{"slug":"LIT2375Synaxa","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","title":"Synaxarion","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"The translation was carried out around\n 1400 by , a monk of , according to the colophon\n of the translation present in .","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"unknown","publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T00:23:54Z","cost_usd":0.002175},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","work_id":"LIT2375Synaxa","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"},"stats":{"passages":5,"english_words":439,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":23,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":9,"work_notes":5,"external_links":0,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT2375Synaxa","abstract":"The Ethiopic Synaxarion is a liturgical hagiographical collection of saints' lives arranged by day of the year, used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo Church. It derives from the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, adapted and expanded in Ethiopia from the 14th century onward. The core compilation dates to the 14th–15th centuries, with later additions. The present edition (betmas) is based on a 19th-century manuscript. The text is read daily in Ethiopian liturgy and has been translated into Amharic and English. This edition lacks critical apparatus on manuscript variants or the full Copto-Arabic source; textual divergences remain unmarked.","historical_context":"The Geʿez Synaxarion was translated around 1400 CE by a monk of an unspecified monastery, according to the colophon of the translation present in the source manuscript. It is rooted in the Coptic tradition, with compilers identified as Abba Michael, bishop of Atrib and Malig, and Abba John, bishop of Burulus—Egyptian sees in the Nile Delta. The compilation date is given as 963 of the Era of the Martyrs (1246/1247 CE), anchoring its redaction in the 13th century. The text was adapted and expanded in Ethiopia from the 14th century onward, reflecting the liturgical and hagiographic needs of the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo Church. The present edition is based on a 19th-century manuscript, indicating ongoing transmission and use. The Synaxarion prescribes daily reading of saints' acts and celebration of their commemorations, highlighting its liturgical function throughout the ecclesiastical year.","significance":"The Ethiopic Synaxarion is a key witness to the adaptation of Coptic hagiography in Ethiopia, illustrating the transmission of Christian literary traditions across linguistic and cultural boundaries. It remains central to Ethiopian Orthodox liturgy and piety, shaping the annual cycle of saint veneration. Its study illuminates the history of Ethiopian Christianity, manuscript culture, and the integration of Egyptian ecclesiastical heritage.","timeline":[{"date":"13th c.","event":"Compilation of the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, dated to 1246/1247 CE (963 Era of the Martyrs)."},{"date":"ca. 1400","event":"Translation of the Synaxarion into Geʿez by a monk, as per the colophon."},{"date":"14th–15th c.","event":"Core compilation of the Ethiopic Synaxarion, with later additions."},{"date":"19th c.","event":"Manuscript basis for the present edition (betmas)."},{"date":"20th–21st c.","event":"Translation into Amharic and English for broader use."}],"relations":[{"work":"Copto-Arabic Synaxarion","relation":"source text","key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"},{"work":"Ethiopic Synaxarion (betmas edition)","relation":"edition of the same work","key":"ed:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"},{"work":"Synaxarion (Ethiopic, 19th-c. manuscript)","relation":"manuscript witness","key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"external_links":[],"cautions":["The exact identity of the translator and the monastery remain unknown; the colophon is not fully specified.","The present edition lacks critical apparatus on manuscript variants and the full Copto-Arabic source, so textual divergences are unmarked.","The dating of the core compilation to the 14th–15th centuries is approximate, with later additions not precisely dated."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000433,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:23:54Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2375Synaxa","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":5,"translated":5,"commentary_passages":5,"commentary_units":23,"english_words":145,"source_letters":417,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Synaxarion is a liturgical hagiographical collection of saints' lives arranged by day of the year, read in the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo Church.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez Synaxarion derives from the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, adapted and expanded in Ethiopia from the 14th century onward.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The core compilation dates to the 14th–15th centuries, with later additions; the present edition (betmas) is based on a 19th-century manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"},{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Synaxarion is read daily in Ethiopian liturgy and has been translated into Amharic and English for broader use.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not include critical apparatus on manuscript variants or the full Copto-Arabic source; textual divergences remain unmarked.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 5 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":5},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa":{"label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"},"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic":{"label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"},"hollis:alma990136133530203941":{"label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"},"ed:LIT2375Synaxa":{"label":"source edition: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"First half of the year\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Maskaram\n\nIntroduction for Maskaram\n\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አሐዱ፡ አምላክ፡ ንወጥን፡ በረድኤተ፡ እግዚኣብሔር፡ ወሠናይ፡ ሀብቱ፡ በጽሒፈ፡\nመጽሐፈ፡ ስንክሳር፡ ዘበትርጓሜሁ፡ ጉባኤ፡ ዘቀድኅዎ፡ አበዊነ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ መምህራነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን። አብ፡ ክቡር፡ አባ፡\nሚካኤል፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘሀገረ፡ አትሪብ፡ ወመሊግ። ወአብ፡ ክቡር፡ አባ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘሀገረ፡ ቡርልስ። ወካልኣን፡ አበው፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ወክቡራን፡ እለ፡ አስተጋብእዎ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ እምኵሎሙ፡ ገድላት፡ ዘመላእክት፡ ወሐዋርያት፡\nወነቢያት፡ ወሰማዕታት፡ ወሊቃነ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ወጻድቃን፡ ወገዳማዊያን፡ ወመነኮሳት። ከመ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ተዝካሮሙ፡ ወያንብቡ፡\nገድሎሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ አሚረ፡ እም፩ ለመስከረም፡ እስከ፡ ተፍጻሜተ፡ ዓመት። ወኮነ፡ አስተጋብኦቱ፡ በ፱፻፷ወ፫ዓመት፡ ለሰማዕታት፡\nንጹሓን። ጸሎቶሙ፡ ወበረከቶሙ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ አሜን።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. We begin with the help of the Lord and his good gift, the writing of the book of the Synaxarion, whose interpretation is \"Collection,\" which our holy fathers, the teachers of the Church, compiled. The venerable father Abba Michael, bishop of the city of Atrib and Malig, and the venerable father Abba John, bishop of the city of Burulus, and other holy and venerable fathers who assembled this book from all the acts of the angels, apostles, prophets, martyrs, patriarchs, righteous ones, anchorites, and monks, so that their commemorations may be celebrated and their acts read every day from the first of Maskaram to the end of the year. And its compilation was in the year 963 of the pure martyrs. May their prayer and blessing be with us. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening trinitarian invocation is a standard formula in Geʿez liturgical and hagiographic texts, marking the beginning of the Synaxarion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ስንክሳር፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'sənkəsar' is a loan from Greek 'synaxarion', meaning 'collection' (of saints' lives). The text glosses it as 'guba'e' (ጉባኤ፡), 'assembly' or 'collection'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አብ፡ ክቡር፡ አባ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ኤጲስ፡ ቆጶስ፡ ዘሀገረ፡ አትሪብ፡ ወመሊግ።","severity":"info","text":"Abba Michael, bishop of Atrib and Malig, and Abba John, bishop of Burulus, are identified as compilers. These are Egyptian sees in the Nile Delta, linking the Synaxarion to the Coptic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"በ፱፻፷ወ፫ዓመት፡ ለሰማዕታት፡ ንጹሓን።","severity":"info","text":"The compilation date is given as 963 of the Era of the Martyrs (Diocletian era), corresponding to 1246/1247 CE. This anchors the Synaxarion's redaction in the 13th century.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ተዝካሮሙ፡ ወያንብቡ፡ ገድሎሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The text prescribes daily reading of saints' acts and celebration of their commemorations, indicating the Synaxarion's liturgical use in the Ethiopian Church throughout the year.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the compilation date (963 AM) refers to the original Copto-Arabic compilation or its Geʿez translation/adaptation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"1st Maskaram\n\nBeginning of the year\n\n's washing in the river\n\nDeath of\n\nDeath of\n\nDeath of\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nDescribed by in , but not in\n\n.\n\nFeast of\n\nDecapitation of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of the council of Alexandria under\n\nCommemoration of the earthquake in Egypt\n\nCommemoration of , ,\nthe martyrs of Tǝnkǝl Yāqoton and many martyrs of Persia\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nBeginning of ʾaylul and šātabar in\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon of the cell, , ʾArdāse, 150 of Antioch, ʾAntǝyā,\nTāʾodros bishop of the grave of ʾƎldānu, Tewogolos","english":"1st Maskaram\n\nBeginning of the year\n\n's washing in the river\n\nDeath of\n\nDeath of\n\nDeath of\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nDescribed by in , but not in\n\n.\n\nFeast of\n\nDecapitation of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of and\n\nCommemoration of the council of Alexandria under\n\nCommemoration of the earthquake in Egypt\n\nCommemoration of , ,\nthe martyrs of Tǝnkǝl Yāqoton and many martyrs of Persia\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nBeginning of ʾaylul and šātabar in\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Sǝmʿon of the cell, , ʾArdāse, 150 of Antioch, ʾAntǝyā,\nTāʾodros bishop of the grave of ʾƎldānu, Tewogolos","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"1st Maskaram","severity":"info","text":"This entry marks the beginning of the Ethiopian ecclesiastical year, 1 Maskaram, and lists multiple commemorations in a compressed, list-like format typical of synaxaria.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Maskaram","severity":"info","text":"Maskaram is the first month of the Ethiopian calendar, corresponding roughly to September. The name derives from the Geʿez word for 'beginning' or 'opening'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Commemoration of the council of Alexandria under","severity":"info","text":"The council of Alexandria under a named bishop (left blank in the text) likely refers to a local synod; such commemorations are common in Copto-Arabic synaxaria and reflect Alexandrian ecclesiastical authority.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Described by in , but not in","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Described by in , but not in' contains lacunae (blank spaces) in the Geʿez, indicating missing names or sources. The text is corrupt or incomplete at this point.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"martyrs of Tǝnkǝl Yāqoton","severity":"info","text":"Tǝnkǝl Yāqoton is a location in Ethiopia associated with a group of martyrs. This commemoration reflects the integration of local Ethiopian martyrs into the broader synaxarion tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"Beginning of ʾaylul and šātabar in","severity":"info","text":"This note marks the start of the months ʾaylul (September in the Ethiopian calendar) and šātabar (a Geʿez term for a season or month), indicating a calendrical or agricultural transition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Described by in , but not in' has missing names, making the source or author unclear.","Several entries (e.g., 'Death of', 'Commemoration of and') lack specific names, likely due to manuscript lacunae or abbreviation.","The identity of the bishop under whom the council of Alexandria was held is not specified in the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Commemoration of , different version in the second recension.\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of in\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob the monk, ʾAtimos the bishop, Bāslis, ʾAronṭos, ʿĀdi, Rawǝrwā, Sawlās, Sawā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgātu, Ṗeṭros, Yoḥannǝs, ʾAmon, ʾAmonā, Rafiqā\n\nCommemoration of 6 companions of Fāsiladas, in the second recension also of Dās, Gāgrā, Nāwlā, Ṗeṭros the monk and\n\nCommemoration of the 12 of Manāz\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of","english":"Commemoration of , different version in the second recension.\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of in\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of Yāʿqob the monk, ʾAtimos the bishop, Bāslis, ʾAronṭos, ʿĀdi, Rawǝrwā, Sawlās, Sawā\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of ʾAgātu, Ṗeṭros, Yoḥannǝs, ʾAmon, ʾAmonā, Rafiqā\n\nCommemoration of 6 companions of Fāsiladas, in the second recension also of Dās, Gāgrā, Nāwlā, Ṗeṭros the monk and\n\nCommemoration of the 12 of Manāz\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of commemorations for a single day in the Synaxarion, with many entries left incomplete or blank in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The note 'different version in the second recension' indicates textual variation between recensions of the Synaxarion, a common feature in Ethiopic hagiographic transmission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The names listed (e.g., Yāʿqob the monk, ʾAtimos the bishop, Fāsiladas) are local Ethiopian saints, reflecting the Synaxarion's adaptation to Ethiopian ecclesiastical history.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Many entries are incomplete (e.g., 'Commemoration of' with no name), likely due to lacunae in the manuscript or editorial omission in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The passage contains numerous blank or incomplete commemorations; it is unclear whether these reflect manuscript damage, intentional abbreviation, or editorial choice in the source edition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"Commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of , , ,\n, and\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the 14 730 men and 7 women with .\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of in Fǝrugyā.\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Yakkātit\n\nSecond half of the year\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Maggābit\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Miyāzyā\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Gǝnbot","english":"Commemoration of\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of , , ,\n, and\n\nCommemoration of\n\nCommemoration of the 14 730 men and 7 women with .\n\nCommemoration of the miracle of in Fǝrugyā.\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṭǝqǝmt\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ḫǝdar\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Tāḫśāś\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṭǝrr\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Yakkātit\n\nSecond half of the year\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Maggābit\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Miyāzyā\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Gǝnbot","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists commemorative notices for the months of Ṭǝqǝmt through Gǝnbot, followed by a heading for the second half of the year, indicating a calendrical division.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The numbers '14 730 men and 7 women' are likely corrupt; such a large figure is improbable and may result from scribal error or conflation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Fǝrugyā is a location associated with a miracle; its identification remains uncertain, possibly a place in Ethiopia or a toponym from earlier Coptic sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of months from Ṭǝqǝmt to Gǝnbot reflects the standard Geʿez liturgical calendar, with the second half of the year beginning after Yakkātit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The names of saints in the first commemorations are missing or incomplete, making identification uncertain.","The number '14 730' is likely a textual corruption; the intended figure is unclear.","The location Fǝrugyā is not securely identified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Commemorative notices for the month of Sane\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ḥamle\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṗagʷǝmen","english":"Commemorative notices for the month of Sane\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ḥamle\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Naḥāse\n\nCommemoration of .\n\nCommemorative notices for the month of Ṗagʷǝmen","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the Synaxarion with a series of commemorative notices for the months of Sane, Ḥamle, Naḥāse, and Ṗagʷǝmen, followed by a single commemoration entry. The pattern mirrors the preceding month-by-month notices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Ṗagʷǝmen","severity":"info","text":"Ṗagʷǝmen is the Geʿez transliteration of the Coptic month Ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙϩⲁⲧ (Paramoun), the 13th month of the Coptic calendar, corresponding to the intercalary period before the new year.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic","label":"gap dossier: The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion (Lives of the Saints for the Liturgical Year)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/copto-arabic-synaxarion-copto-arabic"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The entry 'Commemoration of .' is incomplete; the name of the saint or event is missing. This may be a lacuna in the manuscript or a placeholder in the edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2375Synaxa","label":"betmas: Synaxarion","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2375Synaxa"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Synaxarion is a liturgical calendar of saints' commemorations used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The months listed follow the Geʿez calendar, which is based on the Coptic calendar.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990136133530203941","label":"Politics, monasticism, and miracles in sixth century Upper Egypt : a critical edition and translation of the Coptic texts on Abraham of Farshut","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990136133530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The incomplete commemoration entry lacks the name of the saint or event, leaving its identity uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}