{"slug":"LIT2473TobitB","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2473TobitB","title":"Tobit, Book of","author":"Anonymous","genre":"apocryphon","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:52:59Z","cost_usd":0.016205},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2473TobitB","work_id":"LIT2473TobitB","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"},"stats":{"passages":25,"english_words":7096,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":150,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":49,"work_notes":6,"external_links":2,"timeline":6},"summary":{"work":"LIT2473TobitB","abstract":"The Book of Tobit is a Jewish apocryphal narrative from the 3rd–2nd c. BCE, likely composed in the Eastern Diaspora. The Ethiopic (Geʿez) version, translated from a longer Greek Vorlage (GII) during the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.), is canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. It recounts the story of Tobit, a pious Israelite in Nineveh, his son Tobias, and the angel Raphael, emphasizing charity, marriage, and divine providence. The Geʿez text includes expansions and paraphrases absent from Greek witnesses, reflecting local theological adaptation. It is transmitted in liturgical manuscripts and cited in the Synaxarion for its moral and angelological themes.","historical_context":"The original composition of Tobit is dated to the 3rd–2nd c. BCE, probably in the Eastern Diaspora (e.g., Egypt or Mesopotamia), among Jews familiar with Persian and Hellenistic folklore. The Geʿez translation emerged in the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.), when the Ethiopian Church received biblical texts via Greek from the Alexandrian tradition. The Ethiopic version follows the longer Greek recension (GII), which includes episodes like Tobit’s burial of the dead and the angel’s explicit role, unlike the shorter Vulgate or Greek GI. The work was transmitted in liturgical manuscripts, used in the Ethiopian liturgy, and cited in the Synaxarion. Its canonical status in Ethiopia contrasts with its exclusion from Jewish and Protestant canons. The Geʿez text occasionally expands or paraphrases the Greek, possibly due to local scribal or theological adaptation, though no lost Greek variant is confirmed. The base manuscript for this edition is from the betmas source, but a critical apparatus for Geʿez variants is not provided.","significance":"Tobit is a key witness to Jewish diaspora piety and angelology, bridging Second Temple Judaism and early Christian ethics. Its Ethiopic version preserves a longer Greek recension and shows how biblical apocrypha were adapted in the Aksumite church, influencing Ethiopian liturgy, art, and moral teaching. It also illustrates the transmission of Jewish narratives through Greek into African Christianity.","timeline":[{"date":"3rd–2nd c. BCE","event":"Original composition of Tobit in the Eastern Diaspora (likely Egypt or Mesopotamia)."},{"date":"2nd–1st c. BCE","event":"Greek translations (GI and GII) circulate; GII becomes the longer recension."},{"date":"5th–7th c.","event":"Geʿez translation of Tobit from Greek GII during the Aksumite period."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Tobit transmitted in Ethiopian liturgical manuscripts and cited in the Synaxarion."},{"date":"16th c.","event":"Tobit excluded from Protestant canons but retained in Catholic and Orthodox traditions."},{"date":"20th–21st c.","event":"Modern critical editions of the Geʿez text, including the betmas source, published."}],"relations":[{"work":"Septuagint (Greek Old Testament)","relation":"Tobit is preserved in Greek in the Septuagint; the Geʿez version derives from a Greek Vorlage (GII).","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Vulgate (Jerome's Latin translation)","relation":"The Vulgate follows the shorter Greek GI, unlike the longer GII used in the Ethiopic tradition.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Book of Daniel (Additions)","relation":"Like Tobit, Daniel's additions are apocryphal in Jewish and Protestant canons but canonical in Ethiopian Orthodoxy.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Synaxarion (Ethiopian)","relation":"Tobit is cited in the Synaxarion for its moral and angelological themes.","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Aksumite biblical manuscripts","relation":"Tobit is transmitted alongside other Old Testament books in Aksumite-era liturgical manuscripts.","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"Source edition of the Geʿez Tobit","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB","reason":"Base manuscript and textual family for this translation."},{"key":"ed:LIT2473TobitB","label":"Editorial notes for the Geʿez Tobit","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB","reason":"Details on manuscript variants and editorial decisions."}],"cautions":["The exact date of the Geʿez translation is unknown; the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.) is a scholarly estimate.","The original composition date (3rd–2nd c. BCE) is based on internal evidence and is not precisely fixed.","The Geʿez text's expansions may reflect local adaptation or a lost Greek variant; no definitive conclusion is possible without a critical apparatus.","The base manuscript for this edition is not identified in the notes; consult the source edition for details."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000598,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:26:34Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2473TobitB","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":25,"translated":25,"commentary_passages":25,"commentary_units":150,"english_words":7096,"source_letters":16822,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text of Tobit follows the longer Greek version (GII) rather than the shorter Vulgate or Greek GI. This affects the order of episodes and the role of the angel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Tobit is canonical in the Ethiopic Orthodox tradition, included in the broader Old Testament canon. Its Geʿez translation likely dates to the Aksumite period (5th–7th c.), transmitted in liturgical manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2473TobitB","label":"source edition: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The original composition of Tobit is usually dated to the 3rd–2nd c. BCE, probably in the Eastern Diaspora. The Geʿez version derives from a Greek Vorlage, not directly from a Semitic original.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In the Ethiopic tradition, Tobit is read during the liturgy and is cited in the Synaxarion for its moral and angelological themes. It is not included in the Jewish or Protestant canons.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2473TobitB","label":"source edition: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains occasional expansions and paraphrases not found in the Greek witnesses. These may reflect local scribal or theological adaptation rather than a lost Greek variant.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This edition does not provide a critical apparatus for the Geʿez manuscript variants. The reader should consult the source edition for details on the base manuscript and its textual family.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2473TobitB","label":"source edition: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: apocryphon in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 25 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":25},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2473TobitB":{"label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"},"ed:LIT2473TobitB":{"label":"source edition: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Text of the EOTC printed Bible\n\nChapter 1\n\nመጽሐፍ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለጦብያ፡ ወልደ፡ ጦቢት፡ ወልደ፡ ገባኤል፡ ዘእምነ፡ አሳሔል፡ ዘእምነገደ፡ ንፍታሌም። ዘተፄወወ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ አኔሜሴር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፋርስ፡ ዘእምታቢስ፡ እንተ፡ እምየማና፡ ለቃዴስ፡ ዘእንተ፡ ንፍታሌም፡ ዘገሊላ፡ እንተ፡ መልዕልተ፡ አሴር። አነ፡ ጦቢት፡ በፍኖተ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ሖርኩ፡ ወበርትዕ፡ ሐየውኩ፡ በኵሉ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ሕይወትየ፡ ወምጽዋትየኒ፡ ብዙኃ፡ ገበርኩ፡ ለአኃውየ፡ ወለሕዝብየኒ፡ እለ፡ ሖሩ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ብሔረ፡ ፋርስ፡ ውስተ፡ ነነዌ። ወእንዘ፡ ሀሎኩ፡ ምስለ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ በብሔርየ፡ እንዘ፡ ንዑስ፡ አነ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ንፍታሌም፡ ወአቡየ፡ ክህዱ፡ እምነ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ እንተ፡ ኃረይዋ፡ እምነ፡ ኵሉ፡ እስራኤል፡ ከመ፡ ይሡዑ፡ ውስቴታ፡ ኵሉ፡ እስራኤል፡ ወተቀደሰ፡ ጽርሐ፡ መቅደሱ፡ ለልዑል፡ ወተሐንፀ፡ ሎሙ፡ ለትውልድ፡ ዘለዓለም። ወኵሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ እለ፡ ክህዱ፡ ሦዑ፡ ለበዓል፡ ወለደማሊ፡ ወቤተ፡ ንፍታሌምኒ፡ ወቤተ፡ አቡየ፡ ኀብሩ፡ ምስሌሆሙ። ወአነ፡ ባሕቲትየ፡ መብዝኅቶ፡ አሐውር፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ አመ፡ በዓላት፡ በከመ፡ ጽሑፍ፡ ለኵሉ፡ እስራኤል፡ ውስተ፡ ትእዛዝ፡ ዘለዓለም፡ እምነ፡ ቀዳሚት፡ ዘቀረጽኩ፡ እወስድ፡ ሎሙ፡ ለካህናት፡ ለደቂቀ፡ አሮን፡ ኀበ፡ ምሥዋዕ፡ ኵሎ፡ እክለ። ወቀዳሜ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዓሥራት፡ እሁቦሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ አሮን፡ እለ፡ ይፀመዱ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወዘዳግመ፡ ዓሥራተ፡ እዔሥር፡ ወአስተዋጽእ፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ወአሐውር፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ በበዓመት።","english":"The Book of the Story of Tobit, son of Tobit, son of Gabriel, of the line of Asael, of the tribe of Naphtali, who was taken captive in the days of Enemessar, king of Persia, from Thisbe, which is to the right of Kadesh, which is in Naphtali, in Galilee, above Asher. I, Tobit, walked in the path of righteousness and lived in truth all the days of my life, and I performed many acts of charity for my brothers and for my people who went with me to the land of Persia, into Nineveh. And while I was with the sons of Israel in my land, when I was young, and all the people of Naphtali, and my father, fled from Jerusalem, which was chosen from all Israel, as all Israel would go up to it, and the sanctuary of the Most High was consecrated and established for them for generations forever. And all the people who fled offered to the Lord and to the Most High, and the house of Naphtali and my father's house joined with them. And I alone would go up to Jerusalem many times at the feasts, as is written for all Israel in the eternal commandment from the beginning, which I established; I would give to the priests, the sons of Aaron, at the altar all the first fruits. And before all the tithes, I would give to the sons of Aaron who serve in Jerusalem; and the second tithe I would tithe and bring offerings, and I would go up to Jerusalem each year.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፍ፡ ነገሩ፡ ለጦብያ","severity":"info","text":"The opening formula መጽሐፍ፡ ነገሩ (book of the story) marks the work as a narrative, consistent with the Coptic structural classification.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ነነዌ","severity":"info","text":"Nineveh (ነነዌ) is the capital of the Assyrian Empire, where Tobit is taken captive; the Geʿez form reflects the Greek and Syriac tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"Jerusalem (ኢየሩሳሌም) is presented as the chosen sanctuary; the reference to the temple as consecrated for generations echoes the Deuteronomistic theme of centralization.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዓሥራት","severity":"info","text":"The mention of tithes (ዓሥራት) and first fruits (እክል) reflects the Mosaic law (Deut 14:22–29; 26:1–15), adapted to Tobit's personal piety.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"አኔሜሴር","severity":"info","text":"Enemessar (አኔሜሴር) is Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria (727–722 BCE), whose reign saw the conquest of the Northern Kingdom of Israel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ጦቢት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version of Tobit is canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, preserving a longer recension than the Vulgate or Septuagint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'from Thisbe, which is to the right of Kadesh' is geographically obscure; Kadesh may refer to Kadesh in Naphtali or a site in Galilee.","The identity of 'Gabriel' as Tobit's grandfather is unique to the Geʿez tradition; other versions name different ancestors."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወሣልስተ፡ እሁብ፡ ለነዳያን፡ በከመ፡ አዘዘት፡ ዲቦራ፡ እሙ፡ ለአቡየ፡ እስመ፡ ዕጓለ፡ ማውታ፡ ኀደጉኒ፡ አቡየ፡ ወእምየ። ወአመ፡ ኮንኩ፡ ብእሴ፡ ነሣእኩ፡ ሊተ፡ ብእሲተ፡ እምነ፡ አዝማድየ፡ ወወለድኩ፡ እምኔሃ፡ ጦብያሃ። ወአመ፡ ተፄወዉ፡ ነነዌ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ አኃውየ፡ ወአዝማድየ፡ በልዑ፡ እምነ፡ እክለ፡ አሕዛብ። ወአንሰ፡ ዓቀብኩ፡ ነፍስየ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይብላዕ። እስመ፡ እዜክሮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በኵሉ፡ ልብየ። ወወሀበኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ገጸ፡ ወሞገሰ፡ በቅድመ፡ አኔሜሴር፡ ወሤመኒ፡ መጋቢሁ። ወሖርኩ፡ ምድያም፡ ወአዕቀብክዎ፡ ለገባኤል፡ በብሔረ፡ ራጊስ፡ ዘምድያም፡ ዐሠርተ፡ መካልየ፡ ብሩር። ወአመ፡ ሞተ፡ አኔሜሴር፡ ነግሠ፡ ህየንቴሁ፡ ሰናክሬም፡ ዘእኩይ፡ ምግባሩ፡ ወሠዐረኒ፡ ወኢክህልኩ፡ ሐዊረ፡ ምድያም። ወበመዋዕ፡ አኔሜሴር፡ ብዙኃ፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ገበርኩ፡ ለአኃውየ። ወእክልየኒ፡ ወሀብኩ፡ ለርኁባን፡ ወልብስየኒ፡ ለዕሩቃን፡ ወእመቦ፡ ዘርኢኩ፡ እምሕዝብየ፡ ምውተ፡ ግዱፈ፡ ኀበ፡ ዓረፍት፡ በነነዌ፡ እቀብሮ። እመቦ፡ ዘቀተለ፡ ሰናክሬም፡ ንጉሠ፡ አመ፡ አተወ፡ እምይሁዳ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጐይይ፡ ወአነ፡ ቀበርክዎሙ፡ ጽሚተ፡ እስመ፡ ብዙኃነ፡ ቀተለ፡ በመዓቱ፡ ወኃሠሠ፡ ንጉሥ፡ አብድንቲሆሙ፡ ወኢረከቦሙ። ወሖረ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምሰብአ፡ ነነዌ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወአስተዋደየኒ፡ ከመ፡ አነ፡ ቀበርክዎሙ፡ ወተኀባዕኩ፡ ሶበ፡ አእመርኩ፡ ከመ፡ ይፈቅዱ፡ ይቅትሉኒ፡ ወፈሪህየ፡ ተግኅሥኩ። ወሶበ፡ ኃጥኡኒ፡ በርበሩ፡ ኵሎ፡ ንዋይየ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘአትረፉ፡ ሊተ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ሐና፡ ብእሲትየ፡ ወጦብያ፡ ወልድየ።","english":"And thirdly, I give to the poor, as my mother Debora commanded me, for my father left me as an orphan when I was a child. And when I became a man, I took a wife from among my relatives, and I begot Tobit from her. And when all my brothers and my relatives went into captivity in Nineveh, eating the bread of the Gentiles, I kept myself from eating, for I remembered the Lord in all my heart. And the Lord gave me favor and grace before Enemessar, and he appointed me as his steward. And I went to Media, and I entrusted to Gabael in the land of Rages of Media ten talents of silver. And when Enemessar died, Sennacherib, whose deeds were evil, reigned after him, and he persecuted me, and I was unable to go to Media. And in the time of Enemessar, I did many good deeds for my brothers, and I fed them, and I gave to the hungry, and I clothed the naked. And wherever I saw one of my people dead or wounded, I buried him in a tomb in Nineveh. And wherever Sennacherib the king killed, when he returned from Judah, raging, I buried them secretly, for he had killed many in his wrath, and the king sought to destroy them, but he did not find them. And one of the men of Nineveh went to the king and accused me, that I had buried them, and I hid myself when I learned that they sought to kill me, and I fled in fear. And when they caught me, they plundered all my goods, and there was nothing left for me except my wife Hanna and my son Tobit.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መጋቢሁ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መጋቢሁ (magābehu) means 'steward' or 'treasurer', a key administrative role under the Persian king Enemessar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Enemessar (Shalmaneser V) and Sennacherib are Neo-Assyrian kings; the narrative situates Tobit in the late 8th–early 7th century BCE, during the deportation of the northern tribes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሣልስተ እሁብ ለነዳያን","severity":"info","text":"Tobit's claim to give alms to the poor echoes Deut 15:7–11 and reflects a central theme of charity in the book.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues Tobit's first-person narration, listing his pious acts (alms, marriage, burial of the dead) and his persecution under Sennacherib, forming a biographical summary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sequence moves from Tobit's youth (orphanhood, marriage) to his service under Enemessar, then to Sennacherib's reign and Tobit's flight, covering several decades.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአመ ተፄወዉ ነነዌ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez says 'when they went into captivity in Nineveh', but the English draft reads 'went into captivity in Nineveh'; the subject is ambiguous—Tobit's brothers and relatives, not Tobit himself, as he later states he kept himself from eating Gentile bread.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase ወአመ ተፄወዉ ነነዌ (when they went into captivity in Nineveh) leaves unclear whether Tobit himself was among the captives; the context suggests only his brothers and relatives, as Tobit later says he avoided Gentile food.","The name ጦብያሃ (Tobit) for Tobit's son is identical to the father's name in the Geʿez, creating potential confusion; the English draft distinguishes them as 'Tobit' (father) and 'Tobit' (son) without clarification."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወኢወፃእኩ፡ ሃምሳ፡ ወሐምስተ፡ መዋዕለ፡ እስከ፡ አመ፡ ቀተልዎ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ደቂቁ፡ ወጐዩ፡ ውስተ፡ አራራት፡ ወነግሠ፡ አስራዶን፡ ወልዱ፡ ህየንቴሁ፡ ወሤሞ፡ ለአካኪሮን፡ ወልደ፡ አሳሔል፡ ወልደ፡ እኁየ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ቤተ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሥርዓቶሙ። ወሰአሎ፡ በእንቲአየ፡ አካኪሮን፡ ወአዕተወኒ፡ ውስተ፡ ነነዌ፡ ወአካኪሮን፡ ዘላዕሌሁ፡ ማኅተም፡ ወፃዕፃዕ፡ ቤቱ፡ ወሤመ፡ ዳግመ፡ አክሮንድስሃ።\n\nChapter 2\n\nወሶበ፡ አተውኩ፡ ቤትየ፡ አግብኡ፡ ሊተ፡ ሐናሃ፡ ብእሲትየ፡ በዕለተ፡ በዓለ፡ ጰንጠቈስጤ፡ ቅድስት፡ ሳብዕ፡ ሰንበት፡ ገብሩ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ሠናየ፡ ወረፈቁ፡ እብላዕ። ወርእኪ፡ ከመ፡ መስየ፡ በሕቁ፡ ወእቤሎ፡ ለወልድየ፡ ሑር፡ አምጽእ፡ ዘረከብከ፡ እምአኃዊነ፡ ቢጸ፡ ነዳያን፡ እስመ፡ ተዘከርክዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እጸንሐከ፡ እስከ፡ ትገብእ። ወሶበ፡ ገብአ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ አባ፡ ረከብኩ፡ አሐደ፡ እምሕዝብ፡ ወግዱፍ፡ በድኑ፡ ውስተ፡ ምሥያጥ። ወአነሂ፡ ተንሣእኩ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እጥዓም፡ እክለ፡ ወአባዕክዎ፡ ውስተ፡ አሐዱ፡ ቤት፡ እስከ፡ የዓርብ፡ ፀሐይ። ወገባዕኩ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤትየ፡ ወተሐፀብኩ፡ ወበላዕኩ፡ እክልየ፡ በኃዘን። ወተዘከርኩ፡ ዘይቤ፡ አሞጽ፡ ይትመየጥ፡ በዓላቲክሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ብካይ። ወእምዝ፡ በከይኩ፡ ወሶበ፡ ዓርበ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ሖርኩ፡ ወከረይኩ፡ ወቀበርክዎ። ወሰሐቁ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ሰብአ፡ ብሔር፡ ወይቤሉ፡ ኢይፈርህኑ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ኢይቅትልዎ፡ በእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ግብር፡ እስመ፡ ይቀብሮሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ቀተለ፡ ንጉሥ። ወበይእቲ፡ ሌሊት፡ ቤትኩ፡ ስኩብየ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓረፍተ፡ ዓፀድ፡ ወክሡት፡ ገጽየ።","english":"And I went out fifty-five days until they killed the two of them, the little ones, and cast them into the mountains. And King Esarhaddon, his son, reigned after him, and he appointed Akaqiron, son of Asahel, son of my father’s brother, over all his father’s house and over all their ordinances. And Akaqiron asked about me, and he brought me into Nineveh. And Akaqiron, over whom was the seal and the signet of his house, appointed me again as Akrondesha.\n\nChapter 2\n\nAnd when I entered my house, my wife Hannah brought me a meal on the feast day of holy Pentecost, the seventh Sabbath. They did good to me, and they rejoiced to eat. And I saw that it was like a dream in truth, and I said to my son, “Go, bring what you have found from our brothers, the poor and needy, for you have remembered the Lord; I will wait for you until you return.” And when he returned, he said to me, “Father, I found one of the people, a corpse, cast out in the marketplace.” And I arose without having tasted food, and I put it in one house until sunset. And I entered my house, and I washed, and I ate my food in sorrow. And I remembered what Amos said: “Your feasts will be turned into weeping.” And then I wept. And when the sun set, I went and dug and buried him. And the people of the land mocked me and said, “Is he not afraid of this? Will they not kill him because of this deed, since he buries those whom the king has killed?” And that night I slept in my bed in the courtyard, and my face was covered.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢወፃእኩ፡ ሃምሳ፡ ወሐምስተ፡ መዋዕለ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a temporal clause marking a fifty-five-day interval, a narrative device that bridges the previous episode and the subsequent events in Nineveh.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አካኪሮን","severity":"info","text":"Akaqiron is a proper name; the Geʿez form likely derives from a Semitic or Akkadian original, possibly related to the Assyrian official title or name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አሞጽ፡ ይትመየጥ፡ በዓላቲክሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ብካይ።","severity":"info","text":"The narrator recalls Amos: 'Your feasts will be turned into weeping.' This echoes Amos 8:10, though the wording is adapted to the narrative context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ነነዌ","severity":"info","text":"Nineveh, the capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, is the setting for Tobit's exile. The mention of King Esarhaddon (681–669 BCE) anchors the narrative in the 7th century BCE.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"በዕለተ፡ በዓለ፡ ጰንጠቈስጤ፡ ቅድስት፡ ሳብዕ፡ ሰንበት፡","severity":"info","text":"The feast of holy Pentecost, the seventh Sabbath, reflects the Geʿez Christian liturgical calendar, indicating the text's reception in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አክሮንድስሃ።","severity":"caution","text":"The title 'Akrondesha' is obscure; it may be a corruption or a unique Geʿez rendering of an Assyrian office. The meaning is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the two little ones' killed and cast into the mountains is unclear; they may be figures from the preceding narrative not fully preserved.","The exact nature of Akaqiron's appointment and the title 'Akrondesha' remain ambiguous due to textual corruption or cultural distance."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ወኢያእመርኩ፡ ከመ፡ ቦቱ፡ አዕዋፍ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓረፍት፡ ወእንዘ፡ ክሡት፡ ገጽየ፡ አኵስሓ፡ እልክቱ፡ አዕዋፍ፡ ውዑየ፡ ውስተ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ወሖርኩ፡ ኀበ፡ ዓቀብተ፡ ሥራይ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘበቊዓኒ፡ ወአካኪሮስ፡ ይሴስየኒ፡ እስከ፡ አመ፡ ሖርኩ፡ ኤልማድያ፡ ባሕቲትየ። ወሐናሰ፡ ትፀመድ፡ ቤተ፡ አንስት። ወለአከት፡ ኀበ፡ አጋዕዝቲሃ፡ ወወሀባሃ፡ እማንቱሂ፡ መሐስዓ፡ ወአምጽአት፡ ኀቤየ። ወሶበ፡ መጽአት፡ ኀቤየ፡ አኀዘት፡ ትጽራኅ፡ ወእቤላ፡ እምአይቴ፡ ዛቲ፡ መሐስዕ፡ ወለእመ፡ ስረቂዮ፡ አግብኢዮ፡ ለባዕሉ፡ እስመ፡ ኢኮነ፡ ጽድቀ፡ በሊዕ፡ ዘስርቅ። ወትቤለኒ፡ ጸግውኒያ፡ ህየንተ፡ አስብየ፡ ወኢአመንክዋ፡ ወእቤላ፡ አግብኢ፡ ለባዕሉ፡ ወብዙኃ፡ ተገአዝኩ፡ ምስሌሃ፡ ወአውሥአት፡ ወትቤለኒ፡ አይቴ፡ ውእቱ፡ ምጽዋትከ፡ ወጽድቅከ፡ ናሁ፡ ኵሉ፡ ተአውቀ፡ ዘላዕሌከ።\n\nChapter 3\n\nወተከዝኩ፡ በሕማየ፡ ወጸለይኩ፡ ወበከይኩ። ወእቤ፡ ጻድቅ፡ አንተ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ፍናዊከ፡ በምሕረት፡ ወበፍትሕ፡ በርትዕ፡ ወበጽድቅ፡ ትኴንን፡ ዓለመ። ተዘከረኒ፡ ወነጽረኒ፡ ወኢትትበቀለኒ፡ በኃጢአትየ። ወበኃጢአተ፡ አበውየ፡ እለ፡ አበሱ፡ ለከ፡ ወኢሰምዑ፡ ትእዛዘከ፡ ወረሰይከኒ፡ ለተበርብሮ፡ ወለተሄውዎ፡ ወለተቀትሎ፡ ወኮነ፡ ትዕይርተ፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዓለም፡ ወአሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ እምውስቴቶሙ፡ ተዘርውነ፡ ኵለሄ። ወይእዜኒ፡ ርቱዕ፡ ውእቱ፡ ኵነኔከ፡ ዘበጽድቅ፡ ወግበር፡ ሊተ፡ በዘይሠረይ፡ ኃጢአትየ፡ ወዘአበውየ፡ እስመ፡ ኢገበርነ፡ ትእዛዝከ፡ ወኢሖርነ፡ በጽድቅ፡ ቅድሜከ።","english":"And I did not know that there were birds in the dung, and while my face was turned away, those birds cast white into my eyes. And I went to the keeper of the linen, and there was no one to answer me. And Akaqiron was feeding me until I went to Elamadia alone. And Hannah was serving in the house of women, and she went to her mistress, and she gave her a piece of linen. And she brought it to me. And when she came to me, she began to weep. And I said to her, \"From where is this piece of linen? And if it is stolen, bring it back to its owner, for it is not right to eat what is stolen.\" And she said to me, \"Beg for me here before my lord.\" And I did not believe her. And I said, \"Bring it back to its owner.\" And I was greatly troubled with her. And she answered and said to me, \"Where is your gift and your righteousness? Now all that is behind you is known.\"\n\nChapter 3\n\nAnd I was troubled with pain, and I prayed and wept. And I said, \"Righteous are you, O Lord, and all your ways are in mercy and in justice, in righteousness and in truth you judge the world. Remember me and look upon me, and do not avenge yourself upon me for my sins, and for the sins of my fathers who sinned against you and did not obey your commandment. And you appointed me for confusion, for wandering, and for killing. And I became a reproach among all the world and the peoples from among whom I was scattered everywhere. And now your judgment is just, which is righteous. And do for me what will forgive my sin and that of my fathers, for we did not obey your commandment and did not walk in righteousness before you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"አዕዋፍ ውስተ ዓረፍት","severity":"info","text":"The birds in the dung are likely sparrows or similar scavengers; the white substance they cast into the narrator's eyes is probably birdlime or excrement, causing blindness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አካኪሮስ","severity":"info","text":"Akaqiron is a variant of the name Achior, a figure from the book of Judith; here he is a relative who provides for Tobit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ኤልማድያ","severity":"info","text":"Elamadia may refer to a region or city in Media; the name is obscure and may be a corruption or variant of a known location.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ጻድቅ አንተ እግዚኦ","severity":"info","text":"Tobit's prayer echoes Psalm 119:137 (LXX) and Job's laments, emphasizing divine justice and mercy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 3","severity":"info","text":"The chapter break here is editorial; the Geʿez text marks it with a rubric, but the narrative flows continuously from the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢገበርነ ትእዛዝከ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'we did not obey your commandment' may be a scribal error or theological addition; the Vulgate and other versions have Tobit confessing his own sins, not those of his fathers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Elamadia' is uncertain; it may be a place name or a corruption.","The phrase 'birds cast white into my eyes' is ambiguous: it could mean birdlime, excrement, or a symbolic substance causing blindness."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ወይእዜኒ፡ ዘይዔድመከ፡ ግበር፡ ምስሌየ፡ በቅድሜከ፡ ወአዝዝ፡ ዘይትሜጦ፡ መንፈስየ፡ ከመ፡ እሠዓር፡ ወእኩን፡ መሬተ፡ እስመ፡ ይኄይሰኒ፡ ትዕይርተ፡ በሐሰት፡ ወበዝኀ፡ ኃዘን፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ወአዝዝ፡ እሠዐር፡ እምሕማምየ፡ ውስተ፡ መካን፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ወኢትሚጥ፡ ገጸከ፡ እምኔየ። ወበይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ረከባ፡ ለወለተ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ሣራ፡ እምነ፡ መጣኒ፡ ዘሜዶን፡ ወተአየራሃ፡ አዕማተ፡ አቡሃ። እስመ፡ አስተዋሰብዋ፡ ለሰብዓቱ፡ ዕደው፡ ወቀተሎሙ፡ ጋኔን፡ እኩይ፡ አስማንድዮስ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ይቅረብዋ፡ እንተ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወብእሲት፡ ወይቤላሃ፡ ኢተአምሪኑ፡ እንዘ፡ ይትሐነቁ፡ ዓምታትኪ፡ ወናሁ፡ ሰብዓቱ፡ አውሰቡኪ፡ ወአሐዱ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ኢተለወኪ። ወምንተት፡ እንከ፡ ተቀሠፍነ፡ በእንቲአሆሙ፡ እስመ፡ ሞቱ፡ ሑሪ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ወኢንርአይ፡ ወልደ፡ ወወለተ፡ እምኔኪ፡ ለዓለም። ወሶበ፡ ሰምዐት፡ ዘንተ፡ ተከዘት፡ ጥቀ፡ ወትቤ፡ አሐቲ፡ አነ፡ ለአቡየ፡ ወእመ፡ ገበርኩ፡ ዘንተ፡ ከመዝ፡ ትዕይርተ፡ እከውኖ፡ ወአወርድ፡ ርስዓኒሁ፡ በፃዕር፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብር። ወጸለየት፡ በውስተ፡ ቤታ፡ ወትቤ፡ ቡሩክ፡ አንተ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አምላኪየ፡ ወይትባረክ፡ ስምከ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወቡሩክ፡ ስምከ፡ በኵሉ፡ ዓለም፡ ወክቡር፡ ኵሉ፡ ግብርከ፡ ለዓለም። ወይእዜኒ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ወገጽየ፡ ለከ፡ መጠውኩ። ወእብለከ፡ ሠዓረኒ፡ እምነ፡ ምድር፡ ከመ፡ ኢይስማዕ፡ ትዕይርተ። ለሊከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ተአምር፡ ከመ፡ ንጽሕት፡ አነ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ኃጢአት፡ ዘምስለ፡ ብእሲ።","english":"And now, what will you do with me, my lord, before you? And command that my spirit be calmed, so that I may be blind and become a corpse, for it is better for me to be mocked falsely and to have much sorrow upon me. And command that I be blind from my pain in a place forever, and do not turn your face from me. And on that day, she met Sarah, the daughter of Raguel, from the city of Media, and her father’s maidservants were mourning her, for she had been betrothed to seven men, and an evil demon, Asmodaeus, had killed them without any man or woman approaching her. And he said to her, “Do you not know that your betrothed are being strangled? And now, seven have been betrothed to you, and not one of them has touched you. And what have we done because of them, for they have died? Go with them, and I will never see a son or a daughter from you.” And when she heard this, she was greatly troubled, and she said, “I am alone for my father, and if I have done this, it is a false shame, and I will bring down his blessing in sorrow into the grave.” And she prayed in her house, and she said, “Blessed are you, O Lord, my God, and may your holy name be blessed, and your blessed name in all the world, and all your works are glorious forever. And now, O Lord, I have turned my eyes and my face to you, and I say to you, ‘Blind me from the earth, so that I may not hear falsehood.’ For you, O Lord, know that I am pure from all sin with a man.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይእዜኒ፡ ዘይዔድመከ፡ ግበር፡ ምስሌየ፡ በቅድሜከ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez opening 'And now, what will you do with me, my lord, before you?' is a direct address to God, continuing the speaker's lament from the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አስማንድዮስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The demon name 'Asmodaeus' (አስማንድዮስ) is a Geʿez rendering of the Greek 'Asmodaios', the demon in Tobit who slays Sarah's suitors.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቡሩክ፡ አንተ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አምላኪየ፡","severity":"info","text":"Sarah's prayer 'Blessed are you, O Lord, my God' echoes the liturgical blessing formula common in Geʿez prayers, not a direct biblical quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሜዶን፡","severity":"info","text":"The city 'Media' (ሜዶን) refers to the region in ancient Persia, consistent with the setting of Tobit in the Assyrian diaspora.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'And on that day' marks a narrative shift from the speaker's lament to the introduction of Sarah's story, a structural transition in the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢተአምሪኑ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez 'Do you not know' (ኢተአምሪኑ) is a rhetorical question; the English draft renders it as a statement, which may obscure the interrogative force.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The speaker of the opening lament is ambiguous; the English draft implies a male speaker (possibly Tobit), but the Geʿez does not specify gender.","The phrase 'Blind me from the earth' (ሠዓረኒ፡ እምነ፡ ምድር፡) could be interpreted as a request for death or for removal from worldly sight."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ወኢያገመንኩ፡ ስምየ፡ ወስመ፡ አቡየ፡ በብሔር፡ ዘተፄወውኩ፡ ወአሐቲ፡ አነ፡ ለአቡየ፡ ወአልብየ፡ እኍ፡ ወአልብየ፡ ዘቅሩብ፡ ወእትዓቀብ፡ ለብእሲ፡ እስመ፡ ሰብዓቱ፡ ሞቱኒ፡ ለምንተ፡ እንከ፡ አሐዩ፡ ወለእመኒ፡ ኢፈቀድከ፡ ትቅትለኒ፡ ነጽር፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ወአስተምሕረኒ፡ ወአዝዝ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይስማዕ፡ ትዕይርተ፡ እንከ። ወተሰምዓ፡ ጸሎቶሙ፡ ለክልኤሆሙ፡ በቅድመ፡ ስብሐተ፡ ዕበዩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር። ወፈነዎ፡ ለሩፋኤል፡ ከመ፡ ይፈውሶሙ፡ ለክልኤሆሙ፡ ወለጦቢትኒ፡ ከመ፡ ያሰስል፡ ጢሰ፡ ዓይኑ፡ ወለሣራኒ፡ ወለተ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ከመ፡ የሀባ፡ ለጦብያ፡ ወልደ፡ ጦቢት፡ ትኰኖ፡ ብእሲቶ፡ ወከመ፡ ይሥዓሮ፡ ለአስማንድዮስ፡ ጋኔን፡ እኵይ፡ እስመ፡ ጦብያ፡ ይወርሳ፡ ወበእማንቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ተመይጠ፡ ጦቢት፡ ወዐተወ፡ ቤቶ፡ ወሣራኒ፡ ወለተ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ወረደት፡ እምነ፡ ጽርሐ፡ ላዕላይ።\n\nChapter 4\n\nወበይእቲ፡ ዕለተ፡ ተዘከረ፡ ጦቢት፡ በእንተ፡ ብሩር፡ ዘአማኅፀነ፡ ኀበ፡ ገባኤል፡ በራጊስ፡ ዘሜዶን። ወሐለየ፡ ወይቤ፡ ናሁ፡ ሰአልኩ፡ ከመ፡ እሙት፡ ወለምንት፡ ኢይጼውዖ፡ ለወልድየ፡ ጦብያ፡ ከመ፡ እንግሮ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እሙት። ወጸውዖ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ወልድየ፡ አመ፡ ሞትኩ፡ ቅበረኒ፡ በሠናይ፡ ወዕቀብ፡ እመከ፡ ወአክብራ፡ በኵሉ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ሕይወታ፡ ወግበር፡ ላቲ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘፈቀደት፡ ወኢታኅዝና። ተዘከር፡ ወልድየ፡ ከመ፡ ብዙኃ፡ ሕማመ፡ ረከበት፡ ብከ፡ እንዘ፡ ሀሎከ፡ ውስተ፡ ከርሣ፡ ወእመ፡ ሞተት፡ ቅብራ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ውስተ፡ አሐዱ፡ መቃብር።","english":"I did not know my name nor my father’s name in the land where I was exiled, and I am alone for my father, and I have no brother, and I have no relative, and I wait for a man, for seven of them have killed me. Why then do I live? And if you wish to kill me, look upon me and have mercy on me, and command that my spirit be calmed, so that I may not hear mockery again. And the prayers of both of them were heard before the glory of the greatness of the Lord, and he sent Raphael to heal both of them, and to remove the cataract from Tobit’s eye, and to give Sarah, daughter of Raguel, to Tobiah, son of Tobit, as his wife, and to drive out Asmodeus, the evil demon, for Tobiah would inherit her. And in those days Tobit was healed and returned to his house, and Sarah, daughter of Raguel, descended from her upper chamber.\n\nChapter 4\n\nAnd on that day Tobit remembered the silver that he had deposited with Gabael in Rages of Media. And he thought and said, “Now I have asked that I might die, but why should I not summon my son Tobiah so that I might instruct him before I die?” And he summoned him and said to him, “My son, when I die, bury me well, and honor your mother all the days of her life, and do for her all that she desires, and do not grieve her. Remember, my son, that she endured much pain for you while you were in her womb. And if she dies, bury her with me in one tomb.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበይእቲ፡ ዕለተ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'And on that day' marks a clear narrative break and the beginning of Chapter 4, shifting from the healing and marriage to Tobit's recollection of the silver.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሩፋኤል፡","severity":"info","text":"Raphael is the archangel whose name means 'God heals,' fitting his role here as the healer of Tobit and Sarah, and the exorcist of Asmodeus.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አስማንድዮስ፡ ጋኔን፡","severity":"info","text":"Asmodeus is the demon's name, derived from Persian or Hebrew tradition; in Tobit he is the jealous spirit who kills Sarah's previous seven husbands.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይስማዕ፡ ትዕይርተ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'so that I may not hear mockery' echoes the theme of undeserved suffering found in Job and other wisdom literature, though no direct citation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ራጊስ፡ ዘሜዶን፡","severity":"info","text":"Rages (modern Rey, Iran) was a major city in Media, reflecting the Persian setting of the Tobit narrative, which is set in the Assyrian diaspora.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢያገመንኩ፡ ስምየ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The opening clause 'I did not know my name' is ambiguous: it may mean Sarah is disoriented by trauma, or it may be a textual corruption; the English draft interprets it as a statement of exile.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'I did not know my name' could be a literal loss of identity or a rhetorical expression of despair; the reading taken is that of exile and disorientation.","The transition from Sarah's speech to the narrator's report of the prayers is abrupt; the Geʿez may have a lacuna or the English draft smooths it."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ወበኵሉ፡ መዋዕል፡ ኦ፡ ወልድየ፡ ተዘከሮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክነ፡ ወኢትፍቅድ፡ አብሶ፡ ወክሂደ፡ ትእዛዙ፡ ወግበር፡ ጽድቀ፡ በኵሉ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ሕይወትከ፡ ወኢትሑር፡ በፍኖተ፡ ዓመፃ። ወእምከመ፡ ገበርካ፡ ለጽድቅ፡ ትሤራህ፡ በኵሉ፡ ፍኖትከ፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ግብርከ፡ ዘገበርከ፡ ወከማሁ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ይገብርዋ፡ ለጽድቅ። ወእምንዋይከ፡ ግበር፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ወኢትደንግፅ፡ ዓይንከ፡ ሶበ፡ ትገብር፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ወኢትሚጥ፡ ገጸከ፡ እምነ፡ ነዳይ፡ ወእግዚአብሔር፡ ኢይመይጥ፡ ገጾ፡ እምኔከ። ወአምጣነ፡ ትክል፡ መጠነ፡ ብከ፡ ግበር፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ውኁድ፡ ኢትደንግፅ፡ ለገቢረ፡ ምጽዋት። እስመ፡ ሠናየ፡ መዝገበ፡ ትዘግብ፡ ለከ። እስመ፡ ምጽዋት፡ ታድኅን፡ እሞት፡ በዕለተ፡ ምንዳቤ፡ ወኢትወስድ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽልመት። እስመ፡ ሠናይ፡ ጸጋ፡ ይእቲ፡ ምጽዋት፡ ለእለ፡ ይገብርዋ፡ በቅድመ፡ ልዑል። ወዑቅ፡ ርእሰከ፡ ኦ፡ ወልድየ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ዝሙት፡ ወቅድም፡ ለከ፡ ነሢአ፡ ብእሲት፡ እምዘርአ፡ አበዊከ፡ ወኢታውስብ፡ እምነኪር፡ ለእመ፡ ኢኮነት፡ እምዘመድከ፡ እስመ፡ እምደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡ ንሕነ፡ ኖኅ፡ ወአብርሃም፡ ይስሐቅ፡ ወያዕቆብ፡ እለ፡ እምዓለም፡ አበዊነ፡ ተዘከር፡ ወልድየ፡ ከመ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ነሥኡ፡ አንስትያ፡ እምትውልደ፡ አኃዊሆሙ፡ ወተባረኩ፡ ውሉዶሙ፡ ወዘርኦሙ፡ ወረስዋ፡ ለምድር።","english":"And in all days, O my son, remember the Lord our God, and do not transgress or violate His commandment, and do righteousness in all the days of your life, and do not walk on the path of iniquity. And as you have done righteousness, you will rejoice in all your path and in all your deeds that you have done, and likewise for all those who do righteousness. And from your possessions, give alms, and do not harden your eye when you give alms, and do not turn your face away from the poor. And the Lord will not turn His face away from you. And according to your ability, give alms to the measure of your means, and if you are alone, do not be hard-hearted toward the giver of alms, for you store up a good treasure for yourself, for alms saves from death on the day of distress and does not lead into darkness, for alms is a good grace for those who do it before the Most High. And know yourself, O my son, from all uncleanness, and take for yourself a wife from the seed of your fathers, and do not marry a foreigner, even if she is from your kin, for we are from the children of the prophets: Noah, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who from the beginning were our fathers. Remember, O my son, that all of them took wives from the lineage of their brothers and were blessed, and their children and their seed inherited the land.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትፍቅድ፡ አብሶ፡ ወክሂደ፡ ትእዛዙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'do not transgress or violate His commandment' pairs two verbs (ኢትፍቅድ, አብሶ) to intensify the prohibition, a common rhetorical device in Geʿez paraenesis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምጽዋተ፡","severity":"info","text":"ምጽዋተ (alms) is a key term in Tobit, denoting both material charity and a salvific act; the passage stresses its eschatological benefit ('saves from death').","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምደቂቀ፡ ነቢያት፡ ንሕነ፡ ኖኅ፡ ወአብርሃም፡ ይስሐቅ፡ ወያዕቆብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The list of patriarchs (Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob) echoes the genealogy in 1 Chronicles 1 and the ancestral roll in Jubilees, linking Tobit’s family to the prophetic lineage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ኢትወስድ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽልመት።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'does not lead into darkness' reflects a Geʿez eschatological trope where darkness symbolizes damnation; alms as a light-saving act is paralleled in the Ethiopic Book of Enoch.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትሑር፡ በፍኖተ፡ ዓመፃ።","severity":"info","text":"The passage alternates between positive commands ('do righteousness') and negative prohibitions ('do not walk on the path of iniquity'), a didactic pattern typical of testamentary literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ወልድየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The address 'O my son' frames the passage as a father’s testament, a genre well-attested in Ethiopic monastic instruction (e.g., the Testament of Our Lord).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢኮነት፡ እምዘመድከ፡' ('even if she is from your kin') is ambiguous: it may mean 'even if she is a relative' (i.e., endogamy is preferred) or 'even if she is from your people' (i.e., ethnic endogamy). The reading taken follows the Geʿez context of lineage purity."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ወይእዜኒ፡ ወልድየ፡ አፍቅር፡ ቢጸከ፡ ወኢታዕቢ፡ ልበከ፡ እምነ፡ ቢጽከ፡ ወእምደቂቀ፡ ሕዝብከ፡ ወእምነ፡ አዋልዲሆሙ፡ ንሣእ፡ ለከ፡ ብእሲተ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ እስመ፡ ኀበ፡ ሀለወት፡ ትዕቢት፡ ህየ፡ ሀሎ፡ ኃሣር፡ ወብዙኅ፡ ሁከት፡ ወኀበ፡ ሀለወ፡ ሁከት፡ ህየ፡ ሀሎ፡ ተጽናስ፡ ወንዴት፡ እስመ፡ እማ፡ ይእቲ። አስቡ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ዘተጋነየ፡ ለከ፡ ኢይቢት፡ ኀቤከ፡ አላ፡ ሀቦ፡ በጊዜሃ፡ እምዘ፡ ብከ፡ ወእምከመ፡ ተቀነይከ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ይፈደፍድ፡ አስብከ፡ ወዑቅ፡ ርእሰከ፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ግብርከ፡ ኩን፡ ጠቢበ፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ግዕዝከ። ወዘትጸልዕ፡ ለርእስከ፡ ኢትግበር፡ ለመኑሂ፡ ወይነ፡ ለሰኪር፡ ኢትስተይ፡ ወኢትሑር፡ ምስለ፡ ስክርት፡ ውስተ፡ ፍኖትከ። ወእምነ፡ እክልከ፡ ሀብ፡ ለርኁብ፡ ወእምነ፡ አልባሲከ፡ ሀብ፡ ለዕሩቅ፡ ወእምኵሉ፡ ዘይተርፈከ፡ ግበር፡ ምጽዋተ። ወዝሩ፡ እክለከ፡ ላዕለ፡ መቃብረ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ወኢተሀብ፡ ለኃጥአን። ምክረ፡ ኅሥሥ፡ በኀበ፡ ኵሉ፡ ጠቢባን፡ ወኢታስትት፡ ምክረ፡ እንተ፡ ትበቊዓከ። ወበኵሉ፡ ጊዜ፡ ባርኮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወጸሊ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ከመ፡ ሥሩሕ፡ ይኩን፡ ፍኖትከ፡ ዘይሤርሐከ፡ በኵሉ፡ ግብርከ፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ፍናዊከ፡ እስመ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ዘይመክሩ፡ ምክረ፡ ዘኢኮነ፡ እምእግዚአብሔር፡ እንበለ፡ ውእቱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይሁብ፡ ኵሎ፡ ሠናይቶ፡ ወለዘፈቀደ፡ ያቴሕቶ፡ በከመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ፈቀደ፡ ወይእዜኒ፡ ወልድየ፡ ተዘከር፡ ትእዛዝየ፡ ወኢይደምሰስ፡ እምልብከ። ወይእዜኒ፡ እነግረከ፡ በእንተ፡ መካልየ፡ ብሩር፡ ዐሠርቱ፡ ዘአዕቀብኩ፡ ኀበ፡ ገባኤል፡ ወልደ፡ ግብርያ፡ ዘራጊስ፡ ዘሜዶን።","english":"And now, my son, love your kinsmen, and do not let your heart be proud against your kinsmen and the children of your people and their children. Take a wife from among them, for where there is pride, there is lack and much trouble; and where there is trouble, there is affliction and lamentation. For from her (pride) come all the evils that have befallen you. Is it not better for you to have it (a wife) in her time than to weep? And as you have humbled yourself before the Lord, He will redeem you and raise your head. And in all your deeds, be good, and in all your conduct. And what you pray for yourself, do not do to anyone else. And do not drink wine to drunkenness, and do not go with drunkenness on your path. And from your food, give to the hungry; and from your clothing, give to the naked. And from all that remains to you, do alms. And scatter your food upon the tombs of the righteous, and do not give to sinners. Seek counsel from all the wise, and do not neglect the counsel that benefits you. And at all times, bless the Lord and pray to Him, that your path may be straight, which will lead you in all your deeds and in all your ways. For all peoples who take counsel that is not from the Lord, without Him, the Lord gives all good things, and to whom He wills, He humbles them as He wills. And now, my son, remember my commandments, and let them not be erased from your heart. And now, I will tell you about the ten talents of silver that I deposited with Gabael, son of Gebreya of Ragis, of Media.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቢጸከ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ቢጸከ (qäṣṣäkä) is a verb meaning 'to be proud' or 'to act arrogantly'. The English draft renders it as 'let your heart be proud', which captures the sense of pride as a moral failing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ትዕቢት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez noun ትዕቢት (təʿəbbät) means 'pride' or 'arrogance'. It is contrasted with humility and linked to trouble and affliction, reflecting a common ethical theme in the book.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትግበር ለመኑሂ","severity":"info","text":"The ethical maxim 'what you pray for yourself, do not do to anyone else' echoes the negative form of the Golden Rule, found in Tobit 4:15 in other versions, though the Geʿez phrasing is distinctive.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ገባኤል ወልደ ግብርያ ዘራጊስ ዘሜዶን","severity":"info","text":"Gabael, son of Gebreya of Ragis, of Media, is a character in Tobit. The names and place (Rages in Media) reflect the story's setting in the eastern diaspora, consistent with the book's historical fiction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይእዜኒ ወልድየ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'And now, my son' (ወይእዜኒ ወልድየ) marks a structural transition in Tobit's farewell discourse, introducing new admonitions and the revelation about the silver deposit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትስተይ ወኢትሑር ምስለ ስክርት","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'do not drink wine to drunkenness, and do not go with drunkenness' is clear, but the English draft's 'do not go with drunkenness on your path' may obscure the sense of avoiding association with drunkards.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the wife is to be taken from 'kinsmen' (ቢጸከ) or 'the children of your people' (ደቂቀ ሕዝብከ), leaving the degree of endogamy ambiguous.","The phrase 'scatter your food upon the tombs of the righteous' (ዝሩ እክለከ ላዕለ መቃብረ ጻድቃን) may reflect a funerary practice not fully explained in the text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"ወኢትፍራህ፡ ወልድየ፡ በእንተ፡ ንዴትከ፡ እስመ፡ ነዳያን፡ ብከ፡ ይነሥኡ፡ በረከተ፡ ለእመ፡ ፈራህኮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወኃደገ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኃጢአተከ፡ ወገበርከ፡ ዘያሠምሮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በቅድሜሁ።\n\nChapter 5\n\nወአውሥአ፡ ጦብያ፡ ወይቤ፡ እገብር፡ አባ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘአዘዝከኒ። ወባሕቱ፡ እፎ፡ እክል፡ ነሢኦቶ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ብሩር፡ ዘኢየአምሮ። ወወሀቦ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ኅሥሥ፡ ብእሴ፡ ዘየሐውር፡ ምስሌከ፡ ወእሁቦ፡ አስቦ፡ እንዘ፡ ሕያው፡ አነ፡ ወሑር፡ ንሣእ፡ ዘንተ፡ ብሩረ። ወሖረ፡ ይኅሥሥ፡ ሎቱ፡ ብእሴ፡ ወረከቦ፡ ለሩፋኤል፡ መልአክ፡ ወኢያእመሮ፡ ከመ፡ መልአክ፡ ውእቱ። ወይቤሎ፡ ትክልኑ፡ ሐዊረ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ራጊስ፡ ዘሜዶን፡ እመ፡ ተአምር፡ ብሔሮ። ወይቤሎ፡ ውእቱ፡ መልአክ፡ አሐውር፡ ምስሌከ፡ ወፍኖቶሂ፡ አአምር፡ ወኀበ፡ ገባኤልሂ፡ ነበርኩ። ወይቤሎ፡ ጦብያ፡ ጽንሐኒ፡ ከመ፡ እንግሮ፡ ለአቡየ፡ ጦቢት። ወይቤሎ፡ ሑር፡ ኢትጐንዲ፡ ወሖረ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለአቡሁ፡ ነዋ፡ ረከብኩ፡ ዘየሐውር፡ ምስሌየ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ጸውዖ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ከመ፡ አእምር፡ እምአይ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወእመ፡ ማእምን፡ ለሐዊር፡ ምስሌከ። ወጸውዖ፡ ወቦአ፡ ወተአምኁ፡ በበይናቲሆሙ። ወይቤሎ፡ ጦቢት፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡ እምአይ፡ ሕዝብ፡ አንተ፡ ወእምአይ፡ ብሔር፡ አንተ። ወይቤሎ፡ መልአክ፡ ሕዝብየኑ፡ ወብሔርየኑ፡ ተኃሥሥ፡ አው፡ አስቦ፡ ዘየሐውር፡ ምስለ፡ ወልድከ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ጦቢት፡ እፈቅድ፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡ አእምር፡ ዘመደከ፡ ወስመከ። ወይቤሎ፡ አንሰ፡ አዛርያ፡ ዘመደ፡ አናንያ፡ ዓቢይ፡ እኁከ።","english":"And do not fear, my son, on account of your poverty, for the poor will receive blessing from you. If you fear the Lord and abandon all your sin, and do what is pleasing to the Lord before him.\n\nChapter 5\n\nAnd Tobit answered and said, \"I will do, my father, all that you have commanded me. But how can I take that silver, since I do not know him?\" And he gave him a document and said to him, \"Seek a man who will go with you, and I will give him wages while I am still alive. And go, take this silver.\" And he went to seek a man for him, and he found Raphael the angel, but he did not know that he was an angel. And he said to him, \"Can you go with me to Rages of Media? If you know the place?\" And the angel said to him, \"I will go with you, and I also know the road, and I was even at Gabael's.\" And Tobit said, \"Wait for me until I tell my father Tobit.\" And he said to him, \"Go, do not delay.\" And he went and said to his father, \"Now I have found one who will go with me.\" And he said to him, \"Call him to me so that I may know from which people he is, and whether he is trustworthy to go with you.\" And he called him, and he entered, and they greeted each other. And Tobit said to him, \"You, my brother, from which people are you, and from which land are you?\" And the angel said to him, \"Why do you seek my people and my land, or wages for one who will go with your son?\" And Tobit said to him, \"I wish, my brother, to know your lineage and your name.\" And he said to him, \"I am Azariah, of the lineage of Ananias, your great brother.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 5","severity":"info","text":"The chapter break here is editorial, inserted in the Geʿez manuscript tradition to mark a new narrative episode. It does not correspond to a break in the Greek or Latin versions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሩፋኤል (Rufaʾel)","severity":"info","text":"Raphael is the angel whose name means 'God heals.' In the Geʿez text he is introduced here without the audience being told he is an angel, matching the narrative irony of the Greek original.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ራጊስ (Rages)","severity":"info","text":"Rages (Ῥάγαι) is a city in Media, modern-day Ray near Tehran. The journey from Nineveh to Rages is a key plot element in Tobit, reflecting the historical trade routes of the Achaemenid period.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አዛርያ (Azarya)","severity":"info","text":"Azariah is the name Raphael adopts while disguised as a human. The name means 'God helps' in Hebrew, fitting the angel's role as a helper. The Geʿez form reflects the Hebrew/Aramaic original.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘመደ አናንያ (lineage of Ananias)","severity":"info","text":"The claim of descent from Ananias (likely Hananiah) echoes the biblical figure of Tobit's relative in the book of Tobit. This detail is unique to the longer Greek recension and the Geʿez version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትፍራህ (and do not fear)","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text at the start of this passage is fragmentary; the English draft supplies a conjectural continuation from the previous passage. The Coptic Vorlage may have had a different clause here.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether Tobit's 'document' (መጽሐፈ) is a promissory note or a letter of introduction; the English draft renders it as 'document'.","The phrase 'ዘኢየአምሮ' (whom I do not know) could refer to the silver's owner or to the recipient; the context suggests the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ወይቤሎ፡ ዳኅንኑ፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡ ወኢትኂሰኒ፡ እስመ፡ ኃሠሥኩ፡ አእምር፡ ሕዝበከ፡ ወብሔረከ፡ ወአማን፡ ባሕቱ፡ እምሠናይ፡ ዘመድ፡ አንተ፡ ወቡሩክ፡ ወአአምሮ፡ አነ፡ ለአዛርያ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ሴምዩ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ወሖርነ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ከመ፡ ንስግድ፡ ወወሰድነ፡ በኵረነ፡ ወአሥራተ፡ እክልነ፡ ወኢአበስነ፡ አበሳ፡ አበዊነ፡ ወአንተሰ፡ እምነ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ሥርው፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ። ወባሕቱ፡ ንግረኒ፡ ምንተ፡ ነሀብ፡ አስበከ፡ ድርከመኑ፡ ለለዕለትከ፡ ወሲሳይከ፡ ምስለ፡ ወልድየ። ወእዌስክ፡ አስበከ፡ በዲበ፡ አስብከ፡ ለእመ፡ ዳኅነ፡ አቶክሙ። ወአኅለቁ፡ ከመዝ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ጦቢት፡ ለጦብያ፡ ወልዱ፡ ተደለው፡ ከመ፡ ትሑር፡ ወተሠርሑ፡ ወአስተዳለወ፡ ወልዱ፡ ስንቆሙ፡ ለፍኖት፡ ወይቤሎ፡ አቡሁ፡ ሑር፡ ምስለ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘይነብር፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ይሠርሕ፡ ፍኖተክሙ፡ ወመልአኩ፡ ይሑር፡ ምስሌክሙ፡ ወወጽኡ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ወተለዎሙ፡ ከልበ፡ ወልዶሙ። ወበከየት፡ ሐና፡ እሙ፡ ወትቤሎ፡ ለጦቢት፡ ለምንት፡ ፈነውኮ፡ ለወልድየ፡ አኮኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ በትርነ፡ እንተ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴነ፡ ዘይወጽእ፡ ቅድሜነ። ብሩር፡ ለይጥፋዕ። ወቤዛሁ፡ ለወልድየ፡ ይኩን፡ ዘወሀበነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ነሐዩ። ወይቤላ፡ ኢትትኃለፊ፡ እኅትየ፡ ዳኅነ፡ የአቱ፡ ወትሬኢይዮ፡ በአዕይ፡ ንትኪ። እስመ፡ መልአከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ የሐውር፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ወይሤርሕ፡ ፍኖቶ፡ ወየአቱ፡ ዳኅነ፡ ወኃደገት፡ ብካየ፡ ሐና።","english":"And he said to him, \"Be at peace, my brother, and do not be angry with me, for I have desired to know your people and your country, and truly you are of a good lineage, and blessed, and I know Azariah, son of the great Semyu, and we went with them together to Jerusalem to worship, and we brought our firstfruits and the tithe of our harvest, and we did not sin against the sins of our fathers. And as for you, you are of great lineage, my brother, and only tell me, what shall I give you? What is your wage for each day and your food with my son? And I will give you over and above your wage, if you are at peace with you all.\" And they finished thus. And Tobit said to Tobias his son, \"Prepare to go and be served, and his son prepared their provisions for the journey. And his father said to him, \"Go with this man, and the Lord who dwells in heaven will make your journey successful, and his angel will go with you.\" And both of them went out and went, and a dog followed them, their offspring. And Hanna, his mother, wept and said to Tobit, \"Why have you sent my son? Is he not our staff, which goes out from our hand? Silver to be spent, and the price of my son shall be what the Lord has given us, which is little?\" And he said to her, \"Do not grieve, my sister; peace will come, and you will see him with your own eyes, for the angel of the Lord goes before him and makes his journey successful, and he will come in peace.\" And Hanna ceased her weeping.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ፡ ዳኅንኑ፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The greeting 'Be at peace, my brother' establishes a familial tone between Tobit and the disguised angel Azariah, reflecting the narrative's emphasis on kinship and divine guidance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አዛርያ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ሴምዩ፡ ዓቢይ፡","severity":"info","text":"Azariah, son of the great Semyu, is the angel Raphael in disguise; the name 'Azariah' means 'God has helped,' fitting his role as Tobias's guide.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ከመ፡ ንስግድ፡ ወወሰድነ፡ በኵረነ፡ ወአሥራተ፡ እክልነ፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of pilgrimage to Jerusalem with firstfruits and tithes reflects Second Temple Jewish piety, a key background for Tobit's setting in the diaspora.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአኅለቁ፡ ከመዝ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'And they finished thus' marks a structural break, transitioning from Tobit's dialogue with Azariah to his instructions to Tobias and the departure scene.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበከየት፡ ሐና፡ እሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"Hanna's weeping over Tobias's departure is a poignant moment that humanizes the narrative, emphasizing maternal anxiety; this emotional depth is characteristic of the book's reception in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልዶሙ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'a dog followed them, their offspring' is ambiguous: it may refer to a literal dog or symbolically to a guardian figure; the Geʿez text does not clarify, and translations vary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the dog (ወልዶሙ) is unclear—whether literal or symbolic; the Geʿez leaves this open.","The phrase 'if you are at peace with you all' (እመ፡ ዳኅነ፡ አቶክሙ) is syntactically ambiguous in Geʿez, possibly a scribal error or idiom."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Chapter 6\n\nወእንዘ፡ የሐውሩ፡ ፍኖቶሙ፡ በጽሑ፡ በጣኔስ፡ ውስተ፡ ተከዚ፡ ምሴተ፡ ወቤቱ፡ በህየ። ወወረደ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወልድ፡ ይትሐፀብ፡ ወሠረረ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ዓሣ፡ እምውስተ፡ ተከዚ፡ ወፈቀደ፡ የሐጦ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ወልድ። ወይቤሎ፡ መልአክ፡ አኃዞ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ዓሣ፡ ወአኃዞ፡ ለዓሣ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወልድ፡ ወአውጽኦ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር። ወይቤሎ፡ ዝኩ፡ መልአክ፡ ምትሮ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ዓሣ፡ ወንሣእ፡ ልቦ፡ ወከብዶ፡ ወሐሞቶ፡ ወአጽንዕ፡ ዓቂቦቶ። ወገብረ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወልድ፡ በከመ፡ አዘዞ፡ መልአክ፡ ወዓሣሁኒ፡ ጠበሱ፡ ወበልዑ፡ ወጌሡ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ወበጽሑ፡ በጣኔስ። ወይቤሎ፡ ዝኩ፡ ወልድ፡ ለመልአክ፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡ አዛርያ፡ ምንት፡ ውእቱ፡ ከብዱ፡ ወልቡ፡ ወሐሞቱ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ዓሣ። ወይቤሎ፡ ልቡ፡ ወከብዱ፡ ለእመቦ፡ ዘየሐምሞ፡ ጋኔን፡ እኵይ፡ ዘንተ፡ ያጠይሱ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ብእሲት፡ ወኢየሐምም፡ እንከ። ወሐሞቶሰ፡ ይኵሕልዎ፡ ለብእሲ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ጢስ፡ ውስተ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ወየሐዩ። ወሶበ፡ ቀርቡ፡ ኀበ፡ ራጊስ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ውእቱ፡ መልአክ፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡ ዮምኬ፡ ኀበ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ነኅድር። ወአዝማዲከ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወቦ፡ አሐቲ፡ ወለት፡ ዘስማ፡ ሣራ፡ ወእትናገርኑ፡ በእንቲአሃ፡ የሀቡከ፡ ትኩንከ፡ ብእሲተ። እስመ፡ ለከ፡ ይበጽሐከ፡ ርስታ፡ ወአንተ፡ ሀሎከ፡ እምነ፡ አዝማዲሃ፡ ወወለታኒ፡ ሠናይት፡ ወጠባብ።","english":"Chapter 6\n\nAnd as they went on their journey, they arrived at the river Tigris, in the evening, and the house was there. And the son went down to wash himself, and a fish leaped up from the river and tried to swallow the son. And the angel said to him, \"Seize that fish.\" And the son seized the fish and brought it out onto the land. And the angel said to him, \"Open that fish, take its heart, its liver, and its gall, and preserve them carefully.\" And the son did as the angel commanded him. And they roasted the fish and ate it, and the two of them passed on and arrived at the river. And the son said to the angel, \"You are my brother Azariah; what are the heart, the liver, and the gall of this fish?\" And he said to him, \"Its heart and its liver, if an evil demon troubles a man or a woman, these are burned before that person, and it will not trouble him further. And as for its gall, it can be smeared on a man who has a white spot in his eyes, and he will see.\" And when they approached Ragis, the angel said to him, \"You, my brother, today we will go to Raguel, your relative. And he has one daughter named Sarah. And I will speak concerning her, and they will give her to you to be your wife, for the inheritance is due to you, and you are from her relatives, and the daughter is good and wise.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ተከዚ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text places the encounter at the Tigris River (ተከዚ), consistent with the Greek and Latin versions of Tobit, though the Vulgate reads 'Tigris' while some Old Latin witnesses have 'Euphrates'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሐሞቶ","severity":"info","text":"ሐሞቶ (ḥamotu) translates 'gall' (Greek χολή). The medicinal use of fish gall for eyesight is a distinctive motif in Tobit, paralleled in ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman medical traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage combines two episodes: the fish attack and the angel’s instructions on the fish’s organs, followed by the approach to Raguel’s house. The Geʿez follows the narrative sequence of the Greek recension (GII).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሣራ","severity":"info","text":"The daughter’s name ሣራ (Sara) corresponds to Greek Σάρρα, the standard form in the Septuagint and Vetus Latina. The Geʿez spelling reflects the Ethiopic vocalization.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version of Tobit is preserved only in Ethiopic manuscripts and is not part of the broader Orthodox Tewahedo canon; its textual history is independent of the Latin and Greek traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ራጊስ","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym ራጊስ (Ragis) is ambiguous: it may represent Ecbatana (as in the Greek) or a corruption of 'Rages' (Media). The Geʿez text does not clarify the location.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym ራጊስ (Ragis) could refer to Ecbatana or Rages; the Geʿez does not disambiguate.","The phrase 'the house was there' (ቤቱ በህየ።) is unclear: it may mean a lodging or a specific building."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ወይእዜኒ፡ ስምዓኒ፡ ወእትናገሮ፡ ለአቡሃ፡ ወሶበ፡ ገባዕነ፡ እምነ፡ ራጊስ፡ ንገብር፡ በዓለ፡ እስመ፡ ኢይገብር፡ የሀባ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ለካልዕ፡ ሰብእ፡ በእንተ፡ ሕገ፡ ሙሴ፡ ወእምአብደረ፡ ትሙት፡ እስመ፡ ርስታ፡ ለከ፡ ይበጽሐከ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ሰብእ። ወይቤሎ፡ ዝኩ፡ ወልድ፡ ለውእቱ፡ መልአክ፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡ አዛርያ፡ ሰማዕኩ፡ አነ፡ ከመ፡ አስተዋሰብዋ፡ ለይእቲ፡ ወለት፡ ለሰብእቱ፡ ዕደው፡ ወኵሎሙ፡ ሞቱ፡ አመ፡ ከብካብ። ወይእዜኒ፡ ባሕቲትየ፡ አነ፡ ለአቡየ፡ እፈርህ፡ ሶበ፡ ቦእኩ፡ ኢይሙት፡ ወኢይወርድ፡ ሕይወቶሙ፡ ለአቡየ፡ ወእምየ፡ በፃዕር፡ ወአልቦሙ፡ ካልዕ፡ ወልድ፡ ዘይቀብሮሙ። ወይቤሎ፡ ውእቱ፡ መልአክ፡ ኢትዜከርኑ፡ ቃለ፡ ዘአዘዘከ፡ አቡከ፡ ከመ፡ ትንሣእ፡ ለከ፡ ብእሲተ፡ አምአዝማዲከ፡ ወይእዜኒ፡ ስምዐኒ፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡ ወበእንተ፡ ጋኔንሰ፡ ኢያኅዝንከ፡ እስመ፡ በዝንቱ፡ ሌሊት፡ ትትወሀብ፡ ለከ፡ ብእሲት፡ እምአዝማዲከ። ወሶበ፡ ቦእከ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽርሕከ፡ ንሣእ፡ ለከ፡ ሕራረ፡ ዕጣን፡ ወደይ፡ እምነ፡ ከብዱ፡ ወልቡ፡ ለዝኩ፡ ዓሣ፡ ወአጢስ፡ ቦቱ። ወሶበ፡ ፄነዎ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ጋኔን፡ ይጐይይ፡ ወኢይገብእ፡ ለዓለም፡ ወሶበ፡ ቦእከ፡ ኀቤሃ፡ ጽርሑ፡ ክልኤክሙ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መሐሪ፡ ወያድኅነክሙ፡ ወይምሕረክሙ፡ ወኢትፍርሁ፡ እንከ፡ እስመ፡ ኪያክሙ፡ አስተዳለወ፡ እምነ፡ ዓለም፡ ወአንተ፡ ታድኅና፡ ወተሐውር፡ ምስሌከ፡ ወእብለከ፡ ከመ፡ ትረክብ፡ ውሉደ፡ እምኔሃ፡ ወሰሚዖ፡ ጦብያ፡ አንከረ፡ ወተለዋ፡ ነፍሱ፡ ኀቤሃ፡ ጥቀ፡ ወበጽሑ፡ ውስተ፡ በጣኔስ።","english":"And now, listen to me, and I will speak to her father. And when we return from Raguel, we will celebrate the feast, because he will not give Raguel’s daughter to another man, according to the law of Moses. And if he delays, she will die, because her inheritance will come to you from all men. And he said to him, “Remember, my son, that he is an angel. You are my brother Azariah. I have heard how I wooed that girl for that man, and all of them died at the wedding. And now I am alone, I fear for my father when I go, lest I die, and my father’s life be cut short, and they have no other son to bury them.” And the angel said to him, “Do you not remember the word that your father commanded you, that you should take a wife from among your kindred? And now listen to me, my brother. And as for the demon, it will not harm you, because this night you will be given a wife from your kindred. And when you go into your chamber, take the incense of the heart and the liver of that fish, and burn it. And when the demon smells it, it will flee and never enter again. And when you go to her, enter your chamber, both of you, before the merciful Lord, and He will save you and have mercy on you. And do not be afraid, for He has prepared you from the beginning of the world, and you will be saved and go with me, and I will tell you how you will have children from her.” And Tobit heard, and his soul was greatly troubled, and he longed for her. And they arrived at Ecbatana.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይእዜኒ፡ ስምዓኒ፡ ወእትናገሮ፡ ለአቡሃ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'And now, listen to me, and I will speak to her father' introduces a direct speech by Tobias, continuing the narrative of his marriage negotiations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕገ፡ ሙሴ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'law of Moses' (ሕገ፡ ሙሴ፡) refers to the Torah, specifically the regulation that a daughter's inheritance passes to her husband, a key plot point in Tobit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይገብር፡ የሀባ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ለካልዕ፡ ሰብእ፡","severity":"info","text":"The statement that Raguel will not give his daughter to another man echoes the biblical law of endogamy (Numbers 36:8-9), though not a direct quote.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ራጊስ፡","severity":"info","text":"Raguel (ራጊስ፡) is the father of Sarah, a character in the Book of Tobit; the name is a variant of Reuel, common in Jewish tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ፡ ዝኩ፡ ወልድ፡ ለውእቱ፡ መልአክ፡","severity":"info","text":"The angel's speech (ወይቤሎ፡ ዝኩ፡ ወልድ፡ ለውእቱ፡ መልአክ፡) marks a structural shift from Tobias's fear to divine reassurance, typical of the narrative's didactic pattern.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በጣኔስ።","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez 'በጣኔስ።' (Ecbatana) is a toponym; the English draft reads 'Ecbatana', but the Geʿez spelling may reflect a variant tradition or scribal error.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ኢይገብር፡ የሀባ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ለካልዕ፡ ሰብእ፡' could be read as 'he will not give Raguel's daughter to another man' or 'he will not give Raguel to another man'; the former is taken, following the English draft.","The name 'ራጊስ፡' (Raguel) appears in the Geʿez as a variant of 'ራጉኤል፡'; the reading 'Raguel' is adopted for consistency."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"Chapter 7\n\nወቦኡ፡ ቤተ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ወተቀበለቶሙ፡ ሣራ፡ ወአስተፍሥሐቶሙ፡ ወከማሁ፡ እሙንቱኒ፡ ላቲ፡ ወአብአቶሙ፡ ቤተ። ወይቤላ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ለብእሲቲ፡ እድና፡ ዕፁብ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ወልድ፡ ይመስሎ፡ ለጦቢት፡ ዘእምአዝማድየ። ወይቤሎሙ፡ ራጉኤል፡ እምአይቴ፡ አንትሙ፡ አኃውየ፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ እምደቂቀ፡ ንፍታሌም፡ እለ፡ ተፄወዉ፡ ነነዌ። ወይቤሎሙ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ተአምርዎኑ፡ ለጦቢት፡ እኁየ። ወይቤልዎ፡ እወ፡ ነአምሮ፡ ሕያውኑ፡ ወዳኅንኑ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ጦቢያ፡ አቡየ፡ ውእቱ። ወሠረረ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ወሰዓሞ፡ ወበከየ። ወባረኮ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ወልደ፡ ብእሲ፡ ቡሩክ፡ አንተ፡ ወነገሮ፡ ከመ፡ ጠፍዓ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለጦቢት፡ ወሶበ፡ ሰምዐ፡ ከመ፡ ተኃጕለ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ተከዘ፡ ወበከየ። ወከማሁ፡ እድናሂ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወሣራሂ፡ ወለቱ፡ ወተቀበልዎሙ፡ በትፍሥሕት፡ ወጠብሑ፡ አባግዓ፡ ወአቅረበ፡ ሎሙ፡ ወመስየ፡ በሕቁ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ጦብያ፡ ለአዛርያ፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡ አዛርያ፡ ተናገር፡ በእንተ፡ ዘትቤለኒ፡ በፍኖት፡ ወይሕልቅ፡ ነገሩ። ወዘንተ፡ ሰሚዖ፡ ራጉኤል፡ እንዘ፡ ይትናገሮ፡ ጦብያ፡ ለመልአክ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለጦብያ፡ ብላዕ፡ ወስተይ፡ ምዕረ፡ ወተፈሣሕ። እስመ፡ ለከ፡ ይእቲ፡ ወለትየ፡ ወአንተ፡ ትነሥኣ፡ ወአነ፡ እነግር፡ ጽድቃ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ወለትየ። ለዛቲ፡ ወለትየ፡ አስተዋሰብክዋ፡ ለሰብአቱ፡ ዕደው፡ ወእምከመ፡ ቦኡ፡ ኀቤሃ፡ ይመውቱ፡ በሌሊት፡ ወባሕቱ፡ ብላዕ፡ ወተፈሣሕ፡ ምዕረ፡ ወይቤ፡ ጦብያ፡ ኢይጥዕም፡ ወኢምንተኒ፡ እስከ፡ ታሐልቁ፡ ወታቀውሙ፡ ሊተ፡ ነገርየ። ወይቤሎ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ንሣኣ፡ እምይእዜሰ፡ ዘበሕጉ።","english":"Chapter 7\n\nAnd they entered the house of Raguel, and Sarah received them and made them rejoice. And likewise they also [rejoiced] with her, and they brought them into the house. And Raguel said to the woman, “Edna, this young man is wonderful; he resembles Tobit, my kinsman.” And Raguel said to them, “From where are you, my brothers?” And they said to him, “From the descendants of Naphtali, those who were taken captive to Nineveh.” And Raguel said to them, “Do you know Tobit, my brother?” And they said to him, “Yes, we know him; he is alive and well.” And Tobiah said, “He is my father.” And Raguel wept and embraced him and kissed him and blessed him, and he said to him, “Blessed young man, you are.” And he told him how Tobit’s eyes were blinded. And when Raguel heard that his eyes were blinded, he was grieved and wept. And likewise Edna his wife and Sarah his daughter also [wept]. And they received them with joy, and he slaughtered sheep and presented [them] to them, and they ate and drank according to custom. And Tobiah said to Azariah, “You, my brother Azariah, speak concerning what you told me on the road, and let the matter be accomplished.” And Raguel, hearing this while Tobiah was speaking to the angel, said to Tobiah, “Eat and drink, be merry, for she is my daughter, and you will take her, and I will declare the righteousness of this my daughter. For this my daughter, I have prepared her for seven men, and when they came to her, they died at night. But just eat and be merry.” And Tobiah said, “I will not taste nor eat anything until you have finished and established my matter for me.” And Raguel said, “We will take her from now, according to the law.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቦኡ፡ ቤተ፡ ራጉኤል፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez opens Chapter 7 with the protagonists entering Raguel's house, initiating the narrative's central encounter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እድና፡","severity":"info","text":"Edna (እድና) is Raguel's wife and Sarah's mother, a named character in the Tobit story, here addressed by Raguel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"እምደቂቀ፡ ንፍታሌም፡","severity":"info","text":"The claim of descent from Naphtali aligns Tobit with the northern Israelite tribes, a common trope in diaspora narratives.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2473TobitB","label":"source edition: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ፡ ራጉኤል፡","severity":"info","text":"Raguel's repeated speeches (blessing, inquiry, grief, hospitality) structure this passage as a series of recognition and preparation scenes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ለዛቲ፡ ወለትየ፡ አስተዋሰብክዋ፡ ለሰብአቱ፡ ዕደው፡","severity":"info","text":"Raguel's disclosure that seven bridegrooms died before consummation is a distinctive plot element, often highlighted in Ethiopic reception as a test of divine providence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2473TobitB","label":"source edition: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይሕልቅ፡ ነገሩ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'let the matter be accomplished' (ወይሕልቅ፡ ነገሩ) is ambiguous: it may refer to the marriage contract or to Tobiah's secret angelic mission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez does not clarify whether Tobiah's request to Azariah (the angel) concerns the marriage or the demon exorcism; the English draft opts for the former.","Raguel's statement 'We will take her from now, according to the law' (ንሣኣ፡ እምይእዜሰ፡ ዘበሕጉ) leaves the timing of the wedding ambiguous—immediate or after formalities."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"እስመ፡ እኁሃ፡ አንተ፡ ወይእቲኒ፡ ብእሲትከ፡ ወእግዚአብሔር፡ መሐሪ፡ ይሠርሕክሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ዘትሤኒ። ወጸውዓ፡ ለሣራ፡ ወለቱ። ወአኃዛ፡ እዴሃ፡ ወመጠዋ፡ ለጦብያ፡ ትኩኖ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ናሁ፡ ንሣእ፡ በሕገ፡ ሙሴ፡ ወአዕትዋ፡ ኀበ፡ አቡከ፡ ወባረኮሙ። ወጸውዓ፡ ለእድና፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወነሥአ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ወኀተመ፡ ወአኃዙ፡ ይብልዑ፡ ወጸውዓ፡ ለእድና፡ ወይቤላ፡ አንቲ፡ እኅትየ፡ አስተዳልዊ፡ ካልዓ፡ ጽርሐ፡ ወአብኢያ። ወገብረታ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤላ፡ ወአብአታ፡ ህየ፡ ወበከየት፡ ወአውከፈት፡ አንብዓ፡ ወለታ። ወትቤላ፡ ተአመኒ፡ ወለትየ፡ ከመ፡ እግዚአ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወምድር፡ ይሁበኪ፡ ትፍሥሕተ፡ ወኃሤተ፡ ህየንተ፡ ኃዘንኪ።\n\nChapter 8\n\nወሶበ፡ አሕለቁ፡ ተደሮ፡ አብእዎ፡ ኀቤሃ፡ ለጦብያ። ወሶበ፡ ቦአ፡ ተዘከረ፡ ቃሎ፡ ወነሥአ፡ ሕራረ፡ ዕጣን፡ ወወደየ፡ እምነ፡ ልቡ፡ ወከብዱ፡ ለዝኩ፡ ዓሣ፡ ወአጤሰ። ወሶበ፡ ፄነዎ፡ ፄናሁ፡ ለዝኩ፡ ጋኔን፡ እስከ፡ ላዕላይ፡ ደወለ፡ ግብጽ፡ ወዓሠሮ፡ ዝኩ፡ መልአክ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ጋኔን። ወሶበ፡ ተዓደዉ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ተንሥአ፡ ጦብያ፡ እምነ፡ ዓራቱ፡ ወይቤላ፡ ተንሥኢ፡ እኅትየ፡ ንጸሊ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ይሣሃለነ። ወአኃዘ፡ ጦብያ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ቡሩክ፡ አንተ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አምላከ፡ አበዊነ፡ ወይትባረክ፡ ስምከ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወይሴባሕ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ ይባርኩከ፡ ሰማያት፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘፈጠርከ፡ አንተ፡ ገበርኮ፡ ለአዳም።","english":"Because you are her brother, and she is your wife, and the merciful Lord will do good to you for what you have done. And he called Sarah his daughter, and he took her hand and gave her to Tobit, saying, “Behold, I give her to you according to the law of Moses, and I bring her to your father.” And he blessed them. And he called Edna his wife, and he took a book and sealed it, and they began to eat. And he called Edna and said to her, “You, my sister, prepare a second chamber and bring her in.” And she did as he said, and she brought her in there, and she wept and lamented over her daughter, and she said to her, “Trust, my daughter, that the Lord of heaven and earth will give you joy and honor instead of your sorrow.”\n\nChapter 8\n\nAnd when the evening was finished, they brought Tobit to her. And when he entered, he remembered the words, and he took the liver of the fish and the incense and cast it from his heart and the heart of the fish, and he fumigated. And when the demon smelled its smell, it fled to the upper parts of Egypt, and the angel bound that demon. And when the two of them had risen, Tobit arose from his bed and said to her, “Arise, my sister, let us pray to the Lord that he may have mercy on us.” And Tobit began, saying, “Blessed are you, O Lord, God of our fathers; may your holy name be blessed and praised forever and ever. May the heavens and all that you have created bless you. You made Adam.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"አኃዛ፡ እዴሃ፡ ወመጠዋ፡ ለጦብያ፡ ትኩኖ፡ ብእሲተ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text has Raguel taking Sarah’s hand and giving her to Tobit (ጦብያ), not Tobit’s son Tobias; the English draft renders the name as 'Tobit' throughout, which may cause confusion with the father.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ፡ ወኀተመ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'took a book and sealed it' (መጽሐፈ፡ ወኀተመ፡) likely refers to a marriage contract or ketubah, a standard element in Jewish wedding customs, here adapted into the Geʿez narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በሕገ፡ ሙሴ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'according to the law of Moses' (በሕገ፡ ሙሴ፡) echoes the Torah’s marriage regulations, but no specific verse is cited; it functions as a general appeal to Mosaic authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሶበ፡ ፄነዎ፡ ፄናሁ፡ ለዝኩ፡ ጋኔን፡ እስከ፡ ላዕላይ፡ ደወለ፡ ግብጽ፡","severity":"info","text":"The demon fleeing to 'the upper parts of Egypt' (ላዕላይ፡ ደወለ፡ ግብጽ፡) reflects a traditional geography where Egypt’s remote regions were considered haunts for demons, a motif also found in other apocryphal texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 8","severity":"info","text":"The chapter break after the wedding preparations marks a transition from the betrothal to the consummation and exorcism, following the narrative pattern of the Book of Tobit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአሕለቁ፡ ተደሮ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'when the evening was finished' (ወሶበ፡ አሕለቁ፡ ተደሮ፡) is a temporal marker typical of Ethiopic hagiographic and apocryphal narratives, emphasizing the ritual timing of the marriage night.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez uses ጦብያ for both Tobit and Tobias; the English draft renders it as 'Tobit' throughout, but the context (marriage to Sarah) indicates Tobias is meant.","The phrase 'he took a book and sealed it' could refer to a written marriage contract or a legal document, but the exact nature is unspecified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ወወሀብኮ፡ ሔዋንሃ፡ ትኩኖ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ወከመ፡ ታዕርፎ፡ ወእምኔሆሙ፡ ተወልደ፡ ዘርአ፡ ዕጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡ አንተ፡ ትቤ፡ ኢኮነ፡ ሠናየ፡ የሃሉ፡ ብእሲ፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ አላ፡ ንግበር፡ ሎቱ፡ ቢጸ፡ ዘትረድኦ። ወይእዜኒ፡ እግዚኦ፡ እንበይነ፡ ዝሙት፡ ዘእነሥኣ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ እኅትየ፡ አላ፡ በጽድቅ፡ ፈኑ፡ ሣህለከ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ወላቲኒ፡ ከመ፡ ንትፈሣሕ። ወትቤ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ አሜን። ወቤቱ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ኅቡረ፡ በይእቲ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወእምዝ፡ ተንሥአ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ወሖረ፡ ወከረየ፡ መቃብረ። እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ዮጊ፡ ይመውት፡ ውእቱኒ። ወገብአ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ቤቶ፡ ወይቤላ፡ ለእድና፡ ብእሲቱ። ፈንዊ፡ አሐተ፡ ወለተ፡ ትርአዮ፡ እመሕያው፡ ውእቱ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ንቅብሮ፡ እንዘ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘየአምሮ፡ መኑሂ። ወሖረት፡ ይእቲ፡ ወለት፡ ወአርኃወት፡ ኆኅተ፡ ወረከበቶሙ፡ ይስክቡ፡ ክልኤሆሙ። ወገብአት፡ ወአይድዐቶሙ፡ ከመ፡ ሕያዋን፡ እሙንቱ። ወባረኮ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤ፡ ቡሩክ፡ አንተ፡ እግዚኦ፡ በኵሉ፡ በረከት፡ ንጽሕት፡ ወቅድስት፡ ወይባርኩከ፡ ቅዱሳኒከ፡ በኵሉ፡ ግብርከ፡ ወኵሎሙ፡ መላእክቲከ፡ ወኅሩያኒከ፡ ይባርኩከ፡ በኵሉ፡ ዓለም። ቡሩክ፡ አንተ፡ እግዚኦ፡ እስመ፡ አስተፍሣሕከኒ፡ ወበከመ፡ ኢተኃዘብኩ፡ ኮነኒ፡ አላ፡ በከመ፡ ብዝኃ፡ ምሕረትከ፡ ገበርከ፡ ላዕሌየ። ቡሩክ፡ አንተ፡ እግዚኦ፡ እስመ፡ ተሣሃልኮሙ፡ ለክልኤቱ፡ ባሕታውያን፡ ወገበርከ፡ ሎሙ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ሠናይቲከ፡ ከመ፡ ይፈጽሙ፡ ሕይወቶሙ፡ በደኅና፡ ወበፍሥሓ፡ በምሕረትከ። ወእምዝ፡ አዘዞሙ፡ ለአግብርቲሁ፡ ይድፍኑ፡ ዝክተ፡ መቃብረ። ወገብረ፡ ሎሙ፡ በዓለ፡ ዐሡረ፡ ወረቡዐ፡ መዋዕለ።","english":"And you gave Eve, that she might be your wife, and that you might increase, and from them was born the seed of the offspring of the living. You say, “Is it not good that a man alone? No, let us do for him a help that will support him.” And now, O Lord, between us this marriage, that I may take this woman, my sister, or in righteousness send your mercy upon me and upon her, that we may rejoice. And he said with him, “Amen.” And the house of both of them together that night. And after that, Raguel arose and went and dug a grave, saying, “He will die, he also.” And Raguel entered his house and said to Edna, his wife, “Send one of the maidservants to see them, whether they are alive or dead. If not, we will bury them without anyone knowing.” And that maidservant went and looked through the window and found them both sleeping. And she entered and informed them that they were alive. And Raguel blessed the Lord and said, “Blessed are you, O Lord, with all pure and holy blessing, and may your saints bless you in all your works, and all your angels and your chosen ones bless you in all the world. Blessed are you, O Lord, for you have made me rejoice, and as I was sad, it became for me, but with your abundant mercy you have done for me. Blessed are you, O Lord, for you have had mercy on both the lonely ones, and you have done for them, O Lord, your good deeds, that they may complete their lives in safety and in joy through your mercy.” And after that, he commanded his servants to fill up that grave. And he made for them a feast of eight and fourteen days.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወወሀብኮ፡ ሔዋንሃ፡ ትኩኖ፡ ብእሲተ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text opens with a direct address to God, referencing the giving of Eve as a wife to Adam, which is not present in the standard Greek or Latin versions of Tobit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘርአ፡ ዕጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'seed of the offspring of the living' (ዘርአ፡ ዕጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡) is a distinctive Geʿez expression, likely a theological gloss on progeny, not paralleled in other versions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage combines a prayer by Raguel, a narrative of testing the newlyweds' survival, and a blessing, followed by a command to fill the grave and a feast. The sequence is unique to the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮጊ፡ ይመውት፡","severity":"info","text":"Raguel's digging of a grave and his statement 'He will die, he also' (ዮጊ፡ ይመውት፡) reflects a folkloric motif of testing the bridegroom's survival, possibly influenced by the story of Sarah and Tobit's wedding night in the longer Greek recension.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"በዓለ፡ ዐሡረ፡ ወረቡዐ፡ መዋዕለ።","severity":"info","text":"The feast of 'eight and fourteen days' (በዓለ፡ ዐሡረ፡ ወረቡዐ፡ መዋዕለ።) is a distinctive Geʿez addition, possibly reflecting Ethiopian liturgical practice or a symbolic number, not found in other versions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢተኃዘብኩ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The word ኢተኃዘብኩ፡ (translated as 'I was sad') is uncertain; it may be a scribal error or a rare form. The English draft renders it as 'I was sad,' but the Geʿez root is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢተኃዘብኩ፡' is ambiguous; it may be a corruption or a unique Geʿez form. The reading 'I was sad' is adopted from the English draft.","The reference to 'Eve' (ሔዋንሃ፡) in the opening prayer is an addition not in other versions; its theological purpose is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ወእምዝ፡ አምሐሎ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ለጦብያ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይፃእ፡ ወኢይሑር፡ እስከ፡ ይትፌጸም፡ መዋዕል፡ ዐሡር፡ ወረቡዕ፡ ዘመርዓ። ወእምድኅረ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ይሑር፡ ወይንሣዕ፡ መንፈቀ፡ ንዋዩ፡ ወይሑር፡ በዳኅን፡ ኀበ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወዘተርፈሰ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ሞቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወብእሲቱ፡ ይንሥኡ።\n\nChapter 9\n\nወጸውዖ፡ ጦብያ፡ ለሩፋኤል፡ ወይቤሎ፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡ አዛርያ፡ ንሣእ፡ ምስሌከ፡ ክልኤተ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ወአግማለ። ወሑር፡ ራጊስ፡ ዘሜዶን፡ ኀበ፡ ገባኤል፡ ወንሣእ፡ አሠርተ፡ መክሊተ፡ ብሩር፡ ወጸውዖ፡ ኪያሁኒ፡ ውስተ፡ በዓል። እስመ፡ አምሐለኒ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ከመ፡ ኢይፃእ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ይኅልፍ፡ በዓል። ወአቡየሰ፡ ይኌልቊ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ወለእመ፡ ጐንደይኩ፡ ጥቀ፡ የኀዝን። ወሖረ፡ ሩፋኤል፡ ወበጽሐ፡ ኀበ፡ ገባኤል፡ ወመጠዎ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ወገባኤልኒ፡ አምጽአ፡ ዝኰ፡ መስነቀ፡ በማኅተም፡ ወወሀቦ፡ ለሩፋኤል። ወጌሡ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ወበጽሑ፡ ውስተ፡ በዓል፡ ወባረኮ፡ ጦብያ፡ ሶበ፡ አምጽአ፡ ሎቱ፡ ውእተ፡ ብሩረ።","english":"And then Raguel gave his oath to Tobias that he would not go out nor go until ten days and a half of the month were completed, and after this he would go and take half of his property and go in peace to his father, and what remained after his death, he and his wife would take.\n\nChapter 9\n\nAnd Tobias called Raphael and said to him, \"You, my brother Azariah, take with you two servants and two camels, and go to Rages of Media, to Gabael, and take ten talents of silver, and summon him to the wedding, for Raguel has sworn to me that I should not go out until the wedding passes, and my father-in-law will count the days, and if I delay greatly, he will be sad.\" And Raphael went and arrived at Gabael, and he showed him the document, and Gabael brought out that sealed bag and gave it to Raphael. And they returned in the morning together, and they arrived at the wedding, and Tobias blessed him when he brought him that silver.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ፡ አምሐሎ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ለጦብያ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a narrative transition ('And then') and a formal oath by Raguel, marking the start of a new episode in the wedding negotiations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መዋዕል፡ ዐሡር፡ ወረቡዕ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ten days and a half' likely refers to a specific period in the lunar month, possibly indicating a wedding feast duration or a waiting period before Tobias can depart.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ራጊስ፡ ዘሜዶን፡","severity":"info","text":"Rages of Media is a historical city in ancient Media (modern-day Iran), often associated with the apocryphal story of Tobit and the angel Raphael's journey.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አሠርተ፡ መክሊተ፡ ብሩር፡","severity":"info","text":"'Ten talents of silver' is a substantial sum, reflecting the wealth of Gabael and the importance of the debt repayment in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወጸውዖ፡ ጦብያ፡ ለሩፋኤል፡","severity":"info","text":"Tobias calling Raphael (disguised as Azariah) parallels earlier scenes where Tobias seeks guidance from the angel, reinforcing the theme of divine assistance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ወባረኮ፡ ጦብያ፡","severity":"info","text":"Tobias blessing Raphael upon his return with the silver reflects the Ethiopic tradition's emphasis on gratitude and divine providence, common in apocryphal texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact duration of 'ten days and a half' is ambiguous; it may refer to a specific lunar phase or a conventional period for wedding festivities.","The identity of the 'two servants and two camels' is not specified; they may be generic or named in other versions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Chapter 10\n\nወጦቢትሰ፡ አቡሁ፡ ለጦብያ፡ ይኌልቊ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ወሶበ፡ ተፈጸመ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ዕድሜሆሙ፡ ወኢመጽኡ። ይቤ፡ ዮጊ፡ ተኃፍረኑ፡ ወልድየ፡ አው፡ ይመውት፡ ገባኤል፡ ወኢረከበ፡ ዘይሁቦ፡ ብሩረ። ወተከዘ፡ ጥቀ። ወትቤሎ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወልድየሰ፡ ሞተ፡ ወበእንተዝ፡ ጐንደየ፡ ወአኃዘጽ፡ ትብክዮ። ወትቤ፡ እምኢያኅዘነኒ፡ ወልድየ፡ ሶበ፡ አኮ፡ ዘአኅጐከኒ፡ ብርሃነ፡ አዕይንትየ። ወይቤላ፡ አርምሚ፡ ወኢትትኃለፊ፡ ውእቱሰ፡ ሕያው። ወትቤሎ፡ ይእቲኒ፡ አርምም፡ አንተኒ፡ ወኢታስተአብደኒ፡ ወልድየሰ፡ ሞተ፡ ወተሐውር፡ ኵሎ፡ አሚረ፡ ትብክዮ፡ ውስተ፡ ፍኖት፡ እንተ፡ ኀበ፡ ሖረ፡ መዓልተ፡ እክለ፡ ኢትበልዕ፡ ወሌሊተ፡ ኢታረምም፡ እንዘ፡ ትበክዮ፡ ለጦብያ፡ ወልዳ፡ ወእስከ፡ ተፈጸመ፡ ዓሠርቱ፡ ወረቡዕ፡ ዕለት፡ መዋዕለ፡ በዓል፡ ዘአምሐሎ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ከመ፡ ኢይሑር፡ እስከ፡ አመ፡ ይትፌጸም፡ በዓል፡ ዘመርዓ። ወእምዝ፡ ተፈጺሞ፡ መዋዕለ፡ በዓል፡ ይቤሎ፡ ጦብ፡ ለራጉኤል፡ ፈንወኒ፡ እንከሰ፡ እስመ፡ አቡየ፡ ወእምየ፡ ቀብፁኒ፡ ወኢይሴፈዉ፡ እንከ፡ ይርአዩኒ። ወይቤሎ፡ ሐሙሁ፡ ንበር፡ ኀቤየ፡ ወአነ፡ እልእክ፡ ኀበ፡ አቡከ፡ ከመ፡ ይንግርዎ፡ ዜናከ። ወይቤሎ፡ ጦብያ፡ አልቦ፡ ዳዕሙ፡ ፈንወኒ፡ ኀበ፡ አቡየ። ወተንሥአ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ወወሀቦ፡ ሣራሃ፡ ብእሲቶ፡ ወመንፈቀ፡ ንዋዮሙ፡ ሰብአኒ፡ ወእንስሳሁኒ።","english":"Chapter 10\n\nAnd Tobit, his father, was counting the days for Tobias. And when the days of their appointed time were completed and they had not come, Tobit said, “Are they perhaps ashamed, or has my son died? Or has Gabael died and not found anyone to give him the money?” And he was greatly troubled. And his wife said to him, “My son is dead. That is why I am grieved and why I weep for him.” And she said, “It is not because of my son that I am grieved, but because of the light of my eyes that you have taken from me.” And he said to her, “Be quiet and do not be foolish; he is alive.” And she said to him, “You also be quiet and do not deceive me; my son is dead. And you go along the whole road weeping for him, on the way to where he went. By day you do not eat, and by night you do not sleep, weeping for Tobias, your son.” And until the ten and a half days of the wedding feast that Raguel had promised were completed, that he would not go until the wedding feast was finished, and after the days of the wedding feast were completed, Tobias said to Raguel, “Send me now, for my father and my mother are waiting for me and they will not delay to see me.” And his father-in-law said to him, “Stay with me, and I will send to your father to tell him your news.” And Tobias said, “There is no need; send me to my father.” And Raguel arose and gave him Sarah, his wife, and half of their possessions, servants and livestock.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወጦቢትሰ፡ አቡሁ፡ ለጦብያ፡ ይኌልቊ፡ መዋዕለ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez shifts the narrative focus from Tobias to his father Tobit, who counts the days, creating a parallel scene of anxiety in Nineveh that mirrors the wedding festivities.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ገባኤል","severity":"info","text":"Gabael is the debtor to whom Tobit entrusted money; his name appears in the Vulgate and Greek traditions as Gabaël, but the Geʿez form reflects a common phonetic adaptation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእስከ፡ ተፈጸመ፡ ዓሠርቱ፡ ወረቡዕ፡ ዕለት፡ መዋዕለ፡ በዓል፡","severity":"info","text":"The ten-and-a-half-day wedding feast is a narrative marker that resolves the temporal tension between Raguel’s oath and Tobias’s departure, structuring the chapter’s conclusion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ሣራሃ፡","severity":"info","text":"Sarah (ሣራሃ) is Tobias’s wife; the Geʿez form follows the Greek Σάρρα, reflecting the apocryphon’s transmission through the Septuagint and Ethiopic versions.","cites":[],"named_sources":["ed:LIT2473TobitB"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ወወሀቦ፡ ሣራሃ፡ ብእሲቶ፡ ወመንፈቀ፡ ንዋዮሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"Raguel’s gift of half his possessions to Tobias and Sarah reflects the Ethiopic tradition’s emphasis on dowry and inheritance, consistent with later Christian Ethiopian legal customs.","cites":[],"named_sources":["ed:LIT2473TobitB"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይሴፈዉ፡ እንከ፡ ይርአዩኒ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they will not delay to see me' is ambiguous: it may mean Tobit and his mother are impatient, or that they will not postpone seeing him; the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ኢይሴፈዉ እንከ ይርአዩኒ' is ambiguous: it could mean 'they will not delay to see me' (i.e., they are eager) or 'they will not postpone seeing me' (i.e., they will come soon). The English draft adopts the former sense.","The identity of 'Gabael' (ገባኤል) is assumed from the broader Tobit narrative, but the Geʿez text does not explicitly state his role here."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ወባረኮሙ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ እግዚአ፡ ሰማይ፡ ያሠኒ፡ ላዕሌክሙ፡ ደቂቅየ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እሙት፡ ወይቤላ፡ ለወለቱ፡ አክብሪ፡ ታሕማኪ፡ እስመ፡ እምይእዜ፡ ዘመድኪ፡ ወንሕነሰ፡ ንስማዕ፡ ዜና፡ ሠናየ፡ በላዕሌኪ፡ ወሰዓማ፡ ወትቤሎ፡ እድና፡ ለጦብያ፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡ ዘአፈቅሮ፡ እግዚአ፡ ሰማይ፡ ይሠርሕከ፡ ወየሀብከ፡ ወልደ፡ እምነ፡ ሣራ፡ ወለትየ፡ እርአይ፡ ለከ፡ ከመ፡ እትፈሣሕ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወናሁ፡ አማኅፀንኩከ፡ ወለትየ፡ ማኅፀንተ፡ ኢታኅዝና። ወእምድኅረ፡ ሖረ፡ ጦብያ፡ ወባረኮ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ ሠርሐ፡ ፍኖቶ፡ ወባረክዎ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ወእድና፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ወቀርቡ፡ ኀበ፡ ነነዌ።\n\nChapter 11\n\nወእምዝ፡ ይቤሎ፡ ሩፋኤል፡ ለጦብያ፡ አንተ፡ እኁየ፡ ኢተአምርኑ፡ እፎ፡ ኀደጋሁ፡ ለአቡከ። ነዓ፡ ንቅድም፡ እምነ፡ ብእሲትከ፡ ወናስተዳሉ፡ ቤተ። ወንሣእ፡ ምስሌከ፡ ሐሞቶ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ዓሣ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ወሖረ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ዝኩ፡ ወልድ፡ ዘተለዎሙ። ወሐናሰ፡ ትነብር፡ ውስተ፡ ፍኖት፡ ወትጸንሕ፡ ምጽአቶ፡ ለወልዳ። ወርእየቶ፡ እንዘ፡ ይመጽእ፡ ሕረት፡ ወነገረቶ፡ ለአቡሁ፡ ወትቤሎ፡ ናሁ፡ መጽአ፡ ወልድከ፡ ወውእቱኒ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘሖረ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ውእቱኒ፡ መጽአ። ወይቤሎ፡ ሩፋኤል፡ ለጦብያ፡ አነ፡ አአምር፡ ከመ፡ ይትከሠት፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ለአቡከ። አንተሰ፡ ኰሐሎ፡ ዘንተ፡ ሐሞተ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ወሶበ፡ ተኵሕለ፡ የሐሲ፡ ወይወጽእ፡ ዝኩ፡ ጢስ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ወይሬኢ፡ ዳኅነ። ወሮፀት፡ ሐና፡ ወሐቀፈት፡ ክሣደ፡ ወልዳ፡ ወትቤሎ፡ እሙ፡ እምይእዜሰ፡ እሙት፡ እንከ፡ እስመ፡ ርኢኩከ፡ ወልድየ፡ ወበከዩ፡ ክልኤሆሙ።","english":"And he blessed them and said to them, “May the Lord of heaven make you prosper, my children, without my death.” And he said to his daughter, “Honor your mother-in-law, for from now on she is your relative; and we, for our part, shall hear good news concerning you.” And she said to him, “May Edna be saved for Tobit. You, my brother whom I love, may the Lord of heaven make you prosper and give you a son from Sarah, my daughter. May I see for you, so that I may rejoice before the Lord. And now I have entrusted you and my daughter with a pledge; may it be taken up.” And after Tobit went and blessed, the Lord blessed him, for he prospered his journey; and Raguel blessed him, and Edna his wife, and they went and approached Nineveh.\n\nChapter 11\n\nAnd then Raphael said to Tobit, “You, my brother, do you not know how your father’s sight was lost? Come, let us go before your wife, and let us prepare the house, and let us take with you the gall of that fish.” And the two of them went, and the young man who accompanied them went also. And Hannah was sitting on the road, waiting for the arrival of her son. And when she saw him coming, she rejoiced and told his father, saying, “Now your son has come, and the man who went with him has also come.” And Raphael said to Tobit, “I know how your father’s eyes will be healed. You have the gall of this fish; and when it is applied, it will scrape and remove the white film from them, and he will see clearly.” And Hannah ran and embraced the neck of her son and said to him, “From now on I may die, for I have seen you, my son.” And both of them wept.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወባረኮሙ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The blessing formula here echoes a common Geʿez liturgical pattern, but the speaker is ambiguous in the Geʿez; the English draft assigns it to Raguel, consistent with the preceding narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢታኅዝና","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኢታኅዝና (ʿuṭāḫəznā) is a rare word meaning 'pledge' or 'deposit,' likely a legal term for the marriage arrangement; the English draft renders it as 'pledge.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 11","severity":"info","text":"The chapter break between 10 and 11 is marked in the Geʿez by a rubric, but the narrative continues without a clear temporal gap; the English draft follows the same division.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአ፡ ሰማይ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Lord of heaven' (እግዚአ ሰማይ) is a common Geʿez divine title, but here it may echo the Septuagintal usage in Tobit (e.g., Tobit 4:19), where God is invoked as 'Lord of heaven.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐሞቶ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ዓሣ፡","severity":"info","text":"The fish gall (ሐሞቶ ዓሣ) used for healing Tobit's eyes is a key motif in the Book of Tobit, derived from the Greek version (Tobit 6:5-9) and preserved in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐና","severity":"info","text":"The name Hannah (ሐና) for Tobit's wife is consistent with the Greek and Latin traditions (Anna), but the Geʿez form reflects a Semitic adaptation; the English draft uses 'Hannah.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez does not explicitly identify the speaker of the blessing in the first sentence; the English draft assigns it to Raguel, but the text could also be read as Tobit speaking.","The phrase 'ኢታኅዝና' (pledge) is ambiguous in context: it may refer to a marriage contract or a spiritual trust; the English draft takes it as a legal pledge."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ወወጽአ፡ ጦቢት፡ ኀበ፡ ኆኅት፡ ወተሐቅፉ፡ ወሮፀ፡ ወልዱ፡ ወአንሥኦ፡ ለአቡሁ፡ ወኰሐሎ፡ ዝኰ፡ ሐሞተ፡ ውስተ፡ አዕይንቲሁ። ወይቤሎ፡ ተአመን፡ አባ፡ ከመ፡ ተሐዩ። ወሶበ፡ ኰሐሎ፡ ሐሰየ፡ አዕይንቲሁ። ወተሥዕየ፡ እምነ፡ ብንተ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ወርእዮ፡ ለወልዱ። ወሐቀፎ፡ ክሣዶ፡ ወበከየ፡ ወይቤ፡ ቡሩክ፡ አንተ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ወይትባረክ፡ ስምከ፡ ለዓለም፡ ወቡሩካን፡ ኵሎሙ፡ መላእክቲከ፡ ቅዱሳን። እስመ፡ ቀሠፍከነ፡ ወተሣሃልከነ፡ ወናሁ፡ ርኢክዎ፡ ለጦብያ፡ ወልድየ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ቦአ፡ ወልዱ፡ እንዘ፡ ይትፌሣሕ፡ ወአይድዖ፡ ለአቡሁ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዓቢያተ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ላዕሌሁ። ወወጽአ፡ ጦቢት፡ ወተቀበላ፡ ለመርዓቱ፡ እንዘ፡ ይትፌሣሕ፡ ወባረኮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በኀበ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ነነዌ፡ ወአንከሩ፡ እለ፡ ርእይዎ፡ እንዘ፡ የሐውር፡ ወይቤሉ፡ እፎ፡ ርእየ። ወጦቢትሰ፡ ገነየ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በቅድሜሆሙ፡ እስመ፡ ተሣሃሎ፡ አምላከ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወሶበ፡ በጽሐ፡ ጦቢት፡ ኀበ፡ ሣራ፡ መርዓቱ፡ ባረካ፡ ወይቤላ፡ በጻሕኪኑ፡ በዳኅን፡ ወለትየ፡ ይትባረክ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘአምጽአኪ፡ ኀቤነ፡ ወይባርክ፡ አባኪኒ፡ ወእመኪኒ፡ ወኮነ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ትፍሥሕት፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ አዝማዲሁ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ነነዌ። ወመጽኡ፡ አካኪሮስ፡ ወነሳቦስ፡ ወልደ፡ እኁሁ። ወገብሩ፡ በዓለ፡ ሰቡዓ፡ መዋዕለ፡ በትፍሥሕት።","english":"And Tobit went out to the gate, and they embraced, and his son kissed him and raised his father up, and he rubbed the gall from his eyes. And he said to him, “Believe, father, that you have lived.” And when he had rubbed it, he wiped his eyes, and the white film was removed from his eyes, and he saw his son. And he embraced his neck and wept and said, “Blessed are you, O Lord, and may your name be blessed forever, and blessed are all your holy angels, for you have chastised us and had mercy on us, and behold, I have seen Tobias, my son.” And from then on, his son came rejoicing, and he told his father all the great things that had happened to him. And Tobit went out and received his daughter-in-law with joy, and he blessed the Lord at the gate of Nineveh. And those who saw him were amazed as he walked, and they said, “How has he seen?” And Tobit praised the Lord before them, for the God of heaven had mercy on him. And when Tobit arrived at the house of Sarah, his daughter-in-law, he blessed her and said to her, “Truly, in peace, and may the Lord who brought you to us be blessed, and may he bless your father and your mother.” And there was great joy over all his relatives who lived in Nineveh. And Achiacharus and Nasbas, his brother’s son, came, and they celebrated the feast of seven days with joy.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ኰሐሎ፡ ዝኰ፡ ሐሞተ፡ ውስተ፡ አዕይንቲሁ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez describes rubbing gall (ሐሞተ) into the eyes, a detail from the fish-gall remedy earlier in the narrative, here effecting Tobit's cure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቡሩክ፡ አንተ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ወይትባረክ፡ ስምከ፡","severity":"info","text":"Tobit's blessing echoes the doxological formula 'Blessed are you, O Lord' found in Geʿez liturgical and biblical texts, though not a direct quotation of a specific canonical verse.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አካኪሮስ፡ ወነሳቦስ፡","severity":"info","text":"Achiacharus (አካኪሮስ) and Nasbas (ነሳቦስ) are named as Tobit's nephew and brother's son, reflecting the extended family network in the narrative; Achiacharus appears in earlier passages as a court official.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በዓለ፡ ሰቡዓ፡ መዋዕለ","severity":"info","text":"The 'feast of seven days' (በዓለ ሰቡዓ መዋዕለ) marks the wedding celebration, a structural conclusion to the marriage plot that began with Tobias's journey.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሶበ፡ በጽሐ፡ ጦቢት፡ ኀበ፡ ሣራ፡ መርዓቱ","severity":"info","text":"Tobit's blessing of Sarah (ሣራ) as daughter-in-law reflects the Geʿez tradition's emphasis on familial piety and the integration of the bride into the husband's household, a theme prominent in Ethiopic reception of Tobit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነሳቦስ፡ ወልደ፡ እኁሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Nasbas' (ነሳቦስ) is uncertain; it may be a variant of 'Nabos' or a scribal corruption, as the Greek and Latin versions do not attest this figure at the wedding feast.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Nasbas' (ነሳቦስ) is unclear; he is introduced as 'his brother's son' but not named in earlier passages, and the Greek tradition does not include him at this point.","The phrase 'ኰሐሎ፡ ዝኰ፡ ሐሞተ፡' could be read as 'he rubbed the gall' or 'he applied the gall,' but the exact method of application is not specified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"Chapter 12\n\nወእምዝ፡ ጸውዖ፡ ለጦብያ፡ ጦቢት፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ርኢ፡ ሎቱ፡ ወልድየ፡ አስቦ፡ ለዝኩ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘሖረ፡ ምስሌከ፡ ወዓዲ፡ ርቱዕ፡ ትወስክ፡ ሎቱ። ወይቤሎ፡ ጦቢያ፡ ለአቡሁ፡ አባ፡ ዘይነክየኒ፡ አልቦ፡ ለእመ፡ ወሀብክዎ፡ መንፈቀ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ነዋይ፡ ዘአምጻእኩ። እስመ፡ አዕተወኒ፡ ኀቤከ፡ በዳኅና፡ ወለብእሲትየኒ፡ ፈወሳ፡ ወብሩረኒ፡ አምጽአ፡ ከማሁ፡ ለከሂ፡ ፈወሰከ። ወይቤሎ፡ አቡሁ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ነበብከ። ወጸውዖ፡ ለውእቱ፡ መልአክ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ንሣእ፡ መንፈቀ፡ ኵሉ፡ ንዋይ፡ ዘአምጻእክሙ፡ ምስሌክሙ፡ ወሑር፡ በዳኅን። ወጸውዖሙ፡ ሩፋኤል፡ ውእተ፡ ጊዜ፡ ለክልኤሆሙ፡ ወአግኃሦሙ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ባርክዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወግነዩ፡ ሎቱ፡ ወወሀቡ፡ ዕበየ፡ ለስሙ፡ ወእመኑ፡ ቦቱ፡ በቅድመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘሕያው፡ በእንተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ላዕሌክሙ፡ ሠናያተ፡ ወአዕኵትዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወሰብሑ፡ ለስሙ፡ ወንግሩ፡ ግብሮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በክብር፡ አርእዩ፡ ወኢትትሐከዩ፡ ገንየ፡ ሎቱ። እስመ፡ ምሥጢረ፡ መንግሥት፡ ሠናይ፡ ለኀቢእ፡ ወለግብረ፡ እግዚአብሔርሰ፡ ይከሥትዎ፡ በግብር፡ ግበርዋ፡ ለሠናይት፡ ወኢትረክበክሙ፡ እኪት። ሠናይ፡ ውእቱ፡ ጸሎት፡ ምስለ፡ ሰላም፡ ወምጽዋት፡ ወጽድቅ፡ ይኄይስ፡ ኅዳጥ፡ ዘበጽድቅ፡ እምብዙኅ፡ ብዕለ፡ ዓመፃ፡ ወይኄይስ፡ ውኂበ፡ ምጽዋት፡ እምዘጊቦቱ፡ ለወርቅ። እስመ፡ ምጽዋት፡ ታድኅን፡ እሞት፡ ወታነጽሕ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ኃጢአት፡ ወእለሰ፡ ይገብሩ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ወምጽዋተ፡ ይመልዑ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ሕይወተ። ወእለሂ፡ ይኤብሱ፡ ይጸልእዋ፡ ለነፍሶሙ።","english":"Chapter 12\n\nAnd then Tobit called Tobiah and said to him, “See, my son, that you have given half of this property which you brought to this man who went with you, and also that you have given him a just reward.” And Tobiah said to his father, “Father, there is nothing that I deny you; if you had given him half of this property which I brought, it would be well, for he brought me to you in safety, and he healed my wife, and he brought me my sight; likewise he has healed you.” And his father said to him, “You have spoken rightly.” And he called that angel and said to him, “Take half of all the property which you brought with you, and go in peace.” And Raphael called them at that time, both of them, and he blessed them and said to them, “Bless the Lord and give thanks to him, and give glory to his name, and believe that he is before all that lives, because of all the good things he has done for you. And praise the Lord and glorify his name, and proclaim the works of the Lord; he has shown himself in glory, and do not be slow to give thanks to him. For the mystery of the kingdom is good to conceal, but the works of the Lord are to be revealed. Do good works, and evil will not find you. Good is prayer with almsgiving and righteousness; a little with righteousness is better than much wealth with iniquity, and the giving of alms is better than the possession of gold. For almsgiving saves from death and cleanses from all sin. And those who do righteousness and almsgiving will prolong their lives; but those who do evil will destroy their souls.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 12","severity":"info","text":"The chapter break after Tobit's healing is a later editorial division; the Geʿez text continues the narrative without a clear pause.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምጽዋት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ምጽዋት (məṣwāt) is rendered 'almsgiving' in the English draft, but it also carries the sense of 'mercy' or 'charitable deed,' a key virtue in Ethiopic moral theology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ምጽዋት ታድኅን እሞት","severity":"info","text":"The statement 'almsgiving saves from death' echoes Tobit 12:11 (Vulgate 12:9) and resonates with Proverbs 10:17 and Sirach 3:30, though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥጢረ መንግሥት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'mystery of the kingdom' (ምሥጢረ መንግሥት) is rare in the Old Testament Apocrypha and may reflect a later theological gloss, possibly influenced by New Testament usage (e.g., Matthew 13:11).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትትሐከዩ ገንየ ሎቱ","severity":"info","text":"The exhortation 'do not be slow to give thanks' parallels the Vulgate Tobit 12:13, but the Geʿez adds a unique emphasis on concealing the mystery of the kingdom while revealing God's works.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሩፋኤል","severity":"info","text":"Raphael's blessing and departure here reinforce the angel's role as a healer and revealer, a theme prominent in Ethiopic Christian tradition where Raphael is venerated as a healing archangel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether Tobit's offer of half the property to Raphael is accepted or merely symbolic; the angel's response focuses on blessing rather than material reward.","The phrase 'mystery of the kingdom' (ምሥጢረ መንግሥት) is ambiguous: it may refer to divine secrets or to the hidden nature of God's plan, and its source is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"ወናሁ፡ ኢየኀብእ፡ እምኔክሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ነገረ፡ ወእቤለክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ምሥጢረ፡ መንግሥት፡ ሠናይ፡ ለኃቢዕ፡ ወግብሮሰ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ይከሥትዎ፡ በክብር። ወይእዜኒ፡ አመ፡ ጸለይክሙ፡ አንተ፡ ወሣራ፡ መርዓትከ፡ አነ፡ አባዕኩ፡ ተዝካረ፡ ስእለትክሙ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ለቅዱሰ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ወአንተኒ፡ አመ፡ ትቀብር፡ አብድንተ፡ አሜሃ፡ ሀሎኩ፡ ምስሌከ። ወአመኒ፡ ኢተሐየይከ፡ ወተንሣእከ፡ ኀዲገከ፡ ምስሐከ፡ ወሖርከ፡ ትቀብር፡ በድነ፡ ወኢረሣእከ፡ ገቢረ፡ ሠናይ፡ አሜሃ፡ ሀሎኩ፡ ምስሌከ። ወእግዚአብሔር፡ ፈነወኒ፡ ከመ፡ እፈውስከ፡ ወለሣራ፡ መርዓትከ፡ ከመ፡ እናዝዝ፡ ኃዘና። አነ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሩፋኤል፡ መልአክ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምነ፡ ሰብአቱ፡ ሊቃነ፡ መላእክት፡ ቅዱሳን፡ እለ፡ የዓርጉ፡ ጸሎቶሙ፡ ለቅዱሳን፡ ወያበውዑ፡ ቅድመ፡ ስብሐቲሁ፡ ለዓቢይ፡ ወቅዱስ። ወሰሚዖሙ፡ ዘንተ፡ ደንገፁ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ወወድቁ፡ በገጾሙ፡ እስመ፡ ፈርሁ። ወይቤሎሙ፡ ኢትፍርሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክክሙ፡ ባርክዎ። እስመ፡ አኮ፡ ሊተ፡ አኰቴት፡ አላ፡ ፈቃዱ፡ ለአምላክክሙ፡ አምጽአኒ፡ ወበእንተዝ፡ ባርክዎ፡ ለአምላከ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ለዓለም። ወበኵሉ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ወአነ፡ አስተርአይኩክሙ፡ ወርኢክሙ፡ ራእይየ፡ ኢበላዕኩ፡ ወኢሰተይኩ፡ ምስሌክሙ። ወይእዜኒ፡ እመኑ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ እስመአ፡ ዓርግ፡ ኀበ፡ ዘፈነወኒ፡ ወመጻእኩ፡ እጽሐፍ፡ እሎንተ፡ መጻሕፍተ። ወሶቤሃ፡ ተንሥአ፡ ወሖረ፡ ወኢርእይዎ፡ እንከ። ወአምኑ፡ በኵሉ፡ ግብሩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዓቢይ፡ ወግሩም፡ ወበእንተ፡ ዘአስተርአዮሙ፡ መልአከ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"And now, I have hidden from you all the matter, and I will tell you that the secret of the kingdom is good to conceal, and its deeds are for the Lord to reveal in glory. And now, when I prayed for you and Sarah your bride, I offered the memorial of your prayer before the Holy of Holies. And you, when you buried the corpse, I was there with you. And when you washed yourself and arose, anointed yourself with your oil, and went to bury the corpse, and you did not commit a good deed, I was there with you. And the Lord sent me to heal you, and for Sarah your bride, to remove her sorrow. I am Raphael, one of the angels, one of the chief holy angels, who present the prayers of the saints and bring them before His praise, the Great and Holy One. And they heard this, the two of them trembled and fell on their faces, for they were afraid. And he said to them, “Do not fear; bless the Lord your God, for it is not to me that honor is due, but the will of your God brought me. Therefore, bless the God of righteousness forever, in all times. And I appeared to you, and you saw my vision; I did not eat or drink with you. And now, believe in the Lord, for I ascend to the one who sent me, and I came to write these books.” Then he arose and went, and they did not see him again. And they believed in all the works of the Lord, great and glorious, and in what the angel of the Lord had revealed to them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥጢረ መንግሥት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'secret of the kingdom' likely refers to the hidden workings of divine providence, which Raphael now reveals.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሩፋኤል","severity":"info","text":"Raphael is identified as one of the 'chief holy angels' who present prayers of the saints, a role consistent with his name meaning 'God heals'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅዱሰ ቅዱሳን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Holy of Holies' echoes Old Testament usage (e.g., 1 Kings 6:16) for the innermost sanctuary, here applied to God's presence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መልአከ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The angel's self-revelation and ascent reflect a common motif in Jewish and Christian apocryphal literature, emphasizing divine messengers as intermediaries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2473TobitB","label":"source edition: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአነ ውእቱ ሩፋኤል","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the climax of the narrative, where the angel Raphael reveals his identity, resolving the plot's hidden agency.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢበላዕኩ ወኢሰተይኩ","severity":"info","text":"Raphael's statement that he did not eat or drink with them aligns with later Christian hagiographic traditions about angels not partaking of human food.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'I offered the memorial of your prayer' is ambiguous: it may mean Raphael presented their prayer to God, or that he performed a commemorative rite.","The clause 'you did not commit a good deed' is unclear: it may refer to Tobit's failure to perform a specific good work, or be a textual corruption."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"Chapter 13\n\nወጸለየ፡ ጦቢት፡ ጸሎተ፡ ትፍሥሕት፡ ወይቤ፡ ይትባረክ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ሕያው፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ወለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ መንግሥቱ። ወውእቱ፡ ይቀሥፍ፡ ወይሣሃል፡ ወውእቱ፡ ያወርድ፡ ውስተ፡ ሲኦል፡ ወየዐርግ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘያመስጥ፡ እምእዴሁ። ወግነዩ፡ ሎቱ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እስራኤል፡ በቅድመ፡ ኵሉ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ ዘረወነ፡ ውስቴቶሙ። በህየ፡ አርአየ፡ ምሕረቶ፡ ላዕሌነ፡ ወአልዕልዎ፡ በቅድመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ዕጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ወውእቱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አቡነ፡ በኵሉ፡ ዓለም። ወይቀሥፈነ፡ በኵሉ፡ ኃጣውኢነ፡ ወካዕበ፡ ይሣሃለነ፡ ወያስተጋብአነ፡ እምኵሉ፡ አሕዛብ፡ እለ፡ ውስቴቶሙ፡ ዘረወነ። ወለእመኒ፡ ተመየጥነ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ በኵሉ፡ ልብነ፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ነፍስነ፡ ከመ፡ ንግበር፡ ጽድቀ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ወውእተ፡ ጊዜ፡ ይትመየጥ፡ ኀቤነ፡ ወኢይሤውር፡ ገጾ፡ እምኔነ፡ ወርእዩ፡ ዘገብረ፡ በላዕሌነ፡ ወእመኑ፡ ቦቱ፡ በኵሉ፡ ልብክሙ፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ነፍስክሙ፡ ወባርክዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወአልዕልዎ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ዓለም፡ በምድር፡ ዘትፄወውክሙ፡ ወአንሰ፡ በምድር፡ ዘተፄወውኩ፡ አአምን፡ ቦቱ፡ ወእነግር፡ ኃይሎ፡ ወዕበዮ፡ ለሕዝብ፡ ኃጥአን፡ ተመየጡ፡ ኃጥአን፡ ወግበርዋ፡ ለጽድቅ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ለእግዚእየ፡ መኑ፡ የአምሮ፡ እመ፡ ይፈቅድ፡ ዘይገብር፡ ምሕረቶ፡ በላዕሌክሙ፡ አምላኪየ። ወታሌዕሎ፡ ነፍስየ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ሰማይ፡ እሴብሕ፡ ዕበዮ፡ ለአምላከ፡ ጽድቅ፡ በኵሉ። ወእመኒ፡ ቦቱ፡ በጽድቅ፡ ሀገረ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ቅድስት፡ ኢይቅሥፍኪኑ፡ በምግባረ፡ ጽድቅኪ፡ ወካዕበ፡ ይምሕኮሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ጻድቃን።","english":"Chapter 13\n\nAnd Tobit prayed a prayer of joy, and said: Blessed is the Lord, who is the living one of eternity, and his kingdom is for ever and ever. And he it is who punishes and forgives, and he it is who brings down into Sheol and raises up, and there is none who can escape from his hand. And all you children of Israel, bow down to him before all the nations among whom we have been scattered. There he showed his mercy upon us, and we exalted him before all the children of the living, for he is our Lord and he is the Lord our God in the whole world. And he punishes us for all our sins, and again he forgives us and gathers us from all the nations among whom we have been scattered. And if we turn to him with all our heart and with all our soul, as we do righteousness before him, then at that time he will turn to us and will not hide his face from us, and you will see what he has done for us. And if you are with him with all your heart and with all your soul, bless the Lord and exalt the king of the world on the earth which you inhabit, and I, on the earth which I inhabit, believe in him and proclaim his power and his greatness to the sinful people. Turn, sinners, and do righteousness before him, for my Lord—who can know him? If he wills to do his mercy upon you, my gods? And my soul exalts the king of heaven; I praise the greatness of the God of righteousness in all things. And if you are in righteousness, the holy city of Jerusalem—will it not punish you for your righteous deeds? And again he will have mercy on the children of the righteous.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 13","severity":"info","text":"This passage begins a new chapter in the Geʿez text, marked as Chapter 13, which is a structural division not present in the Greek or Latin versions of Tobit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሲኦል (siʾol)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሲኦል (siʾol) is a loanword from Hebrew שאול (Sheol), denoting the underworld or realm of the dead, and is used here in a context of divine power over life and death.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአልቦ ዘያመስጥ እምእዴሁ (waʾalbo zayāmasṭ ʾəmʾedēhu)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'none who can escape from his hand' echoes the biblical theme of divine inescapability, reminiscent of passages such as Psalm 89:21 (LXX 88:22) and Job 1:21, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም (ʾiyārusalēm)","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Jerusalem as 'holy city' reflects the post-exilic Jewish context of Tobit, where Jerusalem is a central symbol of religious identity and eschatological hope.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወካዕበ ይምሕኮሙ ለደቂቀ ጻድቃን (wa-kāʿbe yamḥekomu la-daqīqa ṣādeqān)","severity":"info","text":"The closing line on mercy for the righteous aligns with the Ethiopic Christian emphasis on divine mercy and righteousness, themes prominent in the liturgical use of Tobit in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አምላኪየ (ʾamlākiyā)","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'my gods' (አምላኪየ) is unusual in a monotheistic context and may be a scribal error or a rhetorical address to divine powers; the English draft renders it as 'my gods' but the intended sense is likely 'my God'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'አምላኪየ' (ʾamlākiyā) could be a plural form ('my gods') or a scribal error for the singular 'አምላኪየ' (ʾamlākiyā) meaning 'my God'; the reading taken follows the manuscript as plural, but the context suggests a monotheistic correction.","The reference to 'the holy city of Jerusalem' punishing the righteous is ambiguous; it may be a rhetorical question or a conditional statement about divine justice."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ግነዩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በሠናይ፡ ወባርኪዮ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ዓለም፡ ከመ፡ ትትሐነፅ፡ ደብተራሁ፡ ውስቴትኪ፡ በትፍሥሕት፡ ወይትፌሥሑ፡ ብኪ፡ ህየ፡ እለ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ፂውዋን፡ ወይትፋቀሩ፡ በእንቲአኪ፡ ጽሉዓን፡ በኵሉ፡ ትውልድ፡ ዘለዓለም። እስመ፡ ብዙኃን፡ አሕዛብ፡ ይመጽኡ፡ እምርኁቅ፡ ኀበ፡ ስሙ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወያመጽኡ፡ አምኃ፡ ለንጉሠ፡ ዓለም፡ ወለንጉሠ፡ ሰማይ፡ ለትውልደ፡ ትውልድ፡ ይሴብሑከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ወይሁቡ፡ ስብሐተ፡ ለስምከ። ርጉማን፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ይጸልኡከ፡ ወቡሩካን፡ እሙንቱ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ያፈቅሩከ፡ ለዓለም። ወትትፌሣሕ፡ በደቂቆሙ፡ ለጻድቃን፡ እስመ፡ ይትጋብኡ፡ ወይባርኩከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ እስመ፡ ብፁዓን፡ እሙንቱ፡ እለ፡ ያፈቅሩከ፡ ወይትፌሥሑ፡ በስምከ። ወብፁዓን፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ይቴክዙ፡ በሕማምከ፡ እስመ፡ ይትፌሥሑ፡ ብከ፡ ርእዮሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ስብሐቲከ፡ ወይትፌሥሑ፡ ለዓለም። ነፍስነሰ፡ ትባርኮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ንጉሥ፡ ዓቢይ። እስመ፡ ትትሐነፅ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ በዕብነ፡ ሰንፔር፡ ወበመረግድ፡ ወበዕንቊ፡ ክቡር፡ አረፋቲሃ፡ ወማሕፈዲሃ፡ ወአናቅጺሃ፡ በወርቅ፡ ንጽሕ። ወመርኅባኒ፡ በቢረሌ፡ ወበዕንቈ፡ ሶፎር፡ አትራኮስ፡ ወበዕንቈ፡ ሶፎር፡ ይትገበር። ወይብሉ፡ በኵሉ፡ ፍናዊሃ፡ ሃሌሉያ፡ ይሴብሑ፡ ወይብሉ፡ ይትባረክ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለዓለም፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ዓለም።","english":"Praise the Lord with goodness, and bless the king of the world, that your book may be read within you with joy, and that those who are righteous may rejoice in you here, and that the wicked may be loved because of you, in every generation forever. For many peoples will come from afar to the name of the Lord, and they will bring gifts to the king of the world and to the king of heaven, for generation after generation they will praise you, O Lord, and give praise to your name. Cursed are all those who hate you, and blessed are all those who love you forever. And you will rejoice in the children of the righteous, for they will be gathered and bless you, O Lord, for blessed are those who love you and rejoice in your name. And blessed are all those who are adorned with your passion, for they will rejoice in you, having seen all your glory, and they will rejoice forever. For our soul blesses the Lord, the great king, for Jerusalem will be built with sapphire stone, and with pearl, and with precious stone, its pavements and its streets and its gates with pure gold, and its windows with crystal and with sapphire stone, and with sapphire stone it will be made, and they will say on all its paths: Hallelujah, they will praise and say: Blessed is the Lord forever and in all the world.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ትትሐነፅ ደብተራሁ ውስቴትኪ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'that your book may be read within you' is ambiguous: it may refer to the book of Tobit being read in Jerusalem, or to a liturgical scroll read within the community addressed.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሃሌሉያ","severity":"info","text":"Hallelujah is a liturgical acclamation meaning 'Praise Yah,' here used as a fixed expression of praise, not a translation of a Hebrew original but a direct borrowing into Geʿez.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም በዕብነ ሰንፔር ወበመረግድ ወበዕንቊ ክቡር","severity":"info","text":"The description of Jerusalem built with sapphire, pearl, and precious stone echoes the eschatological temple visions of Isaiah 54:11–12 and Tobit 13:10–13 in the longer Greek recension, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The vision of a jewel-constructed Jerusalem reflects late Second Temple and early Christian apocalyptic hopes for a restored, heavenly city, common in Ethiopic apocryphal literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes Tobit's prayer of joy (chapter 13) with a series of blessings and curses, followed by a detailed description of the New Jerusalem, forming a liturgical doxology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Tobit, including this passage, was preserved in the broader Geʿez biblical canon and used in liturgical contexts, as indicated by the Hallelujah acclamation and the blessing formula.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'you' (ትትሐነፅ ውስቴትኪ) is ambiguous: it may be Jerusalem personified, the community, or the book itself.","The phrase 'adorned with your passion' (ይቴክዙ በሕማምከ) is unclear: it could mean those who suffer for God or those who wear the sign of Christ's passion."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"Chapter 14\n\nወእምዝ፡ አርመመ፡ ጦቢት፡ እምኀበ፡ ይጼሊ። ኃምሳ፡ ወሰመንቱ፡ ዓመት፡ ሎቱ፡ አመ፡ የኃጕል፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ወእምድኅረ፡ ኃምሳ፡ ወሰመንቱ፡ ዓመት፡ ርእየ፡ ወገብረ፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ወወሰከ፡ ዓዲ፡ ፈሪሆቶ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር። ወፈድፋደ፡ ረስዓ፡ ወጸውዖሙ፡ ለወልዱ፡ ወለደቂቀ፡ ወልዱ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ወልድየ፡ ንሣእ፡ ደቂቀከ፡ እስመ፡ ረሣዕኩ፡ ወበጻሕኩ፡ እስከ፡ ለሞት። ወሑር፡ እስከ፡ ሜዶን፡ እስመ፡ አአምር፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘነበበ፡ ዮናስ፡ ነቢይ፡ ላዕለ፡ ነነዌ፡ ከመ፡ ሀለዋ፡ ትትነሠት፡ ውስተ፡ ሜዶንሰ፡ ሰላም፡ ይከውን፡ እስከ፡ ዘመኑ፡ ወአኃዊነ፡ ሀለዎሙ፡ ይዘረዉ፡ ውስተ፡ በሐውርት፡ እምነ፡ ኵሉ፡ ምድር፡ ቡርክት፡ ወኢየሩሳሌምኒ፡ ትከውን፡ በድወ፡ ወቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘውስቴታ፡ ይውዒ፡ በእሳት፡ ወይከውን፡ በድወ። ወካዕበ፡ ይሣሃሎሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወያገብኦሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድሮሙ፡ ወየሐንፁ፡ ቤቶ፡ ወአኮ፡ ከመ፡ ቀዲሙ፡ አላ፡ እስከ፡ ይትፌጸም፡ መዋዕለ፡ ዓለም፡ ወእምድኅረ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ይገብኡ፡ እምኀበ፡ ይፄወዉ፡ ወይትሐነፅ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ በክብር፡ ወይትሐነፅ፡ በውስቴታ፡ ቤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በኵሉ፡ ትውልድ፡ ዘለዓለም፡ በንድቅ፡ ክቡር። ወኵሉ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ይገድፉ፡ አማልክቲሆሙ፡ ወይትመየጡ፡ በጽድቅ። ወይፈርህዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወይባርክዎ፡ ወሕዝብኒ፡ የአምኑ፡ ቦቱ፡ ወይሣሃሎሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሕዝቡ፡ ወይትፌሥሑ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ይፈርህዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በጽድቅ፡ ወበርትዕ፡ ወይገብሩ፡ ምሕረተ፡ ላዕለ፡ አኃዊሆሙ። ወይእዜኒ፡ ወልድየ፡ ፃዕ፡ እነ፡ ነነዌ፡ እስመ፡ በግብር፡ ይከውን፡ ዘነበበ፡ ዮናስ፡ ነቢይ።","english":"Chapter 14\n\nAnd after this, Tobit became blind from the time he was fifty-eight years old until after fifty-eight years he saw and performed works of charity. And he again increased his fear of the Lord, and he grew old and called his son and his son's children and said to him, \"My son, take your children, for I have grown old and have reached the point of death. And go to Media, for I know all that Jonah the prophet prophesied concerning Nineveh, that it would be destroyed. For in Media there will be peace until its time, and our brothers will be scattered throughout the whole earth, a blessed land. And Jerusalem also will be desolate, and the house of the Lord within it will be consumed by fire and will be desolate. And again the Lord will have mercy on them and gather them into their land, and they will rebuild his house, but not as before, until the end of the ages. And after this, they will return from where they were dispersed, and Jerusalem will be rebuilt in glory, and the house of the Lord within it will be rebuilt for all generations forever in pure glory. And all peoples will abandon their gods and will be converted to righteousness, and they will fear the Lord and bless him. And the people will believe in him, and the Lord will have mercy on his people, and all who fear the Lord in righteousness and truth will rejoice, and they will do mercy to their brothers. And now, my son, go from Nineveh, for what Jonah the prophet prophesied will come to pass.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 14","severity":"info","text":"This chapter continues the narrative after Tobit's prayer and blessing, presenting his final instructions to his son and a prophecy about Nineveh and Jerusalem.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮናስ ነቢይ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'Yonas nabiy' refers to the prophet Jonah, whose prophecy concerning Nineveh's destruction is cited as authoritative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘነበበ ዮናስ ነቢይ ላዕለ ነነዌ","severity":"info","text":"This echoes the biblical book of Jonah, where Jonah prophesies Nineveh's downfall (Jonah 3:4), though the specific wording is not a direct quote.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሜዶን","severity":"info","text":"Media (Geʿez: Medon) is presented as a place of refuge and peace, reflecting the historical context of the Jewish diaspora in the Persian period.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌምኒ ትከውን በድወ","severity":"info","text":"The prophecy of Jerusalem's desolation and rebuilding reflects post-70 CE Jewish and Christian traditions, likely influencing the Ethiopic reception of Tobit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እምድኅረ ኃምሳ ወሰመንቱ ዓመት","severity":"caution","text":"The chronology of Tobit's blindness (58 years) and recovery is ambiguous; the text may imply a total of 116 years, but the phrasing is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The duration of Tobit's blindness (58 years) and the subsequent period before his recovery are not clearly distinguished; the text may imply he was blind for 58 years and then lived another 58 years.","The prophecy about Jerusalem's destruction and rebuilding may reflect later historical events rather than the original narrative setting."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ወአንተሰ፡ ዕቀብ፡ ሕገ፡ ወትእዛዘ፡ ወኩን፡ መሐሬ፡ ወአፍቅር፡ ጽድቀ፡ ከመ፡ ይኩን፡ ሠናየ፡ ላዕሌከ። ወቅብረኒ፡ በሠናይ፡ ወለእምከኒ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ወኢትንበር፡ ውስተ፡ ነነዌ፡ ወልድየ፡ ወርኢ፡ ዘከመ፡ ገብረ፡ ሐማ፡ ላዕለ፡ አካኪሮስ፡ ወከመ፡ አብኦ፡ እምብርሃን፡ ውስተ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወእመ፡ ተፈድየ፡ በከመ፡ እከዩ፡ ወአካኪሮንሰ፡ ሕያው፡ ውእቱ፡ ወውእቱሰ፡ ተፈድየ፡ ፍዳሁ፡ ወለሊሁ፡ ወረደ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወምናሴ፡ ገብረ፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ወገብረ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ወድኅነ፡ እምነ፡ መቅሠፍተ፡ ሞት፡ እንተ፡ ሠርዑ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ወሐማሰ፡ ወድቀ፡ ውስተ፡ ይእቲ፡ መሥገርት፡ ወሞተ፡ ሞተ። ወይእዜኒ፡ ርኢ፡ ወልድየ፡ ከመ፡ ታድኅን፡ ምጽዋተ፡ ለእለ፡ ይገብርዋ፡ ወትፈሪ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ወከመዝ፡ ብሂሎ፡ ሞተ፡ ጦቢት፡ ወወጽአት፡ መንፈሱ፡ በዲበ፡ ዓራቱ፡ ምዕት፡ ወኃምሣ፡ ወሰመንቱ፡ ዓመት፡ ሎቱ፡ ወቀበርዎ፡ በክብር። ወአመ፡ ሞተት፡ ሐና፡ እሙ፡ ቀበራ፡ ጦብያ፡ ወልዱ፡ ምስለ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወሖረ፡ ጦብያ፡ ምስለ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወደቂቁ፡ ውስተ፡ ባጥና፡ ኀበ፡ ራጉኤል። ወረስዐ፡ ራጉኤል፡ ወእድና፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ወሞቱ፡ ወቀበሮሙ፡ ጦብያ፡ በክብር፡ ለሐማትሁ፡ ወተዋረሶሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ንዋዮሙ፡ ወለጦቢትኒ፡ አቡሁ። ወሰምዐ፡ ጦብያ፡ ሙስናሃ፡ ለነነዌ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ይሙት፡ በከመ፡ ነገሮ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወሰምዑ፡ ናቡከደነፆር፡ ወአስዊሮስ፡ ሙስናሃ፡ ለነነዌ፡ ወተፈሥሑ። ወሞተ፡ ጦብያ፡ በ፻ወ፳ወ","english":"And you, keep the law and the commandment, and be merciful, and love righteousness, so that good may be upon you. And bury me well, and do not stay with me in Nineveh, my son. And see how Haman did to Akakiros, and how he cast him from light into darkness. And if he was ransomed, as was his evil, Akakiron himself is alive, and he himself was ransomed, his ransom, and he himself fell into darkness. And Manasseh did works of charity and did righteousness, and he was saved from the punishment of death that was decreed against him. And Haman fell into that pit and died a death. And now, see, my son, how charity saves those who perform it, and fear righteousness. And having spoken thus, Tobit died, and his spirit went out upon his bed. He was one hundred and fifty-seven years old. And they buried him with honor. And when Hanna, his mother, died, Tobya, her son, buried her with his father. And Tobya went with his wife and his children to Ecbatana, to Raguel. And Raguel and Edna, his wife, died, and Tobya buried them with honor, his parents-in-law, and he inherited all their property, and that of Tobit, his father. And Tobya heard of the destruction of Nineveh before he died, as his father had told him. And they heard that Nebuchadnezzar and Ashurios destroyed Nineveh, and they rejoiced. And Tobya died at the age of one hundred and twenty","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንተሰ፡ ዕቀብ፡ ሕገ፡ ወትእዛዘ፡","severity":"info","text":"Tobit's final exhortation to his son combines keeping the law (ሕገ) and the commandment (ትእዛዘ), a typical ethical summary in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"አካኪሮስ","severity":"info","text":"Akakiros (Akakiron) is a figure from the Ahiqar story, a wise counselor betrayed by his nephew Haman. The allusion here reinforces the theme of betrayal and divine justice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐማ","severity":"info","text":"Haman's fate (falling into a pit) parallels the biblical Haman in Esther, though here he is linked to the Ahiqar cycle, not the Persian court.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕት፡ ወኃምሣ፡ ወሰመንቱ፡ ዓመት","severity":"info","text":"Tobit's age at death is given as 157 years, and Tobya's as 120. These extended lifespans are typical of the patriarchal narrative style in the apocryphon.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይእዜኒ፡ ርኢ፡ ወልድየ፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the book with Tobit's death and burial, followed by the deaths of Hanna, Raguel, and Edna, and Tobya's inheritance, forming a narrative closure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2473TobitB","label":"betmas: Tobit, Book of","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2473TobitB"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ጦብያ","severity":"info","text":"Tobya's journey to Ecbatana and inheritance of Raguel's property reflects the Geʿez version's emphasis on family continuity and reward for piety, a theme valued in Ethiopic Christian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Akakiros/Akakiron is ambiguous; the text conflates the Ahiqar tradition with the Haman figure, possibly due to scribal adaptation.","The phrase 'ወርኢ፡ ዘከመ፡ ገብረ፡ ሐማ፡ ላዕለ፡ አካኪሮስ፡' could be read as Tobit instructing his son to observe Haman's actions against Akakiros, but the syntax is elliptical."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}