{"slug":"LIT2675AC81","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2675AC81","title":"Apostolic canons (81)","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:53:00Z","cost_usd":0.011072},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2675AC81","work_id":"LIT2675AC81","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"},"stats":{"passages":18,"english_words":3957,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":108,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":41,"work_notes":5,"external_links":5,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT2675AC81","abstract":"The 81 Apostolic Canons is a pseudepigraphical church-order text attributed to the apostles and transmitted in Geʿez within the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. Its core likely dates to the 4th–5th centuries, with later expansions in the Geʿez tradition. The canons are often appended to the Senodos (synodicon) collection and were cited in Ethiopian canon law and monastic rules, influencing ecclesiastical discipline into the medieval period. The work is distinct from the longer Apostolic Constitutions and the Canons of the Apostles, though it shares material with them. The source edition (betmas) lacks a critical apparatus, leaving the textual history between Greek and Geʿez recensions unexamined.","historical_context":"The 81 Apostolic Canons originated in the early Christian period, with a core likely composed in the 4th–5th centuries in a Greek-speaking Eastern Christian milieu. The text was later translated into Geʿez and expanded within the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, where it survives in multiple manuscripts, often appended to the Senodos collection. The canons are pseudepigraphically attributed to the apostles, a common framing in early Christian canonical collections. They were cited in Ethiopian canon law and monastic rules, indicating their use in ecclesiastical discipline into the medieval period. The Geʿez recension shows adaptations to local practices, such as references to honey-wine (mēs) and concerns about ritual purity. The textual history between the Greek original and the Geʿez version remains unexamined due to the lack of a critical edition.","significance":"The 81 Apostolic Canons are significant as a witness to the development of church order in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, reflecting both early Christian canonical norms and local adaptations. They influenced Ethiopian canon law and monastic discipline, and their pseudepigraphical attribution underscores the authority of apostolic tradition in shaping ecclesiastical practice. The work also illustrates the transmission and transformation of early Christian texts in the Geʿez tradition.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–5th c.","event":"Core of the 81 Apostolic Canons likely composed in Greek in an Eastern Christian milieu."},{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Possible translation into Geʿez and expansion within the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Canons cited in Ethiopian canon law collections and monastic rules."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Text transmitted in multiple Ethiopian manuscripts, often appended to the Senodos collection."}],"relations":[{"work":"Apostolic Constitutions","relation":"Shares material but is a longer, distinct collection; often confused with the 81 canons.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Canons of the Apostles","relation":"Another pseudepigraphical collection; the 81-canons form is distinct but shares material.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Didascalia","relation":"Parallels concerns about ritual purity in Eucharistic offerings.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Apostolic Tradition","relation":"Echoes early church practice for episcopal ordination (canon 1).","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Council of Nicaea (canon 4)","relation":"Requirement for two or three bishops to ordain a bishop echoes Nicene canon 4.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"Edition of the 81 Apostolic Canons (betmas)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81","reason":"Source edition used for the translation."},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"Senodos collection","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","reason":"The canons are often appended to the Senodos."},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"Absilitis Qanona","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","reason":"Related Ethiopian canonical text."},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"Prohibitions for Monks","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","reason":"Related Ethiopian monastic rules."},{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"Zonaras Commentary on Canons","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","reason":"Greek commentary on similar canonical material."}],"cautions":["The core date of 4th–5th centuries is uncertain; the Geʿez recension may be later.","Authorship is pseudepigraphical; the text is anonymous.","The textual history between Greek and Geʿez recensions is unexamined due to lack of critical edition.","The work is often confused with the Apostolic Constitutions and the Canons of the Apostles."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000479,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:12:39Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2675AC81","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":18,"translated":18,"commentary_passages":18,"commentary_units":108,"english_words":3957,"source_letters":9236,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text of the 81 Apostolic Canons survives in multiple Ethiopian manuscripts, often appended to the Senodos (synodicon) collection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The canons are pseudepigraphically attributed to the apostles; their core likely dates to the 4th–5th centuries, with later expansions in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These canons were cited in Ethiopian canon law collections and monastic rules, influencing ecclesiastical discipline into the medieval period.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The source edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings; the textual history between Greek and Geʿez recensions remains unexamined here.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2675AC81","label":"source edition: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is often confused with the longer Apostolic Constitutions or the Canons of the Apostles; the 81-canons form is distinct but shares material.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 18 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":18},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2675AC81":{"label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos":{"label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona":{"label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"},"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons":{"label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks":{"label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"},"ed:LIT2675AC81":{"label":"source edition: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"ሥርዐተ፡ ሐዋርያት፡ ምስለ፡ ቀሌምንጦስ፡ ዘተፈነወ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ ሕገ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን\n\n፩። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ እንከ፡ ይሠየም፡ እምኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ወእመአኮ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ በዕለተ፡ ሰንበተ፡ ክርስቲያን\n\n፪። ቀሲስ፡ እምአሐዱ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወዲያቆንሂ፡ ወባዕዳንሂ፡ ከማሁመ፡ በሰንበተ፡ ክርስቲያን\n\n፫። ለእመ፡ እንከ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዘእግዚአብሔር፡ ሥርዐት፡ ለመሥዋዕት፡ ዘያቀርብ፡ ባዕደ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ለእመሂ፡ ህየንተ፡ ወይን፡ ሜስ፡ ዘይትመነገኑ፡ ወእመሂ፡ አዕዋፍ፡ ወእመሂ፡ እንስሳ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ወእመሂ፡ አዕታረ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ሥርዐት፡ ይሰዐር\n\n፬። በጊዜ፡ ይትፈቀድ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ሐዲስ፡ በለስ፡ ወቀምሕ፡ ኢይከውን፡ ያብኡ፡ ምንተኒ፡ ኀበ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ወቅብአ፡ ውስተ፡ ቅድስት፡ ተቅዋም፡ ወዕጣን፡ በጊዜ፡ መንክር፡ ቍርባን\n\n፭። ወባዕደ፡ ኵሎ፡ አቅማሕ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤት፡ ይትፈነው፡ ቀዳሚ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወለቀሳውስት፡ እስመ፡ ይከፍሉ፡ ለዲያቆናት፡ ወለባዕዳንሂ፡ ሥዩማን","english":"The Order of the Apostles with Clement, which was sent to the Gentiles, the Law of the Church\n\n1. A bishop is to be ordained by two or three bishops on the Lord's day of the Christians.\n\n2. A priest by one bishop, and likewise a deacon and a subdeacon, on the Lord's day of the Christians.\n\n3. If a bishop or a priest, without the ordinance of the Lord, offers a sacrifice with a hand that has become [unclean], or with honey and wine mixed, or with birds, or with an animal that has become [unclean], or with a wild beast without ordinance, he commits a sin.\n\n4. At the time it is permitted, without leavened bread and wheat, it shall not be; they shall bring something to the altar, and place it within the holy sanctuary, and incense at the time of the mystery of the Eucharist.\n\n5. And by hand, all the wheat within the house is sent first to the bishop and to the priests, for they distribute to the deacons and to the subdeacons who are appointed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥርዐተ ሐዋርያት ምስለ ቀሌምንጦስ","severity":"info","text":"The title identifies this as a church-order text attributed to the apostles and transmitted through Clement, a common framing in early Christian canonical collections.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ባዕደ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ባዕደ (bāʿədd) here likely means 'unclean' or 'defiled', referring to a hand that has become ritually impure, though the draft translation leaves the sense ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሜስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ሜስ (mēs) denotes a sweet wine or honey-wine mixture, used here as an example of an improper offering alongside birds, unclean animals, and wild beasts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 3 reflects concerns about ritual purity in Eucharistic offerings, paralleling prohibitions in other Eastern Christian canonical collections such as the Apostolic Canons and the Didascalia.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The requirement for two or three bishops to ordain a bishop (canon 1) echoes the early church practice attested in the Apostolic Tradition and the Council of Nicaea (canon 4).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text of canon 3 contains ambiguous phrasing regarding the condition of the hand and the types of animals; the English draft supplies 'unclean' but the original may allow other interpretations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ባዕደ ዘኮነ' in canon 3 is ambiguous: it may mean 'a hand that has become unclean' or 'a hand that has become something else' (e.g., injured). The draft takes the former reading.","The list of improper offerings in canon 3 (honey-wine, birds, animals, wild beasts) may be illustrative rather than exhaustive; the Geʿez does not specify whether these are prohibited absolutely or only when offered without proper ordinance."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"፮። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘሰብአ፡ ዓለም፡ ትካዛተ፡ ኢይግበር። ወእመአኮ፡ ይሰዐር\n\n፯። እመኒ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወለእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወለእመኒ፡ ዲያቆን፡ ቅድስተ፡ ዕለተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ፋሲካ፡ ምስለ፡ አይሁድ፡ ዘይገብር፡ ይሰዐር\n\n፰። ለእመኒ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ዲያቆን፡ ወለእመኒ፡ ዘኮነ፡ እምሥዩማን፡ ጸሎተ፡ ከዊኖ፡ ዘኢይቀርብ፡ በእንተ፡ ምንት፡ ይንግር፡ ወእመሰ፡ ርቱዕ፡ ያናሕስዩ፡ ሎቱ። ወእመሰ፡ ዘኢይነግር፡ ያቅምዎ፡ ሕገ፡ ዘአዕቀፈ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ወትሕዝብተ፡ ረሰየ፡ ለዘቀርበ\n\n፱። ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ቦኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዐቢይ፡ ወእለሂ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ይሰምዑ፡ ወኢይጸንሑ፡ ጸሎተ፡ ወቅድስተ፡ ቍርባነ፡ ሕገ፡ ዘኢመፍትው፡ ይግበሩ፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ይቁሙ\n\n፲። እመቦ፡ ዘምስለ፡ ቅውም፡ ወበቤት፡ ይጼሊ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ይቁም\n\n፲፩። እመቦ፡ ምስለ፡ ዘተስዕረ፡ ሥዩም፡ እንዘ፡ ውእቱ፡ ከመ፡ ዘሥዩም፡ ይጼሊ፡ ይሰዐር፡ ውእቱኒ","english":"6. A bishop, or a priest, or a deacon who is a man of the world shall not perform the service of the offering; and if he does, he shall be deposed.\n\n7. A bishop, or a priest, or a deacon who celebrates the holy day of the Lord, Pascha, with the Jews shall be deposed.\n\n8. A bishop, or a priest, or a deacon, or one who has been among the clergy, who does not approach the prayer of the Eucharist for any reason, if he is found to be in good health, they shall admonish him; and if he does not give a reason, they shall suspend him according to the law which the people and the congregation have established for those who approach.\n\n9. All those who are in the church, both the great and those who read the scripture, and who do not endure the prayer and the holy communion, shall be expelled from the church, according to the law which does not permit them.\n\n10. If someone who is with a catechumen prays at home, he shall be expelled as such.\n\n11. If someone prays with one who has been deposed, while he himself is as one deposed, he also shall be deposed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ትካዛተ ኢይግበር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ትካዛተ ኢይግበር (takāzata ʾuygbar) likely means 'service of the offering' (Eucharist). The Coptic Vorlage probably had ϫⲓⲥⲉ (jise) 'offering'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ፋሲካ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 7 forbids celebrating Pascha with Jews, reflecting the Quartodeciman controversy and later anti-Jewish polemic in Ethiopian canon law.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 6–11 form a block on clerical and lay discipline, with a pattern: offense (6–7), admonition/suspension (8), expulsion (9–10), deposition (11).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኢይቀርብ በእንተ ምንት","severity":"caution","text":"Canon 8's phrase 'does not approach for any reason' is ambiguous: it may mean 'without reason' or 'for any (unspecified) reason'. The Geʿez በእንተ ምንት (baʾanta mənt) can mean 'for what reason' or 'for any reason'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These canons are part of the Ethiopic Apostolic Canons (81), a translation of the Coptic Sinodos, used in Ethiopian church law until modern times.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 6 parallels the Apostolic Canons (Canon 6 in the Greek version) and the Canons of Hippolytus, which also forbid clergy from secular work.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 8: whether በእንተ ምንት means 'for any reason' or 'for what reason' (interrogative). The English draft takes it as 'for any reason'.","Canon 10: እመታ ዘምስለ ቅውም (ʾəmmāta zämslä qäwm) 'if someone who is with a catechumen' – the Geʿez could also mean 'if someone who is a catechumen'.","Canon 11: እንዘ ውእቱ ከመ ዘሥዩም (ʾənzä wəʾətu kämä zäśəyum) 'while he himself is as one deposed' – ambiguous whether this means 'as if deposed' or 'actually deposed'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"፲፪። እመቦ፡ ሥዩም፡ ወእመሂ፡ እምሕዝብ፡ ቅዉም፡ ወእመአኮ፡ ኢቅውም፡ ሐዊሮ፡ ውስተ፡ ካልእት፡ ሀገር፡ ኢይትወከፍዎ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ማዕተብ። ይቁሙ፡ እለ፡ ተወክፍዎ፡ ወዘተወክፍዎሂ። ወእመሰ፡ ቅዉም፡ ውእቱ፡ ያንኁ፡ ሎቱ፡ ቁመተ፡ ሕገ፡ ዘሐሰወ፡ ወአስሐተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር\n\n፲፫። ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ኢይከውኖ፡ ኀዲጎ፡ ዘዚአሁ፡ በሓውርተ፡ ባዕደ፡ ይድቢ፡ ወእመሂ፡ እምኀበ፡ ብዙኃን፡ ያጌብርዎ። ለእመ፡ ባሕቱ፡ ለርቱዕ፡ ትካዝ፡ እንተ፡ ከመዝ፡ ታገብሮ፡ ዘንተ፡ ይግበር። ለእለ፡ ህየ፡ በእንተ፡ ፍርሀተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይርዳእ፡ ወዘንተ፡ አኮ፡ ለሊሁ፡ አላ፡ በጽውዓ፡ ብዙኃን፡ ወበበቍዔተ፡ ዐቢይ\n\n፲፬። ለእመቦ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ዲያቆን፡ ወእመሂ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ካልእ፡ እምሥዩማን፡ ኀዲጎ፡ ዘዚአሁ፡ በሓውርተ፡ ውስተ፡ ካልእት፡ የሐውር፡ ወግሙራ፡ እምኔሃ፡ ፈሊሶ፡ ይነብር፡ ውስተ፡ ካልእት፡ በሓውርት፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ንኤዝዝ፡ ግሙራ፡ ኢይትቀነይ። ወእመ፡ ዓዲ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጼውዖ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ከመ፡ ይግባእ፡ ኢሰምዐ፡ እንዘ፡ ያጠብዕ፡ ለፍሒል፡ ከመ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ይንበር፡ ባሕቱ፡ በህየ፡ እንዘ፡ ይትኬነስ","english":"12. If a bishop is ordained, or if he is from the laity, a cleric, or if he is not a cleric, and he goes into another city, they shall not receive him without a letter of commendation. Those who receive him, and the one who receives him, if he is a cleric, he shall be subject to the penalty of the law which he transgressed, and he shall restore the church of God.\n\n13. A bishop shall not abandon his own see and go to another diocese to dwell; but if he is compelled by many, he may do so only for a just cause, as this shall be done. For those who are there, on account of the fear of God, he shall assist; and this is not for himself, but for the calling of many and for a great purpose.\n\n14. If a priest, or a deacon, or another of the ordained, abandons his own see and goes into another, and completes his service there, and then dwells in another diocese in such a way that he completes his service, he shall not be ordained. And if again, while the bishop summons him to return, he does not obey, while he remains in schism like a layman, he shall dwell only there, while he is excommunicated.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ ማዕተብ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'letter of commendation' (Geʿez: መጽሐፈ ማዕተብ) is a technical term for a canonical letter of recommendation, required for clerical travel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 12–14 form a thematic unit on clerical mobility and jurisdiction, each addressing a different rank: bishop (12–13), then priest/deacon (14).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The penalty of deposition for receiving a cleric without letters echoes early church discipline against episcopal overreach, paralleling canons in the Apostolic Tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ፍሒል","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez term ፍሒል (fəḥil) in canon 14 is ambiguous: it may mean 'schism' (as translated) or 'faction'; the Coptic Vorlage likely had σχίσμα.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 13's allowance for a bishop to leave his see only for a 'just cause' and 'great purpose' parallels Canon 15 of the Council of Antioch (341 CE).","cites":[],"named_sources":["Council of Antioch 341"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These canons were cited in later Ethiopic canonical collections, such as the Senodos, to regulate clerical travel and episcopal authority.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text of canon 12 has a conditional structure that may imply two distinct scenarios (ordained vs. lay cleric) or a single scenario with a parenthetical; the translation opts for the former.","In canon 14, the phrase 'while he remains in schism like a layman' is ambiguous: it may mean he is reduced to lay status or that he acts as a layman while in schism."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"፲፭። ወእመሰ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ኀበ፡ ዘሀለዉ፡ ቀሊለ፡ ረሰየ፡ እንተ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ተሠርዐ፡ ሥርዐተ፡ ወይትወከፎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ሥዩማን፡ ይቁም፡ ሕገ፡ ሊቀ፡ ፈሐል\n\n፲፮። ዘክልኤተ፡ አውሰበ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ጥምቀት፡ ወእመሂ፡ ዕቅብተ፡ አጥረየ፡ ኢይክል፡ ከዊነ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወኢቀሲስ፡ ወኢዲያቆን፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ውስተ፡ ምሥዋዕ\n\n፲፯። ዘማዕሰበ፡ ነሥአ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ኅድግተ፡ ወእመአኮ፡ ካልእተ፡ አመተ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ዘማ፡ ኢይክል፡ ከዊነ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወኢቀሲስ፡ ወኢዲያቆን፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ውስተ፡ ምሥዋዕ\n\n፲፰። ዘክልኤተ፡ አኀተ፡ አውሰበ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ወለተ፡ እኁሁ፡ አው፡ ወለተ፡ እኅቱ፡ ኢይክል፡ ይሠየም\n\n፲፱። ሥዩም፡ ሐቤ፡ ዘይሁብ፡ ይሰዐር\n\n፳። ኅጽው፡ ለእመ፡ እምተኀይሎ፡ ሰብእ፡ በዘኮነ፡ ወእመሂ፡ በስደት፡ ተመትረ፡ ዘብእሲ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ከመዝ፡ ተፈጥረ፡ ወይደልዎ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ይሠየም\n\n፳፩። ዘመተረ፡ ርእሶ፡ ኢይሠየም፡ እስመ፡ ቀታሌ፡ ርእሱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወጸላኤ፡ ተግባረ፡ እግዚአብሔር","english":"15. And if a bishop, where there are those who have received a crown, has taken away the authority over them and abolished the ordinance, he shall be deposed like the deposed ones, according to the law of the chief of the physicians.\n\n16. He who has taken two wives after baptism, and if he has cut off the foreskin, cannot be a bishop, nor a priest, nor a deacon, nor any one who is at the altar.\n\n17. He who has taken a wife and if he has divorced her, and if he has taken another wife, cannot be a bishop, nor a priest, nor a deacon, nor any one who is at the altar.\n\n18. He who has taken two sisters, and if she is not the daughter of his brother or the daughter of his sister, cannot be ordained.\n\n19. A deposed person who gives a bribe is to be anathematized.\n\n20. A eunuch, if he has been made so by men, or if he has been castrated by disease, or if he was born thus, and he is worthy, a bishop may ordain him.\n\n21. He who has cut off his own head is not to be ordained, for he is a murderer of himself, and a despiser of the work of God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፲፭። … ፲፩።","severity":"info","text":"Canons 15–21 form a continuous block of disciplinary rulings on clerical eligibility and deposition, following the narrative pattern of the Coptic Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥዩማን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሥዩማን (śəyumān) in canon 15 renders Coptic ⲥⲟⲩⲙⲛ (deposed ones), referring to clergy who have been formally removed from office.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊቀ ፈሐል","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ሊቀ ፈሐል (liqa fäḥal, chief of the physicians) in canon 15 is a Geʿez calque of a Coptic or Greek title, possibly referring to a high ecclesiastical authority or a medical metaphor for spiritual healing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘክልኤተ አውሰበ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 16’s prohibition of bigamy after baptism echoes 1 Timothy 3:2 and patristic teaching on monogamy for clergy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘክልኤተ አኀተ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 18’s ban on marrying two sisters (unless they are niece or cousin) parallels the Apostolic Canons (Canon 19) and later Byzantine canon law (e.g., Zonaras).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘመተረ ርእሶ","severity":"caution","text":"Canon 21’s phrase “he who has cut off his own head” is likely a metaphorical or hyperbolic expression for suicide, not literal self-decapitation; the Geʿez may reflect a Coptic idiom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 15: The identity of 'chief of the physicians' (ሊቀ ፈሐል) is unclear; it may be a title for a bishop or a metaphorical reference.","Canon 20: The Geʿez ኅጽው (ḫəṣ́əw, eunuch) does not specify whether the condition is congenital or acquired; the translation follows the Coptic sense.","Canon 21: The phrase 'cut off his own head' may be a literal translation of a Coptic idiom for suicide; the exact Coptic Vorlage is not extant."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"፳፪። ለእመቦ፡ እንዘ፡ ሥዩም፡ ውእቱ፡ ወመተረ፡ ርእሶ፡ ይሰዐር፡ እስመ፡ ቀታሌ፡ ርእሱ፡ ውእቱ\n\n፳፫። ሕዝባዊ፡ ዘይመትር፡ ርእሶ፡ ይቁም፡ ፫፡ ክረምተ፡ እስመ፡ ጸላኢ፡ ውእቱ፡ ለሕይወተ፡ ዚአሁ\n\n፳፬። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ዲያቆን፡ በዝሙት፡ ወእመሂ፡ በምሒለ፡ ሐሰት፡ ወእመሂ፡ በስርቅ፡ ተረክበ፡ ይሰዐር፡ ወኢይቁም፡ እስመ፡ ይብል፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ኢይትቤቀል፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ካዕበ፡ በአሐቲ፡ አበሳ\n\n፳፭። ወከማሁ፡ ባዕዳንሂ፡ ሥዩማን፡ እለ፡ ውስተ፡ ሢመት፡ ኮኑ፡ እለ፡ ኢያውሰቡ፡ ንኤዝዝ፡ ለእለ፡ ይፈቅዱ፡ ያውስቡ፡ አናጕንስጢስ፡ ወመዘምራን፡ ባሕቲቶሙ\n\n፳፮። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘይዘብጥ፡ መሀይምናነ፡ እለ፡ አበሱ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ኢመሀይምናነ፡ እለ፡ ገፍዑ፡ ወበዘ፡ ያፈርሁ፡ ይፈቅዱ፡ ይስዐሩ፡ ንኤዝዝ፡ እስመ፡ አልቦ፡ እግዚእ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ኀበ፡ አዘዘ። ዓዲ፡ እንከ፡ ለሊሁ፡ እንዘ፡ ይዘበጥ፡ ኢዘበጠ፡ ወእንዘ፡ ይጼዐል፡ ኢጸዐለ፡ ወእንዘ፡ ያሐምምዎ፡ ኢተቀየመ","english":"22. If a bishop, while he is ordained, cuts off his own head, he shall be deposed, because he is a murderer of himself.\n\n23. A layman who cuts off his own head shall stand for three rainy seasons, because he is an enemy of his own life.\n\n24. A bishop, or a presbyter, or a deacon, if he is found in adultery, or in false witness, or in theft, he shall be deposed and shall not stand, because the book says: The Lord does not forgive a second time for one sin.\n\n25. And likewise, other ordained ones who are in the laity, who do not impose the imposition of hands on those who wish to impose anagnosts and cantors, only them.\n\n26. A bishop, or a presbyter, or a deacon, who ordains faithful ones who have sinned, or faithful ones who have been excommunicated, and by the fear they cause, they wish to depose the imposition of hands, because there is no Lord who has commanded thus. Moreover, he himself, while he ordains, has not ordained, and while he excommunicates, has not excommunicated, and while he anathematizes, has been anathematized.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥዩም","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሥዩም (śəyum) means 'ordained' or 'appointed,' here referring to a bishop in office. The same root appears in canon 25 for 'ordained ones' (ሥዩማን).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕዝባዊ","severity":"info","text":"ሕዝባዊ (ḥəzbāwi) means 'layman' or 'secular person,' distinguishing non-clergy from the ordained in the preceding canon.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይትቤቀል እግዚአብሔር ካዕበ በአሐቲ አበሳ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 24 cites a scriptural principle: 'The Lord does not forgive a second time for one sin.' This echoes a common patristic maxim, possibly derived from the notion of irrevocable sin in early church discipline.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አናጕንስጢስ","severity":"info","text":"አናጕንስጢስ (anagōnstas) is a Greek loanword (ἀναγνώστης) meaning 'reader' or 'lector,' a minor clerical order. Its presence reflects Greek liturgical influence on Geʿez canon law.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፳፭።","severity":"caution","text":"Canon 25 is syntactically ambiguous: it may mean that other ordained persons in the laity (i.e., those not currently serving) may not impose hands on candidates for reader and cantor, or that only they may do so. The English draft takes the restrictive sense.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ይስዐሩ ንኤዝዝ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 26 uses the phrase 'depose the imposition of hands' (ይስዐሩ ንኤዝዝ), indicating that ordination performed under duress or by a compromised bishop is considered invalid. This reflects a concern for canonical regularity in ordination.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 25: whether ባሕቲቶሙ (only them) restricts the right to ordain to the ordained ones themselves or excludes them from ordaining others.","Canon 26: the final clause 'while he anathematizes, has been anathematized' may be a textual corruption or a deliberate paradox; the exact legal consequence is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"፳፯። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘተስዕረ፡ በጽድቅ፡ በአበሳ፡ ዕውቅ፡ ወይደፍር፡ ወይገስስ፡ እንተ፡ ቀዲሙ፡ ተውህበት፡ ሎቱ፡ ሢመተ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ግሙራ፡ ለዝሉፉ፡ ይትመተር፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን\n\n፳፰። ለእመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ በወርቅ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ሢመት፡ አኃዜ፡ ኮነ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ዲያቆን፡ ይሰዐር፡ ውእቱሂ፡ ወዘሤሞሂ፡ ወይትመተር፡ ለዝሉፉ፡ እምተከንሶሂ፡ ከመ፡ ሲሞን፡ እምኀበ፡ ጴጥሮስ\n\n፳፱። ለእመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ለሰብአ፡ ዓለም፡ መኳንንት፡ ተፀሚዶ፡ ወቦሙ፡ አኃዜ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ኮነ፡ ይሰዐርሂ፡ ወይቁምሂ፡ ወእለሂ፡ ይትኬነሱ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ኵሎሙ\n\n፴። ለእመቦ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ዘአስተኣከየ፡ ዘዚአሁ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሰ፡ ወእንተ፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ገብረ፡ ጸሎተ፡ ወምሥዋዐ፡ ይተክል፡ እንዘ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይግእዞ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ በሠናይ፡ አምልኮ፡ ወበጽድቅ፡ ይስዐር፡ ሕገ፡ መፍቀሬ፡ መኰንን፡ እስመ፡ መምዕላይ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወባዕዳንሂ፡ ሥዩማን፡ መጠኔ፡ ዘምስሌሁ፡ ኀብሩ። ወሕዝባዊያንሰ፡ ይቁሙ። ዘንተ፡ እንከ፡ እምድኅረ፡ አኃቲ፡ ወክልኤቱ፡ ወሠለስቱ፡ በቍዔተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ይኩን","english":"27. If a bishop, or if a presbyter, or if a deacon, who has been ordained righteously, in a state of sin knowingly, and fears and trembles at that which was formerly given to him, for a sin of this kind, he is cut off; he shall be expelled from the church.\n\n28. If a bishop, for gold, has become an accomplice to this sin, and if a presbyter, or if a deacon, performs it, he also, and those who consent with him, shall be expelled, and he shall be cut off from his office, like Simon from Peter.\n\n29. If a bishop, having been bribed by worldly magnates, and has become an accomplice with them against the church, he also performs it and stands, and all those who are in office with him.\n\n30. If a presbyter who has concealed his own bishop, and alone performs the service of prayer and the Eucharist, without anyone to inform the bishop, with good conduct and righteousness, he performs the law of the love of the judge, because he is a mediator; and the laity also, who are appointed with him, are equal in measure with him. And the laypeople stand, this from after one, two, and three, at the visitation of the bishop, it shall be.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሢመተ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሢመተ (lamta) here denotes a specific sin or offense, likely a grave moral transgression. The English draft renders it as 'sin' but the context suggests a technical canonical category.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሲሞን እምኀበ ጴጥሮስ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Simon and Peter (canon 28) alludes to the biblical account of Simon Magus, who offered money to Peter for spiritual power and was rebuked. This serves as a typological warning against simony.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥዋዐ","severity":"info","text":"The term ምሥዋዐ (mǝśwāʿa) refers to the Eucharist, indicating that the presbyter in canon 30 is performing the liturgy alone, a practice that normally requires a bishop's oversight.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 27–30 form a coherent unit on clerical misconduct: 27 addresses sin after ordination, 28 simony, 29 collusion with secular authorities, and 30 a presbyter acting without episcopal knowledge.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘንተ እንከ እምድኅረ አኃቲ ወክልኤቱ ወሠለስቱ በቍዔተ ኤጲስ ቆጶስ ይኩን","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause of canon 30 is obscure: 'this from after one, two, and three, at the visitation of the bishop, it shall be.' The meaning may be corrupt or elliptical; possibly referring to a period of penance or suspension.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The penalty of expulsion for simony (canon 28) parallels the Apostolic Canons' treatment of simony in other traditions, such as the Canons of the Apostles (Canon 30) and later Byzantine canon law.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise nature of the 'sin' (ሢመተ) in canon 27 is not specified; it may refer to a specific offense like apostasy or heresy.","The final clause of canon 30 is syntactically unclear; the numbers 'one, two, and three' may indicate days, weeks, or stages of penance."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"፴፩። ለእመቦ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ዲያቆን፡ እምኀበ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ቅውመ፡ ለዝ፡ ኢይከውኖ፡ እምኀበ፡ ካልእ፡ ይትወከፍዎ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በኀበ፡ ዘአቀሞ፡ ለእመ፡ ኢኮነ፡ ይደድቆ፡ ሞት፡ ለዘ፡ አቀሞ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ\n\n፴፪። ወኢአሐደ፡ እምእንግዳ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወቀሳውስት፡ ወዲያቆናት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ማዕተብ፡ ኢይትወከፉ። ወአምጺኦሙኒ፡ ይትሐተቱ፡ ወእመሰ፡ ሰባኪያነ፡ ሠናየ፡ አምልኮ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ይትወከፉ። ወእመአኮሰ፡ ትካዞሙ፡ ውሂበክሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ተከንሶ፡ ኢትትወከፍዎሙ፡ እስመ፡ ብዙኅ፡ እንከ፡ ዘተስሕቶሂ፡ ይከውን\n\n፴፫። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሶሙ፡ ለለ፡ አሐዱ፡ አሐዱ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ያእምሩ፡ መፍትው፡ ቀዳሜ፡ ዚአሆሙ፡ ወይረስይዎ፡ ሕገ፡ ርእሶሙ፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ፈድፋደ፡ ኢይግበሩ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ፈቃደ፡ ዚአሁ። ዘንተ፡ ባሕቲቶ፡ አሐዱ፡ አሐዱ፡ መጠኔ፡ ለእንቲአሁ፡ በሓውርት፡ ይትከሀል፡ ወለዘሂ፡ መትሕቴሃ፡ ብሔር። አላ፡ ወኢውእቱ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ምክረ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ኢይግበር፡ ምንተኒ፡ እስመ፡ ከመዝ፡ ኅብረተ፡ ትኩን፡ ወይሴባሕ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በኢየሱስ፡ ወለመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ","english":"31. If a presbyter, or if a deacon, from a bishop who was established for this, it is not permitted that he be received from another, except by the one who established him. If he who established him is dead, the bishop who established him [is the one to receive him].\n\n32. And no one from among the foreign bishops, presbyters, and deacons shall be received without a letter of recommendation. And those who bring them shall be examined. And if they are preachers of good worship, they shall be received. But if their testimony is false, do not receive them, for there is much that is false.\n\n33. The bishops of each and every people shall know the first of their number, and they shall respect his law. And they shall do nothing whatsoever of division without his permission. Only this one, each one in his measure, may be entrusted with a journey for his sake. And for those under him in the region, he shall do nothing without the counsel of all, for thus there will be unity, and the Lord will be praised in Jesus and the Holy Spirit.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ ማዕተብ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'letter of recommendation' (lit. 'book of testimony') is a standard term for a letter of communion or dimissorial letter in canon law.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰባኪያነ ሠናየ አምልኮ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'preachers of good worship' likely refers to orthodox clergy, distinguishing them from heretics or schismatics who might seek reception.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 31 addresses reception of clergy ordained by a deceased bishop; canon 32 governs reception of foreign clergy; canon 33 establishes the primacy of a first bishop and synodal decision-making.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 33's requirement that bishops act with the counsel of all echoes the synodal principle found in the Apostolic Canons and the Canons of the Apostles.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez of canon 31 is ambiguous: 'the bishop who established him' may refer to the original ordaining bishop or a successor; the English draft assumes the latter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These canons on clerical reception and episcopal authority were transmitted in Ethiopic canon law collections, often alongside the Senodos and other apostolic materials.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"},{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 31: unclear whether 'the bishop who established him' refers to the original ordaining bishop or his successor after the former's death.","Canon 33: 'the first of their number' may indicate a metropolitan or a primus inter pares, but the Geʿez does not specify the title."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"፴፬። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ኢይድፍር፡ ባዕደ፡ እምዘዚአሁ፡ መካናት፡ ሢመታተ፡ ይግበር፡ ውስተ፡ ዘኢኮነ፡ ምኵናኑ፡ ብሔር፡ ወአህጉር። ወእመሰ፡ ተዛለፈ፡ እንተ፡ ከመዝ፡ ገብረ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ምክረ፡ እለ፡ ይእኅዙ፡ ብሔረ፡ ወአህጉረ፡ ይስዐር፡ ውእቱሂ፡ ወእለ፡ ሤሞሙ\n\n፴፭። እመቦ፡ ዘተሠይመ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወኢተወክፈ፡ ቅኔ፡ ወኅሊና፡ ሕዝብ፡ እንተ፡ ተውህበቶ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ቅውመ፡ ይኩን፡ እስከ፡ ሶበ፡ ይትወከፍ፡ ወከማሁ፡ ቀሲስሂ፡ ወዲያቆንሂ። ወእመሰ፡ ሐዊሮ፡ ኢተወክፍዎ፡ አኮ፡ እምፈቃዱ፡ አላ፡ እምእከየ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ውእቱሰ፡ ይኩን፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሰ፡ ወሥዩማነ፡ ሀገርሰ፡ ይቁሙ፡ እስመ፡ ለዘከመዝ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ኢይትኤዘዝ፡ መምህራነ፡ ኢኮኑ\n\n፴፮። ካዕበ፡ ለዐመት፡ ሴኖዶስ፡ ትትገበር፡ ዘኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ወይትፋትሑ፡ በበይናቲሆሙ፡ ሥርዐተ፡ ሠናየ፡ አምልኮ፡ ወእለሂ፡ ወድቃ፡ ዘቤተ፡ ክርስቲያናት፡ በህየ፡ ይፍትሑ። አሐተ፡ እንከ፡ በራብዕተ፡ ሰንበተ፡ ጰንጠቈስቴ፡ ወዳግሚታ፡ በነሓሲ፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፪","english":"34. A bishop shall not transfer from his own place to another place for the sake of benefices, into a region and country that is not his own. And if he transgresses, having done thus without the counsel of those who govern the region and country, he shall be punished, both he and those who appointed him.\n\n35. If a bishop who was appointed has not yet received the throne and the intelligence of the people that was given to him, he shall remain standing thus until he receives it. And likewise a presbyter and a deacon. And if he has delayed and not received it, not by his own will but by the wickedness of the people, he shall be bishop and the governors of the city shall stand, for the people of this kind are not to be ruled by teachers.\n\n36. Again, a synod of bishops shall be held twice a year, and they shall discuss among themselves the ordinance of good worship. And also the affairs of the churches shall be discussed there. One, however, on the fourth Sabbath of Pentecost, and the second in the month of Nahase, on the 12th.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 34–36 form a narrative block on episcopal discipline: transfer (34), delayed installation (35), and synodal frequency (36). The Coptic Vorlage likely numbered them 34–36 as well.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምክረ","severity":"info","text":"Geʿez ምክረ (məkra) 'counsel' renders Coptic ϣⲟϫⲛⲓ (šočni) 'counsel, deliberation'. The phrase 'without the counsel of those who govern' implies a synodal or collegial check on episcopal transfers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 36 prescribes two synods per year: one on the fourth Sabbath of Pentecost (i.e., fourth Sunday after Easter) and one on 12 Nahase (Ethiopian month, roughly August). This mirrors the Council of Nicaea’s canon 5 (twice-yearly synods).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 34 parallels the Apostolic Canons (e.g., canon 14 of the Council of Antioch) forbidding episcopal translation without synodal consent. The punishment clause ('he shall be punished') is typical of late antique church order.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኅሊና","severity":"caution","text":"Geʿez ኅሊና (ḫəlina) 'intelligence, mind' in canon 35 is ambiguous: it may mean 'the people's consent' or 'the people's understanding (of the bishop)'. The English draft reads 'intelligence of the people', but the sense could be 'the people's allegiance'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version of these canons was transmitted as part of the Sinodos (Ethiopic canon law collection). The twice-yearly synod rule (canon 36) was often cited in Ethiopian church councils, e.g., the 1514 Council of Dabra Libanos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 35: 'intelligence of the people' (ኅሊና ሕዝብ) may refer to the people's consent or their spiritual understanding; the Geʿez allows both readings.","Canon 36: 'fourth Sabbath of Pentecost' could mean the fourth Sunday after Easter or the fourth week; the Geʿez ሰንበት (sanbat) can mean 'Sabbath' or 'week'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"፴፯። ኵሎ፡ ዘቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ትካዛተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ይርከብ፡ ኅሊና፡ ወይሥርዖ፡ ሕገ፡ ዘእግዚአብሔር፡ ይሬኢ። ወኢይከውኖ፡ ይዝሩ፡ እምውስቴቶሙ፡ ወኢለአዝማዲሁ፡ ዘእግዚአብሔር፡ ይጸጉ። ወእመሰ፡ ነዳየቦ፡ ይሴሲ፡ አላ፡ ኢበምክንያተ፡ እሉ፡ ዘቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ኢያማስን\n\n፴፰። ቀሳውስት፡ ወዲያቆናት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ምክረ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ ኢይግበሩ፡ እስመ፡ እንከ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘተአመነ፡ ሕዝበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወበእንተ፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ ቃለ፡ ያገብእ\n\n፴፱። ይኩን፡ ዕዉቀ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ንዋዩ፡ ለእመሂ፡ ዚአሁቦ፡ ወዕዉቅ፡ ዘቤተ፡ ክርስቲያንሂ፡ ከመ፡ ሥሉጠ፡ ይኩን፡ ለዘዚአሁ፡ እምከመ፡ ሞተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ለዘፈቀደ፡ የሀብ። ወኢበምክንያት፡ ዘቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ንዋይ፡ ኢይደመር፡ ዘኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወለእመ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ወደቂቀ፡ ቦ፡ ወእመአኮ፡ አዝማደ፡ ወእመአኮ፡ ነባሬ። እስመ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ውእቱዝ፡ በኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወበኀበ፡ ሰብእ፡ ከመ፡ ወኢቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ኀሳረ፡ ምንተኒ፡ ኢትርከብ፡ በኢያእምሮ፡ ዘኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ንዋየ። ወኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወአዝማዲሁ፡ በምክንያተ፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ኢይትበረበሩ። ወበትካዛት፡ ኢይደቁ፡ ሰብአ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ወሞተ፡ ዚአሁ፡ በፅርፈት፡ ኢይኩን","english":"37. All the property of the church, the bishop shall administer with wisdom, and he shall ordain the law of God, and he shall see that it is not lacking; they shall be expelled from among them, and they shall be deprived of the grace of God. And if there is a need, he shall appoint, but not by reason of these, the property of the church, and he shall not be deceived.\n\n38. Priests and deacons, without the counsel of the bishop, and nothing whatsoever, shall they do, for he is the one who has been entrusted with the people of God, and concerning their souls, he shall give account.\n\n39. Let the property of the bishop be known to him, if he has any, and let the property of the church also be known, so that he may be a steward of what is his. After the death of the bishop, for the one who wishes, he shall give, and not by reason of the church’s property shall the bishop’s property be mingled. And if he has a wife and children, and if he has relatives, and if he has no heir, for justice is due before God and before men, and the church shall suffer no loss, nothing shall be found in the ignorance of the bishop’s property. And the bishop and his relatives shall not be disturbed by reason of the church’s property, and by the administrations they shall not oppress his people, and his death shall not be by violence.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ትካዛተ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ትካዛተ (təkāzāta) here means 'administration' or 'stewardship' of church property, a key duty of the bishop.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኅሊና","severity":"info","text":"ኅሊና (ḫəllīna) is a Geʿez term for 'wisdom' or 'prudence', reflecting the bishop's required discernment in managing church affairs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕገ ዘእግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'law of God' (ሕገ ዘእግዚአብሔር) echoes biblical language, possibly alluding to Torah or divine commandments, though no specific verse is cited.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀሳውስት ወዲያቆናት","severity":"info","text":"Canon 38 subordinates priests and deacons to the bishop's counsel, reflecting early church hierarchy where the bishop held ultimate authority over clergy actions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፴፯። ... ፴፰። ... ፴፱።","severity":"info","text":"The passage comprises three canons (37–39) in sequence, each addressing distinct aspects of episcopal authority: property management, clergy subordination, and inheritance rules.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይሥርዖ ሕገ ዘእግዚአብሔር","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he shall ordain the law of God' is ambiguous: it may mean the bishop enforces divine law or that he ordains clergy according to it. The Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 37's 'they shall be expelled' lacks a clear antecedent; it may refer to clergy or laity who mismanage property.","Canon 39's 'if he has no heir' (እመአኮ ነባሬ) is ambiguous: it could mean no biological heir or no designated successor for the bishop's personal property."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"፵። ንኤዝዝ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ሥልጣነ፡ ይርከብ፡ ላዕለ፡ ንዋየ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። ወእመ፡ እንከ፡ ክቡራተ፡ ዘሰብእ፡ ነፍሳተ፡ ሎቱ፡ ተአመነ፡ ፈድፋደ፡ መፍትው፡ በእንተ፡ ንዋይ፡ ያስተጋብእ፡ ከመ፡ በሥልጣነ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ይሥራዕ፡ ለእለ፡ ይጼነሱ፡ ለቀሳውስት፡ ወለዲያቆናት፡ ወይትወሀብ፡ በፍርሀት፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ኂሩት። ወይንሣእ፡ ውእቱኒ፡ ዘመፍትው፡ ለእመ፡ ዘይፈቅድ፡ ለጻህቁ፡ ወለእለ፡ ይትኔገዱሂ፡ ለአኃው፡ ጻህቀ፡ ከመ፡ ወኢበምንትኒ፡ ኢይኅጥኡ። እስመ፡ ሕገ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሠርዐ፡ ለእለ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ይፀመዱ፡ እምሥዋዕ፡ ይሴሰዩ፡ እስመ፡ ወኢሐራ፡ በዘዚአሁ፡ ንዋይ፡ ወልታ፡ ዲበ፡ ፀር፡ ኢያነሥእ\n\n፵፩። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወዲያቆን፡ በተውኔት፡ ወስካር፡ ዘይትረከብ፡ ይኅድግ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ይሰዐር\n\n፵፪። መንፈቀ፡ ዲያቆን፡ ወእመኒ፡ አናጕንስጢስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ መዘምር፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ይገብር፡ ይኅድግ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ይቁም። ከማሁ፡ ሕዝባዊኒ\n\n፵፫። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወዲያቆን፡ ሲሳየ፡ ዘይነሥእ፡ እምኀበ፡ እለ፡ ተለቅሑ፡ ይኅድግ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ይስዐር","english":"38. The bishop shall have authority over the property of the church. And if there are among you honorable persons of the people who have entrusted their souls to him, he may, with discretion, administer the property as he sees fit, as by his authority he acts for those who are in need, for the clergy and the deacons. And it shall be given with fear and with all freedom. And he himself may also take what he wishes, if he desires, for the poor and for those who are governed, for the brothers of the poor, as it is not permitted to transgress in anything, because the law of God has ordained that those who are entrusted with the common fund shall be deprived of the common fund, for there is no freedom in his own property, and he shall not take anything beyond what is necessary.\n\n39. A bishop, and also a priest and a deacon, who is found in drunkenness and intoxication, shall be deposed; and if not, he shall be punished.\n\n40. A subdeacon, and also a reader and a cantor, who does likewise, shall be deposed; and if not, he shall be suspended. Likewise also a layman.\n\n41. A bishop, and also a priest and a deacon, who takes usury from those who have borrowed, shall be deposed; and if not, he shall be punished.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ፈድፋደ፡ መፍትው","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ፈድፋደ፡ መፍትው' (fädafäde mäftəw) is rendered 'with discretion' in the English draft, but it more literally means 'one by one as he wishes,' emphasizing the bishop's individual judgment in administering church property.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥዋዕ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ምሥዋዕ' (məśwāʿ) is a key term meaning 'common fund' or 'common property,' likely referring to the shared resources of the church or community. Its use here echoes early Christian communal economic practices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕገ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ሕገ፡ እግዚአብሔር' (ḥəggä ʾəgziʾabəḥer) 'law of God' may allude to Old Testament prohibitions against misappropriation of sacred property, e.g., Leviticus 5:15–16, though no direct quotation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በተውኔት፡ ወስካር","severity":"info","text":"The pairing 'በተውኔት፡ ወስካር' (bätäwnēt wäsəkar) 'in drunkenness and intoxication' reflects a standard concern in early church canons (e.g., Canons of Hippolytus) about clerical sobriety, with deposition as the penalty.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፵፩–፵፫","severity":"info","text":"Canons 39–41 form a tripartite structure: each begins with a clerical rank (bishop, priest, deacon) and a specific offense (drunkenness, usury), followed by a conditional penalty ('shall be deposed; and if not, shall be punished/suspended').","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕዝባዊ","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of 'ሕዝባዊ' (ḥəzbāwi) 'layman' in canon 40 extends the penalty for drunkenness to laity, a feature also found in the Ethiopic version of the Apostolic Tradition, indicating adaptation for broader community discipline.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘከመዝ፡ ይገብር' (zäkämäz yəgabbar) in canon 40 is ambiguous: it could mean 'who does likewise' (referring to drunkenness) or 'who acts in such a manner' (more general). The English draft takes the former reading.","The penalty 'ይስዐር' (yəsʿar) in canons 39 and 41 is rendered 'punished' but the specific form of punishment (e.g., excommunication, penance) is not specified in the text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"፵፬። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወዲያቆን፡ ምስለ፡ ዕልዋን፡ ለእመ፡ ጸለዩ፡ ይቁሙ። ወእመሰ፡ አብእዎሙ፡ በከመ፡ ሥዩማን፡ ይግበሩ፡ ይስዐሩ\n\n፵፭። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘዕልዋን፡ ለእመ፡ ተወክፈ፡ ጥምቀተ፡ ወእመኒ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ይስዐር፡ ንኤዝዝ። ምንተ፡ እንከ፡ ኅብረቱ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ ምስለ፡ ቤልሖር፡ ወምንተ፡ መክፈልቱ፡ ለመሀይምን፡ ምስለ፡ ኢመሀይምን\n\n፵፮። እመቦ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ብእሲቶ፡ ኀዲጎ፡ ካልእተ፡ ነሥአ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ዘእምኀበ፡ ባዕድ፡ ኅድግተ፡ ይቁም\n\n፵፯። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወዲያቆን፡ ወግሙራ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ዘእምሥዋዕ፡ ዘአውስቦ፡ ወሥጋ፡ ወወይነ፡ ዘበእንተ፡ ኢተዐግሦ፡ አላ፡ በእንተ፡ ምናኔ፡ ኀደገ፡ ረሲዖ፡ ከመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሠናይ፡ ጥቀ፡ ወከመ፡ ብእሴ፡ ወብእሲተ፡ ገብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሰብአ፡ አላ፡ እንዘ፡ ይፀርፍ፡ ያስተዋዲ፡ ግብረ፡ ዓለም፡ ይትገሠጽ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ይስዐር፡ እምቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። ይሰደድ፡ ከማሁ፡ ሕዝባዊኒ","english":"44. The bishop, and also the presbyter and deacon, together with the elders, if they pray, shall stand. And if they have brought them in as ordained, they shall act, they shall celebrate.\n\n45. The bishop, and also the presbyter, and also the deacon who are elders, if he has received baptism, and also the Eucharist, he shall celebrate. We command: What is the fellowship of Christ with Belhor? And what is the communion of the faithful with the unfaithful?\n\n46. If a layman abandons his wife and takes another, and also if from a foreign place an abandoned woman stands.\n\n47. If a bishop, and also a presbyter and deacon and monk, who has been, who from the market, who has bought flesh and wine for the sake of not fasting, but for the sake of gluttony, has abandoned righteousness, like all good strongly, and like a man and a woman, a servant of God, a man, not while he is contemptuous, he shall make known the work of the world, he shall be rebuked. And if not, he shall celebrate outside the church; he shall be expelled. Likewise also a layman.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤልሖር","severity":"info","text":"Belhor is a Geʿez rendering of Belial, a biblical term for worthlessness or personified evil, here contrasting Christ's fellowship with the faithful.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤልሖር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'fellowship of Christ with Belhor' echoes 2 Corinthians 6:15, where Belial is used to denote opposition to Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጥምቀተ ወመሥዋዕተ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 45 links baptism and Eucharist as prerequisites for clerical celebration, reflecting early church order requirements for ordained ministry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፵፬–፵፯","severity":"info","text":"Canons 44–47 form a narrative sequence: liturgical standing (44), sacramental authority (45), marriage discipline (46), and moral conduct (47).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፵፮","severity":"caution","text":"Canon 46 is syntactically broken; 'if a layman abandons his wife' may be a conditional without an explicit penalty, possibly a textual lacuna.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"፵፯","severity":"info","text":"Canon 47's prohibition on buying meat and wine for gluttony, with expulsion for non-compliance, reflects monastic ascetic norms in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks","label":"gap dossier: Prohibitions for Monks (monastic canons)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-prohibitions-for-monks"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 44: 'if they have brought them in as ordained' — unclear whether the elders are ordained or the bishop/presbyter/deacon are brought in.","Canon 46: the second clause 'if from a foreign place an abandoned woman stands' is ambiguous; it may refer to a woman abandoned by her husband who then stands (i.e., remarries) elsewhere.","Canon 47: 'who has been, who from the market' — the syntax is disjointed; the subject may be a monk who bought meat and wine from the market."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"፵፰። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘይገብእ፡ እምኀጢአቱ፡ ወኢይትዌከፍ፡ አላ፡ ይሰድዶ፡ ይስዐር፡ እስመ፡ ያሐዝን፡ ክርስቶስሃ፡ ለዘ፡ ይቤ፡ ፍሥሓ፡ ይከውን፡ በሰማይ፡ በእንተ፡ አሐዱ፡ ኃጥእ፡ ዘይኔስሕ\n\n፵፱። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወዲያቆን፡ በመዋዕለ፡ በዓላት፡ ዘኢይጥዕም፡ ሥጋ፡ ወወይነ፡ ይሰዐር፡ ሕገ፡ ውዑየ፡ ኅሊና፡ ወምክንያተ፡ ዕቅፍት፡ ለሰብእ፡ ኮነ\n\n፶። እመቦ፡ ሥዩም፡ በቤተ፡ መያሲ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ እንዘ፡ ይበልዕ፡ ይቁም፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በምዕራፍ፡ ወበፍኖት፡ በግብር፡ አዕሪፎ\n\n፶፩። እመቦ፡ ሥዩም፡ ዘጸዐሎ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ በዐመፃ፡ ይስዐር፡ እስመ፡ ይብል፡ መኰንነ፡ ሕዝብከ፡ ኢትሐሚ፡ እኩየ\n\n፶፪። እመቦ፡ ሥዩም፡ ዘጸዐለ፡ ቀሲሰ፡ ወዲያቆነ፡ ይቁም\n\n፶፫። እመቦ፡ ሥዩም፡ ጽሙመ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ጽሉለ፡ ወሐንካሰ፡ ወዕውረ፡ ዘይሳለቅ፡ ይቁም። ከማሁ፡ ሕዝባዊኒ\n\n፶፬። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ዘያሰትት፡ ሥዩማነ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ወኢይሜህሮሙ፡ ሠናየ፡ አምልኮ፡ ይቁም። ወእመሰ፡ ነበረ፡ እንዘ፡ ያሰትት፡ ይስዐር","english":"48. If a bishop, or also a presbyter, or also a deacon, who enters from his sin and is not rebuked, but rather he acts, he celebrates, because he grieves Christ, for him who says, \"Forgiveness will be in heaven on account of one sinner who repents.\"\n\n49. If a bishop, or also a presbyter, and a deacon, during the season of feasts, who does not taste flesh and wine, he celebrates, a law of great wisdom and reason for the binding of a person has become.\n\n50. If a ordained one, in the house of the sanctuary, who is found while eating, he shall stand, except at a meal and on a journey, in the work of the harvest.\n\n51. If a ordained one, who has lied to the bishop, in anger he celebrates, because he says, \"The governor of your people, you have destroyed, evil.\"\n\n52. If a ordained one, who has lied to a presbyter and a deacon, he shall stand.\n\n53. If a ordained one, a leper, and also a blind one, and a crippled one, and a blind one who sees, he shall stand. Likewise also a layperson.\n\n54. If a bishop, or also a presbyter, who ordains ordained ones, and also the people, and does not teach them good worship, he shall stand. And if he was while ordaining, he celebrates.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እመቦ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez conjunction እመቦ (ʾəmmabā) introduces each canon with a conditional sense ('if'), matching the Coptic original's 'ⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ' (ešōpe).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ፍሥሓ ይከውን በሰማይ በእንተ አሐዱ ኃጥእ ዘይኔስሕ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 48 cites a saying about forgiveness in heaven for one repentant sinner; this may echo Matthew 18:21–22 or a patristic maxim, but no direct scriptural verse is identified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በመዋዕለ በዓላት","severity":"info","text":"Canon 49 refers to the 'season of feasts' (በመዋዕለ በዓላት), likely the major liturgical seasons (e.g., Easter, Epiphany) when fasting rules were strict; the canon exempts ordained who do not taste flesh and wine.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ይቁም / ይስዐር","severity":"info","text":"Each canon ends with either ይቁም ('he shall stand,' i.e., be suspended) or ይስዐር ('he celebrates,' i.e., continues in office), forming a binary penalty structure throughout the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይሳለቅ","severity":"caution","text":"Canon 53 lists ዘይሳለቅ ('who sees') after ዕውረ ('blind'), creating an apparent contradiction; the text may be corrupt or intend a distinction between total blindness and partial sight.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥዩም","severity":"info","text":"The term ሥዩም ('ordained one') in canons 50–54 reflects the Geʿez reception of Coptic church order, where ordained clergy (bishops, presbyters, deacons) are subject to specific disciplinary canons.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona","label":"gap dossier: Apostolic Canon on Repentance: the Penitential Canons of our Lord to St Peter","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-absilitis-qanona"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 48: The phrase 'for him who says' (ለዘ ይቤ) may refer to Christ or to a scriptural author; the antecedent is ambiguous.","Canon 53: The list of conditions (leper, blind, crippled, blind who sees) is inconsistent; the intended categories of disqualification for ordination are unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"፶፭። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ፅኑሰ፡ እምሥዩማን፡ ወኢይሁብ፡ ዘመፍትው፡ ይቁም፡ ሕገ፡ ዘቀተለ፡ እኁሁ\n\n፶፮። እመቦ፡ ሕስወ፡ ዘተጽሕፈ፡ ዘረሲዓን፡ መጻሕፍተ፡ ከመ፡ ቅዱስ፡ በቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘያግህድ፡ ለሙስና፡ ሕዝብ፡ ይሰዐር\n\n፶፯። እመቦ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ሐሜተ፡ ዲበ፡ መሀይምናን፡ በእንተ፡ ዝሙት፡ ወእመኒ፡ በእንተ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ካልእ፡ ዘኮነ፡ እምኅሩም፡ ምግባር፡ ወዘለፍዎ፡ ኢይከውኖ፡ ይሠየም\n\n፶፰። እመቦ፡ ሥዩም፡ በእንተ፡ ፍርሀተ፡ ሰብእ፡ እመሂ፡ ለአይሁዳዊ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ለአረማዊ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ለዕልዋን፡ ዘክሕደ፡ ስሞ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ ይሰደድ፡ እምስመ፡ ሢመቱ፡ ይሰዐር\n\n፶፱። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወቀሲስ፡ ወዲያቆን፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ዘኮነ፡ እምሥዋዕ፡ ይበልዕ፡ ሥጋ፡ በደመ፡ ነፍስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ምውተ፡ በአርዌ፡ ወማውታ፡ ይሰዐር። እስመ፡ ዘንተ፡ ሕግ፡ ከልአ፡ ወእመሰ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ይቁም\n\n፷። እመቦ፡ ሥዩም፡ ዘተረክበ፡ በሰንበተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወእመኒ፡ በሰንበተ፡ አይሁድ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጸውም፡ ዘእንበለ፡ አሐቲ፡ ይስዐር","english":"55. If a bishop, or also a presbyter, who has been firm from the beginning, and does not give what is his own, he stands against the law of him who killed his brother.\n\n56. If one who has written a writing of the heretics, like a holy book in the church, which leads the people to corruption, he shall be excommunicated.\n\n57. If one has made a false accusation against the faithful concerning fornication, or also concerning a woman of a man, or also another who has done a forbidden deed and has transgressed, and it is not so, he shall be excommunicated.\n\n58. If a bishop, out of fear of people, whether for a Jew, or also for a pagan, or also for heretics, who has denied the name of Christ, he shall be expelled from the name of the church; he shall be excommunicated.\n\n59. If a bishop, presbyter, or deacon, and if it is not that which is from the sacrifice, eats meat with the blood of a living being, or also that which has died from a wild beast, and that which has died, he shall be excommunicated, because this law forbids it. But if a layperson does so, he stands.\n\n60. If a bishop is found on the Christian Sabbath, or also on the Jewish Sabbath, while fasting, except for one, he shall be excommunicated.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 55–60 continue the series of conditional penalties for clergy and laity, each introduced by እመቦ (if). The passage is narrative in form, listing offenses and their punishments.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥዩማን","severity":"info","text":"ሥዩማን (śəyuman) is the Geʿez plural of ሥዩም (śəyum, 'bishop'). The phrase እምሥዩማን (from the bishops) in canon 55 likely means 'from the beginning of his episcopate' or 'from the time of the bishops'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕስወ","severity":"info","text":"ሕስወ (ḥəsəw) is a Geʿez term for 'writing' or 'document'. In canon 56, it refers to a heretical writing treated as scripture, leading to excommunication.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 58 addresses denial of Christ's name under fear of Jews, pagans, or heretics, reflecting early Christian concerns about apostasy under persecution or social pressure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 59 prohibits eating meat with blood or from a wild beast, echoing Levitical and apostolic dietary laws (cf. Acts 15:20, 29). The distinction between clergy and laity in punishment is notable.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰንበተ ክርስቲያን","severity":"info","text":"ሰንበተ ክርስቲያን (sämbätä kərestiyan) means 'Christian Sabbath', likely Sunday, while ሰንበተ አይሁድ (sämbätä ʾayhud) is the Jewish Sabbath (Saturday). Canon 60 forbids fasting on either except for one day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 55: 'who has been firm from the beginning' (እምሥዩማን) could mean 'from the time of the bishops' or 'from the start of his office'. The phrase 'killed his brother' may be metaphorical or refer to a specific biblical figure (e.g., Cain).","Canon 60: 'except for one' (ዘእንበለ አሐቲ) is ambiguous: it may mean 'except for one day' (e.g., Good Friday) or 'except for one person' (e.g., the bishop himself)."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"፷፩። እመቦ፡ ሥዩም፡ ወእመኒ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ዘቦአ፡ ውስተ፡ ምኵራበ፡ አይሁድ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ውስተ፡ ዘዕልዋን፡ ይጸሊ፡ ይስዐር፡ ወይቁም\n\n፷፪። እመቦ፡ ሥዩም፡ በባእስ፡ ወጐድአ፡ ወእምጕድአት፡ አሐቲ፡ ቀተለ፡ ይስዐር፡ በእንተ፡ ትዝልፍቱ፡ ወእመሰ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ይቁም\n\n፷፫። እመቦ፡ ድንግለ፡ ዘኢፍኅርት፡ ተኀዪሎ፡ ነሥአ፡ ይቁም። ወኢይከውኖ፡ ካልእተ፡ ይንሣእ፡ አላ፡ ኪያሃ፡ ያቅም፡ እንተ፡ አብደረ፡ እመኒ፡ ነዳይት፡ ይእቲ\n\n፷፬። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወዲያቆን፡ ዳግሚተ፡ ሢመተ፡ ነሥአ፡ እምኀበ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ይስዐር፡ ውእቱኒ፡ ወዘሤሞሂ፡ ለእመ፡ ኢያርአየ፡ ከመ፡ እምዕልዋን፡ ነሥአ፡ ሢመተ። እስመ፡ እንከ፡ ዘእምኀበ፡ እሉ፡ ተጠምቁ፡ ወእመአኮ፡ ተሠይሙ፡ ወኢመሀይምናነ፡ ወኢሥዩማነ፡ ኢይትከሀል\n\n፷፭። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወቀሲስ፡ ወዲያቆን፡ ወእመኒ፡ አናጕንስጢስ፡ ወመዘምር፡ ቅድስተ፡ ጾመ፡ ፋሲካ፡ ዘኢይጸውም፡ ወኢረቡዐ፡ ወኢዐርበ፡ ይስዐር፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በእንተ፡ ደዌ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ዘይከልኦ። ወእመሰ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ይቁም","english":"61. If a bishop, or also a presbyter, who has been firm from the beginning, and does not give what is his own, he stands against the law of him who killed his brother. 62. If a bishop, or also a presbyter, who has been firm from the beginning, and does not give what is his own, he stands against the law of him who killed his brother. 63. If a bishop, or also a presbyter, who has been firm from the beginning, and does not give what is his own, he stands against the law of him who killed his brother. 64. If a bishop, or also a presbyter, who has been firm from the beginning, and does not give what is his own, he stands against the law of him who killed his brother. 65. If a bishop, or also a presbyter, who has been firm from the beginning, and does not give what is his own, he stands against the law of him who killed his brother.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft for canons 61–65 is a repeated placeholder and does not correspond to the Geʿez text. The Geʿez covers different content: entry into a synagogue or pagan temple (61), killing a pregnant woman (62), a virgin who marries after consecration (63), a cleric marrying a second wife (64), and fasting violations (65).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥዩም","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሥዩም (śəyum) means 'ordained' or 'appointed,' here referring to a bishop or presbyter in canonical office. The English draft's 'firm from the beginning' is a misreading; the Geʿez likely reads ሥዩም (ordained) not ሥዩም (firm).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምኵራበ አይሁድ","severity":"info","text":"ምኵራበ አይሁድ (məkʷrab ʾayhud) means 'synagogue of the Jews.' Canon 61 prohibits clergy from entering synagogues or pagan temples (ዘዕልዋን), reflecting early Christian boundary-marking against Jewish and pagan worship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ድንግለ ዘኢፍኅርት","severity":"info","text":"ድንግለ ዘኢፍኅርት (dəngəl za-ḫəfḫərt) means 'a virgin of consecration,' i.e., a woman who has taken a vow of virginity. Canon 63 penalizes her if she marries after consecration, with the man also punished.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 64 forbids clergy (bishop, presbyter, deacon) from marrying a second wife, treating it as equivalent to marrying from among pagans, since the latter were not baptized. This reflects the early church's strict monogamy for clergy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canons 61–65 follow a consistent conditional pattern: 'If a bishop, or also a presbyter...' (እመቦ ሥዩም ወእመኒ ሕዝባዊ), with penalties varying by rank. Laity (ሕዝባዊ) receive excommunication (ይቁም), while clergy receive deposition (ይስዐር).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The English draft is entirely erroneous for canons 61–65, repeating a placeholder from earlier canons. The Geʿez text is clear but the translation must be corrected.","Canon 62: 'በባእስ ወጐድአ ወእምጕድአት አሐቲ ቀተለ' is ambiguous: it may mean killing a pregnant woman (causing miscarriage) or killing a woman in childbirth. The reading 'pregnant woman' is taken."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"፷፮። እመቦ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ካልእ፡ ሢዩም፡ ዘይጸውም፡ ምስለ፡ አይሁድ፡ ወእመአኮ፡ ይገብር፡ በዓለ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ይነሥእ፡ ዘበዓሎሙ፡ አስትዓ፡ እንከሰ፡ ዘመጸለት፡ ወእመኒ፡ ዘውጎ፡ ይስዐር፡ ወሕዝባዊሰ፡ ይቁም\n\n፷፯። እመቦ፡ ክርስቲያናዊ፡ ቅብአ፡ ዘወሰደ፡ ቤተ፡ አምላከ፡ አረሚ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ውስተ፡ ምኵራበ፡ አይሁድ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ መኃትወ፡ ይቁም\n\n፷፰። እመቦ፡ ሥዩም፡ ወእመሂ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ እምቅድስት፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘቀሠጠ፡ መዓረ፡ ግራ፡ ወእመአኮ፡ ቅብአ፡ ይቁም፡ ወትሕምስቶ፡ የኀሊ፡ ምስለ፡ ዘነሥአ\n\n፷፱። ንዋየ፡ ብሩር፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ዘወርቅ፡ ወዘወይን፡ ወዘተቀደሰ፡ ወኢመኑሂ፡ እንከ፡ ለነሶሳወ፡ ቤቱ፡ ኢይረሲ፡ እስመ፡ ኢሕግ። ወእመሰቦ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ይትገሠጽ፡ ወእመአኮ፡ ይቁም\n\n፸። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ለእመ፡ አስተዋደይዎ፡ በዘ፡ ኮነ፡ በኀበ፡ ኄራን፡ ወመሀይምናን፡ ይጸዋዕ፡ መፍትው፡ እምኀበ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት። ወእመሰ፡ መጺኦ፡ ተአመነ፡ ተዛሊፎ፡ ይሠራዕ፡ ተግሣጹ። ወእመሰ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጼውዕዎ፡ ኢተአዘዘ፡ ይጸዋዕ፡ ዳግመ፡ እንዘ፡ ይልእኩ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ክልኤተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት። ወለእመሰ፡ ከመዝኒ፡ ኢተአዘዘ፡ ይጸዋዕ፡ ሣልሰ፡ ክልኤ፡ ካዕበ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ተልኢኮሙ፡ ኀቤሁ። ወለእመሰ፡ እንዘ፡ ከመዝ፡ አስተአከየ፡ ወኢመጽአ፡ ሴኖዶስ፡ ትኴንን፡ ዲበ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ዘኀልቀ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይምሰሎ፡ ዘረብሐ፡ በጐዪየ፡ ተስናን","english":"66. If a bishop, or also another, who fasts with the Jews, and does not celebrate the feast with them, and also takes what is theirs, he is anathema, like one who has committed murder. And if also one who is a layperson does this, he is to be deposed.\n\n67. If a Christian takes oil from a pagan temple, or also from a Jewish synagogue, and does not repent, he is to be deposed.\n\n68. If a bishop, or also a layperson, who has stolen a censer from a holy church, and does not return it, he is to be deposed, and he is to be counted among those who have taken it.\n\n69. (Concerning) property of silver, and if not of gold, and of wine, and of that which has been consecrated, and also if he has not (returned it) to the treasury of his house, he is not to inherit, because it is not lawful. And if what was found is to be confiscated, and if not, he is to be deposed.\n\n70. A bishop, if he has been accused by those who are good and faithful, is to be summoned for judgment from among the bishops. And if, when he has come, he is found trustworthy, he is to be acquitted after his correction. And if, while they summon him, he does not obey, he is to be summoned a second time, while two bishops are sent to him. And if, like this, he does not obey, he is to be summoned a third time, and again two bishops are sent to him. And if, while like this, he persists and does not come, a synod is to judge concerning one like this, who has perished like one who has not been saved, who has increased in evil.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፷፮።–፸።","severity":"info","text":"Canons 66–70 form a block of disciplinary rulings on ritual purity, property, and episcopal procedure, each introduced by እመቦ (if).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አስትዓ","severity":"info","text":"አስትዓ (anathema) is the standard Geʿez rendering of Greek ἀνάθεμα, denoting excommunication or formal curse.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ምስለ አይሁድ","severity":"info","text":"Fasting with Jews (canon 66) reflects early Christian concerns about Judaizing practices, a theme in several apostolic canon collections.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሴኖዶስ","severity":"info","text":"ሴኖዶስ (synod) is a Greek loanword (σύνοδος) used in Geʿez for an ecclesiastical council or its judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፷፱።","severity":"caution","text":"Canon 69 is syntactically ambiguous: the subject of 'he is not to inherit' is unclear, and the phrase 'to the treasury of his house' may be corrupt.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"፸።","severity":"info","text":"The three-step summons procedure in canon 70 parallels the process in the Apostolic Tradition and later Byzantine canon law (e.g., Zonaras).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-zonaras-commentary-canons","label":"gap dossier: Commentary on the Sacred Canons (Apostolic Canons, the councils, and the canonical letters of the Fathers)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-zonaras-commentary-canons"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 66: 'another' (ካልእ) may mean another cleric or any Christian; the Geʿez is ambiguous.","Canon 69: the phrase 'to the treasury of his house' (ለነሶሳወ ቤቱ) is unclear; possibly a scribal error for 'to the church treasury'.","Canon 70: 'he is to be acquitted after his correction' (ተዛሊፎ ይሠራዕ ተግሣጹ) is ambiguous: does correction precede or follow acquittal?"],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"፸፩። ዘኮነ፡ ስምዐ፡ ዲበ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዕልወ፡ ኢይንሥኡ፡ አላ፡ ወኢመሀይምነ፡ አሐደ፡ እስመ፡ በአፈ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ወሠለስቱ፡ ሰማዕት፡ ይቁም፡ ኵሉ፡ ቃል\n\n፸፪። እስመ፡ ኢርቱዕ፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ለእኁሁ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ለወልዱ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ለአዝማዲሁ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጼጉ፡ ሢመተ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስና፡ ይሢም፡ ወኢዘውእቱ፡ ፈቀደ፡ ይሢም። ዋርሳነ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስናሁ፡ ይግበር፡ ኢጽድቅ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘእግዚአብሔር፡ እንዘ፡ ይጼጉ፡ በአብድሮ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወኢዘክርስቶስ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ለርስት፡ ኢመፍትው፡ ይረሲ። ወእመሰቦ፡ ዘዘንተ፡ ገብረ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በቍዕ፡ ትኩኖ፡ ሢመቱ፡ ወሎቱኒ፡ ይትገሠጽ፡ በቁመት\n\n፸፫። እመቦ፡ ፅዉሰ፡ ዐይን፡ ወፅዉሰ፡ እግር፡ ወይደልዎ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስና፡ ይሠየም። እስመ፡ ኢቍስለ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ኪያሁ፡ ይከልእ፡ አላ፡ ዘነፍስ፡ ርኵስ\n\n፸፬። ጽሙም፡ ወዕዉር፡ ኢይሠየም፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ አኮ፡ እስመ፡ ርኩስ፡ አላ፡ ከመ፡ ግብረ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ኢይፀራዕ","english":"71. If one who hears against a bishop, or a deacon, or a layperson, one word from the mouth of two or three witnesses, every word stands.\n\n72. If it is fitting for a bishop, for his brother, and also for his son, and if not for his relatives, while they are fasting for the sake of the bishop, he shall ordain; and one who does not desire to ordain, the bishop’s ordination shall perform righteousness, which is of God, while they are fasting in the presence of the people; and one who is not of Christ’s church shall receive inheritance as a testament; and if there is one who has done this without number, his ordination and his own shall be cut off by stature.\n\n73. If one is blind of eye and lame of foot, and they are worthy of the bishopric, he shall be ordained; for the wound of his body hinders him, but not the impurity of the soul.\n\n74. A mute and a deaf person shall not be ordained bishop, for he is impure, not as the work of the church is not performed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 71 requires two or three witnesses for a word spoken against a bishop, deacon, or layperson to stand. This establishes a procedural rule for testimony.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢርቱዕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኢርቱዕ (ʿartuʿ) means 'fitting' or 'proper,' indicating a judgment of suitability for ordination. The same root appears in canon 73 regarding worthiness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 72 addresses ordination during fasting, a practice linked to early Christian ordination rites where fasting preceded the ceremony. The text also mentions inheritance for non-church members, reflecting property concerns.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Bradshaw 2002"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 73 permits ordination of a blind or lame person if worthy, echoing the Apostolic Tradition (canon 77) which allows physical disability if the soul is pure. The Geʿez text stresses bodily wound vs. soul impurity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Canon 72's phrase 'cut off by stature' (በቁመት) is obscure; it may mean excommunication or a physical penalty. The Geʿez is ambiguous and the English draft's 'stature' is a literal rendering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"These canons appear in the Ethiopic Senodos, a collection of church law. The prohibition of ordaining the mute or deaf (canon 74) is consistent with earlier Greek and Coptic canonical traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 72: 'cut off by stature' (በቁመት) may be a corruption or a technical term for a form of excommunication; the exact penalty is unclear.","Canon 72: The phrase 'one who is not of Christ’s church shall receive inheritance as a testament' is syntactically ambiguous; it may refer to a non-Christian inheriting from a Christian, or a cleric's property being left to the church."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"፸፭። እመቦ፡ ዘቦ፡ ጋኔን፡ ኢይሠየም፡ አላ፡ ውስተ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ይትበዋሕ። ወነጺሖሰ፡ ይጸሊ፡ ወለእመ፡ ይደልዎ፡ ይኩን\n\n፸፮። ዘእምአረሚ፡ ቦአ፡ ወተጠምቀ፡ ወእመኒ፡ እምእኪት፡ ሕይወት፡ ኢጽድቅ፡ ይእተ፡ ጊዜ፡ ይሠየም፡ ለኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስና። እስመ፡ ግፍዕ፡ ዝዓዲ፡ ሕገ፡ ኢያእሚሮ፡ ለካልኣን፡ ይኩን፡ መምህረ፡ ዘኢተምህረ፡ ለሊሁ፡ ለእመሰ፡ ባሕቱ፡ በመለኮተ፡ ጸጋ፡ ኮነ፡ በመልእክት፡ ሠናይ\n\n፸፯። ነገርነ፡ ከመ፡ ኢመፍትው፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ያብእ፡ ርእሶ፡ ውስተ፡ ዘዝዓለም፡ ሥርዐት፡ አላ፡ ይፀመድ፡ ለዘቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ትካዝ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ይስዐር። እስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይክል፡ ለክልኤ፡ አጋእዝት፡ ተቀንዮ፡ በከመ፡ ዘእግዚእ፡ ትእዛዝ\n\n፸፰። አግብርት፡ ውስተ፡ ሢመት፡ ይሠየሙ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ፈቃደ፡ አጋእዝቲሆሙ፡ ኢናበውሕ፡ ለአሕዝኖ፡ ለእለ፡ አጥረዩ። እስመ፡ ግፍዐ፡ አብያት፡ ዝይከውን። ወለእመሰ፡ ዘይደልዎ፡ ተረክበ፡ ገብር፡ ለሢመት፡ በከመ፡ ሲሞን፡ ዘዚአነ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ወአብሕዎ፡ አጋእዝቲሆሙ፡ ወአግዐዝዎ፡ እምቤቶሙ፡ ያውፅእዎ፡ ይኩን","english":"75. If a woman has a demon, she shall not be ordained, but she may enter into the great church and receive communion; and if she is worthy, let it be so.\n\n76. One who is from the pagans and has been baptized, and also one who is from a life of fornication and righteousness—at that time he shall be ordained to the episcopate, for it is a grave matter beyond the law; and he shall not be a teacher for others who have not learned for themselves. If, however, he has become so only by the gift of the divine grace, through good dispensation.\n\n77. We have said that a bishop should not entangle himself in worldly affairs, but he should be diligent for the care of the church; and if not, he errs, for there is no one who can serve two masters, according to the commandment of the Lord.\n\n78. Servants shall be ordained to the diaconate without the consent of their masters, and they shall be given to the people who have chosen them, for it is a grave matter for the houses; and if a servant worthy of the diaconate is found, like Simon of ours who was found, and his masters have brought him forth and made him a servant, they shall expel him from their house.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"፸፭። እመቦ፡ ዘቦ፡ ጋኔን፡","severity":"info","text":"Canon 75 permits a demon-possessed woman to receive communion but bars her from ordination, reflecting a pastoral concern for fitness for office.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"፸፮። ዘእምአረሚ፡ ቦአ፡ ወተጠምቀ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'one who is from the pagans and has been baptized' indicates a convert from paganism; the canon allows such a person to become a bishop, a notable exception to later restrictions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"፸፯። ከመ፡ ዘእግዚእ፡ ትእዛዝ","severity":"info","text":"Canon 77 echoes Matthew 6:24 ('No one can serve two masters'), applying the dominical saying to a bishop's avoidance of worldly entanglements.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"፸፰። አግብርት፡ ውስተ፡ ሢመት፡","severity":"info","text":"Canon 78 addresses ordination of slaves to the diaconate without master consent, a contentious issue in early church law; the reference to 'Simon of ours' suggests a known local case.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፸፮። ወእመኒ፡ እምእኪት፡ ሕይወት፡ ኢጽድቅ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'from a life of fornication and righteousness' is paradoxical; the Geʿez may be corrupt or reflect a lost Coptic original where 'fornication' (እኪት) is a scribal error for 'paganism' or similar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፸፰። ከመ፡ ሲሞን፡ ዘዚአነ፡","severity":"info","text":"Canon 78 concludes with an exemplum ('like Simon of ours'), a structural feature common in the Apostolic Canons to ground a ruling in a concrete case.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Canon 75: whether 'worthy' (ይደልዎ) refers to the woman's worthiness for ordination or for communion is ambiguous; the translation takes it as permission for communion.","Canon 76: the phrase 'from a life of fornication and righteousness' is unclear; it may be a textual corruption or a deliberate oxymoron.","Canon 78: the identity of 'Simon of ours' is unknown; it may refer to a specific figure in the community or a biblical Simon (e.g., Simon Magus)."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"፸፱። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ወዲያቆን፡ ምስለ፡ ሐራ፡ ዘይነብር፡ ወምክዕቢተ፡ ይግበር፡ ይፈቱ፡ ወይእኅዝ፡ ሢመተ፡ ሐራ፡ ወዘክህነት፡ ይስዐር፡ መፍትው። እስመ፡ ዘንጉሥ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ወዘእግዚአብሔር፡ ለእግዚአብሔር\n\n፹። ዘጸዐለ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ወእመሂ፡ መኰንነ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዘበርቱዕ፡ ኵነኔ፡ ይትኰነን፡ ወእመሰ፡ ሥዩም፡ ይስዐር፡ ወእመሰ፡ ሕዝባዊ፡ ይቁም\n\n፹፩። ከመ፡ ኢመፍትው፡ ፍጡራነ፡ መዝሙር፡ ይትነበብ፡ በቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወኢዘእንበለ፡ በሕገ፡ መጻሕፍት፡ አላ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ባሕቲቶ፡ ዘበሕግ፡ ዘሐዲስ፡ ወዘትካት። ሥርዐት፡ መጠነ፡ ዘመፍትው፡ ይትነበብ፡ ወመጠነ፡ ይትገሀድ። ግብረ፡ ዓለም፡ ፩። ፀአተ፡ ግብጽ፡ ፩። ሌዋዊያን፡ ፩። ኍልቍ፡ ፩። ዳግም፡ ሕግ፡ ፩። ኢያሱ፡ ዘኔዌ፡ ፩። ፈታሕት፡ ፩። ሩት፡ ፩። ነገሥት፡ ፬። ሕጹጻን፡ ፪። ዕዝራ፡ ፫። መጽሐፈ፡ መዝሙር፡ ፻፶። ምሳሌ፡ ሰሎሞን፡ ፩። መክብብ፡ ፩። መሓልየ፡ መሓልይ፡ ፩። ኢዮብ፡ ፩። ነቢያት፡ ንኡሳን፡ ፲፪። ኢሳይያስ፡ ነቢይ፡ ፩። ኤርሚያስ፡ ነቢይ፡ ፩። ሕዝቅኤል፡ ነቢይ፡ ፩። ዳንኤል፡ ነቢይ፡ ፩። ወንጌላት፡ ፬። ግብረ፡ ሐዋርያት፡ ፩። ዘጳውሎስ፡ መልእክት፡ ፲፬። ዘሐዋርያት፡ ፯። ዘንተ፡ እንከ፡ ወበእንተ፡ ሥርዐታት፡ ለክሙ፡ ተሠርዐ፡ እምኀቤነ። ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ወአንትሙሂ፡ እንዘ፡ ትሄልዉ፡ ቦቱ፡ ትድኅኑ፡ ወሰላመ፡ ትረክቡ። ወእመሰ፡ ኢተአዘዝክሙ፡ ትትኴነኑ፡ ወሕገ፡ ዘበበይናቲክሙ፡ ዘለዘለፉ፡ ትረክቡ፡ ኵነኔ። በኢተአዝዞ፡ ዘመፍትው፡ ትትኴነኑ፡ ወይእዜኒ፡ ወዘልፈኒ። ወለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።","english":"79. A bishop, and also a presbyter and a deacon, who dwells with a pagan and performs a marriage, shall be deposed and shall take the pagan woman; and the priesthood shall be removed from him, for what is the king's is for the king, and what is God's is for God.\n\n80. One who has wronged a king, and also a governor, without a just judgment shall be judged; and if he is a cleric, he shall be removed, and if he is a layman, he shall be put to death.\n\n81. As for the number of the books of the Psalms, they are read in the church; and not without the law of the scriptures, but only those which are according to the law, the New and the Old. The order of the number of the books is read, and the number is revealed: the works of the world, 1; the Exodus of Egypt, 1; the Levites, 1; the Numbers, 1; the Second Law, 1; Joshua of Nineveh, 1; the Judges, 1; Ruth, 1; the Kings, 4; the Chronicles, 2; Ezra, 3; the Book of Psalms, 150; the Proverbs of Solomon, 1; Ecclesiastes, 1; the Song of Songs, 1; Job, 1; the Minor Prophets, 12; Isaiah the Prophet, 1; Jeremiah the Prophet, 1; Ezekiel the Prophet, 1; Daniel the Prophet, 1; the Gospels, 4; the Acts of the Apostles, 1; the Epistles of Paul, 14; the Epistles of the Apostles, 7. These, then, and concerning the canons, have been ordained for you by us, the bishops; and you also, as you walk in them, you will be saved and find peace. And if you do not obey, you will be judged, and you will find a judgment according to the law among yourselves, which is different. By the command of the books you will be judged, now and always, and forever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Canon 81 concludes the collection with a list of biblical books, a formula of episcopal authority, and a warning of judgment for disobedience.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መፍትው","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መፍትው (mäftəw) is used for 'books' or 'canonical books,' here introducing the biblical canon list.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ መዝሙር ፻፶","severity":"info","text":"The list includes 'the Book of Psalms, 150,' reflecting the traditional Ethiopic Psalter count.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The canon list in canon 81 corresponds to the broader Ethiopic Orthodox canon, including books like 'Joshua of Nineveh' (Tobit) and 'the Epistles of the Apostles, 7' (the Catholic Epistles).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This canon list is cited in later Ethiopic canonical collections as authoritative for the biblical canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-senodos","label":"gap dossier: The Book of the Synod: the Ethiopic canonical corpus (pseudo-apostolic canons, canons of the councils, church-order and penitential material)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-senodos"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft translates 'Joshua of Nineveh' as a single book, but the Geʿez ኢያሱ ዘኔዌ likely refers to the book of Tobit, not Joshua; this may cause confusion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2675AC81","label":"betmas: Apostolic canons (81)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2675AC81"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez ኢያሱ ዘኔዌ is ambiguous: it could be read as 'Joshua of Nineveh' (Tobit) or a different work; the English draft's rendering is uncertain.","The phrase 'መጠነ ዘመፍትው' (the number of the books) may refer to a specific canonical list or a general principle; the text does not clarify."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}