቱሰ ብዉሕ ሎቱ' could mean 'and he is abundant for him' or 'and it is sufficient for him,' but the referent is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"፵፯፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ኃጥእ፡ ዘይኔስሕ። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ ዘኢይትወከፍ፡ ንስሓሁ፡ ለኃጥእ፡ ሶበ፡ ይኔስሕ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ወይትመየጥ፡ እምኀጢኣቱ፡ ለይትመተር፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ ዐለወ፡ ቃለ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘይቤ፡ ይከውን፡ በሰማይ፡ ፍሥሓ፡ ዐቢየ፡ በእንተ፡ አሐዱ፡ ኃጥእ፡ ዘይኔስሕ፡ ወይገብእ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ ሶበ፡ ይገብእ፡ ይትወከፎ\n\n፵፰፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ በሊዐ፡ ሥጋ፡ በበዓላት። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘኢበልዐ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወኢሰትየ፡ ወይነ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ በዓላተ፡ ፋሲካ፡ ለይትመተር፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ ኮነ፡ መርሓ፡ ለሙስና፡ ሰብእ፡ ወተለዎ፡ ለማኒ፡ ፀረ፡ ክርስቶስ\n\n፵፱፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ በሊዕ፡ ወሰቲይ፡ ለካህናት፡ በካልእ፡ ፍኖት። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምካህናት፡ ዘበልዐ፡ መባልዕተ፡ በውስተ፡ ምዝፋናት፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ማኅደረ፡ እኩያን፡ ወለእመ፡ ሰትየ፡ ስቴ፡ ስካር፡ በኀበ፡ ማኅደረ፡ ዘማዊያን፡ ወይደመር፡ ምስለ፡ እለ፡ አልቦሙ፡ ሠናየ፡ አላ፡ ባሕቱ፡ ለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ነግደ፡ ወይበልዕ፡ በውስተ፡ ማኅደረ፡ ነግድ፡ አው፡ ይሣየጥ፡ መብልዐ፡ ወይወስድ፡ ኀበ፡ ማኅደሩ፡ እስመ፡ ሰብእ፡ ይትመነደቡ፡ በመንግድ። ወእመአኮ፡ ይሰዐር፡ እመዓርጊሁ","english":"Canon 47. Concerning the sin of one who repents. If a bishop or a priest does not accept the repentance of a sinner when he repents before him, and he is separated from his sin, he shall be cut off from the church of God, because he has transgressed the word of our Lord Christ, who said: \"There will be great joy in heaven on account of one sinner who repents and enters to God,\" because when he enters, it is accepted.\n\nCanon 48. Concerning the eating of meat on feast days. If a bishop or a priest or a deacon eats meat and drinks wine during the season of the feasts of Pascha, he shall be cut off from the church of God, because he has become a guide to the corruption of the people and has followed the enemy of Christ.\n\nCanon 49. Concerning the eating and drinking of priests on a second path. If a man from among the priests eats meals in taverns, which are a dwelling place of evil ones, and if he drinks an intoxicating drink in a dwelling place of drunkards, and he is found with those who have no goodness—not only that, but if he is a traveler and eats in a lodging house of travelers, or he purchases food and takes it to his lodging, because people are tested on a journey—and if he does not act according to his rank.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 47–49 form a narrative sequence on clerical discipline: repentance (47), dietary violations (48), and conduct in public houses (49).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይቤ ይከውን በሰማይ ፍሥሓ ዐቢየ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 47 echoes a saying of Christ not found verbatim in the canonical Gospels; it may derive from an apocryphal or patristic source on the joy in heaven over a repentant sinner.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማኅደረ እኩያን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'dwelling place of evil ones' in Canon 49 likely refers to taverns or inns, viewed as morally dangerous spaces in monastic and clerical regulations.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The prohibition on eating meat and drinking wine during Pascha (Canon 48) reflects the strict Lenten fast observed in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, where animal products are avoided.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 48's penalty of excommunication for clergy who break the Paschal fast parallels similar canons in the Apostolic Tradition and the Canons of Hippolytus.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በካልእ ፍኖት","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'on a second path' in Canon 49 is ambiguous; it may mean 'on a journey' (as the English draft renders) or 'in a secondary manner' (e.g., illicitly). The Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 49: 'በካልእ ፍኖት' could mean 'on a second path' (i.e., illicitly) or 'on a journey' (as a traveler). The English draft opts for the latter, but the Geʿez is ambiguous.","Canon 47: The citation of Christ's saying is not identified in the canonical Gospels; its source is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"፶፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘጸዐለ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሰ፡ ወባዕደ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘጸዐለ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሰ፡ አው፡ ረገሞ፡ ወይቤ፡ ኢያአምር፡ ወረሰዮ፡ ከመ፡ አብድ፡ ለይትመተር፡ እመዓርጊሁ። ወከማሁ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስኒ፡ ለእመ፡ ረገመ፡ ካህነ፡ አው፡ ጸዐለ፡ ከመዝ፡ ለይትመተር። እስመ፡ ተብህለ፡ በሕግ፡ ለርእሰ፡ ሕዝብከ፡ ኢትንብብ፡ እኩየ፡ ወኢትርግም\n\n፶፩፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘይረግም፡ ካህናተ፡ እምሕዝብ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምካህናት፡ አው፡ እመሀይምናን፡ ዘጸዐለ፡ ቀሲሰ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆነ፡ አው፡ ረገሞሙ፡ በከመ፡ አቅደምነ፡ ነጊረ፡ ለይትፈለጥ\n\n፶፪፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘይሳለቅ፡ ላዕለ፡ ድውያን። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምካህናት፡ ወሕዝባዊያን፡ ዘተሳለቀ፡ አው፡ ሠሐቀ፡ ብእሴ፡ ጽሙመ፡ አው፡ ዕዉረ፡ አው፡ በሃመ፡ አው፡ ሐንካሰ፡ አው፡ ድዉየ፡ አው፡ መፃጕዐ፡ አው፡ ዝልጉሰ፡ ለይሰዐር፡ እስመ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በውስተ፡ ሕግ፡ ኢትግበር፡ ቅድመ፡ ዕዉር፡ ዕቅፍተ፡ ወኢታምዕዖ፡ ለበሃም። ወኢይጽዐል፡ መነሂ፡ መሀይምነ፡ ዘረከቦ፡ መንሱት፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ያዐጽብ፡ ወያቀልል፡ ያነዲ፡ ወያብዕል፡ ይቀትል፡ ወያሐዩ፡ ያደዊ፡ ወይፌውስ። ወዘገብረ፡ ከመዝ፡ እመሂ፡ ካህን፡ ይስዐር፡ እምክህነቱ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ይክልእዎ፡ ቍርባነ፡ ወዝንቱ፡ ፍዳሁ፡ ወስዱድ፡ ውእቱ፡ እምሕገ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘብሉይ፡ ወዘሐዲስ","english":"Canon 50. Concerning one who curses a bishop. If a man curses a bishop or reviles him and says, “I do not know him,” and sets him as an enemy to be cut off from his rank, and likewise a bishop, if he reviles a priest or curses him in like manner, he shall be cut off. For it is said in the law, “Do not revile the head of your people, do not speak evil, and do not curse.”\n\nCanon 51. Concerning one who reviles priests from the people. If a man, whether from the priests or from the faithful, curses a priest or a deacon or reviles them, as we have previously spoken, he shall be separated.\n\nCanon 52. Concerning one who mocks the sick. If a man, whether from the priests or the laity, mocks or laughs at a man who is mute, or blind, or deaf, or lame, or sick, or leprous, or mutilated, he shall be punished. For thus says the Lord in the law: “Do not place a stumbling block before the blind, and do not mock the deaf.” And no faithful person who has found mercy from God shall mock, for he who is from God diminishes and lightens, destroys and increases, kills and brings to life, judges and pardons. And if one who does thus is a priest, he shall be punished by removal from his priesthood; and if he is a layman, he shall be denied communion. And this is his penalty, and he is excommunicated from the law of God, both Old and New.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage contains three canons (50–52) in sequence, each introduced by a numbered rubric. The pattern is consistent with the Coptic Vorlage of the Abṭelisāt collection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጸዐለ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ጸዐለ (ṣaʿala) can mean 'curse' or 'revile,' and is used in canons 50–51 for offenses against clergy. The English draft renders it as 'curse' or 'revile' depending on context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትግበር ቅድመ ዕዉር ዕቅፍተ ወኢታምዕዖ ለበሃም","severity":"info","text":"Canon 52 quotes a law attributed to the Lord: 'Do not place a stumbling block before the blind, and do not mock the deaf.' This echoes Leviticus 19:14 and Deuteronomy 27:18, though not verbatim.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The penalty in canon 52—excommunication from both Old and New Law—reflects the bipartite scriptural authority common in Ethiopic canon law, where the 'law of God' encompasses both Testaments.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 50's prohibition against cursing a bishop parallels the Apostolic Canons (e.g., Canon 28 of the so-called 'Apostolic Canons' in the Syntagma), which also prescribe deposition for such an offense.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text of canon 50 includes a conditional clause ('if a man curses a bishop or reviles him and says, “I do not know him”') that is ambiguous: it may imply denial of the bishop's authority or a personal insult. The English draft follows one plausible reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢያአምር ወረሰዮ ከመ አብድ' in canon 50 could mean either 'I do not know him and set him as an enemy' or 'I do not acknowledge him and treat him as an outcast.' The English draft opts for the former.","The penalty in canon 52 for a layman ('ይክልእዎ ቍርባነ') is ambiguous: it may mean 'denied communion' (temporary) or 'excommunicated' (permanent). The draft chooses 'denied communion.'"],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"፶፫፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ገሥጾ፡ ሰብእ። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ ዘተሠይመ፡ ለብሔር፡ ወገደፎሙ፡ ለካህናት፡ ወለሕዝብ፡ ወኢኀወጾሙ፡ በትእዛዝ፡ ወኢመሀሮሙ፡ ፈሪሀ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለይስዐር፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ወለእመ፡ ነበረ፡ በውእቱ፡ አስትቶ፡ ለይትመተር፡ እመዓርጊሁ\n\n፶፬፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ መፍቅዶሙ፡ ለካህናት። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ ዘተሠይመ፡ ላዕለ፡ ሀገር፡ ወይሬኢ፡ ብእሴ፡ እምካህናት፡ ጽኑሰ፡ አው፡ ምንዱበ፡ ወኢወሀቦ፡ መፍቅዶ፡ ወኢከልአ፡ ተጽናሶ፡ ወኢረድኦ፡ በንዴቱ፡ በዘረከቦ፡ ምንዳቤ፡ ለይሰዐር፡ ተስዒረ፡ ወይርከቦ፡ ኵነኔ\n\n፶፭፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ መጻሕፍት፡ ዘኢይደሉ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘነሥአ፡ መጻሕፍተ፡ ሐሰት፡ ዘሤሙ፡ ዕልዋን፡ እለ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ጸላእተ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወአብአ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወኈለቋ፡ ምስለ፡ መጻሕፍት፡ ቅዱሳት፡ ለምርዓት፡ ወለአማስኖ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ለይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ከርስቲያን፡ ወይስዐር","english":"Canon 53. Concerning the rebuke of a person. If a bishop or a priest who has been appointed over a region excommunicates the priests and the people, and does not dismiss them with a command, and does not teach them the fear of God, he shall be removed from among them. And if he persists in the same, he shall be deposed from his rank.\n\nCanon 54. Concerning the forgiveness of priests. If a bishop or a priest who has been appointed over a city sees a man from among the priests who is stubborn or excommunicated, and does not give him forgiveness, and does not remove his stubbornness, and does not help him in his affliction, in that he has found him in excommunication, he shall be removed, removed, and he shall find judgment.\n\nCanon 55. Concerning books which are not suitable for the church. If a man takes false books which are called Elders, which are enemies of Christ, and brings them into the church, and mixes them with the holy books for the reading and teaching of the people, he shall be expelled from the church and shall be removed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፶፫፡ ቀኖና። … ፶፭፡ ቀኖና።","severity":"info","text":"Canons 53–55 form a narrative sequence on clerical discipline: rebuke (53), forgiveness (54), and heretical books (55). The Geʿez numbering matches the Coptic Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ገሥጾ","severity":"info","text":"ገሥጾ (gaśśo) translates Coptic ϫⲓⲛϭⲟⲛⲥ or Greek ἐπιτίμησις, meaning 'rebuke' or 'censure'. The Geʿez term implies formal ecclesiastical correction, not mere personal reprimand.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መፍቅዶ","severity":"info","text":"መፍቅዶ (mafqədo) renders Coptic ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲁ or Greek συγχώρησις, 'forgiveness' or 'absolution'. The canon requires a bishop to grant this to a repentant excommunicate.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕልዋን","severity":"info","text":"ዕልዋን (ʿəlawān) is a Geʿez plural of ʿəlawi, 'elder' or 'old one', here referring to apocryphal books attributed to the 'Elders' (presumably the 'Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs' or similar pseudepigrapha). These were considered heretical in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"፶፭፡ ቀኖና።","severity":"info","text":"Canon 55's prohibition of 'false books' called 'Elders' reflects a known concern in Ethiopian canon law against apocryphal texts, echoed in the Senodos and later synods. The penalty of expulsion underscores the seriousness of the offense.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፶፬፡ ቀኖና።","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft renders 'መፍቅዶ' as 'forgiveness' but the Geʿez also implies 'permission' or 'release' from excommunication. The phrase 'ወኢከልአ ተጽናሶ' ('and does not remove his stubbornness') is ambiguous: it may mean the bishop fails to absolve the priest's contumacy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 54: 'ወኢረድኦ በንዴቱ' could mean 'and does not help him in his affliction' (as in the English draft) or 'and does not assist him in his excommunication' (i.e., fails to lift the ban). The Geʿez 'ንዴቱ' (nədētu) is ambiguous between 'affliction' and 'excommunication'.","Canon 55: 'ዘሤሙ ዕልዋን' ('which are called Elders') may refer to a specific collection of apocryphal works, but the identity is not specified in the text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"፶፮፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዝሙት፡ ወባዕድኒ፡ ዘኢይደሉ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ መሀይምን፡ ዘወድቀ፡ በአብዝኆ፡ ዝሙት፡ ገሃደ፡ እስከ፡ ይከውኖ፡ እምዘማዊያት፡ ውሉደ፡ ወባዕድኒ፡ እኩይ፡ ዘአምሳለ፡ ሥራይ፡ ወዝሙት፡ በጣዖት፡ የሀብዎ፡ ይላሑ፡ ላዕለ፡ ነፍሱ፡ ወይነስሕ። ወኢይሠየም፡ በምንትኒ፡ እምክህነት፡ ለእመ፡ ፈቀደ፡ ውእተ። ወለእመ፡ አነኀ፡ በሠናይ፡ ተነስሖ፡ ይትወከፍዎ\n\n፶፯፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘክሕደ፡ ሕጎ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምካህናት፡ ወሕዝባዊያን፡ ዘክሕደ፡ ሕጎ፡ እምፍርሀተ፡ አይሁድ፡ ወአረሚ፡ ወዕልዋን፡ ወኢያግሀደ፡ ግብረ፡ ሕጉ፡ ወኮኖ፡ መርሐ፡ ለክሒድ፡ ወዐሊው፡ በስመ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። ወለእመ፡ ክሕደ፡ ክህነቶ፡ ይሰዐር፡ እመዓርጊሁ፡ ወለእመ፡ ነስሐ፡ ይትወከፍዎ፡ ምስለ፡ መሀይምናን\n\n፶፰፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ በሊዐ፡ ሕሩም። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ አው፡ ባዕድ፡ እምካህናት፡ ዘበልዐ፡ ሥጋ፡ ዘኢተሐርደ፡ አው፡ ዘነሰኮ፡ ተኵላ፡ አው፡ ማውታ፡ አው፡ ባዕደ፡ እምውታን፡ ለይስዐር፡ እምሢመቱ። እስመ፡ ዘንተኒ፡ ከልአ፡ ሕግ፡ ወለእመኒ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ይሰደድ","english":"Canon 56. Concerning fornication and other evil things. If a faithful man falls into excessive fornication openly, until he is like the fornicators, children, and other evil ones, who are like the worship of idols and fornication, they shall rebuke him over his soul, and he shall repent, and he shall not be deposed from any priesthood, if he wishes. And if he repents well, his repentance shall be accepted.\n\nCanon 57. Concerning one who denies the law. If a man, whether from the clergy or the laity, denies the law from fear of Jews, pagans, and heretics, and does not perform the work of his law, and becomes a guide for denial and heresy in the name of Christ, he shall be expelled from the church. And if he denies his priesthood, he shall be deposed from his rank. And if he repents, he shall be accepted with the faithful.\n\nCanon 58. Concerning eating carrion. If a bishop, or a priest, or a deacon, or another from the clergy eats meat that is not slaughtered, or that which a wolf has killed, or a carcass, or other dead things, he shall be deposed from his office, for this also is forbidden by law. And if a layperson does so, he shall be expelled.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 56–58 form a narrative sequence on sexual sin, denial of law, and dietary transgression, each with escalating penalties.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዝሙት","severity":"info","text":"Geʿez ዝሙት (zəmūt) means 'fornication' or 'unchastity', here paired with ባዕድኒ (other evil things) to broaden the scope of sexual misconduct.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሕሩም","severity":"info","text":"Geʿez ሕሩም (ḥərum) means 'carrion' or 'unclean meat', specifically meat not ritually slaughtered, as in Canon 58.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The prohibition against eating carrion (Canon 58) reflects Levitical dietary laws (Lev 11:39–40) and early Christian canons on purity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 57's penalty for denying the law under fear of Jews, pagans, and heretics parallels the Apostolic Canons (e.g., Canon 62) on apostasy.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These canons were transmitted in Ethiopic canon law collections, influencing later monastic rules on purity and clerical discipline.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 56: 'children' (ውሉደ) may refer to literal minors or metaphorically to those who are spiritually immature; the translation takes it as literal.","Canon 58: 'meat that is not slaughtered' (ዘኢተሐርደ) could mean meat from animals not killed by a Christian or not bled; the context suggests the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"፶፱፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ጾመ፡ ሰንበት፡ ወእሑድ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምካህናት፡ ወሕዝባዊያን፡ ዘተገበረ፡ ጾመ፡ በዕለተ፡ ሰንበት፡ ወዕለተ፡ እሑድ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ አሐቲ፡ ሰንበት፡ እንተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ሰንበተ፡ ፋሲካ፡ ለይትመተር፡ ካህን፡ እምሢመቱ፡ ወሕዝባዊ፡ እምቍርባን\n\n፷፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘቦአ፡ ምኵራበ፡ አይሁድ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ካህን፡ አው፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ መሀይምን፡ ዘቦአ፡ ምኵራበ፡ አይሁድ፡ ለጸሎት፡ አው፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያነ፡ ዕልዋን፡ ለተፈውሶ፡ በኀቤሆሙ፡ ወጸሎት፡ ለይትመተር፡ እመዓርጊሁ፡ ወይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን\n\n፷፩፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘቀተለ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ፈቃዱ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምካህናት፡ ዘተባአሰ፡ ምስለ፡ ካልእ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወዘበጦ፡ ወሞተ፡ ባቲ፡ ለይስዐር፡ እምሢመቱ፡ ወለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ቅድስት\n\n፷፪፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘአማሰነ፡ ድንግለ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘተዐገለ፡ ወለተ፡ ድንግለ፡ እንተ፡ ተፍኅረት፡ ለካልእ፡ ወኢኮነት፡ ሎቱ፡ ወኀየላ፡ ላዕለ፡ ነፍሳ፡ ወአኅሰራ፡ ድንግልናሃ፡ ለይስዐር፡ ከመ፡ ይትገሠጽ። ወኢይከውኖ፡ ያውስብ፡ ካልእተ፡ አላ፡ የአዝዝዎ፡ ከመ፡ ያውስባ፡ በከመ፡ አፍቀራ፡ ለነፍሱ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ኮነት፡ ነዳይተ","english":"Canon 59. Concerning the fast of Saturday and Sunday. If a man, whether from the clergy or the laity, who has observed a fast on the day of Saturday and the day of Sunday, except for one Saturday, which is the Saturday of Pascha, the priest shall be removed from his office, and the layman from communion.\n\nCanon 60. Concerning one who enters a synagogue of the Jews. If a man, priest or layman, faithful, who enters a synagogue of the Jews for prayer, or a church of heretics for healing among them and for prayer, he shall be removed from his rank and shall be expelled from the church.\n\nCanon 61. Concerning one who kills without his will. If a man from the clergy who has fought with another man and struck him, and he died by it, he shall be diminished from his office. And if he is a layman, he shall be expelled from the church of God the holy.\n\nCanon 62. Concerning one who has violated a virgin. If a man who has seduced a virgin daughter who was betrothed to another, and she was not his, and he has sinned against her soul and destroyed her virginity, he shall be diminished as he is punished. And he shall not be allowed to take another, but they shall command him to take her as he loved her soul. And if she is poor,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፶፱፡ ቀኖና። ... ፷፪፡ ቀኖና።","severity":"info","text":"This passage contains canons 59–62, each introduced by a numeral and the word ቀኖና (canon). The canons are thematically grouped: fasting rules (59), association with non-Christians (60), manslaughter (61), and sexual violation (62).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰንበት፡ ወእሑድ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Saturday and Sunday' (ሰንበት ወእሑድ) refers to the Sabbath and the Lord's Day. The exception for the Saturday of Pascha (ሰንበተ ፋሲካ) reflects a known practice where fasting on that specific Saturday is permitted.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ምኵራበ፡ አይሁድ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 60 prohibits entering a synagogue (ምኵራበ አይሁድ) or a heretical church (ቤተ ክርስቲያነ ዕልዋን). This reflects early Christian concerns about maintaining religious boundaries and avoiding participation in non-orthodox worship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘተባአሰ፡ ምስለ፡ ካልእ፡ ብእሲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'fought with another man' (ዘተባአሰ ምስለ ካልእ ብእሲ) in canon 61 describes a physical altercation resulting in death. The Geʿez verb ተባአሰ can mean 'to fight' or 'to quarrel,' implying a violent encounter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘአማሰነ፡ ድንግለ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 62 uses the phrase 'violated a virgin' (ዘአማሰነ ድንግለ). The verb አማሰነ implies defilement or violation, and the context specifies seduction of a betrothed virgin, with penalties including forced marriage if she is poor.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢኮነት፡ ሎቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'she was not his' (ወኢኮነት ሎቱ) in canon 62 is ambiguous: it may mean the woman was not betrothed to the perpetrator, or that she was not his legal wife. The English draft interprets it as 'betrothed to another,' but the Geʿez does not explicitly state this.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 62: The Geʿez phrase 'እንተ ተፍኅረት ለካልእ' is translated as 'who was betrothed to another,' but the verb ተፍኅረት could also mean 'was promised' or 'was given,' leaving the exact nature of the prior commitment unclear.","Canon 59: The exception 'except for one Saturday, which is the Saturday of Pascha' is clear, but the Geʿez does not specify whether this exception applies to both clergy and laity or only to one group."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"፷፫፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘአውሰበ፡ ክልኤተ። እመሂ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘአውሰበ፡ ክልኤተ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ይሠየም፡ ለይትመተር፡ ውእቱሂ፡ ወዘሤሞ። አላ፡ ለእመ፡ ነገረ፡ ዘሤሞ፡ ከመ፡ ኢያእመረ፡ ግብሮ፡ ወይደልዎ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ይትመተር፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ እስመ፡ ኀብአ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ በአፍቅሮ፡ ክህነት። ወቦ፡ እምእሉ፡ እለ፡ ይሠየሙ፡ ዳግመ። ወዘተሠይመ፡ ዳግመ፡ ለይስዐር፡ እምሢመቱ፡ ወዘሤሞሂ። አላ፡ ለእመ፡ ነገረ፡ ከመ፡ ዘሤሞ፡ ቀዳሚ፡ ካህነ፡ አረሳዊ፡ ውእቱ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ጥምቀት፡ ዘበአማን፡ እስመ፡ ክህነቶሙ፡ ለዕልዋን፡ ኢኮነት፡ ክህነተ፡ ወኢኮነ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘይትወከፍ፡ ጥምቀቶሙ፡ መሀይመነ፡ ወካህነ\n\n፷፬፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ ጾም። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘኢይጸውም፡ ዐቢየ፡ ጾመ፡ ፵፡ ዕለተ፡ ወረቡዐ፡ ወዐርበ፡ ዘወትር፡ ከመ፡ ሕገ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘአዘዝነ፡ ለይስዐር፡ እምሢመቱ፡ ለእመ፡ ኢከልኦ፡ እምኔሃ፡ ሕማም፡ ዘሥጋ፡ አው፡ ምክንያተ፡ ዕውቅ፡ ዘያመከኒ፡ ባቲ። ወለእመ፡ ገብረ፡ ከማሁ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ለይሰደድ","english":"Canon 63. Concerning one who has added two [things]. If a bishop, or a priest, or a deacon has added two [things] before fasting, he shall be deposed. And he who has done so, if he says that he did so because he did not know the practice, and it is fitting for him, that one shall be deposed only, because he has hidden his sin through love of the priesthood. And among those who fast again, and who have fasted again, he shall be removed from his office. And he who has done so, if he says that he did so because he was formerly a priest of the Arethasians, he is [to be treated] before baptism as a believer, because the priesthood of the elders is not a true priesthood, and there is no man who can accept their baptism as a believer and a priest.\n\nCanon 64. Concerning the commandment of fasting. If a man does not observe the great fast of forty days, and Wednesday and Friday continually, according to the law of the church which we have commanded, he shall be removed from his office, unless he is prevented from it by bodily illness or a known reason which hinders him from it. And if a layman does likewise, he shall be excommunicated.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ክልኤተ (kələʾetä)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'added two' (አውሰበ ክልኤተ) is ambiguous; it likely refers to adding two fast days or two additional observances before the prescribed fast, but the object is not specified.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ካህነ አረሳዊ (kāhnä ʾäräsawi)","severity":"info","text":"The 'priest of the Arethasians' (ካህነ አረሳዊ) refers to a follower of Arius; the term derives from the Greek 'Arianos' via Geʿez adaptation, indicating a heretical priest whose ordination is considered invalid.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 63 contains a conditional clause with multiple subconditions (ignorance, prior Arian status), each with distinct penalties; Canon 64 is a straightforward conditional with an exception for illness or valid hindrance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text's treatment of Arian clergy as requiring rebaptism reflects post-Nicene concerns about the validity of heretical ordinations, a theme common in Ethiopic canonical collections.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'added two' (አውሰበ ክልኤተ) is obscure; the English draft interprets it as adding two things before fasting, but the Geʿez lacks a clear antecedent, leaving the exact transgression uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The object of 'added two' is unspecified; it may refer to adding two fast days or two liturgical acts.","The phrase 'before fasting' (እምቅድመ ይሠየም) could mean before the fast begins or before the act of fasting itself."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"፷፭፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ አምኃሆሙ፡ ለአይሁድ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እምካህናት፡ ወሕዝባዊያን፡ ዘጾመ፡ ምስለ፡ አይሁድ፡ አው፡ ገብረ፡ በዓለ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ወተወክፈ፡ አምኃሆሙ፡ በበዓሎሙ፡ ናእተ፡ ወዘይመስሎ፡ እንዘ፡ ያከብሮሙ፡ ወለበዓላቲሆሙ፡ ወያቀልል፡ ሕጎ፡ ወኢያከብሮ፡ ለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ካህነ፡ ይስዐር፡ እምሢመቱ፡ ወለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ይሰደድ፡ እምሕዝብ\n\n፷፮፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘይበፅዕ፡ ለመካነ፡ አፍኣ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ እመሀይምናን፡ ወካህናት፡ ዘፈነወ፡ ለምኵራበ፡ አይሁድ፡ አው፡ ለምስጋደ፡ አማልክት፡ ወተንበላት፡ አው፡ አብያተ፡ ክርስቲያነ፡ ዕልዋን፡ ቅብአ፡ በዘያበርሁ፡ አው፡ ማኅቶተ፡ በዘ፡ ያኀትው፡ ለይሰደድ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን\n\n፷፯፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘይሰርቅ፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። እመሂ፡ ካህን፡ አው፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ዘይነሥእ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ቅብአ፡ አው፡ ሠምዐ፡ በሰሪቅ፡ ለይስዐር፡ ወያግብእ፡ ዘነሥአ፡ ኃምስተ፡ መክዕቢቶ፡ ወይገሥጽዎ፡ በእንቲአሃ","english":"Canon 65. Concerning the unleavened bread of the Jews. If any man, whether from the clergy or the laity, has fasted with the Jews, or celebrated a feast with them, and has received their unleavened bread on their feasts, and anything like it, while honoring them and their feasts, and belittles the law and does not honor it: if he is a cleric, he shall be deposed from his rank; and if he is a layman, he shall be excommunicated from the people.\n\nCanon 66. Concerning one who goes to a place of idols. If any man, from the faithful and the clergy, has sent to the synagogue of the Jews, or to the temple of idols and the worship of them, or to churches of Christians, oil for what they burn, or incense for what they burn, he shall be excommunicated from the church.\n\nCanon 67. Concerning one who steals the property of the church. If a cleric or a layman takes from the church oil or wax by theft, he shall be deposed, and he shall return what he took fivefold, and they shall rebuke him for it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አምኃሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term አምኃሆሙ (ʾamḫāhomu) is translated as 'unleavened bread' (i.e., matzah), referring specifically to the Jewish Passover bread. The Coptic Vorlage likely had a term for azymes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 65–67 reflect early Christian anxieties about Jewish and pagan practices, a common theme in apostolic church orders. The penalties (deposition for clergy, excommunication for laity) align with late antique conciliar decrees.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The three canons form a thematic unit: Canon 65 prohibits participation in Jewish feasts, Canon 66 forbids sending offerings to non-Christian or heterodox sites, and Canon 67 addresses theft of church property. Each follows a conditional protasis-apodosis pattern.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 65 parallels the Apostolic Canons (e.g., Canon 70 of the so-called 'Apostolic Canons' in the Ethiopic tradition) and echoes the Council of Laodicea (Canon 29) forbidding Christians from Judaizing.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text of Canon 66 mentions 'churches of Christians' (አብያተ ክርስቲያነ ዕልዋን) as recipients of prohibited offerings, which is ambiguous: it may refer to heretical Christian groups (e.g., Chalcedonians) or be a scribal error. The English draft omits this clause.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These canons are preserved in the Ethiopic 'Abtelisāt' (80 Canons) tradition, a translation of a Coptic collection. The fivefold restitution in Canon 67 reflects biblical and patristic principles (cf. Exod 22:1 LXX).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 66: the phrase 'churches of Christians' (አብያተ ክርስቲያነ ዕልዋን) is unclear—it may denote heretical churches or be a corruption; the English draft omits it.","Canon 65: the term 'unleavened bread' (አምኃሆሙ) is specific to Jewish practice, but the Geʿez could also be read generically as 'their bread'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"፷፰፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ንዋየ፡ መቅደስ፡ ለመቅደስ፡ ወአኮ፡ ለባዕድ። ኵሉ፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ እምአልባስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አው፡ ንዋየ፡ ዘወርቅ፡ ወብሩር፡ ኢይከውን፡ ለሰብእ፡ ይትገበሮሙ፡ በቤቱ፡ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዕልወተ፡ ሕግ፡ ዘአዘዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወለእመቦ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ከማሁ፡ ይኰንንዎ፡ ወይስድድዎ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን\n\n፷፱፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ተዐድዎ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ኀበ፡ ዘኢይደሉ። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ለእመ፡ ሰከይዎ፡ መሀይምናን፡ ሥሙራን፡ ወካህናት፡ ወአልቦሙ፡ በውእቱ፡ መካን፡ ሊቀ፡ ዘይሰኪዩ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ በእንተ፡ ዕልወተ፡ ሕግ፡ ወወልጦቱ፡ ዘአዘዝነ፡ ይስክይዎ፡ ኀበ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ እለ፡ ቅሩብ፡ ኀቤሆሙ፡ ወይጸውዕዎ፡ ኀቤሆሙ፡ ከመ፡ ይገሥጽዎ፡ ወይርአዩ፡ በዘ፡ አስተዋደይዎ። ወለእመ፡ መጽአ፡ ወአምነ፡ ኀጢአቶ፡ ይዛለፍዎ፡ በእንተ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ወይኰንንዎ፡ ወየአዝዝዎ፡ በከመ፡ ሠራዕነ፡ ለዘ፡ ከማሁ፡ ወይኰንንዎ፡ ዐቢየ፡ ኵነኔ፡ ወለእመ፡ አበየ፡ መጺአ፡ ይድግሙ፡ ልኢከ፡ ካዕበ፡ ወለእመ፡ አበየ፡ ይልአኩ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ክልኤተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳተ፡ ካዕበ፡ ወሥልሰ፡ ወለእመ፡ አበዮሙ፡ ወኢተለዎሙ፡ ይኤዝዙ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ከመ፡ ይስዐርዎ፡ ወኢይምሰሎ፡ ሶበ፡ ይጐይይ፡ እምሕዝብ፡ ዘይኄይሶ","english":"Canon 68. Concerning the property of the sanctuary, for the sanctuary and not for another. All the property of the church, whether sacred vestments or property of gold and silver, shall not be for a person to use in his own house, for it is a transgression of the law which God commanded. And if anyone has done likewise, they shall condemn him and expel him from the church.\n\nCanon 69. Concerning the accusation of a bishop against one who is not worthy. If the faithful, the deacons, and the priests have accused him, and there is no one in that place who is superior to accuse him on account of transgression of the law and his perversion which we have commanded, they shall accuse him before the bishops who are near to them, and they shall summon him to them so that they may rebuke him and see concerning that which they have accused him. And if he comes and confesses his sin, they shall forgive him for what he has done, and they shall condemn him and command him according to what we have decreed for one like him, and they shall condemn him with a severe condemnation. And if he refuses to come, they shall send to him a second time. And if he refuses, they shall send to him two bishops a second and a third time. And if he refuses them and does not receive them, the people shall command that they seize him, and he shall not be heard when he cries out from the people who seize him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፷፰፡ ቀኖና። ... ፷፱፡ ቀኖና።","severity":"info","text":"This passage contains two canons (68 and 69) in sequence, each introduced by a numeral and the word ቀኖና (canon). Canon 68 concerns church property; Canon 69 concerns the procedure for accusing a bishop.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ንዋየ፡ መቅደስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ንዋየ መቅደስ (property of the sanctuary) refers to movable goods of the church, including vestments and precious metals, as specified in the canon.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ተዐድዎ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡","severity":"info","text":"ተዐድዎ ኤጲስ ቆጶስ (accusation of a bishop) introduces a legal process: the faithful, deacons, and priests accuse a bishop of transgression, and if no local superior exists, the case goes to nearby bishops.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The procedure in Canon 69—multiple summons, confession, forgiveness, and escalating condemnation—reflects late antique ecclesiastical discipline, paralleling canons in the Apostolic Tradition and early church orders.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይምሰሎ፡ ሶበ፡ ይጐይይ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'he shall not be heard when he cries out' is ambiguous: it may mean the accused has no right of appeal or that his outcry is ignored during seizure. The Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወኢይምሰሎ ሶበ ይጐይይ' (he shall not be heard when he cries out) is ambiguous: it could mean the accused loses the right to be heard in his defense, or that his physical cries during seizure are disregarded. The Geʿez does not disambiguate.","In Canon 68, 'ኢይከውን ለሰብእ ይትገበሮሙ በቤቱ' (shall not be for a person to use in his own house) may imply either personal use or removal from church premises; the precise prohibition is not fully specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"፸፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ስምዕ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ። ኢይትወከፉ፡ ስምዐ፡ አረሳዊ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወኢይትወከፉ፡ ስምዐ፡ አሐዱ፡ መሀይምን፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ እስመ፡ ከመዝ፡ ጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ ሕግ፡ በአፈ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ አው፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ይቁም፡ ኵሉ፡ ቃል፡ ወቦሙ፡ ዓዲ፡ ይትፈጸም፡ ኵሉ፡ ስምዕ\n\n፸፩፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ክህነት። ወኢይትዋረስ። ኢይከውኖ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ያውርስ፡ ሢመቶ፡ ወኢለመኑሂ፡ እምሰብአ፡ ቤቱ፡ ወኢለእኁሁ፡ ወኢለእኅወ፡ እሙ፡ ወኢለወልዱ፡ ወኢለዘመዱ፡ ወኢለመኑሂ፡ ለዘያፈቅር። ወኢይከውኖ፡ ያውርስ፡ ክህነተ፡ ወኢይትገሐሥ፡ እምዘ፡ አዘዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኀበ፡ ዘኢይደሉ፡ ወኢይኩን፡ ትእዛዝ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ በከመ፡ ያፈቅር፡ ወኢይደሉ፡ ያውርሱ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር። ወለእመ፡ ገብረ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይትገደፍ፡ ክህነት፡ ወዘገብረ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይኰንንዎ፡ ኵነኔ፡ ስዑራን\n\n፸፪፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ነውረ፡ ሥጋ። ኢይከልእ፡ ተሠይሞ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ሐንካሰ፡ አው፡ ነቋረ፡ ለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ዘይደልዎ፡ ወተዐውቀ፡ በኂሩት፡ ወፈሪሀ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በሠናይ፡ ወንጽሕ፡ ወጥበብ፡ በሃይማኖት፡ ወግብረ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ኢያሐጽጾ፡ እመልእክቱ።","english":"Canon 70. Concerning testimony against a bishop. Testimony of a heretic against a bishop shall not be accepted, and testimony of one faithful person against him shall not be accepted, for it is written in the law: by the mouth of two or three every word stands, and moreover every testimony is fulfilled by them.\n\nCanon 71. Concerning priesthood, and that it is not inherited. It shall not be for a bishop to bequeath the priesthood to his wife, nor to any of the people of his house, nor to his brother, nor to his sister, nor to his son, nor to his relative, nor to anyone whom he loves. And it shall not be for him to bequeath the priesthood, and he shall not depart from what the Lord commanded to one who is not worthy. And there shall be no command for a bishop as he wishes, and it is not lawful for them to bequeath the church to the Lord. And if anyone does thus, the priesthood shall be cast out, and they shall judge him who did thus with the judgment of the blind.\n\nCanon 72. Concerning the vow of celibacy. A bishop shall not be prevented from being betrothed or married if there is one who is worthy of him, and he is known for his freedom and fear of the Lord, in goodness, purity, and righteousness in faith and the work of the church, for he does not defile himself from his office.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፸፡ ቀኖና","severity":"info","text":"Canon 70 introduces a new topic on testimony against a bishop, continuing the series of disciplinary canons.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ስምዐ፡ አረሳዊ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'testimony of a heretic' uses አረሳዊ (ʼaräsawi), likely derived from Greek αἱρετικός, indicating a doctrinal outsider.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በአፈ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ አው፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ይቁም፡ ኵሉ፡ ቃል","severity":"info","text":"The requirement of two or three witnesses echoes Deuteronomy 19:15 (LXX) or similar legal tradition, though not a direct Geʿez citation.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Deuteronomy 19:15 (LXX)"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ክህነት","severity":"info","text":"Canon 71 prohibits inheritance of priesthood, reflecting early Christian and Byzantine concerns about clerical dynasties and simony.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ነውረ፡ ሥጋ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 72 on episcopal celibacy parallels the Apostolic Canons (e.g., Canons of Hippolytus) and later Eastern Orthodox practice allowing married clergy but not after ordination.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኵነኔ፡ ስዑራን","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'judgment of the blind' (ኵነኔ፡ ስዑራን) is obscure; it may refer to excommunication or a specific penalty, but the exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'judgment of the blind' in Canon 71 is ambiguous; it may denote a severe ecclesiastical penalty or a metaphorical condemnation.","Canon 72's allowance of marriage for a bishop if 'worthy' is ambiguous regarding whether it permits marriage after ordination or only before."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"እስመ፡ ነውረ፡ ሥጋ፡ ኢኮነ፡ ነውረ፡ አላ፡ ነውር፡ ነውረ፡ ነፍስ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ሐሜት፡ ወጽዕለት፡ ወጽልሑት፡ ወተሳልቆት፡ ወአሕሥሞ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ወነቢብ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ በዘኢሀሎ፡ ኀቤሆሙ፡ እንዘ፡ የኀሥሥ፡ አግዝፎ፡ ሠናየ፡ ዜና፡ ወዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ አርአያ፡ ፅርፈት፡ ላዕለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘይቤ፡ በወንጌል፡ ቅዱስ፡ ኵሉ፡ ኀጢአት፡ ይትኀደግ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ፅርፈት፡ ላዕለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወላዕለ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወካዕበ፡ ይብል፡ አኮ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘይበውእ፡ ውስተ፡ አፍ፡ ዘያረኵሶ፡ ለሰብእ፡ አላ፡ ዘይወፅእ፡ እምአፍ\n\n፸፫፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ። ኢይከውኖ፡ ዘቦ፡ ነውረ። ኢይደሉ፡ ይሠየም፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዕውር፡ ወኢጽሙም፡ አው፡ በሃም፡ አው፡ አብድ፡ አው፡ ዘነገርጋር፡ አው፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ርኩስ፡ አኮ፡ ነውረ፡ ከዊኖ፡ አላ፡ ኢይክል፡ አስልጦ፡ ዘይትፈቀድ፡ እምአንቀጸ፡ መላእክት፡ ወቀዊም፡ በግብረ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወክህነቱ\n\n፸፬፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘጋኔን። ኢይደሉ፡ ካህነ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘጋኔን፡ አው፡ ዘነገርጋር፡ ኢይሠየም፡ ካህነ፡ ወኢይደመር፡ ምስለ፡ መሀይምናን። ወለእመ፡ ተፈወሰ፡ ወሐይወ፡ ይደመር፡ ምስለ፡ መሀይምናን፡ ወለእመ፡ ይደልዎ፡ ክህነት፡ ይሠየም","english":"Canon 71. Concerning the sin of slander. For the sin of the flesh is a sin, but the sin of the soul, which is slander, false witness, calumny, mockery, and causing harm to a person, and speaking evil against them in their absence, while seeking to add good news—all this is a form of blasphemy against God, who says in the holy Gospel: every sin is forgiven except blasphemy against God and against the Holy Spirit. And again he says: not everything that enters the mouth that defiles a person, but what comes out of the mouth.\n\nCanon 73. Concerning a bishop. A bishop shall not be appointed who has a bodily defect, nor shall a blind bishop be ordained, nor a mute, nor a deaf person, nor a eunuch, nor one possessed by an unclean spirit. It is not a bodily defect, but he is unable to exercise the authority that is permitted by the canon of the angels, and to stand in the service of the church and his priesthood.\n\nCanon 74. Concerning the insane. A priest shall not be appointed who is a man who is insane or a eunuch; he shall not be ordained a priest, nor shall he communicate with the faithful. But if he is healed and lives, he shall communicate with the faithful; and if they wish to give him the priesthood, he shall be ordained.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage contains three canons: 71, 73, and 74. Canon 72 is missing in this edition, likely due to a lacuna or renumbering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ነውረ ሥጋ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase ነውረ ሥጋ (näwrä śəgga) means 'sin of the flesh,' contrasted with ነውረ ነፍስ (näwrä näfs) 'sin of the soul,' which includes slander and blasphemy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይቤ በወንጌል ቅዱስ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'every sin is forgiven except blasphemy against God and the Holy Spirit' echoes Matthew 12:31–32, though the wording is paraphrastic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 73's prohibition against ordaining a bishop with bodily defects or demonic possession reflects early church discipline, paralleling the Apostolic Tradition and later canon law collections.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 74's provision that an insane person may be ordained if healed resembles Canon 61 of the Apostolic Canons (Abtelisat) and similar rulings in the Didascalia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft for Canon 71 includes 'while seeking to add good news,' which is obscure; the Geʿez እንዘ የኀሥሥ አግዝፎ ሠናየ ዜና may mean 'while seeking to add good news' or 'while seeking to cover up with good news,' and the sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase እንዘ የኀሥሥ አግዝፎ ሠናየ ዜና in Canon 71 is ambiguous: it may mean 'while seeking to add good news' or 'while seeking to cover up with good news'; the English draft takes the former reading.","Canon 72 is absent from this passage; it is unclear whether it was omitted in transmission or renumbered."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"፸፭፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘይሠየም፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘእምአረሚ፡ ወተጠምቀ፡ ወትካት፡ ብእሲ፡ እኩይ፡ ዘተዐውቀ፡ እከየ፡ ምግባሩ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ነስሐ፡ ንስሓ፡ ንጹሐ፡ በማእከለ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዘኢያአምሩ፡ እከዮ፡ ኢይደሉ፡ ይሠየም፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወኢካህነ፡ በቀዳሜ፡ ግብሩ፡ እስመ፡ ኀጢአት፡ ሶበ፡ ይሠየም፡ መምህረ፡ ዘኢተምህረ፡ ወኢያእመርዎ፡ ኂሩቶ፡ ወዓዲሁ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ በአለብዎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአስተርአየ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ሠናየ፡ ልቡና፡ ወኂሩት\n\n፸፮፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ። ኢይደሉ፡ ይትቀነይ፡ ለመኳንንት፡ እስመ፡ ኢይደልዎ፡ ወኢይከውኖ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ያውድቅ፡ ርእሶ፡ እምሐራ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወያህጕል፡ መዓርጊሁ፡ ወይሠየም፡ ወኢበምንትኒ፡ እምግብረ፡ መኰንን፡ አላ፡ በአቱ፡ ውስተ፡ ግብረ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘይኄይስ፡ ወይሤኒ፡ ወይደሉ። ወለእመ፡ አጥበዐ፡ ውስተ፡ ግብረ፡ መኳንንት፡ ወበአቱ፡ ውስተ፡ ሐራ፡ ምድራዊያን፡ ወየኀድግ፡ ሐራ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ሰማያዊ፡ ለይኅድጋ፡ ለሢመቱ፡ እስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይቤ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይክል፡ ለክልኤ፡ አጋእስት፡ ተቀንዮ፡ ወእመአኮ፡ ለአሐዱ፡ ያምዕዕ፡ ወካልኦ፡ ያሠምር","english":"Canon 75. Concerning the ordination of a bishop. If there is a person who is from the pagans and was baptized, and that person is evil, whose evil deeds are known, and afterwards he repented a pure repentance in the midst of people who did not know his evil deeds, it is not lawful to ordain him as a bishop or as a priest because of his former deeds, for it is a sin when one ordains a teacher who has not learned and does not know righteousness. Moreover, if without [this], if he has become [such] by the grace of God, and good heart and righteousness have been manifested from him, [it is otherwise].\n\nCanon 76. Concerning a bishop. It is not lawful for him to be judged by the magistrates, because it is not lawful for them, and it is not fitting for a bishop to cast himself down from the throne of Christ and to abandon his rank, and to be ordained [again?]. And in no way from the deeds of the magistrates, except by entering into the deeds of the church, which is fitting and proper and lawful. And if he has erred in the deeds of the magistrates, and has entered into the earthly throne, and has abandoned the throne of the heavenly King, he will abandon his [own] office, for the Lord said: \"There is no one who can serve two masters.\" And if he pleases one, he will displease the other.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ (ʾepis qopos) is a loan from Greek ἐπίσκοπος (episkopos), meaning 'bishop'. Its consistent use here underscores the canonical focus on episcopal ordination and jurisdiction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አልቦ ዘይክል ለክልኤ አጋእስት ተቀንዮ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 76 echoes Matthew 6:24 ('No one can serve two masters'), adapted to the context of a bishop serving both ecclesiastical and secular authorities. The Geʿez phrasing closely mirrors the Gospel saying.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መኳንንት","severity":"info","text":"The term መኳንንት (mäkʷanənt) refers to civil magistrates or secular judges. Canon 76 asserts episcopal immunity from secular judgment, reflecting late antique church–state tensions and the bishop's distinct legal status.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፸፭፡ ቀኖና / ፸፮፡ ቀኖና","severity":"info","text":"Canons 75 and 76 are consecutive units in the Abṭelisāt collection. Canon 75 addresses episcopal ordination qualifications, while Canon 76 treats episcopal jurisdiction and immunity, forming a thematic pair on episcopal authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይሠየም ወኢበምንትኒ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'and to be ordained [again?]' in Canon 76 is ambiguous: the Geʿez ወይሠየም (wa-yəśayyəm) could mean 'and he is ordained' or 'and he is deposed'. The English draft opts for 'ordained [again?]', but the sense of deposition is also possible given the context of abandoning rank.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይደሉ ይትቀነይ ለመኳንንት","severity":"info","text":"The principle that a bishop cannot be judged by secular magistrates is a recurring theme in early church canons (e.g., Apostolic Canons, Council of Carthage). This Geʿez version reflects the reception of such norms in Ethiopian canon law.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 75: The phrase 'if without [this], if he has become [such] by the grace of God' is syntactically unclear; the Geʿez ዘእንበለ ለእመ ኮነ በአለብዎ እግዚአብሔር may indicate a conditional exception for divinely granted virtue, but the exact referent of 'this' is ambiguous.","Canon 76: The clause 'and to be ordained [again?]' (ወይሠየም) is ambiguous between ordination and deposition; the context of abandoning rank suggests deposition, but the English draft reads as re-ordination."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"፸፯፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ሠዪመ፡ አግብርት፡ ካህናት። ኢይሠየሙ፡ አግብርት፡ ካህናተ፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ እምክህነት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ሥምረተ፡ አጋእዝቲሆሙ፡ እስመ፡ በውእቱ፡ የሐዝኑ፡ አግእስቲሆሙ፡ አው፡ ይመዘብር፡ አብያቲሆሙ፡ ወለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ውእቱ፡ ገብር፡ ዘይደሉ፡ ለክህነት፡ በከመ፡ ኦኒሲዮስ፡ ወአብሕዎ፡ አግእስቲሁ፡ ወአግዐዝዎ፡ ወአውፅእዎ፡ እምአብያቲሆሙ፡ አግዒዞሙ፡ ገሃደ፡ ወኮነ፡ ዘይደልዎ፡ ለይሠየም\n\n፸፰፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ካህናት። ኢይትቀነዩ፡ ለመኰንን። እመቦ፡ ብእሲ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አው፡ ቀሲስ፡ አው፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘኮነ፡ ሐራ፡ ወአፍቀረ፡ መልእክተ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ወሢመተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወይከውን፡ ሐራዌ፡ ለይስዐር፡ ወይሰደድ፡ እስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ቡሩክ፡ ስሙ፡ ይቤ፡ ሀቡ፡ ዘቄሳር፡ ለቄሳር፡ ወዘእግዚአብሔር፡ ለእግዚአብሔር\n\n፸፱፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ ዘረገመ፡ ንጉሠ፡ አው፡ ጸዐሎ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ፍትሕ፡ ዘኢገፍዖ፡ አው፡ ረገመ፡ አሐደ፡ እመሳፍንት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ፍትሕ፡ ይትኰነን፡ ዐቢየ፡ ኵነኔ፡ ዘያሐምሞ፡ ወለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ካህነ፡ ይስዐር፡ ወለእመ፡ ኮነ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ይሰደድ","english":"Canon 77. Concerning the ordination of servants of the priests. Servants of the priests shall not be ordained, nor any from the priesthood, without the consent of their masters, for by it their masters are grieved, or they destroy their houses. And if he is a servant who is worthy of the priesthood, as Onesios, and his masters have seen him, and they have made him a slave, and they have brought him out from their houses, their slaves openly, and he was worthy, let him be ordained.\n\nCanon 78. Concerning priests. They shall not be judges. If there is a man, a bishop, or a priest, or a deacon, who has been free and has loved the office of the market and the business of the church, and he becomes a merchant, let him be deposed and excommunicated, for the Lord, blessed be His name, said, \"Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's.\"\n\nCanon 79. Concerning one who curses the king or curses a judge without judgment, or one who strikes or curses one of the nobles without judgment, he shall be judged with a great judgment that afflicts him. And if he is a priest, he shall be deposed; and if he is a layman, he shall be excommunicated.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፸፯፡ ቀኖና። ... ፸፰፡ ቀኖና። ... ፸፱፡ ቀኖና።","severity":"info","text":"Canons 77–79 form a narrative block within the Abṭelisāt, each introduced by a numbered rubric. Canon 77 addresses ordination of servants; Canon 78 forbids clergy from acting as judges or merchants; Canon 79 penalizes cursing the king or nobles without due process.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አግብርት ካህናት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'servants of the priests' (አግብርት ካህናት) likely refers to domestic or ecclesiastical slaves attached to clergy, not to ordained ministers. The canon regulates their ordination, requiring the master's consent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሀቡ ዘቄሳር ለቄሳር ወዘእግዚአብሔር ለእግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"Canon 78 quotes a saying attributed to Jesus: 'Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's.' This is not a direct biblical verse but a well-known apocryphal or patristic maxim, possibly derived from Mark 12:17 or a variant tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦኒሲዮስ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Onesios' (ኦኒሲዮስ) may refer to Onesimus, the slave of Philemon mentioned in Colossians 4:9, or to a local figure in Ethiopian tradition. The canon uses him as an example of a worthy servant who was freed and ordained.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"፸፰፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ ካህናት","severity":"info","text":"Canon 78's prohibition against clergy engaging in commerce or serving as judges reflects a concern for clerical integrity and separation from secular affairs, a theme common in early church canons and later Ethiopian monastic rules.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፸፱፡ ቀኖና።","severity":"caution","text":"Canon 79's penalty for cursing the king or nobles 'without judgment' (ዘእንበለ ፍትሕ) is ambiguous: it may mean without a legal verdict or without just cause. The Geʿez text does not clarify the procedural context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Onesios' (ኦኒሲዮስ) is uncertain; it may be a corruption of 'Onesimus' or a distinct figure.","The phrase 'without judgment' (ዘእንበለ ፍትሕ) in Canon 79 could mean either 'without a legal verdict' or 'without just cause'; the intended sense is unclear.","The source of the saying in Canon 78 ('Give to Caesar...') is not a canonical biblical verse; its origin in the Geʿez tradition is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"፹፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ አስማተ፡ መጻሕፍት፡ ዘብሉይ፡ ወዘሐዲስ። ዝንቱ፡ አስማቲሆሙ፡ ለመጻሕፍተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘአዘዝነ፡ ለመሀይምናን፡ በክርስቶስ፡ እምዘ፡ ትካት፡ ወእምሐዲስ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ትእዛዛት፡ ዐበይት፡ ዘወረደ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወበፍልጠተ፡ ኍልቍ፡ ፹ወ፩፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ምስለ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ቀኖና፡ ዘዜነውነ፡ ለቀሌምንጦስ፡ ዘትካት፡ ወዘሐዲስ። ቀዳማዊ፡ ይነግር፡ በእንተ፡ ደኃሪ፡ ወደኃሪ፡ ይፌጽሞ፡ ለቀዳማዊ። ወደኃሪ፡ ማኅተመ፡ ግብሩ፡ ወኵሎሙ፡ ተታለዉ፡ ወተሰናአዉ፡ እንዘ፡ ያጸድቅዎ፡ ለዘፈነዎሙ። አሐዱ፡ ነገር፡ እምአሐዱ፡ ነባቢ፡ አምላክ፡ ለሓኲ፡ ወፈጣሪ። ቀዳማዊ፡ ትእዛዝ። ብሉይ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ኦሪት፡ ፭። ቀዳሚ፡ ዘፍጥረት፡ ወካልእ፡ ዘፀአት፡ ወሣልስ፡ ዘሌዋዊያን፡ ወራብዕ፡ ዘኍልቍ፡ ወኃምስ፡ ዘዳግም፡ ሕግ፡ ወሳድስ፡ ዘኢያሱ፡ ወሳብዕ፡ ዘመሳፍንት፡ ወሳምን፡ ዘሩት። ዘዮዲት፡ ፩። ዘጦቢት፡ ፩። ዘአስቴር፡ ፩። ዘመቃቢያን፡ ፫። ዘዳዊት፡ መዝሙር፡ ፻፶። ዘሰሎሞን፡ ጠቢብ፡ ፭። ዘነገሥት፡ ፬። ጥበበ፡ ኢያሱ፡ ወልደ፡ ሲራክ፡ ፩። ዘኢዮብ፡ ፩። ዘዕዝራ፡ ፫። ዘኢሳይያስ፡ ፩። ዘኤርምያስ፡ ፩። ዘሕዝቅኤል፡ ፩። ዘዳንኤል፡ ፩። ዘዖዝያ፡ ፩። ዘአሞፅ፡ ፩። ዘዮናስ፡ ፩። ዘእንባቆም፡ ፩። ዘናሖም፡ ፩። ዘሶፎንያስ፡ ፩። ዘዘካርያስ፡ ፩። ዘሚኪያስ፡ ፩። ዘሚልክያስ፡ ፩። ፬፡ ብሔረ፡ ወንጌል። ዘማቴዎስ፡ ፩። ዘማርቆስ፡ ፩። ዘሉቃስ፡ ፩። ዘዮሐንስ፡ ፩። ዘሐዋርያት፡ ፯። ዘያዕቆብ፡ ፩። ዘጴጥሮስ፡ ፪። ዘዮሐንስ፡ ፫። ዘይሁዳ፡ ፩። ወግብረ፡ ሐዋርያት፡ ፩። ወመልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ፲፬።","english":"Canon 80. Concerning the names of the books of the Old and New Testaments. These are the names of the books of the Church which we have commanded for the faithful in Christ, from the Old and New Testaments, which is the book of the great commandments that came from the Lord, and according to its enumeration, 81 books, together with the book of the Canons which we have bequeathed to Clement, of the Old and New Testaments. The first tells of the last, and the last completes the first, and the last is the seal of its work, and all are bound and joined together, confirming the one who composed them. One word from one speaker, God, the wise and creator. First commandment: Old Testament, which is the Law, 5: first, Genesis; second, Exodus; third, Leviticus; fourth, Numbers; fifth, Deuteronomy; sixth, Joshua; seventh, Judges; eighth, Ruth; Judith, 1; Tobit, 1; Esther, 1; Maccabees, 3; David, Psalms, 150; Solomon the Wise, 5; Kings, 4; Wisdom of Joshua son of Sirach, 1; Job, 1; Ezra, 3; Isaiah, 1; Jeremiah, 1; Ezekiel, 1; Daniel, 1; Hosea, 1; Amos, 1; Jonah, 1; Habakkuk, 1; Nahum, 1; Zephaniah, 1; Zechariah, 1; Micah, 1; Malachi, 1. Four Gospels: Matthew, 1; Mark, 1; Luke, 1; John, 1; Acts of the Apostles, 1; Epistles of the Apostles, 7; James, 1; Peter, 2; John, 3; Jude, 1; and the Acts of the Apostles, 1; and the Epistles of Paul, 14.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፹፡ ቀኖና። በእንተ፡ አስማተ፡ መጻሕፍት፡ ዘብሉይ፡ ወዘሐዲስ።","severity":"info","text":"This canon (80) is a catalogue of biblical books, functioning as a closure to the collection. Its placement as the final canon suggests a summary or seal of the preceding legislation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ፡ ትእዛዛት፡ ዐበይት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'book of the great commandments' likely refers to the entire canonical collection, not a specific text. It echoes the work's self-presentation as apostolic legislation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ፡ ቀኖና፡ ዘዜነውነ፡ ለቀሌምንጦስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to a 'book of Canons bequeathed to Clement' alludes to the Clementine literature, a pseudepigraphal corpus associated with Pope Clement I, often linked to apostolic canons in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"፹ወ፩፡ መጽሐፍ፡","severity":"info","text":"The enumeration of 81 books (including the book of Canons) reflects a broader Ethiopic canon count, which often includes deuterocanonical and pseudepigraphal works. This differs from narrower Western canons.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘዮዲት፡ ፩። ዘጦቢት፡ ፩። ዘአስቴር፡ ፩። ዘመቃቢያን፡ ፫።","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of Judith, Tobit, Esther, and 3 Maccabees as distinct books is characteristic of the Ethiopic Old Testament canon, which preserves works not universally accepted in other traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወግብረ፡ ሐዋርያት፡ ፩። ወመልእክተ፡ ጳውሎስ፡ ፲፬።","severity":"caution","text":"The list mentions 'Acts of the Apostles' twice (once among Catholic Epistles and again separately), likely a scribal duplication. The total count of New Testament books may be inflated accordingly.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase '፹ወ፩፡ መጽሐፍ፡' (81 books) is ambiguous: it may include the book of Canons itself or refer to a separate enumeration. The text states 'together with the book of the Canons,' suggesting the 81 includes that work.","The duplication of 'Acts of the Apostles' is ambiguous: it may be a scribal error or intentional, but the list as given counts it twice."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"ለብሔረ፡ ሮሜ፡ ፩። ለቆሮንቶስ፡ ቀዳማዊ፡ ለቆሮንቶስ፡ ዳግማዊ፡ ፪። ለገላትያ፡ ፩። ለኤፌሶን፡ ፩። ለፊልጵስዩስ፡ ፩። ለቈላስይስ፡ ፩። ለተስሎንቄ፡ ፩። ለተስሎንቄ፡ ፪። ለዕብራዊያን፡ ፩። ለጢሞቴዎስ፡ ረድኡ፡ ፩። ለጢሞቴዎስ፡ ዳግም፡ ፩። ለቲቶ፡ ፩። ለፊልሞና፡ ፩። ወአርአያ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ አቡ፡ ቀለምሲስ፡ ፩። ዘቀሌምንጦስ፡ ፪፡ አሐዱ፡ መጽሐፍ።\n\nወኵሉ፡ ዘአዘዝናክሙ፡ ኦአበው፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ወሊቃነ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ወሊቃነ፡ ካህናት፡ በእደ፡ ቀሌምንጦስ፡ ወይእቲ፡ ፰፡ መጻሕፍተ፡ ቀኖና። ፪፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ቦኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ኍልቈ፡ ሐዲስ፡ ወ፮፡ ተፍጻሜተ፡ ኍልቈ፡ ፹ወ፩፡ መጻሕፍት፡ እስመ፡ ብሉይ፡ ኮነ፡ መክብቡ፡ ፵ወ፯፡ ወሐዲስ፡ ኮነ፡ መክብቡ፡ ፳ወ፰። ወእሉ፡ ፮፡ ምስጢር፡ ቀኖና፡ ኢይደሉ፡ ያርእይዎ፡ ለሕዝብ፡ መሀይምናን፡ በእንተ፡ ዘውስቴቶሙ፡ ሕግ፡ ወሥርዓት፡ ዘኢይደሉ፡ የአዝዙ፡ ቦቱ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ሊቃውንት፡ ወካህናት። ኦሕዝብ፡ መሀይምናን፡ ተወከፉ፡ ነገረነ፡ ወትእዛዘነ፡ እስመ፡ እመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ውእቱ። እግዚአብሔር፡ ማሕየዊ፡ ዘአለበወነ፡ ወንሕነ፡ ንኤዝዘክሙ፡ ወለእመ፡ ዐቀብክምዎ፡ ይከውን፡ ቦቱ፡ ሕይወትክሙ፡ ወይከውን፡ ለክሙ፡ ሰላመ፡ ማእከሌክሙ።","english":"To the Church of Rome, 1; to the Corinthians, First; to the Corinthians, Second, 2; to the Galatians, 1; to the Ephesians, 1; to the Philippians, 1; to the Colossians, 1; to the Thessalonians, 1; to the Thessalonians, 2; to the Hebrews, 1; to Timothy, First, 1; to Timothy, Second, 1; to Titus, 1; to Philemon, 1; and the Apocalypse of John, the Abbot of Patmos, 1; of Clement, 2, one book.\n\nAnd all that we have commanded you, O fathers, bishops, archbishops, and high priests, by the hand of Clement, and these are the eight books of the canons. Two of them are within the number of the New [Testament], and six are the conclusion of the number of the eighty-one books, for the Old [Testament] was its collection forty-seven, and the New was its collection twenty-eight. And these six secret canons, they shall not show them to the faithful people, because of the law and ordinance within them, which they shall not command except to the learned and the priests. O faithful people, accept our word and our commandment, for it is from the Holy Spirit. The Lord, the Life-Giver, who clothed us, and we command you, and if you keep it, it will be your life, and it will be for you peace among you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists New Testament epistles and then distinguishes eight canon books, two counted within the New Testament and six as secret canons concluding the 81-book total.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አርአያ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ አቡ፡ ቀለምሲስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Apocalypse of John, the Abbot of Patmos' identifies the author as John of Patmos, a traditional attribution in Ethiopic Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 81-book canon (47 Old Testament, 28 New Testament, plus 6 secret canons) reflects a distinctive Ethiopic canon count, differing from Western enumerations.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The restriction of the six secret canons to learned priests and bishops indicates a tradition of esoteric knowledge within the Ethiopic church hierarchy.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The numbering of epistles (e.g., 'to the Corinthians, First; to the Corinthians, Second, 2') is inconsistent, possibly due to scribal error or a different counting system.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'of Clement, 2, one book' is ambiguous: it may refer to two epistles of Clement counted as one book, or a single book containing two parts.","The total of 81 books is stated, but the enumeration of 47 Old and 28 New Testament books plus 6 secret canons sums to 81, though the list of New Testament books given is incomplete."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"ወለእመ፡ ኢዐቀብክምዎ፡ ትትኴነኑ፡ ወይኅዘክሙ፡ ቅሥት፡ ወያአትት፡ ዘሀሎ፡ ኀቤክሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ካልእ፡ ወይወርድ፡ ማእከሌክሙ፡ ተስናን፡ ወጋእዝ፡ ወእከይ፡ ወትትሐተቱ፡ በእንተ፡ ዘገበርክሙ፡ እስመ፡ ዘኀደገ፡ ትእዛዘ፡ ወይገብር፡ አበሳ፡ ይትሐተት፡ ወእግዚአብሔር፡ አብ፡ ያቅርብክሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ፈሪሆቱ፡ በመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሕያው፡ ወንጹሕ፡ ጰራቅሊጦስ፡ ወያድኅንክሙ፡ ወይርዳእክሙ፡ ለገቢረ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወይረሲክሙ፡ ንጹሓነ፡ ወየሀብክሙ፡ ሕይወተ፡ ዘለዓለም፡ በትንብልናሁ፡ ለኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ምስለ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ። ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።","english":"And if I have received you, you will be judged, and the priests will grieve you, and he will bring forth what is with you to another, and discord, hatred, and evil will descend among you, and you will repent for what you have done, for he who abandons the commandment and commits sin will repent. And God the Father will bring you near to his fear through the Holy Spirit, the living and pure Paraclete, and will save you and guide you to do good, and will make you pure, and give you eternal life through the majesty of Jesus Christ with his Father and the Holy Spirit, forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጰራቅሊጦስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጰራቅሊጦስ (Paraclete) is a loan from Greek παράκλητος, used in Christian tradition for the Holy Spirit as advocate or comforter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the work with a conditional warning of judgment and discord, followed by a doxological blessing invoking the Trinity, typical of Geʿez canonical endings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of the Holy Spirit as 'living and pure Paraclete' reflects early Christian pneumatology, possibly influenced by the Coptic tradition underlying this Geʿez translation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The final doxology 'through the majesty of Jesus Christ with his Father and the Holy Spirit' aligns with standard Ethiopic liturgical formulas, indicating the text's use in ecclesiastical settings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2679ACAbt2","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons Abṭelisāt (80)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2679ACAbt2"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ኢዐቀብክምዎ' (if I have received you) is ambiguous: the speaker may be the apostle or a church authority; the translation assumes a conditional warning.","The identity of 'the priests' (ቅስት) who grieve the addressees is not specified; it may refer to local clergy or a broader ecclesiastical hierarchy."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}