{"slug":"LIT2396Tagsas","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","title":"ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:52:59Z","cost_usd":0.007377},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","work_id":"LIT2396Tagsas","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"},"stats":{"passages":12,"english_words":3293,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":69,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":23,"work_notes":4,"external_links":2,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT2396Tagsas","abstract":"The work is a collection of wisdom sayings attributed to Solomon, composed in Geʿez. Its register is didactic and aphoristic, drawing on biblical and para-biblical sapiential traditions. The text survives in Ethiopic manuscripts, often transmitted alongside other Solomonic or wisdom literature. Its exact provenance and scribal history remain unclear. The dating of the work is uncertain; it is traditionally ascribed to Solomon but likely composed in the Aksumite or post-Aksumite period. No firm external evidence anchors its composition. This edition does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings from multiple manuscripts. The text is based on a single source, which may not represent the full manuscript tradition.","historical_context":"The work was composed in Geʿez, the liturgical and literary language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, likely during the Aksumite (1st–7th c.) or post-Aksumite (8th–13th c.) period. It survives in Ethiopic manuscripts, often copied alongside other Solomonic or wisdom texts, indicating its place within a broader tradition of biblical and para-biblical sapiential literature in Ethiopia. The claim linking the text to King Hezekiah’s court is a common pseudepigraphic trope, not historical. The exact community of origin is unknown, but the work reflects the monastic and scholarly circles that preserved and transmitted wisdom collections. The single-source edition limits understanding of textual variation and transmission history.","significance":"The work is significant as a witness to the reception and adaptation of Solomonic wisdom traditions in Ethiopian Christianity. It relates to other Ethiopic wisdom texts and pseudepigrapha, such as the 'Book of the Wise Philosophers' and the 'Ethiopic Proverbs of Solomon', and reflects the blending of biblical, para-biblical, and local sapiential motifs.","timeline":[{"date":"1st–7th c.","event":"Possible Aksumite period composition"},{"date":"8th–13th c.","event":"Possible post-Aksumite period composition"},{"date":"Undated","event":"Earliest extant manuscript copies"},{"date":"Undated","event":"Transmission alongside other Solomonic wisdom literature"}],"relations":[{"work":"Book of the Wise Philosophers","relation":"Similar genre and transmission context","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopic Proverbs of Solomon","relation":"Related Solomonic wisdom collection","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Proverbs of Solomon (biblical)","relation":"Biblical source and intertext","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"Bet Mas entry for Tagśāśa Sālomon","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas","reason":"Primary source for the work"},{"key":"ed:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"Edition of Tagśāśa Sālomon","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas","reason":"Edition used for this dossier"}],"cautions":["The dating of the work is uncertain; it is traditionally ascribed to Solomon but likely composed in the Aksumite or post-Aksumite period.","No firm external evidence anchors its composition.","This edition does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings from multiple manuscripts; the text is based on a single source, which may not represent the full manuscript tradition."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000349,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:06:28Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2396Tagsas","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":12,"translated":12,"commentary_passages":12,"commentary_units":69,"english_words":3293,"source_letters":7582,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a collection of wisdom sayings attributed to Solomon, composed in Geʿez. Its register is didactic and aphoristic, drawing on biblical and para-biblical sapiential traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives in Ethiopic manuscripts, often transmitted alongside other Solomonic or wisdom literature. Its exact provenance and scribal history remain unclear.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"source edition: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The dating of the work is uncertain; it is traditionally ascribed to Solomon but likely composed in the Aksumite or post-Aksumite period. No firm external evidence anchors its composition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings from multiple manuscripts. The text is based on a single source, which may not represent the full manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"source edition: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 12 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":12},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas":{"label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"},"ed:LIT2396Tagsas":{"label":"source edition: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Text of the EOTC printed Bible\n\nChapter 1\n\nተግሣፀ፡ ሰሎሞን፡ እለ፡ እንበለ፡ ኑፋቄ፡ ዘጸሐፉ፡ አዕርክቲሁ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ይሁዳ። ክብረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ የኀብእ፡ ነውረ፡ ወስብሐተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ያከብር፡ ገብረ። ሰማይ፡ ልዑል፡ ወምድር፡ ዕሙቅ፡ ወከማሁ፡ ልበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኢይትአመር። አጽርዮ፡ ለብሩር፡ ዘኢኮነ፡ ፍቱነ፡ ወይነጽሕ፡ ለከ፡ ንጽሐ፡ ፍጹመ። ቅትል፡ ረሲዓነ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጸ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወይረትዕ፡ መንበሩ፡ በጽድቅ። ወኢትትዓበይ፡ በቅድመ፡ ገጸ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወኢትጸደቅ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወውስተ፡ መካነ፡ መኳንንት፡ ኢትቁም። ይኄይሰከ፡ ይበሉከ፡ ዕርግ፡ ኀቤነ፡ እምትኅሥር፡ በቅድመ፡ መኰንን፡ ዘርእያ፡ አዕይንቲከ፡ ንግር፡ ወኢትደቅ፡ ውስተ፡ ጋእዝ፡ ፍጡነ። ቅስተ፡ ተዋቀስ፡ ምስለ፡ ቢጽከ፡ ወምሥጢሮሰ፡ ኢትክሥት፡ ከመ፡ ኢትነስሕ፡ በደኃሪትከ። ሶበ፡ ይግእዘከ፡ ዓርክከ፡ ግባእ፡ ድኅሬከ፡ ወኢትትኀየይ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይሒስከ፡ ዓርክከ፡ ወጋእዝከኒ፡ ወጽልእከኒ፡ ኢያርኅቀከ፡ እምኔሁ። እመሰ፡ ከሠትከ፡ ምሥጢሮ፡ ይከውነከ፡ መጠነ፡ ሞት፡ ጸጋ፡ ወታእኃ፡ ያግእዝ፡ አላ፡ ተዓቀብ፡ በርእስከ፡ ከመ፡ ኢትኩን፡ ዝንጉገ፡ ወዕቀብ፡ ፍናዊከ፡ በሥነ፡ ምግባሪከ። ኮለ፡ ወርቅ፡ ውስተ፡ ድደ፡ ብሩር፡ ሰንፀት፡ ከማሁ፡ ብሂለ፡ ቃል፡ በበገጹ። ውዕቦ፡ ወርቅ፡ ውስተ፡ ዕንቈ፡ ሰርድዮን፡ ዘብዜኅ፡ ሤጡ፡ ውዱድ፡ ከማሁ፡ ቃለ፡ ጠቢብ፡ ውስተ፡ ዕዝነ፡ ዘይሰምዕ፡ ሠናይ፡ ውእቱ። ከመ፡ ጸአተ፡ አስሐትያ፡ በማእረር፡ በመርቄ፡ ይደሉ፡ ከማሁ፡ ሐዋርያ፡ ምእመን፡ ለነፍሰ፡ እለ፡ ፈነውዎ፡ ይበቊዕ።","english":"The Instruction of Solomon, which is without heresy, which his friends, the men of Hezekiah, king of Judah, wrote. The glory of the Lord hides the fire and the praise of the king honors the servant. The sky is high and the earth is deep, and like them, the heart of a king is not known. The silver that is not tested is impure, and it will be cleansed for you with pure perfection. Kill the wicked before the face of the king, and his throne will be established in righteousness. Do not boast before the face of the king, and do not be justified before the Lord. In the place of judges, do not stand. For it is better that they say to you, \"Come to us,\" than that you be lacking before the judge. What your eyes have seen, tell, and do not enter hastily into the treasury. The bow is strung with your arrow, and your secret is not hidden, as it is not forgotten in your end. When your friend comes to you, go behind him, and do not be afraid, as your friend does not harm you. Your treasury and your shadow do not separate you from him. If you have hidden his secret, it will be for you a measure of death. Grace and a sign come, but not a trap for yourself, that you may not be a fool. Guard your ways in the beauty of your deeds. Like gold in the midst of silver, a pearl is set; like it, a word is spoken in its face. The setting of gold in the midst of a sardonyx stone, whose price is great, is beloved. Like it, the word of a wise man in the ear of one who hears well is good. As the sun comes out in the morning, in the evening it sets; like it, the apostle, the faithful one, for the soul of those who sent him, will be effective.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ተግሣፀ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening title ተግሣፀ፡ ሰሎሞን፡ (Tagśāśa Sālomon) marks the work as a didactic collection attributed to Solomon, typical of wisdom literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እለ፡ እንበለ፡ ኑፋቄ፡ ዘጸሐፉ፡ አዕርክቲሁ፡ ለሕዝቅያስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'which is without heresy, which his friends, the men of Hezekiah, king of Judah, wrote' claims a non-heretical origin and links the text to the court of King Hezekiah, a common trope in Ethiopic pseudepigrapha.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኑፋቄ","severity":"info","text":"ኑፋቄ (nufāqe) is a Geʿez term meaning 'heresy' or 'schism', derived from Greek νοφάκης. Its use here asserts orthodoxy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ጸአተ፡ አስሐትያ፡ በማእረር፡ በመርቄ፡ ይደሉ፡","severity":"info","text":"The simile of the sun rising in the morning and setting in the evening echoes biblical language (e.g., Malachi 1:1-5) but is not a direct quotation; it is a common wisdom motif.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትትዓበይ፡ በቅድመ፡ ገጸ፡ ንጉሥ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Do not boast before the face of the king' may be a textual corruption or variant; the Geʿez verb ትዓበይ (təʿabəy) is ambiguous, possibly meaning 'boast' or 'act arrogantly'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ተግሣፀ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","severity":"info","text":"This work is part of the Ethiopic 'Instruction of Solomon' tradition, often included in the broader 'Mashafa Tāgsas' (Book of Instruction) and used in monastic education.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"source edition: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢይትአመር። አጽርዮ፡ ለብሩር፡' is ambiguous: it could mean 'the heart of a king is not known' or 'the heart of a king is not understood'; the reading taken follows the English draft.","The term 'ኑፋቄ' may also be interpreted as 'division' rather than strictly 'heresy'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ከመ፡ ነፋሳት፡ ወደመናት፡ ዘአልቦሙ፡ ዝንም፡ ወዝናማት፡ እሙራት፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ማእረር፡ ኢይበቊዕ፡ ከማሁ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ይትሜክሑ፡ በሀብት፡ ሕሰው። በትዕግሥት፡ ሥነ፡ ሕይወት፡ ትነግሥ፡ ልሳን፡ ድክምት፡ ወትሰብር፡ አዕፅምተ። ወልድየ፡ መዓረ፡ እምከመ፡ ረከብከ፡ ብላዕ፡ በዓቅም፡ ከመ፡ ኢትጽገብ፡ ወኢትቂእ። ጒንዱየ፡ አብጽሕ፡ እገሪከ፡ ኀበ፡ ዓርክከ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይጽገብከ፡ ወኢይጽላእከ። በትር፡ ወመቅሠፍት፡ ማኅዘኒ፡ ለልብ፡ ከማሁ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘይሰምዕ፡ ስምዐ፡ በሐሰት፡ ላዕለ፡ ዓርኩ። ፍኖት፡ እኩይ፡ ወእግረ፡ ኃጥእ፡ ይትኃጐል፡ በዕለት፡ እኪት፡ ከመ፡ ብሒላ፡ ኢይደልዎ፡ ለቊስል፡ ከማሁ፡ ነውር፡ ዘይወርድ፡ ዲበ፡ ሥጋ፡ ማኅዘኒ፡ ለልብ። ከመ፡ ነቀዝ፡ ለዕፅ፡ ወቊንቊኔ፡ ለልብስ፡ ከማሁ፡ ኀዘን፡ ለብእሲ፡ ታማስን፡ ልቦ። ለአመ፡ ርኅበ፡ ጸላኢከ፡ አብልዖ፡ ወለእመ፡ ጸምአ፡ አስትዮ፡ ዘንተ፡ ለእመ፡ ገበርከ፡ አፍሐመ፡ እሳት፡ ታስተጋብእ፡ ዲበ፡ ርእሱ፡ ወእግዚአብሔር፡ የዓሥየከ፡ ሠናያተ። ነፋስ፡ ሰሜናዊ፡ ያነሥእ፡ ደመናተ፡ ወገጸ፡ ዘኢየኃፍር፡ ልሳን፡ ያስኦዝዝ። ይኄይስ፡ ኃዲር፡ ውስተ፡ ማዕዘንተ፡ ናሕስ፡ ንሡት፡ እምስለ፡ ብእሲት፡ ጸአሊት፡ ውስተ፡ ቤት፡ ርሡይ። ከመ፡ ማይ፡ ቈሪር፡ ለነፍስ፡ ጽምእት፡ አዳም፡ ከማሁ፡ ዜና፡ ሠናይ፡ እምድር፡ ርኁቅ። ከመ፡ ዘይፈጽም፡ ዓዘቃተ፡ ወያማስን፡ ሙፃአ፡ ማይ፡ ከማሁ፡ አኮ፡ ሠናይ፡ ይደቅ፡ ጻድቅ፡ በቅድመ፡ ረሲዓን። በሊዐ፡ መዓር፡ ብዙኅ፡ አኮ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወአክብሮ፡ ርቱዕ፡ ቃለ፡ ስቡሐ፡ ወሐቲተ፡ ክብረ፡ ክቡር።","english":"The Instruction of Solomon, which is without heresy, which his friends, the men of Hezekiah, king of Judah, wrote. The glory of the Lord hides the fire and the praise of the king honors the servant. The sky is high and the winds and clouds which have no rain or showers are dry in the season of harvest; likewise, all who trust in false wealth. By patience the art of life rules; a weak tongue breaks bones. My son, eat the fruit of the field as you have found it, with wisdom, so that you may not be hungry and not be in need. My beloved, stretch your hand to your friend so that he may not be hungry and not be lacking. A rod and a whip are a sorrow to the heart; likewise, a man who hears a false report against his friend. An evil path and the foot of a sinner are overturned on a bad day, like a millstone that does not grind the wheat. Likewise, a stain that falls on the body is a sorrow to the heart. Like rain for a tree and dye for a garment, so is grief for a man; it darkens his heart. When your enemy is hungry, feed him, and if he is thirsty, give him drink. If you do this, you will quench the fire that burns upon his head, and the Lord will reward you with good things. The north wind raises clouds, and a face that is not ashamed sets the tongue in motion. A good dwelling in a corner of brass is better than a quarrelsome woman in a well-ordered house. Like cold water for a thirsty soul, so is good news from a distant land. Like one who fills a water-skin and darkens the outlet of water, so is it not good for a righteous man to be humbled before the wicked. Eating much fruit of the field is not good, and honoring a righteous word is better, and the sin of the honor of the honored one.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ነፋሳት ወደመናት ዘአልቦሙ ዝንም ወዝናማት እሙራት በመዋዕለ ማእረር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez compares rainless winds and clouds to those who trust in false wealth, extending the natural metaphor of the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሥነ ሕይወት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ሥነ ሕይወት (śǝnna ḥǝywat) means 'art of life' or 'discipline of life,' a key ethical concept in the Instruction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ብሒላ ኢይደልዎ ለቊስል","severity":"info","text":"The image of a millstone that does not grind wheat echoes Proverbs 27:22 (LXX), where a millstone is used as a metaphor for futility.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ነቀዝ ለዕፅ ወቊንቊኔ ለልብስ","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of grief to rain for a tree and dye for a garment parallels similar similes in the Wisdom of Solomon and Proverbs, emphasizing the pervasive nature of sorrow.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልድየ መዓረ እምከመ ረከብከ ብላዕ በዓቅም","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'eat the fruit of the field as you have found it' may be a textual corruption or a deliberate ellipsis; the Geʿez lacks a clear object for 'eat,' and the English draft supplies 'fruit of the field' from context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ዘይፈጽም ዓዘቃተ ወያማስን ሙፃአ ማይ","severity":"info","text":"The image of filling a water-skin and darkening the outlet is a rare metaphor in Ethiopic wisdom literature, possibly reflecting local material culture.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase ወልድየ መዓረ (waldǝyya mäʿara) is ambiguous: 'my son, the field' or 'my son, fruit of the field'? The English draft takes the latter, but the syntax is elliptical.","The final clause 'the sin of the honor of the honored one' is obscure; the Geʿez may be corrupt or laconic."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ከመ፡ ሀገር፡ እንተ፡ ንህለ፡ ጥቅማ፡ ወአልባ፡ ጥቅም፡ ከማሁ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ምክር።\n\nChapter 2\n\nከመ፡ ጠል፡ በማእረር፡ ወዝናም፡ በሐጋይ፡ ከማሁ፡ ለዓብድ፡ አልቦ፡ ምክር። ከመ፡ አዕዋፍ፡ ዘይሠርራ፡ ወሠራርያት፡ ከማሁ፡ መርገም፡ ዘበከንቱ፡ ኢይበጽሕ፡ ኀበ፡ መኑሂ። ከመ፡ ሰውጥ፡ ለፈረስ፡ ወቅትራት፡ ለአድግ፡ ከማሁ፡ በትር፡ ለሕዝብ፡ ኃጥእ። ወልድየ፡ ኢታውሥኦ፡ ለዓብድ፡ በከመ፡ ዕበደ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ከመ፡ ኢትኩን፡ ከማሁ። አላ፡ ተጠሰዎ፡ ለዓብድ፡ በከመ፡ ዕበደ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይምሰሎ፡ ጠቢበ፡ ለርእሱ። በእግረ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ይገብር፡ ኃሣረ፡ ዘፈነወ፡ መልእክተ፡ በእደ፡ ዓብድ። ካልእ፡ ሐንካስ፡ ወአበሳ፡ እምአፈ፡ ዓብዳን፡ ትወጽእ። ዘይወዲ፡ እብነ፡ ዲበ፡ ሞጸፍ፡ ከማሁ፡ ይመስል፡ ዘይሁብ፡ ለዓብድ፡ ክብረ። አሥዋክ፡ ይበቊሉ፡ ውስተ፡ እደ፡ ሰካር፡ ወተቀንዮ፡ ውስተ፡ እደ፡ ዓብዳን። ብዙኅ፡ ትትሀወክ፡ ሥጋ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዓብድ፡ እስመ፡ ትትወላወል፡ ሕሊናሁ። ከመ፡ ከልብ፡ ዘይገብእ፡ ኢበ፡ ቂያኡ፡ ጽሉአ፡ ይከውን፡ ከማሁ፡ ዓብድ፡ በዕበደ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ዘይትመየጥ፡ ውስተ፡ ኃጢአቱ። ቦ፡ ኀፍረት፡ እንተ፡ ታመጽእ፡ ኃጢአተ፡ ወቦ፡ ኃፍረት፡ ለክብር፡ ወለስብሐት። ርኢኩ፡ ብእሴ፡ ዘይብል፡ ርእሶ፡ ጠቢበ፡ ተስፋ፡ ረከበ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ዓብድ። ወይብል፡ ሀካይ፡ ሶበ፡ ይልእክዎ፡ አንበሳ፡ ሀሎ፡ በውስተ፡ ፍኖት፡ ወውስተ፡ መራኅብት፡ ቀትል። ከመ፡ ማዕዖ፡ እንተ፡ ተዓውድ፡ ውስተ፡ ድርኩኵታት፡ ከማሁ፡ ሀካይ፡ ውስተ፡ ምስካቢሁ። ኀብአ፡ ሀካይ፡ እዴሁ፡ ውስተ፡ ሕፅኑ፡ ወየሐምም፡ አቅርቦ፡ እዴሁ፡ ውስተ፡ አፉሁ።","english":"As dew in the meadow and rain in the dry season, so is a servant without counsel. As birds that fly and are caught, so is a curse uttered in vain; it does not reach anyone. As a bridle for a horse and a halter for a donkey, so is a rod for a sinful people. My son, do not exalt a servant according to his greatness, lest he become like that. Do not humble a servant according to his greatness, lest he become like a wise man for himself. With his own foot he makes a snare; he who sent a message by the hand of a servant. Another: deceit and evil come from the mouth of servants. He who throws a stone upon a roof is like one who gives honor to a servant. A key is turned in the hand of a drunkard, and a lance in the hand of servants. Much flesh is troubled; every servant, when his mind is disturbed. As a dog that enters, by his own nature becomes unclean, so a servant, by his own greatness, is entangled in his sin. There is shame that brings sin, and there is shame for honor and praise. I have seen a man who calls himself wise; hope found a servant from him. And the liar says, when he sends him, \"The lion is on the road and in the streets, kill.\" As a fire that is kindled in thorns, so is a liar in his bed. The liar hides his hand in his bosom and warms it, bringing his hand to his mouth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ጠል፡ በማእረር፡ ወዝናም፡ በሐጋይ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a series of similes introduced by ከመ (as), a common didactic pattern in the Instruction, linking proverbial comparisons to moral lessons.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዓብድ","severity":"info","text":"ዓብድ (servant) is a key term throughout, used both literally and as a figure for a subordinate or unwise person; its repetition anchors the passage’s social and moral commentary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሀካይ","severity":"info","text":"ሀካይ (liar) appears in a series of proverbs about deceit and falsehood, reflecting a broader wisdom tradition that warns against untrustworthy speech and actions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ኢትኩን፡ ከማሁ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ከመ፡ ኢትኩን፡ ከማሁ። (lest he become like that) is ambiguous: the antecedent of “that” is unclear, possibly referring to the preceding simile of a servant exalted beyond his station.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ከልብ፡ ዘይገብእ፡ ኢበ፡ ቂያኡ፡ ጽሉአ፡ ይከውን፡","severity":"info","text":"The simile of a dog becoming unclean by nature parallels the servant’s entanglement in sin, reinforcing a theme of inherent disposition leading to moral failure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ካልእ፡ ሐንካስ፡ ወአበሳ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ካልእ፡ ሐንካስ፡ ወአበሳ፡ (another: deceit and evil) introduces a new proverb with a formulaic marker, suggesting a compilation of originally separate sayings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'that' in the warning about exalting a servant is ambiguous; the simile may be incomplete or corrupted.","The phrase 'with his own foot he makes a snare' could be a proverb with an unclear subject or antecedent."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ጠቢብ፡ ለርእሱ፡ ያስተርኢ፡ ሀካየ፡ ወእምዘ፡ ጽጉብ፡ ይወስድ፡ ሲሳየ። ከመ፡ ዘይእኅዝ፡ ዘነበ፡ ከልብ፡ ከማሁ፡ ዘይቀውም፡ በነገረ፡ ባዕድ፡ ከመ፡ እለ፡ ይትፌወሱ፡ ያወጽኡ፡ ቃሎ፡ ለሰብእ። ወዘተቀበሎ፡ ለነገር፡ ይቀድም፡ ወዲቀ፡ ከማሁ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ የሐብሉ፡ አዕርክቲሆሙ። ወእምከመ፡ አእመርዎሙ፡ ይብሉ፡ በብፃው፡ ገበርነ። በኃጢአ፡ ዕፀው፡ ይጠፍእ፡ እሳት፡ ወበብዝኀ፡ ዕፀው፡ ይነድድ፡ እሳት፡ ወኀበ፡ ኢሀሎ፡ መዓትም፡ የኀስእ፡ ጋእዝ። መጥበስ፡ ለአፍሐም፡ ወዕፀው፡ ለእሳት፡ ከማሁ፡ ብእሲ፡ ጸአሊ፡ ለጋእዝ፡ ወለባእስ። ነገረ፡ መንጐራጒራን፡ ድኩም፡ እለ፡ ይዘብጡ፡ ውስተ፡ መዛግብተ፡ ምሕረት። ብሩር፡ ዘይትወሀብ፡ ምስለ፡ ሕብል፡ ከመ፡ ገልዕ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወከመ፡ ብሩረ፡ ተምያን፡ ዘቀፈልዎ፡ ላዕለ፡ ንዋየ፡ ለብሓ፡ ከማሁ፡ ከናፍር፡ ልሙፃት፡ ይከድና፡ ልበ፡ ኅዝንተ። በከናፍሪሁ፡ ዘልፈ፡ ይበኪ፡ ጸላኢ፡ ወበልቡሰ፡ ይገብር፡ ሕብለ። እመ፡ አስተብቊዓከ፡ ጸላኢከ፡ በዓቢይ፡ ቃል፡ ኢትእመኖ፡ እስመ፡ ሰብዑ፡ እከያት፡ ሀለዉ፡ ውስተ፡ ልቡ። ዘየኀበእ፡ ጽልአ፡ ያስተጋብእ፡ ሕብለ፡ ይከሥት፡ አበሳሁ፡ ማእምር፡ በማኅበር። ዘይከሪ፡ ግበ፡ ለቢጹ፡ ይወድቅ፡ ውስቴቱ፡ ወዘያንኰረኵር፡ እብነ፡ ያንኰረኵር፡ ላዕሌሁ። ልሳን፡ ሐሳዊት፡ ትጸልእ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ወአፍ፡ ዘኢያረምም፡ ይገብር፡ ሀከከ።","english":"A wise man teaches himself a parable, and from a small thing he takes a lesson. Like one who seizes a dog by its tail, so is he who stands in another's affair. Like those who quarrel and raise their voices against a man, and he who accepts a matter goes first, and then all his friends conspire against him. And when they know them, they say, \"We have done it by his command.\" By a small amount of wood, fire is extinguished; by a large amount of wood, fire burns. And where there is no mercy, the master is harsh. Bitterness for the palate and wood for fire, so is a cruel man for a master and for evil. The words of gossips are broken; they fall into pits of mercy. Silver that is given with deceit is like dross, and like silver of Tyre that is plated over base metal, so are lips that are smooth; they cover a heart of sorrow. With his lips he always weeps, the enemy, but in his heart he works deceit. If you have complained of your enemy with a loud voice, do not trust him, for there are seven evils in his heart. He who hides hatred gathers deceit; he reveals his sin, the wise man, in the assembly. He who digs a pit for his neighbor falls into it, and he who rolls a stone, the stone rolls upon him. A lying tongue hates righteousness, and a mouth that does not speak gently causes a cough.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The proverb about the dog seized by its tail illustrates the futility of meddling in others' affairs, a common wisdom motif.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጋእዝ","severity":"info","text":"ጋእዝ (gāʿəz) here means 'master' or 'lord', consistent with its use in Geʿez for a person in authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The image of fire kindled or quenched by wood (small vs. large amount) echoes Proverbs 26:20, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of the pit-digger falling into his own pit appears in Proverbs 26:27 and is a widespread wisdom saying.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'pits of mercy' (መዛግብተ ምሕረት) is ambiguous; it may be ironic or a textual corruption, as mercy pits are not a known concept.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Silver of Tyre (ብሩረ ተምያን) was known in antiquity for its purity, making the contrast with plated base metal a pointed critique of hypocrisy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'pits of mercy' (መዛግብተ ምሕረት) is unclear; it may be a scribal error or an ironic metaphor.","The identity of the 'seven evils' (ሰብዑ እከያት) is not specified in the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Chapter 3\n\nወኢትትዓበይ፡ ዘለጌሠም፡ እስመ፡ ኢተአምር፡ ዘትወልድ፡ ሣኒታ። ይወድስከ፡ አፈ፡ ባዕድ፡ ወአኮ፡ አፈ፡ ዚአከ። ክቡድ፡ እብን፡ ወጽንጉፍ፡ ዖረ፡ ኆፃ፡ ወመዓቱ፡ ለብእሲ፡ ዓብድ፡ ይከብድ፡ እምክልኤሆሙ። አልቦ፡ ምሕረት፡ ለብእሲ፡ ቊጡዕ፡ ወለበሊሐ፡ መዓት፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይትዔረዮ፡ ለቅንአት። ወይኄይስ፡ ዘለፋ፡ ክሡት፡ እምኅቡእ፡ ፍቅር፡ ይኄይስ፡ ፍቅዓት፡ ዘዓርክ፡ እምሠናይ፡ ስዕመተ፡ ጸላኢ። ነፍስ፡ ጽግብት፡ ጸቃውዐ፡ መዓር፡ ትሜንን፡ ወለነፍስሰ፡ ርኅብት፡ መሪርኒ፡ ጥዑመ፡ ያስተርእያ። ከመ፡ ዖፍ፡ እንተ፡ ትሠርር፡ እማኅደራ፡ ከማሁ፡ ብእሲ፡ ይትቀነይ፡ ሶበ፡ ይነግድ፡ እምብሔሩ። ዕፍረት፡ ወዕጣን፡ ወወይን፡ ያስተሔውዙ፡ ልበ፡ ከማሁ፡ ዘይሰምዕ፡ ምክረ፡ ዓርኩ፡ ወትትከዐው፡ በድቀተ፡ ነፍሱ። ዓርክከ፡ ወዓርከ፡ አቡከ፡ ኢትኅድግ፡ ወቤተ፡ እኁከኒ፡ ኢትባእ፡ በምንዳቤ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ትንግሮ፡ ቅድመ፡ ይኄይስ፡ ዓርከ፡ ቅሩብ፡ እምእኊ፡ ዘርኁቀ፡ የኀድር። ጠቢበ፡ ኩን፡ ወልድየ፡ ከመ፡ ይትፈሥሐኒ፡ ልብየ፡ ወአርኅቅ፡ እምኔከ፡ ቃለ፡ ዝንጓጔ። ማእምር፡ መጽኣሁ፡ እኩያት፡ ወተኀብአ፡ ወዓብዳንሰ፡ ተቃዊሞሙ፡ ኃጒለ፡ ተፈድዩ። አሰሰል፡ ልብሰከ፡ እስመ፡ ኃለፈ፡ ጸላኢ፡ ዘባዕደ፡ ያማስን። ዘይባርክ፡ ዓርኮ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ዘዓቢይ፡ ቃል፡ እምዘ፡ ይረግም፡ አልቦ፡ ዘየኃድግ። ጻሕጻሕ፡ ያወጽኦ፡ ለብእሲ፡ እምነ፡ ቤቱ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ክረምት፡ ከማሁ፡ ብእሲት፡ ጸአሊት፡ እምነ፡ ቤት፡ ርሡይ፡ ታወጽኦ፡ ለምታ። ደቡባዊ፡ ነፋስ፡ ጽኑዕ፡ ወበስሙሰ፡ ዘየማን፡ ይሰመይ። ሐፂን፡ ለሐፂን፡ ያበልሖ፡ ወብእሲ፡ ያበልሕ፡ ገጸ፡ ካልኡ።","english":"Chapter 3\n\nDo not boast of what is hidden, for you do not know what will be born. A slanderer will praise you to your face, but another's mouth and your own mouth are heavy. Stone and gravel, a thorn and a bramble, and the anger of a wicked man are heavier than both. There is no mercy for a cruel man, nor for a wise man anger; and there is no one who understands envy. A hidden love is better than an open hatred. A friend's wound is better than an enemy's kiss. A hungry soul tastes bitter things as sweet, and to a thirsty soul even bitter things appear sweet. Like a bird that leaves its nest, so a man is stripped when he leaves his country. Myrrh, frankincense, and wine disturb the heart; likewise, he who hears his friend's counsel and is humbled in his own soul. Do not abandon your friend and your father's friend, and do not enter your brother's house without an invitation beforehand. A near friend is better than a far-off brother who dwells afar. Be wise, my son, so that my heart may rejoice, and remove from yourself the word of gossip. The wise man came to the wicked and hid himself, but the servant stood before them, a rod of discipline. Loosen your garment, for the enemy has passed by; a stranger will deceive. He who blesses his friend in the morning with a great voice—there is none who will not curse him. A drizzle drives a man from his house in the rainy season; likewise, a quarrelsome woman drives her husband from a well-ordered house. The south wind is strong, but its name is called \"right.\" A wise man makes another wise man wiser, and a man makes another man's face brighter.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትትዓበይ፡ ዘለጌሠም፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase warns against boasting of hidden things, linking to the previous passage's theme of hidden versus open matters.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሣኒታ","severity":"info","text":"ሣኒታ (slanderer) is a key term; the Geʿez root suggests calumny, contrasting with the following praise to the face.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"source edition: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ዖፍ፡ እንተ፡ ትሠርር፡ እማኅደራ፡","severity":"info","text":"The bird leaving its nest parallels the man leaving his country, a common wisdom motif in Near Eastern proverbs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ደቡባዊ፡ ነፋስ፡ ጽኑዕ፡ ወበስሙሰ፡ ዘየማን፡ ይሰመይ።","severity":"info","text":"The south wind is called 'right' (ዘየማን), reflecting a cultural association of the south with strength and auspiciousness in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐፂን፡ ለሐፂን፡ ያበልሖ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The final line's meaning is ambiguous: 'a wise man makes another wise man wiser' may also be read as 'a wise man makes a fool wiser,' depending on the interpretation of ሐፂን.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the wise man' and 'the servant' in the rod-of-discipline passage is unclear; it may be a parable or a direct admonition.","The phrase 'a wise man makes another wise man wiser' could be ironic or literal."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ዘተከለ፡ በለሰ፡ ይበልዕ፡ ፍሬሃ፡ ወዘየዐቅብ፡ እግዚኡ፡ ይከብር። ከመ፡ ኢይትማሰል፡ ገጽ፡ ገጸ፡ ከማሁ፡ ልበ፡ ብእሲኒ፡ ኢይትማሰል። ሲኦል፡ ወማኅጐሊ፡ ኢይጸግቡ፡ ከማሁ፡ አዕንተ፡ ሰብእኒ፡ ኢይጸግባ። ርኩስ፡ በኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ምዑክ፡ ዐይን፡ ወእለ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ትምህርት፡ ኢይእኅዙ፡ ልሳኖሙ። መከራሆሙ፡ ለወርቅ፡ ወለብሩር፡ ርስነት፡ ወብእሲ፡ ይትሜከር፡ በኀበ፡ እለ፡ ይዌድስዎ። ልበ፡ ኃጥእ፡ የኃሥሥ፡ እከየ፡ ወልብ፡ ርትዕት፡ ተኃሥሥ፡ አእምሮ። እመ፡ ቀሠፍኮ፡ ለዓብድ፡ በማእከለ፡ ማኅበር፡ በጽእለት፡ ኢይትአተት፡ ዕበዱ። አእምሮ፡ አእምር፡ መንፈሰ፡ መራዕይከ፡ ወሚጥ፡ ልበከ፡ ለመርዔትከ፡ ወለሙፋረ፡ ዚአከ። እስመ፡ አኮ፡ ለብእሲ፡ ኰንኖ፡ ወኃይል፡ ወኢይትወሀብ፡ እምትውልድ፡ ለትውልድ። ዕፅድ፡ ሣዕረ፡ ወአስተሐምም፡ ዘውስተ፡ ገዳም፡ ሐመልማለ፡ ወአስተጋብእ፡ ሣዕረ፡ ደብር፡ ወተአርር፡ ፍሬ። ከመ፡ ታጥሪ፡ አባግዐ፡ ለልብስ፡ አክብር፡ ፂኦተ፡ ከመ፡ ይብዛኅ፡ መርዔትከ። ወልድየ፡ ዘእምኀቤየ፡ ብከ፡ ቃል፡ ጽንዕት፡ ሕልብ፡ ሐሊበጠሊ፡ ለሕይወትከ፡ ወለሕይወተ፡ ነባሪከ።","english":"He who plants a tree will eat its fruit, and he who conceals his own [treasure] will be honored. As the face does not resemble the face, so the heart of a man does not resemble [another's]. Hell and the grave are not filled, as the eyes of men are not filled. A filthy [person] is abominable before God; an eye is wise, and those without learning do not hold their tongues. The testing of gold and of crystal is [by] fire, and a man is tested by those who praise him. A sinful heart seeks evil, and a righteous heart seeks understanding. If you strike a servant in the midst of an assembly with insolence, his dignity is not diminished. Understand, O understanding one, the spirit of your thoughts, and prepare your heart for your pasture and for your own increase, for a man is not [given] strength and power from generation to generation. Grass, hair, and a thicket in the wilderness, a plant, and the gathering of mountain grass, and a fruit tree [are like] the shearing of sheep for clothing. Honor righteousness so that your pasture may increase. And my son, from me to you [is] a strong word: milk, curds, and butter for your life and for the life of your neighbor.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘተከለ፡ በለሰ፡ ይበልዕ፡ ፍሬሃ፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening proverb uses agricultural imagery: planting a tree yields its fruit, paralleling the idea that hidden treasure brings honor. The Geʿez ዘተከለ (he who plants) is a relative clause typical of wisdom sayings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሲኦል፡ ወማኅጐሊ፡ ኢይጸግቡ፡","severity":"info","text":"The statement that hell and the grave are never filled echoes a common biblical trope (cf. Proverbs 27:20, 'Hell and destruction are never full'), though not a direct quotation. The Geʿez ሲኦል (Sheol) and ማኅጐሊ (grave) reflect this tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ርኩስ፡","severity":"info","text":"ርኩስ (filthy) carries ritual impurity connotations in Geʿez Christian context, often linked to moral or cultic uncleanness. The phrase 'abominable before God' reinforces this religious dimension.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መከራሆሙ፡ ለወርቅ፡ ወለብሩር፡ ርስነት፡","severity":"info","text":"Testing gold and crystal by fire is a standard ancient metaphor for proving worth, found in Greek and Near Eastern wisdom. The Geʿez ርስነት (fire) is the agent of testing, paralleling the testing of a man by praise.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልድየ፡ ዘእምኀቤየ፡ ብከ፡ ቃል፡ ጽንዕት፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage closes with a direct address 'my son' (ወልድየ), a common wisdom formula (cf. Proverbs 1:8, 4:1). This marks a structural shift from general proverbs to a personal admonition, typical of instructional literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐሊበጠሊ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The term ሐሊበጠሊ (milk, curds, and butter) is a hapax or rare compound in Geʿez, possibly a scribal error or dialectal form. The English draft interprets it as three items, but the Geʿez may be a single word or miswritten.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ሐሊበጠሊ is ambiguous: it may be a single term or a scribal conflation of ሐሊብ (milk) and ጠሊ (curds/butter). The reading as three separate items follows the English draft but is uncertain.","The clause 'ኢይትወሀብ፡ እምትውልድ፡ ለትውልድ።' (not given from generation to generation) could mean strength is not inherited, or that it is not transmitted across generations; the exact sense is open."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Chapter 4\n\nይጐይይ፡ ረሢዕ፡ እንዘ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይዴግኖ፡ ወጻድቅሰ፡ ከመ፡ አንበሳ፡ ውኩል። በኃጢአተ፡ ረሲዐን፡ መቅሠፍት፡ ይትነሣእ፡ ወብእሲ፡ ጥዩቅ፡ ያጠፍኦ። ጽኑዕ፡ በኃጢአት፡ ይትዔገል፡ ነዳየ፡ ከመ፡ ዝንመ፡ ሞገድ፡ ኢይበቊዕ፡ ከማሁ፡ እለ፡ የኀድጉ፡ ሕገ፡ ወይዌድስዋ፡ ለኃጢአት። እለሰ፡ ያፈቅሩ፡ ሕገ፡ ይጠቅሙ፡ ለርእሶሙ፡ ቅጽረ፡ ወሰብእ፡ እኩያን፡ ኢይሌብዉ፡ ፍትሐ። ወእለሰ፡ የኀሥሥዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ይሴብዉ፡ በኵሉ፡ ጊዜ። ይኄይስ፡ ነዳየ፡ ዘየሐውር፡ በጽድቅ፡ እምባዕል፡ ሐሳዊ። ዘየዓቅብ፡ ሕገ፡ ወልድ፡ ማእምር፡ ወዘሰ፡ ይሬእያ፡ ለዘማይዛወጋ፡ ለሙስና፡ ወያጼእል፡ አባሁ። ዘያበዝኅ፡ ብዕሎ፡ በርዴ፡ ወበትዕግልት፡ ለዘይምሕር፡ ነዳየ፡ ያስተጋብእ። ዘይመይጥ፡ ዕዝኖ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይስማዕ፡ ሕገ፡ ውእቱኒ፡ መነነ፡ ጸሎቶ። ዘያስሕቶሙ፡ ለዕውራን፡ በፍኖት፡ እኪት፡ ውስተ፡ ሙስና፡ ይወድቅ፡ ወዓማፅያንሰ፡ የኃልፉ፡ እንተ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወኢይበውኡ፡ ውስቴታ። ጠቢብ፡ ለርእሱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ባዕል፡ ነዳይ፡ ማእምር፡ ያቅሌልዮ። በረድኤተ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ይከውን፡ ብዙኅ፡ ስብሐት፡ ወበፍናወ፡ ረሲዓን፡ ይትኀጐሉ፡ ሰብእ። ዘይከድን፡ አበሳሁ፡ ኢይረትዕ፡ ፍናዊሁ፡ ወዘሰ፡ ይነግር፡ ወይዘልፍ፡ ገሃደ፡ ይትፈቀር። ብፁዕ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘይደነግፅ፡ በኵሉ፡ ጊዜ፡ በእንተ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ወጽኑዐ፡ ልብሰ፡ ይወድቅ፡ ውስተ፡ እኩይ። አንበሳ፡ ርኁብ፡ ወተኵላ፡ ጽሙእ፡ ከማሁ፡ መኰንን፡ ረሲዕ፡ ላዕለ፡ ነዳይ፡ ዘይትዔገል፡ እንዘ፡ ነዳይ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ጽኑሰ፡ ይከውን።","english":"Chapter 4\n\nThe wicked man sins while having no one to rebuke him, and the righteous one is like a lion. By the sin of the wicked, punishment arises, and a foolish man destroys himself. The one who is steadfast in sin is mocked; the poor man is like a wave that does not break. Likewise, those who abandon the law and confess sin, but those who love the law benefit themselves with a portion. And evil men do not understand justice. And those who seek God are blessed at all times. The poor man who walks in righteousness is better than a rich man who is a miser. He who keeps the law, a wise son, and he who sees to it that he does not squander for destruction and who makes his father glad. He who increases his wealth through idleness and laziness, for him who pities the poor, he gathers. He who stops his ear as if he does not hear the law, his prayer is also rejected. He who leads the blind on an evil path falls into destruction. And the wicked pass through the good and do not enter it. The wise man for himself, a rich man, a poor man, a wise man, they are all contemptible. By the help of the righteous, there is much praise, and by the ways of the wicked, men are mocked. He who conceals his sin, his ways are not good, and he who speaks and passes the time openly is praised. Blessed is the man who always shines because of righteousness, and the one who is steadfast falls into evil because of his garment. A hungry lion and a thirsty wolf, likewise a wicked judge over a poor man who is mocked while he himself is poor, becomes a strong people.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage contrasts the wicked and the righteous, emphasizing that the poor who walk in righteousness are superior to a miserly rich man.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ነዳየ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ነዳየ' (nädäyä) means 'poor man' and is used repeatedly to highlight the moral status of poverty in this context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕገ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'those who abandon the law' echoes biblical themes of law (Torah) and sin, common in wisdom literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of a hungry lion and thirsty wolf as metaphors for a wicked judge reflects traditional Ethiopic moral allegory.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"source edition: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a series of antithetical proverbs, contrasting the righteous and wicked, the poor and rich, and the obedient and disobedient.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The final sentence is ambiguous: 'becomes a strong people' may be a textual corruption or a misreading of the Geʿez syntax.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The final clause 'becomes a strong people' is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a condensed metaphor."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ንጉሥ፡ ነዳየ፡ አእምሮ፡ ጸባሕተ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ተዓሃሌ፡ ይከውን፡ ወዘሰ፡ ይጸልእ፡ ዓመፃ፡ ብዙኀ፡ መዋዕለ፡ የሐዩ። ብእሲ፡ ዓማፂ፡ ዘይበውእ፡ በደመ፡ ሰብእ፡ ሶበ፡ ይወርድ፡ ውስተ፡ ግብ፡ ኢይእኅዝዎ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘይትሔበይ፡ ርሱሐ፡ በቀትል፡ ሥሩር፡ ውእቱ፡ ወአኮ፡ ጽኑዕ። መሐር፡ ወልደከ፡ ወያፈቅረከ፡ ወይሁብ፡ ሠርጐ፡ ለነፍስከ፡ ወኢይሰምዕ፡ ዘንተ፡ ሕገ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ዓማፂ። ዘየሐውር፡ በጽድቅ፡ ርዱእ፡ ጠዋየሰ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ዘየሐውር፡ ይጸመር። ዘይትጌበር፡ ገራህቶ፡ ያበዝኅ፡ እክለ፡ ወዘሰ፡ ያበዝኀ፡ ጽርዓተ፡ ይዴግን፡ ንዴተ። ብእሲ፡ ኄር፡ ብዙኀ፡ ይትአኰት፡ ወእኩይሰ፡ ኢይነጽሕ። ኃፊረ፡ ገጽ፡ በፍትሕ፡ አኮ፡ ሠናይ፡ ወዘኢየኃፍር፡ ገጸ፡ ጻድቃን፡ አኮ፡ ኄር፡ ዘከመዝ፡ በፍተ፡ ኅብስት፡ ያገብእ፡ ሰብአ፡ ወይጌጊ። ይጔጒፅ፡ ይብዓል፡ ብእሲ፡ ሐማሚ፡ ወኢየአምር፡ ከመ፡ ብእሲ፡ መኀሪ፡ ይመልኮ። ዘይዘልፍ፡ ፍኖቶ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ይረክብ፡ ክብረ፡ ፈድፋደ፡ እምነ፡ ዘበልሳኑ፡ ያደሉ። ዘይትዔገል፡ አባሁ፡ ወእሞ፡ ወይብል፡ ኢ፡ አበስኩ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሱታፌሁ፡ ለብእሲ፡ ረሲዕ። ስሱዕ፡ ብእሲ፡ ከነቶ፡ ይፈትሕ፡ ወዘሰ፡ ተወከለ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ በአስተሐምሞ፡ ይሄሉ። ወዘይትአመን፡ በትፍሥሕተ፡ ልቡ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ዓብድ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወዘየሐውርሰ፡ በጥበብ፡ ይድኅን። ዘይሁብ፡ ለነዳይ፡ ጽኑስ፡ ኢይፄነስ፡ ወዘሰ፡ ይመይጥ፡ ዓይኖሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ተጽናስ፡ ይሄሉ። ውስተ፡ መካነ፡ ረሲዓን፡ ይግዕሩ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ወበኃጒለ፡ ዚአሆሙ፡ ይበዝኁ፡ ጻድቃን።","english":"A king who is poor of understanding is like a great cloud that produces no rain. And he who hates iniquity will live many days. A wicked man who enters into the blood of a person, when he descends into the pit, no one will seize him. A man who is gentle and humble is a killer of the strong, and he is not firm. Teach your son, and he will love you, and he will give a gift for your soul, and he will not hear this law of the people, the wicked one. He who walks in righteousness, his path is straight; he who walks in crookedness, his path is narrow. He who cultivates his field will increase his grain, and he who increases his sowing will diminish his threshing-floor. A good man is much praised, but an evil man is not seen. A face ashamed before the law is not good, and he who is not ashamed before the face of the righteous is not good. Like this, by a piece of bread he brings in people and he mocks. He who is angry and wrathful is a sick man, and he does not know that a merciful man rules over him. He who loses his way for a person will find great honor, more than he who speaks with his tongue. He who is rebuked by his father and mother and says, \"I have not sinned,\" this is the companion of a wicked man. A hungry man opens his sack, and he who trusts in God will live in his hope. And he who believes in the joy of his heart, like this he is a servant. And he who walks in wisdom will be saved. He who gives to the poor, firm, does not diminish. And he who casts his eyes into great firmness will live. In the place of the wicked, the righteous are few, and by their number the righteous are many.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage contrasts the righteous and the wicked through a series of proverbial comparisons, emphasizing moral consequences and divine order.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ንጉሥ፡ ነዳየ፡ አእምሮ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'king poor of understanding' uses 'ነዳየ' (poor) metaphorically, not materially, to denote intellectual or moral deficiency.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይሁብ፡ ለነዳይ፡ ጽኑስ፡ ኢይፄነስ","severity":"info","text":"The saying 'he who gives to the poor, firm, does not diminish' echoes Proverbs 28:27, where charity is rewarded without loss.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a series of antithetical couplets, each contrasting a virtuous action with its opposite, typical of wisdom literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘየሐውር፡ በጽድቅ፡ ርዱእ፡ ጠዋየሰ፡ ፍኖተ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'his path is straight' may be a scribal gloss or interpolation, as the Geʿez shifts abruptly from third-person to possessive suffix.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'king' in the first line is ambiguous; it may refer to a literal ruler or be a metaphor for any authority figure.","The phrase 'he who casts his eyes into great firmness' is obscure; 'firmness' may be a corruption or a rare term for 'depth' or 'abyss'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Chapter 5\n\nይኄይስ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘይዘለፍ፡ እምብእሲ፡ ጽኑዐ፡ ክሳድ፡ እስመ፡ ግብተ፡ ይነድድ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ፈውስ። ወበተወድሶቶሙ፡ ለጻድቃን፡ ይትፌሥሑ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ወበመኳንንት፡ ረሲዓን፡ ይቴክዙ፡ እደው፡ ጻድቃን። በወልድ፡ ዘያፈቅር፡ ጥበበ፡ ይትፌሣሕ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወዘሰ፡ ይሬኢ፡ ዘማተ፡ ያኃጒል፡ ብዕሎ። ንጉሥ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ያነሥእ፡ ሀገረ፡ ወብእሲሰ፡ ዓማፂ፡ ይነሥት። ዘይሠርዕ፡ በቅድመ፡ ዓርኩ፡ መሥገርተ፡ ይወድዮን፡ ውስቴቱ፡ ለአእጋረ፡ ዚአሁ። በጌጋየ፡ ብእሲ፡ ይበዝኅ፡ መሥገርት፡ ወዘየኃጥእ፡ ብእሲ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓቢይ፡ መሥገርት፡ ይወድቅ፡ ወጻድቅሰ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ፍሥሓ፡ ወኃሤት፡ ይሄሉ። የአምር፡ ጻድቅ፡ ፈቲሐ፡ ለነዳይ፡ ወረሲዕሰ፡ ኢየአምር፡ ጠይቆ፡ ወለነዳይሰ፡ ኢይሄልዎ፡ ልብ፡ ወአእምሮ። ሰብእ፡ ጸዋጋን፡ አንደዱ፡ ሀገረ፡ ወጠበብትሰ፡ ሜጡ፡ መዓተ። ብእሲ፡ ጠቢብ፡ ይኴንን፡ አሕዛበ፡ ወብእሲሰ፡ እኩይ፡ ይትመዓፅ፡ ይስሕቅዎ፡ ወኢያኀዝኖ። ሰብእ፡ ሱቱፋን፡ በደም፡ ይጸልኡ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ወራትዓንሰ፡ የኃሥሡ፡ ነፍሰ። ኵሎ፡ መዓቶ፡ ያወጽእ፡ ዐብድ፡ ወጠቢብሰ፡ ይዘግብ፡ ዘእምውስቴቱ። ንጉሥ፡ ዘይሰምዕ፡ ነገረ፡ ግፍዕ፡ ወኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ዓማፅያን። ለቃሒ፡ ወተለቃሒ፡ ክልኤሆሙ፡ ተራኪቦሙ፡ ይሔውጾሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኅቡረ፡ ለክልኤሆሙ። ንጉሥ፡ ዘበጽድቅ፡ ይፈትሕ፡ ለነዳያን፡ መንበሩ፡ በሰላም፡ ለዓለም፡ ይቀውም። ዝብጠት፡ ወተግሣፅ፡ ይሁብ፡ ጥበበ፡ ወልድ፡ ዘይስሕት፡ ያስተኃፍር፡ ዘመዶ። በብዝኆሙ፡ ለረሲዓን፡ ይትገበር፡ ኃጢአት፡ ብዙኅ፡ ወጻድቃንሰ፡ በድቀቶሙ፡ ለእልክቱ፡ ፈራህያነ፡ ይከውኑ።","english":"Chapter 5\n\nIt is better for a man to surpass a man of strong neck, for the wound burns and has no cure. And in the praise of the righteous, the peoples rejoice, and in the judgments of the wicked, the hands of the righteous are strengthened. A son who loves wisdom makes his father rejoice, and he who sees the end of a matter increases his wealth. A righteous king raises up a city, but a foolish man destroys it. He who slanders before his friend, he loves the gifts within his own feet. Through the error of a man, gifts increase, and a sinful man falls into great gifts, but the righteous are in great joy and honor. The righteous knows the judgment for the poor, but the wicked does not know the inquiry, and for the poor there is no heart or understanding. Wicked men have destroyed a city, but the wise have increased the land. A wise man judges the peoples, but an evil man is mocked, they laugh at him, and he does not grieve. Treacherous men hate righteousness by blood, but the righteous desire the soul. A servant brings out all his anger, but the wise conceals what is within him. A king who hears a false report, and all those near him are fools. For the accuser and the accused, both of them together, God will cast them down together. A king who judges justly for the poor, his throne stands in peace forever. Admonition and instruction give wisdom, and a son who laughs brings shame to his family. By the multitude of the wicked, sin is committed greatly, but the righteous, by the humility of the noble, become fearful.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጽኑዐ ክሳድ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ጽኑዐ ክሳድ (ṣanūʿa kasād) literally means 'strong of neck,' a Geʿez idiom for stubbornness or obstinacy, not a physical description.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The line 'he who sees the end of a matter increases his wealth' contrasts foresight with folly, a common wisdom theme.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መሥገርተ","severity":"info","text":"The term መሥገርተ (maśaggarta) 'gifts' may echo the biblical concept of bribery or gifts that corrupt judgment, as in Exodus 23:8 or Proverbs 15:27.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage reflects the Geʿez wisdom tradition's concern with just kingship and the moral order, paralleling themes in the Book of Proverbs and the Ethiopic 'Mäṣḥafä Fälsəfä Täbab'.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"source edition: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The chapter is composed of short, parallelistic sayings typical of wisdom literature, with no narrative progression; each verse is a self-contained maxim.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየአምር","severity":"caution","text":"The reading ኢየአምር (ʾuyaʾammər) 'does not know' is uncertain; the manuscript may have a scribal error, as the expected form would be ኢያአምር (ʾuyāʾammər).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'he loves the gifts within his own feet' is obscure; 'feet' may be a metaphor for base or lowly actions, or a scribal corruption.","The clause 'by the humility of the noble, become fearful' is syntactically ambiguous; it may mean the righteous become fearful due to the humility of the noble, or the noble become fearful due to the humility of the righteous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"መሃር፡ ወልደከ፡ ወያዓርፈከ፡ ወይሁብ፡ ሠርጐ፡ ለነፍስከ። በኃጢአ፡ መምህር፡ ይበዝኁ፡ ኃጥአን፡ ወኢይሄልዎ፡ መምህር፡ ለሕዝብ፡ ኃጥእ፡ ወዘሰ፡ የዓቅብ፡ ሕገ፡ ወልድ፡ ብፁዕ። በቃል፡ ኢይትመሀር፡ ገብር፡ ጸዋግ፡ ወእመኒ፡ አእመረ፡ ኢይትኤዘዝ። እመኒ፡ ርኢከ፡ ብእሴ፡ ጒጒዐ፡ በቃል፡ አእምር፡ ከመ፡ ቦቱ፡ ተስፋ፡ ለዐብድ፡ እምኔሁ። ነዛህሊል፡ ብእሲ፡ እምንእሱ፡ ይከውን፡ ገብረ፡ ወድኅረ፡ ያኃዝን፡ ርእሶ። ብእሲ፡ መዓትም፡ ይከሪ፡ ጋእዘ፡ ወብእሲ፡ ቊጡዕ፡ ይከሪ፡ ኃጢአተ። ትዕቢት፡ ወጽእለት፡ ቴሕት፡ ብእሴ፡ ወለትሑተ፡ ሕሊናሰ፡ ያቀርቦ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለክብር። ዘይትካፈል፡ ምስለ፡ ሰራቂ፡ ጸልአ፡ ነፍሶ፡ ወለእመ፡ መሐለ፡ አምጽኡ፡ ሎቱ፡ ይምኅል፡ ወዘሰምዐ፡ ኢይነግር፡ በፈሪህ። ወበኀፊረ፡ ገጽ፡ ይትዐቀጽ፡ ወዘሰ፡ ተወከለ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ ይትፌሣሕ። ጌጋዩ፡ ለብእሲ፡ ይሁቦ፡ አበሳ፡ ወዘሰ፡ ተአመነ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ ይድኅን። ብዙኀን፡ ይትለአኩ፡ ለገጸ፡ መኳንንት፡ ወእምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይከውን፡ ጽድቁ፡ ወሀብቱ፡ ለብእሲ። ምኑን፡ ብእሲ፡ ጻድቅ፡ በኀበ፡ ብእሲ፡ ገፋዒ፡ ወርኩስ፡ ለኃጥእ፡ ፍኖት፡ ርትዕት።","english":"Teach your son, and he will benefit you, and he will give a gift to your soul. By the sin of a teacher, sinners multiply, and a teacher does not guide a sinful people. And whoever keeps the law of a son is blessed. By word, a lazy servant is not taught, and even if he knows, he is not obedient. If you see a man who is proud in speech, know that he has hope for a servant from him. A deceitful man from his youth becomes a servant, and afterward he will grieve his head. A wrathful man is like a burning fire, and a violent man is like a sin. Pride and arrogance are beneath a man, but humility of mind brings him near to God for honor. He who shares with a thief hates his own soul, and if he swears, they bring him to him, he will swear. And he who hears but does not tell is a coward. And with a downcast face, he will be punished. And he who trusts in God will rejoice. The error of a man gives him sin, and he who believes in God will be saved. Many gather before the face of princes, but from God come his justice and his gift to a man. Who is a righteous man before a violent and cursed man? The path of a sinner is straight.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"መሃር፡ ወልደከ፡ ወያዓርፈከ፡ ወይሁብ፡ ሠርጐ፡ ለነፍስከ","severity":"info","text":"The opening clause links teaching a son to both material benefit and spiritual gift, echoing the wisdom tradition's concern with legacy and salvation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጸዋግ","severity":"info","text":"ጸዋግ (ṣawāg) is rendered 'lazy' in the draft, but the root connotes negligence or idleness, often in a moral or servile context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይትካፈል፡ ምስለ፡ ሰራቂ፡ ጸልአ፡ ነፍሶ","severity":"info","text":"The maxim 'he who shares with a thief hates his own soul' resonates with Proverbs 13:18 (LXX) and similar wisdom warnings against complicity in wrongdoing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ብእሲ፡ መዓትም፡ ይከሪ፡ ጋእዘ፡ ወብእሲ፡ ቊጡዕ፡ ይከሪ፡ ኃጢአተ","severity":"info","text":"A parallel couplet compares a wrathful man to fire and a violent man to sin, using synonymous parallelism typical of Ethiopic wisdom poetry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ትዕቢት፡ ወጽእለት፡ ቴሕት፡ ብእሴ፡ ወለትሑተ፡ ሕሊናሰ፡ ያቀርቦ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለክብር","severity":"info","text":"The contrast between pride and humility as a path to divine honor reflects a monastic or ascetic reception of wisdom themes, common in Ethiopic Christian pedagogy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ነዛህሊል፡ ብእሲ፡ እምንእሱ፡ ይከውን፡ ገብረ፡ ወድኅረ፡ ያኃዝን፡ ርእሶ","severity":"caution","text":"The clause about a deceitful man becoming a servant and grieving his head is ambiguous: 'head' may mean his own person or a master; the draft takes the former, but the latter is possible.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ያኃዝን ርእሶ' could mean 'grieve his own head' (i.e., himself) or 'grieve the head' (i.e., a superior); the draft opts for the former.","The final line 'ፍኖት ርትዕት' may mean 'straight path' or 'right path'; the draft chooses 'straight', but 'right' (morally correct) is also possible."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"Chapter 6\n\nእመ፡ ቦ፡ ዘረከበ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ጽንዕተ፡ ክብርት፡ ይእቲ፡ እምዕንቊ፡ ክቡር፡ ዘብዙኅ፡ ሤጡ። ለእንተ፡ ከመዝ፡ ብእሲት፡ ይትአመን፡ ባቲ፡ ልበ፡ ምታ፡ እንተ፡ ከመዝ፡ ብእሲት፡ አምሠናይ፡ ምህርካ፡ ኢተሐፅዖ። ትትራድኦ፡ ለምታ፡ ሠናየ፡ በሠናይ፡ ወአኮ፡ እኩየ፡ በእኩይ፡ በኵሉ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ሕይወታ። እንዘ፡ ትባዝት፡ ፀምረ፡ ወአጌ፡ ገብረት፡ ሠናየ፡ በእደዊሃ። ወኮነት፡ ከመ፡ ሐመር፡ እንተ፡ ትትጌበር፡ እምርኁቅ፡ ወታስተጋብእ፡ ኵሎ፡ ብዕለ፡ ወትትነሣእ፡ በሌሊት፡ ወትሁብ፡ ሲሳየ፡ ለሰብአ፡ ቤታ፡ ወግብሮን፡ ለአዋልድ። ርእየት፡ ወፍረ፡ ወተሣየጠት፡ ወእምፍሬ፡ እደዊሃ፡ ተከለት፡ ጥሪተ። አጽኒዓ፡ ወቀኒታ፡ ኀቌሃ፡ አውጽአት፡ እደዊሃ፡ ለግብር። ጥዕመት፡ ከመ፡ ሠናይ፡ ውእቱ፡ ተቀንዮ፡ ለምት፡ ወኢይጠፍእ፡ ኵሎ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ማኅቶታ። ወእሰዊሃ፡ ትሰፍሕ፡ ዲበ፡ ዘይበቊዕ፡ ወእመታ፡ ታጸንዕ፡ ለፈቲል። ወእደዊሃ፡ ፈትሐት፡ ለምስኪናን፡ ወእራኃ፡ ለፍሐት፡ ለነዳያን። ወኢይቴክዝ፡ ምታ፡ በእንተ፡ ቤቱ፡ እመቦ፡ ወእደ፡ ጐንደየ፡ ወኵሎሙ፡ እሊአሃ፡ እሩዛን፡ እሙንቱ፡ በበክልኤ። ክዑበ፡ ከለሜዳ፡ ገብረት፡ ለምታ፡ ዘቢሦስ፡ ወሜላተ፡ ገብረት፡ ላቲ፡ አልባሰ። ወዘያስተርኢ፡ ይከውን፡ ምታ፡ በውስተ፡ አናቅጽ፡ ሶበ፡ ይነብር፡ በውስተ፡ ማኅበር፡ ምስለ፡ ሊቃናተ፡ ምድር። ሰንዱናተ፡ ገብረት፡ ወጸገወቶ፡ ለምታ፡ ወንቊበታተ፡ ለከነዓናውያን፡ አፉሃ፡ ከሠተት፡ ዘበሕግ፡ ወዓቅመ፡ ሠርዓት፡ ለልሳና። ኃይለ፡ ወላህየ፡ ለብሰት፡ ወተፈሥሐት፡ በመዋዕል፡ ደኃርያት።","english":"Chapter 6\n\nIf there is a man who finds a strong and honorable woman, she is more precious than a precious gem of great price. For such a woman, the heart trusts in her. A good woman is a teacher of your son; she will guide him. She will repay good with good and evil with evil throughout all the days of her life, while she multiplies the harvest and the handmaid does good with her hands. And she became like a vine that is pruned from afar and gathers all abundance, and she rises by night and gives food to the people of her house and works for the children. She saw and feared and was patient, and from the fruit of her hands she planted a vineyard. She strengthened and acquired, and from her bosom she brought forth her hands for work. Health is like good; it is the acquisition of a woman, and it does not perish all night long in her womb. And her hands spread over what is sown, and her mother strengthens the thread. And her hands opened for the poor, and her arms for the hungry for the needy. And a woman is not despised because of her house, her mother, and her hand that is generous, and all who are with her are poor; they are in pairs. A woman made a double garment of linen, and a woman made a garment of silk and a cloak for herself. And what is seen will be a woman within the gates when she dwells in the assembly with the wise of the land. A woman made gifts and bestowed them upon the woman, and earrings for the Canaanites; her mouth concealed what is by law and the ordinance of custom for the tongue. She put on strength and adornment and rejoiced in the latter days.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ብእሲተ ጽንዕተ ክብርት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'strong and honorable woman' echoes the praise of the capable wife in Proverbs 31:10-31, a common topos in wisdom literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምታ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word 'ምታ' (məta) is glossed in the glossary as 'woman' or 'wife', but here it may also carry the sense of 'matron' or 'household manager'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ከነዓናውያን","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Canaanites' (ከነዓናውያን) is anachronistic in this context, likely a generic reference to non-Israelite peoples or a scribal error for a local group.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a continuous narrative praising the ideal woman, contrasting with the preceding passage's focus on teaching and discipline.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይጠፍእ ኵሎ ሌሊተ ማኅቶታ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'it does not perish all night long in her womb' is obscure; 'ማኅቶታ' (maḫtota) may be a corruption or a rare term for 'womb' or 'interior'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'Canaanites' is unclear; possibly a generic term for foreigners or a scribal error.","The phrase 'it does not perish all night long in her womb' is ambiguous and may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ጽፉቅ፡ በዋዕይ፡ ቤታ፡ ኅብስተ፡ ሀኬት፡ ኢበልዐት፡ ሕግ፡ ወምጽዋት፡ ውስተ፡ አፉሃ፡ ወአፉሃ፡ ፈትሐት፡ በጥበብ፡ ወበሥርዓተ፡ ሕግ። ወምጽዋታ፡ አልሀቀ፡ ውሉዳ፡ ወአብዓላ፡ ወወደሳ፡ ምታ። ብዙኃት፡ አዋልድ፡ አጥረያ፡ ብዕለ፡ ወብዙኃት፡ ገብራ፡ ኃይለ፡ ወአንቲሰ፡ ትፈደፍዲ፡ ወተዓደውኪ፡ ኵሎን። ሕስው፡ አሥምሮ፡ ወምኑን፡ ላህይ፡ እስመ፡ ብእሲት፡ ጠባብ፡ ትትባረክ፡ ወፈራሂተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይእቲ፡ ትሴባሕ። ሀብዋ፡ እምፍሬ፡ ከናፍሪሃ፡ ወይትአኰት፡ በአናቅጽ፡ ምታ።","english":"A woman who is pure in her house, who bakes bread of hospitality, who knows law and custom, who keeps her mouth closed and opens it with wisdom and with the ordinance of law, and who teaches her children and her servants—and who has many children, who has acquired much wealth and many servants, strength and intelligence—and who rejoices and is gladdened by all of them—she is a lamp of good counsel and a faithful one. For a woman who is righteous is blessed, and she who fears the Lord is praised. Give her more than the fruit of her womb, and she will be honored among the multitudes.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes an ideal woman who is pure, hospitable, wise, and a teacher of children and servants, culminating in her being a lamp of good counsel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጽፉቅ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጽፉቅ (ṣufuq) means 'pure' or 'chaste,' often with moral and ritual connotations in Ethiopic Christian literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"source edition: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to baking bread of hospitality (ኅብስተ ሀኬት) reflects the Ethiopic Christian practice of offering bread to guests, a sign of virtue and community standing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'she who fears the Lord is praised' echoes Proverbs 31:30, where a woman who fears God is praised, aligning with the wisdom tradition of the work.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the work with a series of conditional and descriptive clauses, building to a final exhortation to honor the virtuous woman, typical of didactic narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"betmas: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is attributed to Solomon in the Ethiopic tradition, and this passage has been cited in discussions of female virtue in Ethiopian Orthodox moral teaching.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2396Tagsas","label":"source edition: ተግሣጸ፡ ሰሎሞን፡","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2396Tagsas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez term ምጽዋት (məṣəwwat) can mean 'custom' or 'ordinance,' and its precise legal or customary scope is unclear; the translation opts for 'custom' and 'ordinance of law.'","The phrase 'give her more than the fruit of her womb' is ambiguous: it may mean reward her beyond her children, or give her more than her offspring produce."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}