{"slug":"LIT2361somade","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2361somade","title":"Antiphonary for Lent","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:52:59Z","cost_usd":0.00454},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2361somade","work_id":"LIT2361somade","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"},"stats":{"passages":68,"english_words":7317,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":372,"commentary_kinds":10,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":115,"work_notes":5,"external_links":5,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT2361somade","abstract":"The Antiphonary for Lent is an anonymous Geʿez liturgical work containing antiphons and responsories for the Lenten season in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Its register is structured for daily office use, and the source edition (betmas) is a modern compilation likely based on manuscripts from Ethiopian monastic libraries. No single medieval exemplar is identified, obscuring the textual history. The work is undated, with no firm evidence for composition before the 15th century. The edition provides no musical notation, rubrics, or commentary on performance practice, limiting its use to textual study. The work is used during the Great Fast (Ṣoma dǝggʷā), a 55-day fast preceding Easter, and its reception is confined to liturgical practice.","historical_context":"The Antiphonary for Lent belongs to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, a Christian tradition with roots in the 4th century CE. The work is in Geʿez, the classical liturgical language of Ethiopia, and its genre is liturgical, specifically an antiphonary for Lent. The date of composition is unknown; the notes indicate no firm evidence for composition before the 15th century, and the work is undated. The source edition (betmas) is a modern compilation, likely based on manuscripts from Ethiopian monastic libraries, but no single medieval exemplar is identified. The work's transmission is obscure, and its textual history relies on liturgical parallels with known Geʿez manuscripts. The Great Fast (Ṣoma dǝggʷā) is a 55-day fast preceding Easter, and the antiphonary is structured for daily office use during this season. The edition provides no musical notation, rubrics, or commentary on performance practice, so the work cannot be used to reconstruct chant melodies or liturgical actions beyond the text itself.","significance":"The Antiphonary for Lent is significant as a witness to Ethiopian Orthodox liturgical practice during Lent, a central season in the church calendar. It relates to the broader tradition of Geʿez liturgical manuscripts and the Ṣoma dǝggʷā (Great Fast). Its anonymous and undated status highlights challenges in studying Ethiopian liturgical history, and the lack of musical notation limits its use for performance reconstruction. It is a key text for understanding the structure of Lenten offices in the Ethiopian tradition.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Christianization of Ethiopia; origins of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church."},{"date":"5th–6th c.","event":"Development of Geʿez as liturgical language; early monastic traditions."},{"date":"15th c. (possible)","event":"Earliest possible date for composition of the antiphonary, based on liturgical parallels."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Composition of the Antiphonary for Lent; no firm evidence for date."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Compilation of the source edition (betmas) from Ethiopian monastic manuscripts."}],"relations":[{"work":"Ṣoma dǝggʷā (Great Fast)","relation":"Liturgical season for which the antiphonary is used","key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"},{"work":"Geʿez liturgical manuscripts","relation":"Part of the broader tradition of Ethiopian liturgical texts","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","relation":"Community of use and transmission","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Antiphonale Visigothicum Legionense","relation":"Comparative Western antiphonary for Lent","key":"dossier:latin-anon-antiphonale-visigothicum-legionense","label":"gap dossier: The Visigothic Antiphonary of Leon","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-anon-antiphonale-visigothicum-legionense"}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"Context for the community that uses the antiphonary."},{"key":"wikipedia:Geʽez","label":"Geʽez language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez","reason":"Language of the work."},{"key":"wikipedia:Lent","label":"Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent","reason":"Liturgical season of the antiphonary."},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian calendar","label":"Ethiopian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar","reason":"Calendar context for Lenten dates."},{"key":"hollis:alma990027041560203941","label":"Hollis record for Ethiopian liturgical manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990027041560203941","reason":"Example of related manuscript in a library collection."}],"cautions":["The work is undated; no firm evidence for composition before the 15th century exists.","The source edition (betmas) is a modern compilation; no single medieval exemplar is identified.","The edition provides no musical notation, rubrics, or commentary on performance practice.","Attribution to an unspecified period relies on liturgical parallels with known Geʿez manuscripts."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.00051,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:33:52Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2361somade","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"mixed-script","i":2,"share":0.05},{"code":"mixed-script","i":7,"share":0.29},{"code":"mixed-script","i":8,"share":0.21},{"code":"mixed-script","i":9,"share":0.16},{"code":"mixed-script","i":11,"share":0.42},{"code":"mixed-script","i":15,"share":0.12},{"code":"mixed-script","i":16,"share":0.18},{"code":"mixed-script","i":17,"share":0.3},{"code":"mixed-script","i":19,"share":0.15},{"code":"mixed-script","i":20,"share":0.19},{"code":"mixed-script","i":21,"share":0.13},{"code":"mixed-script","i":22,"share":0.42},{"code":"mixed-script","i":24,"share":0.25},{"code":"mixed-script","i":25,"share":0.43},{"code":"mixed-script","i":26,"share":0.2},{"code":"mixed-script","i":27,"share":0.18},{"code":"mixed-script","i":29,"share":0.36},{"code":"mixed-script","i":31,"share":0.24},{"code":"mixed-script","i":32,"share":0.35},{"code":"mixed-script","i":33,"share":0.25},{"code":"mixed-script","i":35,"share":0.33},{"code":"mixed-script","i":36,"share":0.32},{"code":"mixed-script","i":37,"share":0.2},{"code":"mixed-script","i":38,"share":0.43},{"code":"mixed-script","i":39,"share":0.18},{"code":"mixed-script","i":40,"share":0.14},{"code":"mixed-script","i":41,"share":0.23},{"code":"mixed-script","i":42,"share":0.25},{"code":"mixed-script","i":43,"share":0.19},{"code":"mixed-script","i":45,"share":0.4},{"code":"mixed-script","i":46,"share":0.19},{"code":"mixed-script","i":47,"share":0.39},{"code":"mixed-script","i":49,"share":0.16},{"code":"mixed-script","i":50,"share":0.46},{"code":"mixed-script","i":53,"share":0.31},{"code":"mixed-script","i":57,"share":0.3},{"code":"mixed-script","i":58,"share":0.27},{"code":"mixed-script","i":59,"share":0.46},{"code":"mixed-script","i":61,"share":0.22},{"code":"mixed-script","i":62,"share":0.28},{"code":"mixed-script","i":63,"share":0.16},{"code":"mixed-script","i":64,"share":0.26}],"stats":{"passages":68,"translated":68,"commentary_passages":68,"commentary_units":372,"english_words":5782,"source_letters":8031,"commentary_kinds":10},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a Geʿez antiphonary for Lent, containing antiphons and responsories for the season. Its register is liturgical, structured for daily office use in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The source edition (betmas) is a modern compilation, likely based on manuscripts from Ethiopian monastic libraries. No single medieval exemplar is identified, obscuring the textual history.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2361somade","label":"source edition: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is anonymous and undated. Its attribution to an unspecified period relies on liturgical parallels with known Geʿez manuscripts, but no firm evidence for composition before the 15th century exists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This antiphonary is used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church during Lent. Its reception is limited to liturgical practice; no known translation or critical edition exists outside the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990027041560203941","label":"History and the historians of medieval Spain","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990027041560203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990084811530203941","label":"Mozarabic antiphonary of Silos (Cantus lamentationum). Mozarabic antiphonary of Leon (7th century). Calixtine codex. [Sound recording]","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990084811530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition provides no musical notation, rubrics, or commentary on performance practice. It cannot be used to reconstruct chant melodies or liturgical actions beyond the text itself.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 68 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":68},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2361somade":{"label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"},"ed:LIT2361somade":{"label":"source edition: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"},"hollis:alma990027041560203941":{"label":"History and the historians of medieval Spain","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990027041560203941"},"hollis:alma990084811530203941":{"label":"Mozarabic antiphonary of Silos (Cantus lamentationum). Mozarabic antiphonary of Leon (7th century). Calixtine codex. [Sound recording]","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990084811530203941"},"dossier:latin-anon-antiphonale-visigothicum-legionense":{"label":"gap dossier: The Visigothic Antiphonary of Leon","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-anon-antiphonale-visigothicum-legionense"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"For the four first weeks, the following description of the structure of the\nṢoma dǝggʷā is based\non the edition by . This includes a noteworthy\ndistinction in the analysis of the placement of the Wāzemā /\nSark services: In the first week, the Wāzemā /\nSark service in the night between Sunday and Monday is analysed as\nthe \" Wāzemā / Sark service of Monday\",\nthe Wāzemā /\nSark service in the night between Monday and Tuesday is analysed as\nthe \" Wāzemā / Sark service of Tuesday\",\netc. By contrast, in the second and subsequent weeks, the Wāzemā /\nSark service in the night between Sunday and Monday is analysed as\na second \" Wāzemā / Sark service of Sunday\",\nthe Wāzemā /\nSark service in the night between Monday and Tuesday is analysed as\nthe \" Wāzemā / Sark service of Monday\",\netc.","english":"For the four first weeks, the following description of the structure of the\nṢoma dǝggʷā is based\non the edition by . This includes a noteworthy\ndistinction in the analysis of the placement of the Wāzemā /\nSark services: In the first week, the Wāzemā /\nSark service in the night between Sunday and Monday is analysed as\nthe \" Wāzemā / Sark service of Monday\",\nthe Wāzemā /\nSark service in the night between Monday and Tuesday is analysed as\nthe \" Wāzemā / Sark service of Tuesday\",\netc. By contrast, in the second and subsequent weeks, the Wāzemā /\nSark service in the night between Sunday and Monday is analysed as\na second \" Wāzemā / Sark service of Sunday\",\nthe Wāzemā /\nSark service in the night between Monday and Tuesday is analysed as\nthe \" Wāzemā / Sark service of Monday\",\netc.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ṣoma dǝggʷā","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes the structural analysis of the Ṭoma dǝggʷā for the first four weeks, noting a shift in how the Wāzemā/Sark services are assigned to days between week one and subsequent weeks.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are terms for night office services in the Geʿez tradition, often used interchangeably or as a compound to denote a specific liturgical hour.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The first week assigns the night service between Sunday and Monday to Monday, while from the second week onward that same night service is assigned to Sunday as a second Sunday service.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition reference is incomplete in the source text (\"edition by .\"), leaving the specific edition unidentified; the analysis depends on this missing citation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The edition on which the structural description is based is not named; the blank after 'edition by' suggests a lacuna in the source.","The rationale for the shift in assignment of Wāzemā/Sark services between week one and later weeks is not explained."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"(however, the Wāzemā /\nSark service in the night between Saturday and Sunday is still analysed as\nthe first \" Wāzemā / Sark service of Sunday\"\n– consequently, Sundays have two Wāzemā /\nSark services, whereas Saturdays have none). From the fifth week on,\nthe description is based on .\n\nSet of antiphons for the first week of the Great Fast ( ዘወረደ፡ ,\nZa-warada ).\n\n1–83\n\n1–34\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the first week.\n\n1–18\n\nSet of antiphons for the \"Vigil of the Fast\", i.e. the Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the first week of the Great Fast\n( ዋዜማ፡ ዘመኃትወ፡ ድራረ፡ ጾም፡ ).","english":"However, the Wāzemā / Sark service in the night between Saturday and Sunday is still analyzed as the first \"Wāzemā / Sark service of Sunday\" – consequently, Sundays have two Wāzemā / Sark services, whereas Saturdays have none. From the fifth week on, the description is based on .\n\nSet of antiphons for the first week of the Great Fast (Za-warada).\n\n1–83\n\n1–34\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the first week.\n\n1–18\n\nSet of antiphons for the \"Vigil of the Fast\", i.e. the Wāzemā / Sark service of the Sunday of the first week of the Great Fast (Wāzemā za-māḥatwa dǝrār ṣom).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes a structural anomaly in the liturgical week: Sundays receive two Wāzemā/Sark services, while Saturdays receive none. This pattern is based on the edition by betmas.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (Geʿez: ዋዜማ) and Sark are terms for vigil or preparatory services, often used interchangeably in Ethiopic liturgical rubrics. Here they denote the night office preceding a feast day.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Za-warada","severity":"info","text":"Za-warada (Geʿez: ዘወረደ፡) is a rubric meaning 'of the descent' or 'of the coming down,' likely referring to the first week of the Great Fast, possibly alluding to Christ's descent or the beginning of the fast.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Great Fast","severity":"info","text":"The Great Fast (Ṣoma dǝggʷā) is the Ethiopic Lenten period, a 55-day fast preceding Easter. The first week is marked by special antiphons, as enumerated here.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"antiphons 1–83","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists antiphons for the first week of the Great Fast (1–83), then subsets for Sunday (1–34) and the Vigil of the Fast (1–18). This nested numbering suggests a hierarchical liturgical structure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Wāzemā za-māḥatwa dǝrār ṣom","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'Wāzemā za-māḥatwa dǝrār ṣom' is translated as 'Vigil of the Fast,' but 'māḥatwa dǝrār' literally means 'the putting on of the covering,' an obscure term possibly referring to a specific liturgical vesting or veiling rite.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact liturgical function of the 'Wāzemā / Sark' service on Sunday versus Saturday is not fully clarified; the text notes an analytical decision to assign two such services to Sunday and none to Saturday.","The meaning of 'māḥatwa dǝrār' in the vigil rubric is uncertain; it may refer to a specific ritual action or a textual tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"1-3\n\nዘወረደ፡ አምላዕሉ፡ አይሁድ፡ ሰቀሉ፡\nወሚመ፡ ኢያእምሩ፡ እግዚአ፡ ኵሉ፡\nዘያሐዩ፡ በቃሉ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Mawaddǝs service\nof the Sunday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n4-18\n\nተቀነዩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በፍርሀት፡ ወተሐሠዩ፡\nሎቱ፡ በረዓድ፡ እስመ፡ ለዓለም፡ ምሕረቱ፡\nለትውልደ፡ ትውልድ፡ ጽድቁ፡ ንሕነሰ፡\nሐዝቡ፡ ባኡ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ በተጋንዮ፡\nወውስተ፡ አዕጻዲሁ፡ በስብሐት፡ እመንዎ፡\nእ፡ ንጹም፡ ጾመ፡ ወናፍቅር፡ ቢጸነ፡\nወንትፋቀር፡ በበይናቲነ፡ እ፡ አክብሩ፡\nሰንበተ፡ ተገበሩ፡ ጽድቀ፡ እስመ፡ ሰንበትሰ፡\nበእንተ፡ ሰብእ፡ ተፈጥረት፡ እ፡ ምሕረተ፡ ወፍትሐ፡ አሐሊ፡\nለከ፡ እዜምር፡ ወእሌቡ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ንጹሐ፡\nእስመ፡ ለዓለም፡ ምሕረቱ፡ ለትውልደ፡\nትውልድ፡ ጽድቁ፡ ንሕነሰ፡ ሕዝቡ፡ አባግዐ፡\nመርዔቱ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Monday of the first week.","english":"He who descended, the Jews stoned him, and they crucified him.  \nAnd who does not know the Lord of all,  \nHe who gives life by his word.  \n\nProstrate yourselves before the Lord with fear, and confess  \nto him with trembling, for his mercy is for eternity,  \nhis justice for generations of generations. But we,  \nhis people, have stood before him in arrogance,  \nand on his shoulders with praise we have believed.  \nLet us observe a pure fast and love asceticism,  \nand let us contend among ourselves. Honor  \nthe Sabbath; observe justice, for the Sabbath  \nwas created for the sake of humanity. Mercy and forgiveness, grant  \nto you. I will sing and praise the pure path,  \nfor his mercy is for eternity, for generations  \nof generations, his justice. But we,  \nhis people, the sheep of his pasture.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘወረደ","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase 'He who descended' likely refers to Christ's descent from heaven or his descent into the world, a common theme in Geʿez hymnography for Lent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አይሁድ፡ ሰቀሉ፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Jews stoning and crucifying echoes the Gospel passion narratives, particularly Matthew 27:22-25 and parallels, where Jewish authorities are involved in Christ's condemnation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰንበት","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Sabbath observance reflects the Ethiopian Christian practice of honoring Saturday as a day of worship, distinct from the Sunday focus in Western traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Set of antiphons for the Mawaddǝs service","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a set of antiphons for the Mawaddǝs service, a liturgical office in the Ethiopian tradition, indicating a structured cycle for the first week of Lent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ንሕነሰ፡ ሐዝቡ፡ ባኡ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'we, his people, have stood before him in arrogance' is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error or a deliberate contrast between humility and pride, but the exact reading is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'He who descended' is not explicitly named but is inferred as Christ from context.","The phrase 'on his shoulders with praise we have believed' is syntactically unclear; it may refer to bearing praise or a physical gesture."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"19–39\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Monday\nof the first week of the Great Fast. This set of antiphons can also be construed as a second\nWāzemā /\nSark service for the\nSunday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n19-20\n\nንብጻሕ፡ ቅድመ፡\nገጹ፡ በአሚን፡ ወበመዝሙር፡ ንየብብ፡ ሎቱ፡\nን፡ ንፀመዶ፡ ለልዑል፡ በጾም፡ ወበጸሎት፡ ን፡ በኵሉ፡ ጊዜ፡\nወበኵሉ፡ ሰዓት፡ ንብጻሕ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡\nበአሚን፡ ንብጻሕ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ በአሚን።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Monday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n21-27\n\nከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ ሙሴ፡ ፀአቱ፡ እምትዕይንት፡\nሶበ፡ ይሠርቅ፡ ፀሓይ፡ ተንሥእ፡ እግዚኦ፡\nወይዘረዉ፡ ፀርከ፡ ወይጕየዩ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡\nይጸልኡከ፡ ወበማኅደሩሰ፡ ይቤ፡ ተመየጥ፡\nእግዚኦ፡ ላዕለ፡ እስራኤል፡ ሕዝብከ፡ በእልፍ፡\nወበአእላፍ።","english":"We approach before his face with faith, and with psalmody we sing to him. We humble ourselves before the Most High with fasting and with prayer, at every time and at every hour. We approach before his face with faith. We approach before his face with faith.\n\nAs Moses said: They went out from the eyes when the sun sets. Arise, O Lord, and let your enemies be scattered, and let all those who hate you be confounded. And in his sanctuary he said: Be merciful, O Lord, over Israel, your people, by thousands and by myriads.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"19–39","severity":"info","text":"The passage comprises two sets of antiphons: the first (19–20) is for the Wāzemā/Sark service of Monday or Sunday of the first week of the Great Fast; the second (21–27) is for the Sǝbḥata nagh service of Monday of the same week.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā is a Geʿez term for a liturgical vigil or preparatory office, often associated with the night or early morning before a feast. Here it designates a specific service within the Lenten antiphonary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is a Geʿez phrase meaning 'morning praise' or 'dawn office,' a liturgical service of hymns and psalms. It is distinct from the Wāzemā and typically occurs later in the morning.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ ይቤ፡ ሙሴ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'As Moses said' introduces a citation or paraphrase of a biblical passage, likely from the Psalms or a prophetic book, though the exact source is not identified in the edition. The reference to enemies scattering and the plea for mercy over Israel echoes Psalm 68 (LXX) or similar texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphonary for Lent in the Geʿez tradition is structured around the Coptic liturgical calendar, with services like Wāzemā and Sǝbḥata nagh reflecting monastic hours. The Great Fast (Lent) begins with a week of preparatory rites.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"19–39","severity":"caution","text":"The passage notes that the first set of antiphons 'can also be construed as a second Wāzemā/Sark service for the Sunday of the first week,' indicating possible textual ambiguity or multiple liturgical assignments in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact biblical source of the Moses citation is not specified; it may be a composite or paraphrase. The liturgical assignment of the first antiphon set is ambiguous between Monday and Sunday."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n27-31\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n32-35\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n36-39\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the first week.\n\n40–49\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Tuesday\nof the first week of the Great Fast. This set of antiphons can also be construed as a\nWāzemā /\nSark service for the\nMonday of the first week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n27-31\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n32-35\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n36-39\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the first week.\n\n40–49\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Tuesday\nof the first week of the Great Fast. This set of antiphons can also be construed as a\nWāzemā /\nSark service for the\nMonday of the first week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for the Monday and Tuesday of the first week of the Great Fast, covering the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours, plus the Wāzemā/Sark service. The numbering (27–31, 32–35, etc.) likely refers to antiphon numbers in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are terms for a vigil or night office in the Ethiopian tradition, often involving psalms and antiphons. The dual naming reflects liturgical fluidity or regional variation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Great Fast (Lent) in Ethiopian Christianity is a period of strict fasting and extended prayer, with daily offices at the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours. The Wāzemā service is a night vigil, often preceding major feasts or fast days.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The note that the Wāzemā set can also be construed for Monday suggests scribal or liturgical flexibility, a common feature in Ethiopian antiphonaries where assignments vary by manuscript or practice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2361somade","label":"source edition: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The numbering (27–31, 32–35, etc.) is ambiguous: it may indicate antiphon numbers, folio numbers, or section markers. The English draft reproduces the Geʿez without clarification.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numbering (27–31, etc.) is not explained; it may refer to antiphon numbers, folio references, or another system.","The relationship between the Wāzemā/Sark service for Tuesday and its alternative assignment to Monday is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"40–41\n\nምሕረትከ፡ ወጽድቅከ፡ ዘልፈ፡\nይርከባኒ፡ ሥመር፡ እግዚኦ፡ ከመ፡ ታድኅነኒ፡ ዘአድኀንኮ፡\nለዳዊት፡ ገብርከ፡ ዘሜጥካሁ፡ ለጳውሎስ፡\nበኂሩትከ፡ ወሊተኒ፡ ለገብርከ፡ ሚጠኒ፡\nኀቤከ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Tuesday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n42–44\n\nበሐ፡ በልዋ፡ ተሳለምዋ፡ ጊሡ፡ ኀቤሃ፡\nኢትርሐቁ፡ እምኔሃ፡ እስመ፡ ዋካ፡ ይእቲ፡\nወብርሃን፡ ይእቲ፡ ትበርህ፡ እምፀሓይ፡\nይእቲ፡ ትትሌዐል፡ እምአድባር፡ ታቦት፡\nሕጉ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ደብተራ፡ ፍጽምት፡\nእመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ተሀሉ፡ ማእከሌክሙ፡ አኀው።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Tuesday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n44–46\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.","english":"Your mercy and your righteousness always find me, O Lord, as I sing, that you may save me as you saved David, your servant, whom you anointed. By your freedom, and for your servant, the anointed one, near you.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Tuesday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\nGo, go quickly, greet her, hasten to her. Do not be far from her, for she is the dawn, and she is the light; she shines brighter than the sun. She is exalted above the mountains, the ark. The law of the great king, its tablets are complete. If all the people are gathered, stand among you, my brothers.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Tuesday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Tuesday of the first week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"40–41","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service (dawn office) of Tuesday, first week of Lent, followed by antiphons for the 3rd Hour and 6th Hour of the same day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምሕረትከ፡ ወጽድቅከ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'your mercy and your righteousness' echoes a common liturgical pairing, emphasizing divine attributes invoked for salvation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዳዊት፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to David, 'your servant, whom you anointed,' alludes to the biblical king David, often typologically linked to Christ in Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ጳውሎስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Paul, 'the anointed one,' likely refers to the Apostle Paul, though the phrase 'anointed one' (ሚጠኒ) is unusual and may reflect a liturgical epithet.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ታቦት፡","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ark' (ታቦት) in the second set of antiphons likely refers to the Ark of the Covenant, a central symbol in Ethiopian Christianity, associated with the Tablet of the Law.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሚጠኒ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez word ሚጠኒ (anointed one) is ambiguous; it may refer to Paul as an anointed apostle or to a liturgical figure; the translation 'the anointed one' is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the anointed one' (ሚጠኒ) in the first antiphon is unclear; it may refer to Paul or to a messianic figure.","The phrase 'by your freedom' (በኂሩትከ) is ambiguous; it could mean 'by your free will' or 'by your nobility'.","The second set of antiphons contains imagery (dawn, light, ark) that may be allegorical, but the exact referent is not specified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"46–47\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n47–49\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the first week.\n\n50–58\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Wednesday\nof the first week of the Great Fast. This set of antiphons can also be construed as a\nWāzemā /\nSark service for the\nTuesday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n50–52\n\nረዳኢ፡ ለእለ፡ ውስተ፡ ሠርም፡ ወለእለ፡ ይትመነደቡ፡\nመቅለሊ፡ ለርኁባን፡ ዘይኄሊ፡ ወይትቤቀል፡\nለግፉዓን፡ ዐርከ፡ መሃይምናን፡ መስተናግር፡\nለጻድቃን፡ ወማኅደር፡ ለንጹሓን፡ ወለእለ፡\nበጽድቅ፡ ይጼውዕዎ፡ ሰማዒ።","english":"46–47\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n47–49\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the first week.\n\n50–58\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Wednesday of the first week of the Great Fast. This set of antiphons can also be construed as a Wāzemā / Sark service for the Tuesday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n50–52\n\nA helper for those who are in the evening and for those who are being tested; a comforter for the weak, who is fitting and is chosen; a support for the righteous; a companion of the faithful; a mediator for the just; and a dwelling for the pure, and for those who in righteousness call upon him: hear, O Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Set of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists antiphons for multiple services (9th Hour, Wāzemā/Sark) across Tuesday and Wednesday of the first week of the Great Fast, with a note that the set for Wednesday can also be used for Tuesday.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are terms for the evening office in the Ethiopian tradition, corresponding to the Coptic Vespers service. The dual naming reflects the Geʿez and Coptic designations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ረዳኢ (redāʿ)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term redāʿ (helper) begins a series of epithets for a divine or saintly figure, including comforter, support, companion, mediator, and dwelling, culminating in a plea for hearing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰማዒ (semaʿi)","severity":"info","text":"The closing invocation 'hear, O Lord' echoes Psalm 5:2 (LXX) and similar supplications in the Psalms, common in Ethiopian liturgical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Great Fast","severity":"info","text":"The Great Fast refers to Lent in the Ethiopian tradition, a period of 55 days of fasting and prayer, with specific liturgical services for each day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the figure addressed by the epithets (helper, comforter, etc.) is not specified; it could be Christ, a saint, or God.","The note that the set for Wednesday can also be used for Tuesday may indicate a textual variant or a practical liturgical flexibility."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Wednesday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n52–54\n\nምርሐኒ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ወእሑር፡ ቤቶ፡\nለአምላከ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ እስመ፡ ኪያሃ፡ አኀሥሥ፡\nዘአፍቀረት፡ ነፍስየ፡ ማኅደረ፡ ስምከ፡ ከመ፡\nተሀበኒ፡ ተምኔትየ፡ ኵሎ፡ አሚረ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n54–55\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n56–57\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n57–58","english":"Set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Wednesday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n52–54\n\nGuide me on the path, and I will go to the house of the God of Jacob, for I desire you. The dwelling place of your name, which my soul has loved, as if you have given me my wish, all of it, I have said.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n54–55\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n56–57\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n57–58","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the beginning of a set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh (dawn) service, followed by antiphons for the 3rd, 6th, and 9th hours, all for Wednesday of the first week of the Great Fast.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is a Geʿez term for the dawn office, corresponding to the night office or matins in other Christian traditions, typically involving psalms and antiphons.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ምርሐኒ ፍኖተ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Guide me on the path' echoes Psalm 25:4 (LXX 24:4) and the theme of seeking the house of God, reminiscent of Jacob's journey in Genesis 28:10-22.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ያዕቆብ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the God of Jacob' connects to the Ethiopian tradition of the Ark of the Covenant and the identification of the church as the house of God, reflecting the Aksumite heritage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This antiphonary is part of the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo tradition, used during Lent, and the manuscript (betmas) is a modern edition of a liturgical collection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text includes a single antiphon for the Sǝbḥata nagh service, but the English draft translates it as a complete sentence; the exact liturgical performance (e.g., repetition, response) is not specified.","The phrase 'ኵሎ አሚረ።' is rendered as 'all of it, I have said' but could also mean 'I have completed all' or 'I have finished all,' affecting the sense of closure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Set of antiphons for the Thursday of the first week.\n\n59–69\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Thursday\nof the first week of the Great Fast. This set of antiphons can also be construed as a\nWāzemā /\nSark service for the\nWednesday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n59–60\n\nሰርከ፡ ናአኵተከ፡ ወንሴብሐከ፡ መፍቀሬ፡\nሰብእ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘአውዐልከነ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኑኀ፡\nዕለት፡ አቢተነ፡ በጸጋ፡ መድኀኒትከ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Thursday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n61–64\n\nThe second incipit provided below is only provided in abbreviated form in\n.","english":"Set of antiphons for the Thursday of the first week.\n\n59–69\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Thursday of the first week of the Great Fast. This set of antiphons can also be construed as a Wāzemā / Sark service for the Wednesday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n59–60\n\nWe worship you and we praise you, O lover of men, Christ, who has caused us to pass through all the multitude of days, our father, by the grace of your salvation.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Thursday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n61–64\n\nThe second incipit provided below is only provided in abbreviated form in .","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage provides antiphons for Thursday of the first week of the Great Fast, with a note that the Wāzemā/Sark set may also be used for Wednesday.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are terms for evening or vigil services in the Geʿez tradition, often used interchangeably for the same liturgical hour.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh refers to the dawn or morning service, corresponding to the office of matins in the Geʿez liturgical cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The rubric notes that the second incipit is given only in abbreviated form in the source, indicating a textual abbreviation common in liturgical manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphons are part of the Lenten antiphonary, reflecting the structured liturgical observance of the Great Fast in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The rubric allows the Wāzemā/Sark set to be used for either Thursday or Wednesday, leaving the specific assignment ambiguous.","The abbreviation of the second incipit is not expanded in the source, so its full text is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"አንሥኢ፡ አዕይንቲኪ፡ ጽዮን፡ ወነጽሪ፡\nዐውደኪ፡ እስመ፡ አዕበየ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nሣህሎ፡ ላዕሌኪ፡ ይትኀፈሩ፡ ጸላእትኪ፡ እለ፡\nኢይቀርቡ፡ ኀቤኪ፡ ተሐነጺ፡ በጽድቅ፡ ረሐቂ፡\nእምዐመፃ፡ ወኢይሁብ፡ ለባዕድ፡ ክብረኪ።\n\nበጽድቅ፡ ወበተፋቅሮ፡ እስመ፡ ረከብኩ፡\nእምውስተ፡ ደቂቅኪ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nበነቢይ፡ የሐንጹ፡ አሕዛብ፡ አረፋተኪ፡\nአምኂ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እኅትኪ፡ ኅሪት፡ መድኀኒት፡\nወሕይወት፡ ህየንተ፡ አበውኪ፡ ተወልዱ፡\nለኪ፡ ደቂቅ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Thursday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n64–66\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n66–67\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.","english":"Lift up your eyes, Zion, and behold your circuit, for the Lord has magnified mercy upon you; your enemies who approach you will be put to shame. Be merciful in righteousness, far from iniquity, and do not give your glory to a stranger.\n\nIn righteousness and in love, for I have found among your children, says the Lord. The peoples will build your ruins with a prophet. Believe, children of your sister, the good Medhāniyā (Savior) and Life; there, for your fathers, children were born to you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a set of antiphons for the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hour services on Thursday of the first week of the Great Fast, following the Wāzemā/Sark service.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መድኀኒት","severity":"info","text":"Medhāniyā (መድኀኒት) is a Geʿez term meaning 'Savior' or 'Redeemer,' often used as a title for Christ in Ethiopian liturgical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Lift up your eyes, Zion","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase echoes Isaiah 60:4 ('Lift up your eyes, Jerusalem') and similar prophetic calls to Zion, common in Ethiopian hymnody.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphon addresses Zion as a personified figure, a motif drawn from the Hebrew prophets and adapted in Christian liturgy to refer to the Church or the faithful community.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'your enemies who approach you will be put to shame' parallels themes in Psalms 68:1-2 and 74:4, where divine protection shames adversaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text includes a possible textual variant: 'ተሐነጺ' (be merciful) may be a scribal error for 'ተሐነጺ' (be merciful) or 'ተሐነጺ' (be humble); the sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ተሐነጺ በጽድቅ' could be read as 'be merciful in righteousness' or 'be humble in righteousness'; the intended meaning is unclear.","The identity of 'your sister' (እኅትኪ) is ambiguous—possibly referring to the Church or a specific community."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"68–69\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the first week.\n\n70–79\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Friday\nof the first week of the Great Fast. This set of antiphons can also be construed as a\nWāzemā /\nSark service for the\nThursday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n70–71\n\nናአኵተከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አምላክነ፡ ዘአውዐልከነ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኑኀ፡\nዕለት፡ ዘአንተ፡ ተአምር፡ ኅቡኣተ፡ ልብነ፡\nአኰቴተ፡ ስብሐት፡ ናዐርግ፡ ለከ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Friday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n71–74\n\nበሐ፡ ንበላ፡ ኵልነ፡ ንሳለማ፡ እምነ፡ ለቅድስት፡ ቤተ፡\nክርስቲያን፡ እስመ፡ ሐነጽዋ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወሣረርዋ፡\nበመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ከመ፡ ትኩን፡ አርአያ፡ ዘበሰማያት፡\nከመ፡ ታድኅነነ፡ እምእቶነ፡ እሳት።","english":"We praise you, O Lord our God, who has brought us through all the days of the flood, while you know the hidden things of our heart. We offer you praise and glory.\n\nLet us all say, \"Peace,\" from the holy church, for they built the church and established it with the Holy Spirit, that it might be an image of that which is in the heavens, that it might save us from the fire.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage comprises two sets of antiphons: the first (lines 70–71) is for the Friday of the first week, the second (lines 71–74) for the Sǝbḥata nagh service of the same day. The preceding rubric notes that the second set may also be used for Thursday.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is a Geʿez term for a dawn or morning service, distinct from the Wāzemā / Sark service mentioned in the rubric. The rubric assigns the second set of antiphons to this service.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ፡ ለቅድስት፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'from the holy church' echoes the Pauline image of the church as a heavenly archetype (cf. Eph 2:19–22; Heb 9:11). The Geʿez text explicitly states the church is 'an image of that which is in the heavens.'","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the days of the flood' (ኑኀ፡ ዕለት፡) likely alludes to the Great Fast (Lent) as a period of trial and purification, drawing on the typology of Noah's flood as a cleansing event.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The rubric's note that the second set of antiphons 'can also be construed as a Wāzemā / Sark service for the Thursday' indicates liturgical flexibility in the Ethiopic tradition, where antiphons were reassigned across days.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text of lines 70–71 is given as a single unit but the English draft splits it into two sentences; the exact division of antiphons is unclear. The rubric for lines 71–74 does not specify whether the antiphons are for the same day or a different one; the English draft treats them as a single response."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n74–76\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n76–77\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n78–79\n\nSet of antiphons for the Saturday of the first week.\n\n80–83\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Saturday\nof the first week of the Great Fast. This set of antiphons can also be construed as a\nWāzemā /\nSark service for the\nFriday of the first week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n74–76\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n76–77\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n78–79\n\nSet of antiphons for the Saturday of the first week.\n\n80–83\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Saturday\nof the first week of the Great Fast. This set of antiphons can also be construed as a\nWāzemā /\nSark service for the\nFriday of the first week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for the Friday and Saturday of the first week of the Great Fast, covering the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours, plus the Wāzemā/Sark service.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā is a Geʿez term for a vigil or night office, often associated with the Sark service, a preparatory rite before the Eucharist.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sark","severity":"info","text":"Sark (from Greek synaxis) refers to a liturgical gathering or office, here paired with Wāzemā for a vigil service.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Great Fast is the Geʿez term for Lent, a 55-day period of fasting and prayer in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The note that the Wāzemā/Sark set can be construed for either Saturday or Friday suggests textual fluidity or a rubric allowing alternative assignment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The page numbers (74–76, etc.) may refer to folio or page numbers in the source manuscript, but their exact reference is not specified.","The relationship between the Wāzemā and Sark services is not fully defined; they may be synonymous or distinct offices."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"80–82\n\nተስፋየ፡ እምንእስየ፡ ምርጉዝ፡ ለርሥኣንየ፡\nዝንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ መስቀል፡ መርሖሙ፡\nአንተ፡ ለዕዉራን፡ ምርጉዞሙ፡ ለሐንካሳን፡\nአንሰ፡ እትአመን፡ ወኣሰምክ፡ በመስቀልከ፡\nይገንዩ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ለስምከ፡ እግዚኦ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Saturday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\n82–83\n\nለኢየሩሳሌም፡ ሐጹር፡ የዐውዳ፡\nበኀይለ፡ መስቀሉ፡ ጸንዐ፡ ማኅፈዳ፡\nዕዝራኒ፡ ርእያ፡ ወፈርሀ፡ ቀሪቦታ፡\nዐቢይ፡ ኀይል፡ ተገብረ፡ በውስቴታ፡\nደብተራ፡ እንተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ተከለ፡\nመልአክ፡ ተናገራ፡ ወማኅደሮ፡ ረሰያ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the second week of the Great Fast ( ቅድስት፡ ,\nQǝddǝst ).\n\n84–138\n\n34–54\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the second week (Sunday of Qǝddǝst,\nቅድስት፡ ).","english":"My hope is from my smallness, the chosen one for my head.  \nThis is the cross, their guide.  \nYou, for the blind, are their guide for the crooked.  \nI believe and I have been named by your cross.  \nThe nations bow down to your name, O Lord.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Saturday of the first week of the Great Fast.\n\nFor Jerusalem, the walled city, rejoices.  \nBy the power of his cross, its foundation was strengthened.  \nHelp me, O Lord, and fear of its breaches.  \nA great miracle was wrought within it.  \nThe tablet upon which the Lord was placed.  \nAn angel spoke and established its sanctuary.\n\nSet of antiphons for the second week of the Great Fast (Qǝddǝst).\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the second week (Sunday of Qǝddǝst).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"80–82","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text at 80–82 is a set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service (Saturday night vigil) of the first week of the Great Fast, as indicated by the rubric.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምርጉዝ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ምርጉዝ (mǝrguz) means 'guide' or 'leader,' here applied to the cross as guide for the blind and crooked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መስቀል","severity":"info","text":"The cross (መስቀል) is central; the phrase 'the nations bow down to your name' echoes New Testament themes of Christ's cross as object of universal veneration (cf. Phil 2:9–11).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ለኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"The second set (82–83) refers to Jerusalem as a walled city (ሐጹር), linking the cross's power to the strengthening of its foundation, a common motif in Ethiopian liturgical texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅድስት","severity":"info","text":"The rubric 'Qǝddǝst' (ቅድስት) designates the second week of the Great Fast, a period of heightened liturgical observance in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"34–54","severity":"caution","text":"The passage includes a lacuna: after 84–138, the text jumps to 34–54, likely a scribal error or misordering in the manuscript; the intended sequence is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text at 80–82 and 82–83 is clearly rubricated, but the numbering 34–54 after 84–138 suggests a possible displacement or corruption in the manuscript tradition.","The phrase 'the tablet upon which the Lord was placed' (82–83) may refer to the Ark of the Covenant or a liturgical object; the exact referent is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"84–99\n\nSet of antiphons for the first Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n84–87\n\nዛቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ቅድስት፡\nይእቲ፡ ለውሉደ፡ ሰብእ፡ መድኀኒት፡\nትኩነነ፡ መርሐ፡ በፍኖት፡\nበኵሉ፡ ጊዜ፡ ወበኵሉ፡ ሰዓት። ቀደሳ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሰንበት።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Mawaddǝs service\nof the Sunday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n87–97\n\nግነዩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወጸውዑ፡ ስሞ፡\nወንግርዎሙ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ ምግባሮ፡ ሀቡ፡\nስብሐተ፡ ለስሙ፡ አክብሩ፡ ሰንበተ፡ ተገበሩ፡\nጽድቀ፡ ዝግቡ፡ ለክሙ፡ መዝገበ፡ ዘበሰማያት፡\nኀበ፡ ፃፄ፡ ኢያማስኖ፡ ወኢይረክቡ፡ ሰራቂ፡ ድልዋኒክሙ፡\nንበሩ፡ ዘበላዕሉ፡ ኀልዩ፡ ኀበ፡ ሀሎ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the second Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the second week of the Great Fast.","english":"This holy day is salvation for the children of men.  \nLet it be a guide for us on the path,  \nat every time and at every hour.  \nThe Lord blessed the Sabbath.\n\nBow down to the Lord and call his name,  \nand we shall tell the nations his deeds.  \nGive praise to his name, honor the Sabbath, observe it.  \nStore up righteousness for yourselves, a treasure in the heavens,  \nwhere the thief does not enter and does not find your valuables.  \nSit where the one who has eaten is satisfied, where Christ is.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Set of antiphons for the first Wāzemā / Sark service of the Sunday of the second week of the Great Fast","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a set of antiphons for the first Wāzemā (or Sark) service of the Sunday of the second week of the Great Fast, followed by a set for the Mawaddǝs service and then the second Wāzemā service of the same day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (also spelled Wazema) is a Geʿez term for a liturgical service, often corresponding to the Coptic 'Sark' or 'Vespers' service. It marks a specific hour of prayer in the daily office.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Mawaddǝs","severity":"info","text":"Mawaddǝs is a Geʿez term for a liturgical service, often corresponding to the Coptic 'Compline' or a night office. It is part of the daily cycle of prayers in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወንግርዎሙ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ ምግባሮ፡ ሀቡ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'we shall tell the nations his deeds' echoes the missionary commission in Matthew 28:19, where disciples are sent to proclaim God's works to all peoples.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘበሰማያት፡ ኀበ፡ ፃፄ፡ ኢያማስኖ፡","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of a treasure in heaven where thieves cannot enter draws on early Christian ascetic and eschatological themes, common in Ethiopian homilies, contrasting earthly wealth with spiritual reward.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያማስኖ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez word 'ኢያማስኖ' (ʾiyāmasno) is obscure; it may be a corruption or a rare term. The translation 'thief' is conjectural, based on context, but the exact meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The term 'ኢያማስኖ' (ʾiyāmasno) is unclear; it may mean 'thief' or 'robber' but could also be a proper name or a different concept.","The phrase 'the one who has eaten is satisfied' (ኀልዩ፡ ኀበ፡ ሀሎ፡ ክርስቶስ) is ambiguous: it may refer to Christ as the one who satisfies, or to a communal meal metaphor."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"98\n\nSet of antiphons for the Monday of the second week.\n\n99–106\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Monday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n99–101\n\nነያ፡ ጽዮን፡ ቅድስት፡\nነያ፡ ጽዮን፡ መድኀኒት፡\nአቡነ፡ ዘበሰማያት፡\nለከ፡ ይደሉ፡ ስብሐት።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n101–102\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n102–103\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.","english":"Neyā Ṣǝyon Qǝddǝst.\nNeyā Ṣǝyon Mädḫäni.\n’Abuna za-ba-samāyāt.\nLa-ka yədallu sǝbḥat.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the beginning of antiphons for Monday of the second week of the Great Fast, with sets assigned to the Sǝbḥata nagh (dawn) service and the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ነያ፡ ጽዮን፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'Neyā Ṣǝyon' (ነያ፡ ጽዮን፡) is a liturgical invocation meaning 'Hail, Zion,' often addressed to the Virgin Mary as a type of the Church or the Ark of the Covenant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መድኀኒት፡","severity":"info","text":"'Mädḫäni' (መድኀኒት፡) means 'Savior' or 'Salvation,' a common epithet for Christ in Geʿez liturgical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አቡነ፡ ዘበሰማያት፡","severity":"info","text":"'Abuna za-ba-samāyāt' (አቡነ፡ ዘበሰማያት፡) translates as 'Our Father who is in the heavens,' echoing the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:9) and common in Ethiopic liturgical acclamations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አቡነ፡ ዘበሰማያት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Our Father who is in the heavens' directly alludes to the opening of the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:9), a foundational text in Christian liturgy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Sǝbḥata nagh service is the Ethiopic dawn office, corresponding to the Coptic 'Morning Raising of Incense,' and the hours (3rd, 6th, 9th) follow the traditional monastic cycle of prayer.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text provides only incipits; the full antiphons are not given, leaving their complete content and scriptural sources unspecified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"104–105\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Monday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n105–106\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the second week.\n\n107–113\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Tuesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n107–108\n\nእነግረክሙ፡ አኀውየ፡ ጸጋ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nዘተውህበ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘእመቄዶንያ፡\nእምብዝኀ፡ መከራ፡ ሕማሞሙ፡\nፈድፋደ፡ ፍሥሐሆሙ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Tuesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n108–109\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.","english":"I tell you, my brothers, the grace of God which was given to the Church of Macedonia from the multitude of tribulations, their sufferings one by one, their joys.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The English draft renders the Geʿez as a single sentence, but the original is a series of noun phrases in the accusative, likely functioning as a list of gifts or attributes of the Church of Macedonia.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እነግረክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'ənägräkkəmu ('I tell you') is a first-person singular with second-person plural object suffix, indicating direct address to a congregation or group of brothers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ ክርስቲያን ዘእመቄዶንያ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Church of Macedonia' echoes New Testament references to the Macedonian churches (e.g., Acts 16:9–10, 2 Corinthians 8:1), though no direct quotation is present.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Wāzemā and Sǝbḥata nagh services are distinctive to the Ethiopic liturgical tradition, with the former being a night office and the latter a dawn office, both part of the Lenten cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage (folios 107–108) is part of a set of antiphons for the 3rd Hour service on Tuesday of the second week of the Great Fast, following the Sǝbḥata nagh set and preceding the 6th Hour set.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text lacks punctuation or line breaks, making it uncertain whether the list of nouns (grace, tribulations, sufferings, joys) is meant as a single syntactic unit or as separate liturgical responses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez does not specify whether the 'grace of God' is the subject of a verb or an independent exclamation; the English draft treats it as a direct object of 'I tell you,' but the original could be read as a nominal sentence."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"110–111\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n111–112\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Tuesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n112–113\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the second week.\n\n114–120\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Wednesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n114–115\n\nሐዋዘ፡ ብርሃነ፡\nጸግወነ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ነግሀ፡ ነቂሀነ፡ እምንዋም፡\nንጊሣ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ኀበ፡ የኀድር፡ ብዕለ፡\nስብሐቲሁ፡ ንስእል፡ ዘእምኀቤሁ፡ ረድኤተ፡\nወሕይወተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘጌሠ፡ ወመጽአ፡ ኀቤሃ፡ ኢይጻሙ።","english":"110–111\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n111–112\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Tuesday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n112–113\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the second week.\n\n114–120\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Wednesday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n114–115\n\nHail, Light. Bestow upon us, O Lord, the dawn. Awaken us from sleep. Let us go to the church, where the abundance of his praise dwells. We ask for help from him, and life for all who have come and arrived at her. Let them not be hindered.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists sets of antiphons for specific services of the second week of Lent, with folio ranges indicating the liturgical order.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are alternative terms for the same vigil service, likely derived from Greek or Syriac, indicating a night office before dawn.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Geʿez term for the dawn office, corresponding to the Coptic 'Sark' or 'Wāzemā', a service of praise at daybreak.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphon 'Hail, Light' invokes the dawn as a metaphor for spiritual awakening, asking God to rouse the faithful for church and prayer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'abundance of his praise' may echo Psalm 22:3 or similar doxological language, though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text includes a final word 'ኢይጻሙ።' which is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a rare term, and the translation 'let them not be hindered' is tentative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The final Geʿez word 'ኢይጻሙ።' is of uncertain reading and meaning; the English draft interprets it as a negative jussive, but the form is not standard.","The relationship between the folio ranges and the actual content of the antiphons is not fully specified; some ranges may include multiple items."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n115–116\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n117–118\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n118–119\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Wednesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n120\n\nSet of antiphons for the Thursday of the second week.\n\n121–127\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Thursday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n115–116\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n117–118\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n118–119\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Wednesday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n120\n\nSet of antiphons for the Thursday of the second week.\n\n121–127\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Thursday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for Wednesday and Thursday of the second week of the Great Fast, covering the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours, the Wāzemā/Sark service, and the Sǝbḥata nagh service.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (also called Sark) is a Geʿez term for a vigil or preparatory service, often occurring before the main liturgical hours during Lent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is a Geʿez term for the dawn office, corresponding to the morning prayer service in the Ethiopic liturgical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Great Fast (Lent) in the Ethiopic tradition involves multiple daily prayer services, including the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours, as well as the Wāzemā vigil and the Sǝbḥata nagh dawn office.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This antiphonary is part of the Ethiopic liturgical corpus preserved in manuscripts such as those cataloged in the Betmas database, reflecting the ongoing use of these texts in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The passage does not specify the content of the antiphons themselves, only their liturgical placement; the exact texts are found in the cited manuscript pages."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"121–122\n\nትበርህ፡ እምኮከበ፡ ጽባሕ፡\nወታስተርኢ፡ እምአርእስተ፡ አድባር፡\nአዳም፡ ወሠናይት፡ ጽዕዱት፡\nወብርህት፡ ከመ፡ ፀሓይ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Thursday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n123–124\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n124–125\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n126–127\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Thursday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n127\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the second week.","english":"You shine more than the morning star, and you appear above the peaks of the mountains. Adam and the beautiful, the righteous and the brilliant, like the sun.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Thursday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Thursday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the second week.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text praises an entity that outshines the morning star and appears above mountain peaks, then lists Adam, the beautiful, the righteous, and the brilliant, comparing them to the sun.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ትበርህ (tabarrah)","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'you shine' is second person masculine singular, likely addressed to Christ or a saint, a common trope in Ethiopic hymnody.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አዳም (ʾAdam)","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Adam may echo the typology of Christ as the new Adam, or refer to the first man as a model of righteousness, though the phrase 'Adam and the beautiful' is unusual.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a set of antiphons for the 3rd Hour of Thursday in the second week of Lent, followed by rubrics for the 6th, 9th, and Wāzemā services, and then for Friday.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Wāzemā / Sark service is a vigil or preparatory office in the Ethiopian tradition, often involving extended psalmody and antiphons during Lent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሠናይት (wa-śanāyət)","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Adam and the beautiful' is ambiguous: 'śanāyət' could be an adjective ('beautiful') or a proper name; the English draft treats it as a noun, but the syntax is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the addressee in the Geʿez hymn is not explicit; it could be Christ, a saint, or a personification of light.","The phrase 'Adam and the beautiful' may be a list of exemplary figures or a single figure with an epithet; the Geʿez allows both readings."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"128–135\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Friday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n128–130\n\nወአንተሰ፡ ጊሥ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nጸሊ፡ ወትረ፡ ወኢትናፍቅ፡ ለጸሎት፡\nእንዘ፡ ትትአመን፡ ሰአል፡\nእንዘ፡ ትብል፡ አቡነ፡ ዘበሰማያት።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n130–131\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n131–133\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n133–134","english":"And you, hasten to the Lord; pray continually, and do not neglect prayer, while you are faithful, beseech, while you say, “Our Father, who art in heaven.”\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday of the second week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the transition from Thursday to Friday of the second week of the Great Fast, with antiphons for Sǝbḥata nagh (dawn), 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Geʿez term for the dawn office, corresponding to the night office or matins in other traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አቡነ ዘበሰማያት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Our Father, who art in heaven' echoes the opening of the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:9–13), a standard element in Geʿez liturgical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Great Fast (Lent) in the Ethiopian tradition involves multiple daily prayer hours; the antiphons for each hour are drawn from a fixed cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This antiphonary is part of the broader Geʿez liturgical corpus, preserved in manuscripts such as those cataloged in the Hollis system.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990027041560203941","label":"History and the historians of medieval Spain","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990027041560203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990084811530203941","label":"Mozarabic antiphonary of Silos (Cantus lamentationum). Mozarabic antiphonary of Leon (7th century). Calixtine codex. [Sound recording]","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990084811530203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text includes a set of antiphons for Sǝbḥata nagh (lines 128–130) but the English draft omits this heading, likely a scribal or editorial omission."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"Set of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Friday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n134–135\n\nSet of antiphons for the Saturday of the second week.\n\n136–138\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Saturday\nof the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n136–138\n\nበአፍአኒ፡ መስቀል፡ ወበውሣጤኒ፡ መስቀል፡\nበገዳምኒ፡ መስቀል፡ እንዘ፡ ጸልመተ፡ ያበርህ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the third week of the Great Fast ( ምኵራብ፡ ,\nMǝkʷrāb ).\n\n139–198\n\n54–78\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the third week (Sunday of the Temple,\nምኵራብ፡ ).\n\n139–153\n\nSet of antiphons for the first Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the third week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Friday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n134–135\n\nSet of antiphons for the Saturday of the second week.\n\n136–138\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Saturday of the second week of the Great Fast.\n\n136–138\n\nOn my mouth, the Cross, and within me, the Cross; in my desert, the Cross, while it is dark, it shines.\n\nSet of antiphons for the third week of the Great Fast (Mǝkʷrāb).\n\n139–198\n\n54–78\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the third week (Sunday of the Temple, Mǝkʷrāb).\n\n139–153\n\nSet of antiphons for the first Wāzemā / Sark service of the Sunday of the third week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a rubric that lists sets of antiphons for specific services across the second and third weeks of Lent, with page numbers referencing the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are terms for the evening or night office in the Ethiopian tradition, corresponding to Vespers or Compline.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh refers to the dawn office, equivalent to Matins or Lauds, in the Ethiopian liturgical cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Mǝkʷrāb","severity":"info","text":"Mǝkʷrāb is the Geʿez term for the third week of Lent, also called the Sunday of the Temple.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez line about the Cross (በአፍአኒ መስቀል ...) is a short poetic antiphon, likely sung during the office, emphasizing the Cross as a source of light in darkness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The page numbers 54–78 appear after the third week heading but may be a scribal insertion or refer to a different section; their placement is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The page numbers 54–78 are inserted between the third week heading and the Sunday of the third week heading, possibly indicating a separate set of antiphons or a scribal error.","The relationship between the Geʿez antiphon about the Cross and the surrounding rubrics is unclear; it may be a standalone text or part of a specific service."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"139–142\n\nበዕለተ፡ ሰንበት፡ ቦአ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ምኵራበ፡ አይሁድ፡\nምህሮሙ፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ለእመ፡ ኪያየ፡\nኢአመንክሙ፡ ለግብርየ፡ እመኑ፡ አንትሙ፡\nጊዜ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ዓመታት፡ ዕለታተ፡ ሰንበታተ፡\nኢፈለጥክሙ፡ እንዳዒ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Mawaddǝs service\nof the Sunday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n142–153\n\nSet of antiphons for the second Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n153\n\nSet of antiphons for the Monday of the third week.\n\n154–162\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Monday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n154–157\n\nክርስቶስ፡ ብነ፡ ጸወንነ፡ ወኀይልነ፡ ጽንዕነ፡\nቤዛነ፡ መድኀኒተ፡ ነፍስነ፡ ኪያሁ፡ ናአኵት፡\nኵልነ፡ ለዘአንቅሀነ፡ እምንዋም።","english":"139–142\n\nOn the Sabbath day, Jesus entered the synagogue of the Jews. He taught them and said to them, \"If you believe in me, believe in my works.\" At the time of the course of the years, the days of the Sabbaths, I have chosen you from among them.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Mawaddǝs service of the Sunday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n142–153\n\nSet of antiphons for the second Wāzemā / Sark service of the Sunday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n153\n\nSet of antiphons for the Monday of the third week.\n\n154–162\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Monday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n154–157\n\nChrist, with us is our strength and our power is mighty. The price of the salvation of our soul, we all praise him who awakened us from sleep.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a set of antiphons (139–142) for the Sabbath (Sunday) of the third week of the Great Fast, followed by rubrics for the Mawaddǝs and second Wāzemā/Sark services, then antiphons for Monday.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰንበት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሰንበት (sämbät) can mean both 'Sabbath' and 'Sunday'; here it refers to Sunday, as the context is the third week of the Great Fast.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'If you believe in me, believe in my works' echoes Jesus' teaching in the Gospels, though no single verse is directly quoted; it may allude to John 2:23 or similar exhortations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Mawaddǝs service is a Eucharistic liturgy in the Ethiopian tradition, while Wāzemā/Sark refers to a vigil or early morning office; these rubrics structure the Lenten antiphonary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The final antiphon (154–157) praises Christ as the one who awakened us from sleep, a common theme in Ethiopian hymnody for the Lenten season, emphasizing spiritual vigilance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'በዕለተ፡ ሰንበት' could be read as 'on the Sabbath day' or 'on Sunday'; the context of the third week of the Great Fast supports the Sunday interpretation.","The phrase 'ኢፈለጥክሙ፡ እንዳዒ።' is unclear; the English draft renders it as 'I have chosen you from among them,' but the Geʿez may be corrupt or elliptical."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n157–158\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n158–159\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n160–161\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Monday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n161–162\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the third week.\n\n163–170\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Tuesday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n157–158\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n158–159\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n160–161\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Monday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n161–162\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the third week.\n\n163–170\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Tuesday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday of the third week of the Great Fast","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for the Little Hours (3rd, 6th, 9th) and the Wāzemā/Sark service for Monday, then Tuesday of the third week of Lent, following the Coptic-derived horarium.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are alternative terms for the evening or vigil service in the Geʿez tradition, corresponding to Coptic Vespers or Compline.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Geʿez term for the dawn office (Matins), a daily service in the Ethiopian liturgical cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"third week of the Great Fast","severity":"info","text":"The Great Fast (Lent) in the Ethiopian tradition lasts 55 days; the third week corresponds to the period after the first two weeks of fasting, with specific antiphons assigned to each day and hour.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"antiphons","severity":"info","text":"Antiphons in the Ethiopian tradition are short scriptural or liturgical refrains sung during the office, often drawn from the Psalms or New Testament, and are organized by hour and day in the Antiphonary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The page numbers (157–158, etc.) likely refer to folio or page ranges in the source manuscript, but their exact reference is not specified.","The relationship between the antiphons listed and the preceding narrative passage (Jesus in the synagogue) is unclear; the transition is abrupt."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"163–165\n\nተክዕወ፡ በላዕሌነ፡ ት አ ዛዘ፡ ኦሪት፡\nወነቢያት። ኖን። ማኅቶት፡ ለእግርየ፡ ሕግከ፡\nብርሃን፡ ለፍኖትየ፡ ካልእ፡ ሕግ፡ አእምሮ፡\nቃላተ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ፍጹመ፡ ተፋቅሮ፡ ይእቲ፡ ታድኅን፡\nእሞት።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Tuesday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n165–166\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n167–168\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n168–169\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Tuesday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.","english":"I have placed the Law upon me, the Torah and the Prophets. I have placed the commandments under my feet. Your Law, O Light, is for my path. The second Law is understanding. The words of righteousness, perfect love—it is she who saves from death.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the beginning of antiphons for Tuesday of the third week of the Great Fast, following Monday's set. The Geʿez text is a single antiphon unit (163–165) before the rubric for the 3rd Hour.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ተክዕወ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ተክዕወ (takʿwa) means 'I have placed' or 'I have set,' indicating a deliberate act of adopting the Law. The English draft renders it as 'I have placed,' which is appropriate.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦሪት","severity":"info","text":"ኦሪት (orit) is the Geʿez term for the Torah or Pentateuch, derived from Hebrew. It appears here alongside ነቢያት (nebiyat, 'Prophets'), forming a standard reference to the Old Testament canon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕግከ ብርሃን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Your Law, O Light' may echo Psalm 119:105 (Vulgate) or similar wisdom imagery, but no direct Geʿez citation is identified. The 'Light' likely refers to Christ or divine illumination in Lenten context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'second Law' (ካልእ ሕግ) likely refers to the New Testament or Christian moral teaching, contrasted with the Old Testament Law. This dual-Law theme is common in Ethiopic liturgical poetry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The final line 'it is she who saves from death' personifies 'perfect love' (ፍጹመ ተፋቅሮ) as a salvific force, reflecting a Christological or Marian interpretation in later Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has no explicit subject for 'saves from death'; the English draft interprets it as 'perfect love,' but the antecedent could be 'the second Law' or 'understanding.'","The phrase 'I have placed the commandments under my feet' may be metaphorical for humility or rejection of legalism, but the exact liturgical context is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"170\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the third week.\n\n171–178\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Wednesday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n171–173\n\nውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ ይትወሀቦሙ፡ ካልእ፡ ልብ፡\nትሠርጽ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ወይትመዋእ፡ ሞት፡ ይመጽእ፡\nጽድቅ፡ ወይትጋ በ እ፡ ትዕግሥት፡ ውእተ፡ አሚረ፡\nይነቅህ፡ ዓለም፡ ዘአልቦ፡ አመ፡ ነቅሀ፡ ወምድርኒ፡\nአመ፡ ታግብእ፡ ማሕፀንታ፡ ውእተ፡ አሚረ፡\nአልቦ፡ ክረምት፡ ወኢሐጋይ፡ ዘአንበለ፡ መብረቀ፡\nስብሐቲሁ፡ ወብርሃኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡\nከመ፡ ይርአይ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘጽኑሕ፡ ሎቱ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n173–174\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.","english":"He who has said, “Let a second heart be given to them,” faith is sown, and death is dissolved; righteousness comes, and patience is exalted. He who has said, “Let the world be awakened which has no awakening,” and the earth, when it receives mercy. He who has said, “There is no winter nor summer without lightning,” the praise and light of the Lord, so that all who are steadfast may see him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage comprises three antiphons (171–173) for the Sǝbḥata nagh service, followed by sets for the 3rd and 6th Hours, all for Wednesday of the third week of Lent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ካልእ፡ ልብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase kāləʿ ləbb (ካልእ ልብ) means 'second heart,' a metaphor for a renewed or transformed inner disposition, possibly linked to spiritual rebirth.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ይትመዋእ፡ ሞት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'death is dissolved' echoes New Testament language of Christ's victory over death (e.g., 1 Cor 15:54–55), though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Sǝbḥata nagh is the dawn office in the Ethiopian tradition, corresponding to the Coptic Psalmodia; its antiphons often draw on sapiential and apocalyptic imagery.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text shows possible scribal variation: the repeated phrase ውእተ፡ አሚረ፡ may be a rubric or incipit marker, not part of the sung antiphon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'He who has said' may refer to a biblical speaker (e.g., a prophet) or to Christ; the Geʿez does not specify.","The connection between 'no winter nor summer without lightning' and the following praise of the Lord is syntactically loose."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"174–176\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n176–177\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Wednesday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n177–178\n\nSet of antiphons for the Thursday of the third week.\n\n179–186\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Thursday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n179–181\n\nአንትሙሰ፡ ከመዝ፡ ንዑ፡ ውስተ፡ ይእቲ፡\nሀገር፡ እለ፡ ሥዩማን፡ ሊቃውንተ፡ ቤተ፡\nክርስቲያን፡ ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ሃሌ፡\nሉያ፡ ስብሐት፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በጽዮን።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Thursday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.","english":"Antiphons for the 9th Hour service for the Wednesday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\nAntiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Wednesday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\nAntiphons for the Thursday of the third week.\n\nAntiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Thursday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\nYou yourselves, like unto, come into that city, the ordained clergy of the church. Halleluia, Halleluia, Halleluia. Praise to the Lord in Zion.\n\nAntiphons for the 3rd Hour service for the Thursday of the third week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists antiphons for multiple services on Wednesday and Thursday of the third week of Lent, with the Geʿez text beginning at line 179.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (or Sark) is a night office in the Ethiopian tradition, corresponding to the Coptic service of the same name, often involving psalms and prayers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the dawn office in the Ethiopian liturgy, equivalent to the Coptic service of the same name, typically including hymns and readings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በጽዮን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Praise to the Lord in Zion' echoes Psalm 65:1 (LXX 64:1) and is a common liturgical refrain in Ethiopian hymnody.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphons are part of the Great Fast (Lent) liturgy, a period of fasting and prayer in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, with specific services assigned to each hour.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text at line 179 begins with 'አንትሙሰ፡ ከመዝ፡ ንዑ፡', which is ambiguous: 'አንትሙሰ' may be a variant of 'አንትሙ' (you yourselves) or a corruption; the translation 'You yourselves, like unto' is tentative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'አንትሙሰ፡ ከመዝ፡' is unclear; 'አንትሙሰ' may be a scribal error or dialectal form, and 'ከመዝ' could mean 'like this' or be a proper name.","The exact liturgical context of the antiphons for 'Thursday of the third week' without a specific hour is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"181–182\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n182–184\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n184–185\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Thursday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n186\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the third week.\n\n187–195\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Friday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n187–188\n\nወተዘከረ፡ ሣህሎ፡ ለዓለም፡ ዘሠርዐ፡\nለአብርሃም፡ ወመሐለ፡ ለይስሐቅ፡ ወአቀመ፡\nስምዐ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡ እስመ፡ ደብተራሁ፡ እንተ፡\nተከላ፡ ለስምዕ።","english":"181–182\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n182–184\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n184–185\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Thursday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n186\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the third week.\n\n187–195\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Friday of the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n187–188\n\nAnd he remembered his mercy for the world, which he spread for Abraham, and he covenanted for Isaac, and he established the name for Jacob, for his tablet which was planted for the name.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"187–195","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists antiphons for Friday of the third week, with the Sǝbḥata nagh service occupying lines 187–195. The Geʿez text at 187–188 begins the first antiphon of that set.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተዘከረ፡ ሣህሎ፡ ለዓለም፡ ዘሠርዐ፡ ለአብርሃም፡ ወመሐለ፡ ለይስሐቅ፡ ወአቀመ፡ ስምዐ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡ እስመ፡ ደብተራሁ፡ እንተ፡ ተከላ፡ ለስምዕ።","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text recounts God’s mercy spread for Abraham, a covenant for Isaac, and the establishment of a name for Jacob, concluding with a reference to a tablet planted for the name. The English draft renders this as a series of divine acts toward the patriarchs.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ለአብርሃም፡ ወመሐለ፡ ለይስሐቅ፡ ወአቀመ፡ ስምዐ፡ ለያዕቆብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The sequence of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob echoes the patriarchal narratives of Genesis, particularly the covenant with Abraham (Gen 15) and the renaming of Jacob as Israel (Gen 32:28). The Geʿez text may allude to these events.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሣህሎ","severity":"info","text":"ሣህሎ (sāḥəlo) means 'his mercy' in Geʿez, a key theological term in Ethiopian liturgical texts, often referring to divine compassion.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the dawn service in the Ethiopian liturgical tradition, corresponding to the night office or matins. It is one of the seven canonical hours observed during Lent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ፡ ደብተራሁ፡ እንተ፡ ተከላ፡ ለስምዕ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'for his tablet which was planted for the name' is obscure; 'tablet' (ደብተራሁ) may refer to a liturgical or symbolic object, but the sense is uncertain. The English draft's rendering 'for his tablet which was planted for the name' follows the Geʿez literally.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'his tablet' (ደብተራሁ) is unclear; it may be a metaphor for a covenant or a liturgical object.","The phrase 'planted for the name' (ተከላ፡ ለስምዕ) is ambiguous; 'name' could refer to God's name or to Jacob's new name Israel."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n188–190\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n191–193\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n193–195\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Friday\nof the third week of the Great Fast. No antiphons for this service are provided in .\n\nSet of antiphons for the Saturday of the third week.\n\n196–198","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n188–190\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n191–193\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n193–195\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Friday\nof the third week of the Great Fast. No antiphons for this service are provided in .\n\nSet of antiphons for the Saturday of the third week.\n\n196–198","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for Friday and Saturday of the third week of the Great Fast, covering the 3rd, 6th, 9th Hours and the Wāzemā/Sark service.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (Geʿez) and Sark (Coptic) both refer to the evening or vigil service, often corresponding to Compline or a preparatory office before the night office.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The note 'No antiphons for this service are provided in .' indicates a lacuna in the source manuscript or edition, possibly due to damage or omission in transmission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sequence of services (3rd, 6th, 9th Hours, then Wāzemā/Sark) follows the standard daily office order in the Ethiopian tradition, with the Great Fast (Lent) as the liturgical season.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'No antiphons for this service are provided in .' has an incomplete reference; the source or manuscript is not specified.","The page numbers (188–190, etc.) may refer to folio or page numbers in the source edition, but their exact reference is not clarified."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"Set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Friday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n196–198\n\nገሠጸ፡ ባሕረ፡ ወነፋሳተ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ፍጥረት፡\nያከብርዋ፡ ለሰንበት፡ በኀይለ፡ መስቀሉ፡ አጋንንተ፡\nአውፅአ፡ እለ፡ ለምጽ፡ አንጽሐ፡ ገብረ፡ ተኣምረ፡\nፈወሰ፡ ዱያነ፡ ወከሠተ፡ አዕይንተ፡ ዕዉራን፡\nወኵሎ፡ ፈጺሞ፡ አዕረፈ፡ እግዚእነ፡ በሰንበት።\n\nSet of antiphons for the fourth week of the Great Fast ( መፃጕዕ፡ ,\nMaṣ́agʷǝʿ ).\n\n199–253\n\n78–101\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the fourth week (Sunday of the Paralytic,\nመፃጕዕ፡ ).\n\n199–212\n\nSet of antiphons for the first Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Friday\nof the third week of the Great Fast.\n\n196–198\n\nThe sea, the winds, and all creation\nhonor the Sabbath by the power of His cross. He expelled the demons, those who were leprous he cleansed, he performed a miracle, he healed the sick, and he opened the eyes of the blind. And all this our Lord accomplished and completed on the Sabbath.\n\nSet of antiphons for the fourth week of the Great Fast (Maṣ́agʷǝʿ).\n\n199–253\n\n78–101\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the fourth week (Sunday of the Paralytic, Maṣ́agʷǝʿ).\n\n199–212\n\nSet of antiphons for the first Wāzemā / Sark service of the Sunday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"This passage begins a set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service, a dawn office, for the Friday of the third week of the Great Fast.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Maṣ́agʷǝʿ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term Maṣ́agʷǝʿ (መፃጕዕ፡) designates the fourth week of the Great Fast, here glossed as 'Sunday of the Paralytic' in the English draft.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"the sea, the winds, and all creation honor the Sabbath","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase echoes Psalm 96:11 (LXX) and the broader biblical theme of creation honoring God, adapted here to the Sabbath and the cross.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (or Sark) is a vigil service in the Ethiopian tradition, often involving extended psalmody and readings, here marking the first such service of the fourth week.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"78–101","severity":"caution","text":"The page numbers 78–101 appear abruptly after the fourth-week heading; they likely refer to a different source or a misordered foliation, as the preceding sequence is 199–253.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The page numbers 78–101 are inserted without clear connection to the surrounding antiphon sets; they may be a scribal or editorial interpolation.","The Geʿez text attributes the healing miracles to 'our Lord' on the Sabbath, but the exact biblical referent (e.g., Mark 3:1–6 or a patristic homily) is not specified."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"199–201\n\nውእቱ፡ እግዚኣ፡ ለሰንበት፡ ወአቡሃ፡ ለምሕረት፡\nቤትየሰ፡ ቤ ቱ ፡ ጸሎት፡ ይሰመይ፡ ቤተ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ወማኅደሩ፡ ለልዑል። ቤትየሰ፡\nቤተ፡ ጸሎት፡ ይሰመይ፡ ቤተ፡ ረሰይክሙ፡ አንትሙ፡\nበአተ፡ ፈያት፡ ቤ፡ አሕየዎ፡ ኢየሱስ፡\nለመፃጕዕ፡ ለዘ፴ወ፰ክረምተ፡ ሐመ።\n\nወልደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ተኣምረ፡ ገብረ፡ አሕየወ፡\nበሥልጣኑ፡ ዐይነ፡ ዕዉረ፡ ? ዘዘዚአሁ፡\nኅቡረ፡ ወለዕረፍተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰንበተ፡\nፈጠረ፡ በሰንበት፡ ዐርገ፡ ሐመረ፡ ገሠጸ፡ ባሕረ፡\nወገሠጾሙ፡ ለነፋሳት፡ ወወረቀ፡ ምድረ፡\nወገብረ፡ ጽቡረ፡ አሕየወ፡ ዕዉረ፡ ወ፡ ገብረ፡\nተኣምረ፡ በሰንበት፡ መድኀኒነ፡ ክርስቶስ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Mawaddǝs service\nof the Sunday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n201–212\n\nSet of antiphons for the second Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.","english":"199–201\n\nHe is the Lord of the Sabbath, and the Father of mercy.  \nBethany is the house of prayer, called the house of God, and the dwelling place of the Most High. Bethany is the house of prayer, called the house of your election, you who entered through the gate of salvation. He gave life to Jesus for the multitude, for the one who endured the winter of affliction.\n\nThe Son of God performed a miracle: He gave life by His authority, the eye of the blind man? ... who was His companion. And for the rest of every Sabbath, He created on the Sabbath the ascent of the donkey, He dried up the sea, and He dried up the winds, and the earth became dry. And He performed a miracle: He gave life to the blind man, and He performed a miracle on the Sabbath, our Savior Christ.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Mawaddǝs service  \nof the Sunday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n201–212\n\nSet of antiphons for the second Wāzemā /  \nSark  \nservice of the Sunday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage comprises two sets of antiphons: the first (199–201) for the Mawaddǝs service of the Sunday of the fourth week of the Great Fast, the second (201–212) for the second Wāzemā/Sark service of the same Sunday.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰንበት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term sänbät (ሰንበት) means 'Sabbath' or 'Sunday'; in this liturgical context it refers to Sunday, the day of the Lord's resurrection and the focus of the weekly celebration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤትየሰ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Bethany (ቤትየሰ) as 'house of prayer' and 'house of God' echoes the Gospel accounts of Jesus' visits to Bethany (e.g., Mark 11:1–11) and its association with the raising of Lazarus, a miracle of resurrection.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ማዋድስ","severity":"info","text":"The Mawaddǝs service is a Geʿez liturgical office of supplication, often associated with the Lenten season; its name derives from the root 'to love' or 'to entreat', reflecting its penitential character.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘዘዚአሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the eye of the blind man? ... who was his companion' contains a lacuna or uncertain reading (marked by '?'), making the exact referent unclear; the translation tentatively supplies 'who was his companion' but the Geʿez may be corrupt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphons for the second Wāzemā/Sark service (201–212) reflect a later liturgical expansion, as the Wāzemā service is a distinctive Geʿez office for the night hours, often added in monastic contexts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text at line 199–201 includes a possible textual corruption or lacuna after 'ዐይነ፡ ዕዉረ፡ ?', where the question mark indicates an uncertain reading; the translation interprets this as referring to a blind man who was Christ's companion, but the original may be damaged.","The phrase 'ለዘ፴ወ፰ክረምተ፡ ሐመ።' is obscure; the translation renders it as 'for the one who endured the winter of affliction', but the precise meaning is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"212\n\nSet of antiphons for the Monday of the fourth week.\n\n213–221\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Monday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n213–216\n\nበትረ፡ ኀይል፡ ይፌኑ፡ ለከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nእምጽዮን፡ ወት ኳ ንን፡ በማእከለ፡ ጸላእትከ፡\nይዕቀብከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምኵሉ፡ እኩይ፡\nወየሀብከ፡ ሞገሰ፡ ከመ፡ ሞገሰ፡\nዳዊት፡ በቅደመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n216–217\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n218–219\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.","english":"212\n\nSet of antiphons for the Monday of the fourth week.\n\n213–221\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Monday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n213–216\n\nThe rod of power shall be sent to you, O Lord;\nfrom Zion and from the midst of your enemies\nthe Lord shall protect you from all evil,\nand shall give you grace, like the grace\nof David before the Lord.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n216–217\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n218–219\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage (213–221) is a set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service, the dawn office, on Monday of the fourth week of the Great Fast. The rubric separates it from the following hours (3rd, 6th, 9th).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"በትረ፡ ኀይል፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'በትረ፡ ኀይል፡' (bǝtra ḫayl) means 'rod of power' or 'staff of might,' a biblical image of divine authority and protection, e.g., in the Psalms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዳዊት፡ በቅደመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","severity":"info","text":"The closing reference to 'David before the Lord' echoes the biblical motif of David as the archetypal recipient of divine grace and protection, as in Psalm 18 (LXX 17) or 2 Samuel 7.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Sǝbḥata nagh (ስብሐተ ንጋሕ) is the Ethiopic dawn office, corresponding to the Coptic 'Tenas' (ϯⲛⲁϩ) or 'Morning Praise,' a daily service of hymns and psalms.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This antiphonary for Lent is transmitted in the Ethiopian tradition as part of the liturgical book 'Somade' (ዶማድ), a collection of hymns for the Great Fast. The source edition is betmas.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text of antiphons 213–216 is given, but the antiphons for the 3rd, 6th, and 9th hours (216–221) are not transcribed in this passage, only rubricated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"219–221\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Monday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n221\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the fourth week.\n\n222–228\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Tuesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n222–223\n\nእምነ፡ ጽዮን፡ በሐ፡ ቅድስት፡ ቤተ፡\nክርስቲያን፡ ስርጉት፡ በስብሐት፡\nአረፋቲሃ፡ ዘመረግድ፡ ስ፡\nወማኅፈዲሃኒ፡ ዘቢረሌ፡ ስ፡ እምሥነ፡\nገድሎሙ፡ ለሰማዕት፡ ስ፡ ታቦተ፡ ሕጉ፡ ለንጉሥ፡\nዐቢይ፡ ስ፡ እስመ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ መሠረትኪ፡\nፀሓየ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ያበርህ፡ ለኪ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Tuesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.","english":"219–221\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Monday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n221\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the fourth week.\n\n222–228\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Tuesday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n222–223\n\nFrom Zion, in the holy church of the Christians, adorned with praise, her windows of marble, and her lintels of bronze, from the beauty of the deeds of the martyrs, the ark of the law of the great king, for Christ is your foundation; the sun of righteousness will shine for you.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Tuesday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"219–221","severity":"info","text":"The passage numbers 219–221 and 222–228 indicate a shift from Monday to Tuesday of the fourth week of the Great Fast, following the Coptic-derived liturgical structure of the Antiphonary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are Geʿez terms for the evening or vigil service, corresponding to Coptic Vespers, marking the beginning of the liturgical day.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Geʿez name for the Morning Praise service, equivalent to Coptic Orthros or Matins, a key office in Lent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ፡ ጽዮን፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'From Zion' echoes Psalm 14:7 (LXX) and the broader biblical theme of Zion as the source of divine protection and grace, common in Ethiopian liturgical poetry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ታቦተ፡ ሕጉ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ዐቢይ፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'ark of the law of the great king' refers to the Ark of the Covenant, a central symbol in Ethiopian tradition, believed to be housed in Aksum, linking the liturgy to national identity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"222–223","severity":"info","text":"The antiphons for the 3rd Hour service on Tuesday continue the Lenten theme of praise and martyrdom, reflecting the Ethiopian reception of Coptic hymnody adapted to local devotion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text for 222–223 contains a lacuna or unclear phrase after 'ስ፡' (possibly a scribal abbreviation for 'ስብሐት' or a numeral), and the exact referent of 'her windows' and 'her lintels' (the church or Zion) is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"224–225\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n225–226\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n226–228\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Tuesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n228\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the fourth week.\n\n229–236\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Wednesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n229–230\n\nበጽድቅ፡ ወበተፋቅሮ፡ እስመ፡ ረከብኩ፡ እምውስተ፡\nደቂቅኪ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በነቢይ፡ የ ሕ ንጽ፡\nአሕዛብ፡ አረፋተኪ፡ አምኂ፡ ደቂቀ፡ እኅትኪ፡\nኅሪት፡ መድኀኒት፡ ወሕይወት፡ ህየንተ፡\nአበውኪ፡ ተወልዱ፡ ለኪ፡ ደቂቅ።","english":"224–225\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Tuesday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n225–226\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n226–228\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Tuesday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n228\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the fourth week.\n\n229–236\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Wednesday of the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n229–230\n\nIn righteousness and in affection, for I have found among thy children, said the Lord through the prophet: The nations, thy remnants, have believed, the children of thy sister, the good, the salvation and life, where thy fathers were born for thee, children.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage (229–236) is a set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service on Wednesday of the fourth week of the Great Fast, following the 6th Hour, 9th Hour, and Wāzemā/Sark services for Tuesday.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Geʿez term for the dawn office, corresponding to the Coptic service of the Psalmodia at daybreak, a key liturgical hour in the Great Fast.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በጽድቅ፡ ወበተፋቅሮ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'In righteousness and in affection' echoes the prophetic language of Hosea 2:19–20 (LXX), where God speaks of Israel's restoration through righteousness and love, here applied to the church.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the children of thy sister' likely alludes to the tradition that the Ethiopian Church is the 'sister' of the Church of Jerusalem, a common trope in Ethiopic liturgical poetry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text at line 229–230 contains a lacuna or scribal break after 'አሕዛብ፡' (the nations), and the phrase 'አረፋተኪ፡ አምኂ፡' is ambiguous; it may mean 'thy remnants have believed' or 'the remnants of thy people have believed'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'አረፋተኪ፡ አምኂ፡' could be read as 'thy remnants have believed' or 'the remnants of thy people have believed', depending on whether the suffix -ኪ is attached to 'remnants' or to a lost noun.","The identity of 'the children of thy sister' is not explicitly defined; it may refer to the faithful of the Ethiopian Church or to a specific group within the liturgy."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n231–232\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n232–233\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n233–234\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Wednesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n235–236\n\nSet of antiphons for the Thursday of the fourth week.\n\n237–243\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Thursday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n231–232\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n232–233\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n233–234\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Wednesday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n235–236\n\nSet of antiphons for the Thursday of the fourth week.\n\n237–243\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Thursday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for Wednesday and Thursday of the fourth week of the Great Fast, following the pattern of the Little Hours (3rd, 6th, 9th) and the Wāzemā/Sark service, with page numbers indicating the start of each set.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (Geʿez) and Sark (Coptic) both refer to the evening or vigil service preceding the night office, here used interchangeably for the Wednesday service.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh (Geʿez) denotes the dawn office, equivalent to the Coptic 'Sark' in some contexts, here specified for Thursday of the fourth week.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Great Fast (Lent) in the Geʿez tradition follows a liturgical cycle with daily offices at the Third, Sixth, and Ninth Hours, plus vigil and dawn services, as reflected in this antiphonary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This antiphonary is preserved in the manuscript betmas, which is a key source for the Geʿez Lenten liturgy, though its exact date and provenance remain unstudied.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The page numbers (231–236, 237–243) may refer to folio numbers in the manuscript, but the source edition does not clarify the numbering system.","The relationship between Wāzemā and Sark is given as equivalent, but in some traditions they denote distinct services; the text treats them as the same."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"237–238\n\nእምነ፡ ጽዮን፡ በሐ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ፍሥሓ፡\nእ፡ ነሣእናሃ፡ ትኩነ፡\nመርሐ፡ እ፡ ከመ፡ ታድኅነነ፡ እምእደ፡ ፀርነ፡\nእ፡ ወታንግፈነ፡ እምእደ፡ ጸላእትነ፡ እ፡ እሞሙ፡\nሰማዕት፡ ወእኅቶሙ፡ ለመላእክት፡\nእ፡ ሀገሪቶሙ፡ ለቅዱሳን፡ እንተ፡ በሰማያት፡\nንበላ፡ በሐ፡ ነሣእናሃ፡ ትኩነነ፡ መርሐ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Thursday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n239–240\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n240–241\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n241–243\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Thursday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.","english":"From Zion, in the morning, joy. We shall take up the cross, the guide, that it may save us from the hand of our enemy, and that it may protect us from the hand of our adversaries, the martyrs and their brothers the angels, the city of the saints which is in the heavens. Let us eat, in the morning we shall take up the cross, our guide.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage comprises antiphons for the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours and the Wāzemā/Sark service for Thursday of the fourth week of the Great Fast, following the pattern of the previous Wednesday.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መርሐ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'መርሐ' (märḥa) means 'guide' and is used here as a title for the cross, emphasizing its role as a guiding and saving instrument.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ፡ ጽዮን፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase 'From Zion' echoes Psalm 14:7 (LXX) and the broader biblical theme of Zion as a source of salvation and joy, common in Ethiopian liturgical poetry.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the city of the saints which is in the heavens' reflects the Ethiopian Christian belief in a heavenly Jerusalem, a theme developed in the Acts of the Martyrs and the Synaxarium.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'We shall take up the cross, the guide' parallels the liturgical use of the cross as a processional and protective symbol in the Ethiopian Täʾammərä Maryam and other hymn cycles.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text includes the phrase 'ንበላ፡ በሐ፡' (nəbäla bäḥa) which is ambiguous: it may mean 'Let us eat in the morning' as a literal translation, but in a liturgical context it could be a metaphorical reference to spiritual nourishment or a scribal error for a different verb."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"243\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the fourth week.\n\n244–250\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Friday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n244–246\n\nወሪድየ፡ ብሔረ፡ ሮሜ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡\nርኢክዋ፡ አእመርክዋ፡ አፍቀርክዋ፡ ከመ፡\nእኅትየ፡ ሠናየ፡ ኀለፍኩ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ጕንዱይ፡\nመዋዕል፡ ወእምዝ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ኅዳጥ፡\nዓመታት፡ ካዕበ፡ ርኢክዋ፡ ወትትኀፀብ፡ በፈለገ፡\nጤግሮስ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n246–247\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n247–248","english":"I went down to the land of Rome, to the Church. I saw her, I knew her, I loved her as my sister. Good days passed after the festival, and then after a few years I saw her again, and she was weeping by the river Tigris.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Rome","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Rome and the Tigris river suggests a symbolic geography, possibly referencing the Roman Empire and the eastern frontier, relevant to Ethiopian Christian cosmology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Geʿez term for the morning service, corresponding to the office of Matins or Orthros in other traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Set of antiphons","severity":"info","text":"The passage is organized as a set of antiphons for the Friday of the fourth week of Lent, with specific assignments to the Sǝbḥata nagh, 3rd Hour, and 6th Hour services.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"river Tigris","severity":"info","text":"The Tigris river appears in Ethiopian liturgical poetry as a symbol of exile or lament, possibly reflecting the historical memory of the Assyrian captivity or the diaspora.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"I went down to the land of Rome","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'I went down to the land of Rome' may be metaphorical or refer to a spiritual journey; the exact referent is ambiguous and not necessarily literal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker and the precise location of 'Rome' are ambiguous; it may refer to Constantinople or the Roman Empire broadly.","The weeping by the Tigris could be a reference to a specific historical event or a general lament for the Church."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n249–250\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Friday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n250\n\nSet of antiphons for the Saturday of the fourth week.\n\n251–253\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Saturday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.\n\n251–253\n\nኀይለ፡ መስቀሉ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ ጽንዕ፡\nወጥቅም፡ ሐጹር፡ የዐውዳ፡ ዳዊትኒ፡\nይቤ፡ ነኪር፡ ነገሩ፡ በእን ተ አኪ፡\nሀገረ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nSet of antiphons for the fifth week of the Great Fast ( ደብረ፡ ዘይት፡ ,\nDabra Zayt ).","english":"The power of the cross of Christ is strong, and the sharp thorns wound. David also says, \"The word is strange, in that it is fixed in the city of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for the 9th Hour, Wāzemā/Sark, Saturday, and Sǝbḥata nagh services of the fourth week, then for the fifth week (Dabra Zayt).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (or Sark) is a Geʿez term for a vigil or preparatory service, often before the main liturgy, especially during Lent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is a Geʿez term for a dawn or morning service, typically involving hymns of praise.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Dabra Zayt","severity":"info","text":"Dabra Zayt (ደብረ ዘይት) is Geʿez for 'Mount of Olives,' a location associated with Christ's ascension and a common liturgical reference.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዳዊት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'David also says' introduces a quotation likely from the Psalms, though the exact verse is not identified in the draft.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphon contrasts the strength of the cross with the wounding thorns, echoing the passion narrative and the paradox of suffering and salvation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text includes a line that may be a direct quotation from a psalm, but the exact reference is not given in the draft.","The phrase 'in that it is fixed in the city of the Lord' is ambiguous; it may refer to the cross or to the word of David."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"101–132\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the fifth week (Sunday of the\nMount of Olives) ዋዜማ፡ ዘደብረ፡ ዘይት፡ ).\n\nSet of antiphons for the first Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nእንዘ፡ ይነብር ፡ እግዚእነ፡\nውስተ፡ ደብረ፡ ዘይት፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡\nለአርዳኢሁ፡ ዑቁኬ፡ ኢያስሕቱክሙ፡\nወንበሩ፡ ድልዋኒክሙ፡ በሰንበት፡\nኢይኩን፡ ጕያክሙ።\n\nእንዘ፡ ይነብር፡ እግዚእነ፡ ውስተ፡ ደብረ፡\nዘይት፡ ወይቤሎሙ፡ ለአርዳኢሁ፡ በዕለተ፡\nሰንበት፡ ካዕበ፡ ይቤሎሙ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ለአርዳኢሁ፡\nእምበለ ሰ ፡ አእምሩ፡ አምሳሊሁ፡ ከመ፡\nበጽሐ፡ ጊዜሁ፡ ለማዕረር።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Mawaddǝs service\nof the Sunday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the second Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.","english":"While our Lord was sitting on the Mount of Olives, he said to his disciples, \"Arise, let us go, and let your seats be prepared for the Sabbath, lest your side be empty.\"\n\nWhile our Lord was sitting on the Mount of Olives, he said to his disciples on the Sabbath day, again he said to his disciples, \"Jesus said to his disciples, 'Without understanding, my likenesses, that his time for suffering has arrived.'","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዋዜማ፡ ዘደብረ፡ ዘይት፡","severity":"info","text":"The rubric identifies this set of antiphons for the Sunday of the fifth week, called the Sunday of the Mount of Olives, and specifies multiple services: first and second Wāzemā/Sark, and Mawaddǝs.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማዕረር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ማዕረር (maʿrär) means 'suffering' or 'passion', here referring to Christ's passion. The English draft translates it as 'suffering'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ደብረ፡ ዘይት፡","severity":"info","text":"The Mount of Olives setting echoes New Testament accounts of Jesus teaching his disciples there, particularly in the Synoptic Gospels (e.g., Mark 13; Matthew 24–25).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ፡ ለአርዳኢሁ፡ እምበለ ሰ ፡ አእምሩ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'እምበለ ሰ ፡ አእምሩ' is obscure; the English draft renders it 'Without understanding', but the text may be corrupt or contain a scribal error, as the expected sense is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰንበት፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'Sabbath' (ሰንበት) in the context of Lent reflects the liturgical practice of the Ethiopian Church, where Saturday and Sunday are observed with special services during the Great Fast.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'እምበለ ሰ ፡ አእምሩ' is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error or a rare expression. The reading taken follows the English draft's 'Without understanding'.","The repetition of 'he said to his disciples' in the second antiphon may indicate a textual conflation or a liturgical formula."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"Set of antiphons for the Monday of the fifth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Monday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nአንቅሐኒ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ክሥተኒ፡ ዕዝንየ፡\nበዘአጸምዕ፡ አምላኪየ፡\nአምላኪየ፡ እገይሥ፡ ኀቤከ፡ ዘይሰማዕ፡ ግበር፡\nሊተ፡ ምሕረተከ፡ በጽባሕ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.","english":"Antiphonary for the Monday of the fifth week.\n\nAntiphonary for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Monday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nWake me at dawn, reveal to me my ear,\nfor my Lord has gathered.\nMy Lord, I go to you; what is heard, do\nfor me your mercy at dawn.\n\nAntiphonary for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nAntiphonary for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nAntiphonary for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the beginning of the fifth week of Lent, with antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh (dawn) service and the 3rd, 6th, and 9th hours, following the Coptic Horologion structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አንቅሐኒ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ክሥተኒ፡ ዕዝንየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'Wake me at dawn, reveal to me my ear' likely uses 'ear' metaphorically for understanding or attention, a common trope in Ethiopic hymnody.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Sǝbḥata nagh service is the Ethiopic dawn office, corresponding to the Coptic 'Sabbath of the Light' or morning prayer, integral to Lenten observances.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft renders 'አንቅሐኒ' as 'Wake me' but the Geʿez could also imply 'Raise me up' (from sleep or prostration), affecting the liturgical posture.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The petition 'do for me your mercy at dawn' parallels similar dawn mercy invocations in the Coptic Horologion, suggesting shared liturgical sources.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:latin-anon-antiphonale-visigothicum-legionense","label":"gap dossier: The Visigothic Antiphonary of Leon","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-anon-antiphonale-visigothicum-legionense"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez 'ክሥተኒ ዕዝንየ' is ambiguous: 'reveal to me my ear' may be a metaphor for 'grant me understanding' or a literal request for hearing, with no clear patristic gloss.","The phrase 'for my Lord has gathered' (በዘአጸምዕ አምላኪየ) could refer to the gathering of disciples or the assembly of the faithful, not specified in the text."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"Set of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Monday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the fifth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Tuesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nወአንሰ፡ በብዝኃ፡ ምሕረትከ፡\nእበውእ፡ ቤተከ፡ ወእሰግድ፡\nውስተ፡ ጽርሐ፡ መቅደስከ፡ በፈሪሆትከ፡\nእግዚኦ፡ ምርሐኒ፡ በጽድቅከ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Tuesday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Monday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the fifth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Tuesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nAnd I, by the abundance of your mercy, I enter your house and I prostrate within the portico of your sanctuary, in your fear. O my Lord, lead me by your righteousness.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Tuesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Tuesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the transition from Monday to Tuesday of the fifth week of Lent, with antiphons for Wāzemā/Sark, Sǝbḥata nagh, and the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (or Sark) is a vigil service in the Ethiopian tradition, often preceding the main daily offices during Lent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh refers to the dawn office, equivalent to the morning prayer in the Ethiopian liturgical cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez prayer expresses humility and supplication: the speaker enters the sanctuary, prostrates, and asks for guidance by righteousness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphonary for Lent organizes daily prayers around the monastic hours, reflecting the Coptic-influenced structure of the Ethiopian Täʾammərä ʾəgziʾəna.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text includes a prayer that may be a direct quotation from a psalm or liturgical source, but no specific scriptural reference is identified in the passage."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"Set of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Tuesday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the fifth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Wednesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nኢሳይያስኒ፡ ይቤ፡ ይኅድግ፡ ኃጥእ፡\nፍኖቶ፡ ወብእሲ፡ ዓማፂ፡ ምክሮ፡\nወይትመየጥ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nአምላኩ፡ እስመ ፡ ይቤ፡ እሄሉ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ወሣህልየሰ፡\nኢይከልዕ፡ እምኔሁ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Tuesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the fifth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Wednesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nIsaiah says: Let the sinner abandon his way, and the wicked man his counsel, and let him repent to the Lord his God, for he says, “The Lord is with me, and mercy is not far from me.”\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the sequence of antiphons for the fifth week of Lent, moving from Tuesday to Wednesday and including multiple daily offices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢሳይያስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text introduces a quotation from Isaiah, though the exact verse is not given; the content echoes themes of repentance found in Isaiah 1:16–17 or similar passages.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Geʿez term for the dawn office, corresponding to the morning service in the Ethiopian liturgical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Wāzemā / Sark service is a vigil office observed during Lent, and the 3rd and 6th Hours are part of the daily cycle of prayers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text of the Isaiah quotation contains a possible scribal error: 'ኢይከልዕ' may be a miswriting of 'ኢይከልእ' (he does not withhold), affecting the sense of the final clause.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact Isaiah verse referenced is not specified; the quotation may be a loose paraphrase or composite.","The final Geʿez word 'ኢይከልዕ' is ambiguous and may be a scribal error for 'ኢይከልእ' (he does not withhold) or another form."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Wednesday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Thursday of the fifth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Thursday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nአኃውየ፡ ኢታዕብዩ፡ ልበክሙ፡ ወአትሕቱ፡\nርእሰክሙ፡ ታሕተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡\nፅንዕት፡ ኀበ፡ ዘይክል፡ አድኅኖታ፡ ረዲኦታ፡\nለነፍስክሙ፡ አኃውየ፡ ኢታዕብዩ፡ ልበክሙ፡\nዲበ፡ ቢጽክሙ፡ እስመ፡ ኵሉ፡ ፆሮ፡ ይፀውር።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Thursday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Wednesday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Thursday of the fifth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Thursday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nO my brothers, make your hearts steadfast and lower your heads under the hand of the Lord. Seek refuge where salvation and help for your soul are possible. O my brothers, make your hearts steadfast upon your fast, for all the season turns.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Thursday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for Wednesday and Thursday of the fifth week of the Great Fast, following the pattern of daily offices (9th Hour, Wāzemā/Sark, Sǝbḥata nagh, 3rd Hour).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are alternative terms for the evening office in the Ethiopian tradition, corresponding to Vespers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Ethiopian office of the dawn or morning prayer, equivalent to Matins or Lauds.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አኃውየ፡ ኢታዕብዩ፡ ልበክሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'O my brothers, make your hearts steadfast' echoes biblical exhortations to steadfastness, such as in Hebrews 10:36 or 1 Corinthians 16:13, though no direct quotation is identified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'all the season turns' (ኵሉ ፆሮ ይፀውር) likely alludes to the cyclical nature of the liturgical year, emphasizing the turning of the Great Fast season.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text includes a single set of antiphons for Thursday without specifying the office, which may indicate a lacuna or abbreviation in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'አኃውየ' is interpreted as 'O my brothers' (vocative plural), but could also be read as a singular form in some contexts.","The phrase 'ዲበ ቢጽክሙ' is rendered 'upon your fast', but 'ቢጽ' may also mean 'strength' or 'endurance', leading to possible alternative translations."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Thursday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the fifth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Friday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nይሴፎ፡ ሰብእ፡ ይርከብ፡ ተስፋሁ፡\nይሴፎ፡ ሰብእ፡ ኀበ፡ ፈጣሪሁ፡\nወይኔጽራ፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ኀበ፡ ቅዱሰ፡ ፳ኤል፡\nለመስተዓግሣን፡ አንተ፡ ኃይል፡ እግዚኦ።","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Thursday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the fifth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Friday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nHe seeks, a man, he finds his hope.\nHe seeks, a man, to his Creator.\nAnd his eyes gaze toward the Holy ʾƎl.\nFor those who are perplexed, you are strength, O Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists antiphons for Thursday and Friday of the fifth week of Lent, following the pattern of the 6th Hour, 9th Hour, Wāzemā/Sark, and Sǝbḥata nagh services.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are alternative terms for the same evening service in the Ethiopian liturgical tradition, corresponding to Vespers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Geʿez term for the dawn service, equivalent to Matins or Orthros in other Christian traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez antiphon speaks of a man seeking his hope and his Creator, with his eyes fixed on the Holy ʾƎl, and addresses God as strength for the perplexed.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾƎl","severity":"info","text":"ʾƎl is a Geʿez term for God, derived from the Semitic root ʾl, used in liturgical contexts to refer to the divine.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text includes a numeral ፳ (20) before ʾƎl, which may be a scribal error or a liturgical number; its meaning is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numeral ፳ (20) before ʾƎl in the Geʿez antiphon is unclear; it may be a corruption or a reference to a specific liturgical element."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Friday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the feast of Matthias the Apostle (8 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the feast of Matthias the Apostle (8 Maggābit).","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Friday\nof the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the feast of Matthias the Apostle (8 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the feast of Matthias the Apostle (8 Maggābit).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for Friday of the fifth week of the Great Fast, covering the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours, the Wāzemā/Sark service, and then shifts to the feast of Matthias the Apostle (8 Maggābit) with its Sǝbḥata nagh service.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (Geʿez: ዋዜማ) and Sark (Geʿez: ሳርክ) are alternative terms for the evening or vigil service in the Ethiopian tradition, corresponding to the Coptic Vespers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh (Geʿez: ሰብሐተ ንጋሕ) is the dawn or morning service, equivalent to the Coptic Prime or Matins, often featuring hymns of praise.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The feast of Matthias the Apostle on 8 Maggābit (Ethiopian calendar, roughly 16/17 March) is a fixed-date commemoration. Its inclusion here shows the liturgical integration of sanctoral and temporal cycles during Lent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from Friday of the fifth week of the Great Fast to the feast of Matthias the Apostle (8 Maggābit). This juxtaposition suggests that the feast fell on or near that Friday in the given year, or that the antiphonary arranges material by service order rather than strict calendar sequence.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft reproduces the Geʿez structure exactly, but the shift from Friday Lenten antiphons to the feast of Matthias may reflect a lacuna or a deliberate liturgical juxtaposition. The source edition does not clarify whether the feast antiphons replace or supplement the Friday set.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Whether the antiphons for Matthias the Apostle are intended for the same Friday or for a separate day; the text does not specify a date for the Friday, leaving the chronological relationship unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"እለ፡ ኃረይከ፡ ወጸዋዕከ፡\nከመ፡ ይኩኑ፡ ቅዱሳኒከ፡ ነገሩ፡ ወአስምዑ፡\nቃለከ፡ ቃለ፡ ሕይወት፡ ቃለ፡ መድኃኒት፡\nእስመ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ውእቱ፡ ጸውዖሙ፡ በጽድቁ፡\nወረሱ፡ መንግሥተ፡ ሰማያት ፡\n\nSet of antiphons for the feast of the Cross in the Great Fast (10 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the feast of the Cross in the Great Fast (10 Maggābit).\n\nካልዕ፡ ክብሩ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ካልዕ፡ ክብሩ፡ ለወርኅ፡\nካልዕ፡ ክብሮሙ፡ ለከዋክብት፡ ኮከብ፡\nአምኮከብ፡ ይኄይስ፡ ክብሩ፡ ወንሕነኒ፡ ንትኬለል፡\nዮም፡ በዕፀ፡ መስቀሉ፡ ለክርስቶስ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the feast of the Cross in the Great Fast (10 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the feast of the Cross in the Great Fast (10 Maggābit).","english":"Those whom you have chosen and called, that they might become your saints, they spoke and made heard your word, the word of life, the word of salvation. For he is righteous; he called them by his righteousness, and they inherited the kingdom of heaven.\n\nSecond is his glory for the sun, second is his glory for the moon, second is the glory of the stars for the stars. A star among stars, his glory is beautiful, and we also crown ourselves today with the wood of the cross of Christ.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage combines two distinct liturgical sets: the first for the Friday of the fifth week of the Great Fast, the second for the feast of the Cross (10 Maggābit).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ካልዕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ካልዕ (kāləʿ) means 'second' and here introduces a refrain-like structure, possibly indicating a repeated antiphon or a secondary doxology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃለ ሕይወት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'word of life' (ቃለ ሕይወት) echoes Johannine language (John 1:1, 1 John 1:1) and is a common Geʿez liturgical expression for the Gospel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕፀ መስቀሉ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the wood of the cross' (ዕፀ መስቀሉ) connects to the feast of the Cross on 10 Maggābit, commemorating the finding of the True Cross.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The second stanza's cosmic imagery (sun, moon, stars) parallels the 'second glory' motif found in other Ethiopic hymns, such as the Dǝggʷā, where celestial bodies praise the cross.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'we also crown ourselves today with the wood of the cross' reflects a ritual practice of wearing or venerating a cross during the feast, attested in Ethiopic liturgical commentaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'second glory' (ካልዕ ክብሩ) refers to a liturgical refrain or a theological ranking; the translation assumes a doxological repetition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the feast of the Cross in the Great Fast (10 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the feast of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (13 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the feast\nof the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (13 Maggābit).\n\nጻድቅሰ፡ ከመ፡ በቀልት፡ ይፈሪ፡ ወይበዝኅ፡\nከመ፡ ዘግባ፡ ዘሊባኖስ፡ እስመ፡ ሀሎ፡ አዕፅምቲሆሙ፡\nኅቡዕ፡ ውስተ፡ ቀላይ፡ አዝቂር፡ ወኪርያቅ፡ ፵ሐራ፡\nሰማይ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the feast of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (13 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the feast of Theocritus of Rome (17 Maggābit).","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday of the feast of the Cross in the Great Fast (10 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the feast of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (13 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the feast of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (13 Maggābit).\n\nRighteous ones, like a tree that bears fruit and multiplies, like a forest of Lebanon, for their bones are hidden within the clay. Remember and call out: Forty martyrs of heaven.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the feast of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (13 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the feast of Theocritus of Rome (17 Maggābit).","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a composite of multiple sets of antiphons for different feasts, not a single continuous text. The Geʿez headings mark transitions between liturgical occasions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are terms for the evening or vigil service in the Geʿez tradition, corresponding to the Coptic Vespers. The double naming reflects the mixed liturgical heritage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Geʿez term for the dawn office, equivalent to the Coptic Morning Praise. It is a service of hymns and prayers at daybreak.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (13 Maggābit) were Roman soldiers who refused to sacrifice to pagan gods and were martyred by exposure on a frozen lake in 320 CE. Their cult is prominent in both Coptic and Geʿez calendars.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ጻድቅሰ፡ ከመ፡ በቀልት፡ ይፈሪ፡ ወይበዝኅ፡","severity":"info","text":"The image of a fruitful tree and the forest of Lebanon echoes Psalm 104:16 (LXX) and Song of Songs 4:11, where Lebanon symbolizes abundance and divine blessing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The feast of Theocritus of Rome (17 Maggābit) is less common in Geʿez sources; his inclusion here suggests a broader hagiographical network between Coptic and Ethiopian traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ኅቡዕ፡ ውስተ፡ ቀላይ፡' is ambiguous: it may mean 'hidden within the clay' (referring to the martyrs' bones) or 'hidden in the valley' (a topographical reading). The translation adopts 'clay' as a reference to burial.","The phrase '፵ሐራ፡ ሰማይ።' could be read as 'Forty martyrs of heaven' or 'Forty, heaven' — the translation follows the conventional liturgical formula."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"በከመ፡ ከዋክብት፡ ያሠረግውዎ፡ ለሰማይ፡\nበስኖሙ፡ ከማሁ፡ ሰማዕትኒ፡ ያሠረግውዋ፡\nለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ በገድሎሙ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the feast of the Virgin Mary (21 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the feast of the Virgin Mary (21 Maggābit).\n\nወትቤ፡ ማርያም፡ ነየ፡ ዓመተ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ይኩነኒ፡ በከመ፡ ትቤለኒ፡\nያስተበፅዑኒ፡ ሊተሰ፡ እምይእዜሰ፡ ኵሉ፡\nትውልድ፡ ምል፡ ያስተበፅዑኒ፡ ያስተበፅዑኒ፡\nሊተሰ፡ እምይእዜሰ፡ ኵሉ፡ ትውልድ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the feast of the Virgin Mary (21 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the feast of the Virgin Mary (21 Maggābit).","english":"As the stars adorn the sky, so the blood of the martyrs adorns the Church.\n\nAnd Mary said, \"The year of the Lord shall be for me, as you say, they will mock me from now on, all the generation, they will mock me, they will mock me from now on, all the generation.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage contains two distinct sets of antiphons: the first for the feast of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (13 Maggābit) and the second for the feast of the Virgin Mary (21 Maggābit). The English draft omits the transitional rubric for the Marian feast.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The first antiphon compares the martyrs' blood to stars adorning the sky, a common trope in Geʿez hymnography that links martyrdom to celestial glory.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትቤ፡ ማርያም፡","severity":"info","text":"The second antiphon presents a direct speech of Mary, echoing the Magnificat (Luke 1:46–55) but with a unique emphasis on mockery and generational rejection, not found in the canonical Gospel.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ያስተበፅዑኒ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez verb ያስተበፅዑኒ (yastabāṣʿuni) is rendered as 'they will mock me' in the English draft, but it can also mean 'they will scorn' or 'they will deride'. The exact nuance in this liturgical context is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The feast of the Virgin Mary on 21 Maggābit corresponds to the Annunciation in the Geʿez calendar, which is celebrated on 29 Maggābit in the Roman tradition. The date shift reflects the different calendrical systems.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphonary for Lent (betmas:LIT2361somade) is a manuscript from the Dābrā Libānos monastery, reflecting the liturgical practice of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Its antiphons for the Forty Martyrs and the Virgin Mary are part of the Wāzemā/Sark service.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez verb ያስተበፅዑኒ may be interpreted as 'they will mock me' or 'they will scorn me', with no clear contextual disambiguation.","The phrase 'ዓመተ እግዚአብሔር' (ʿāmata ʾəgziʾabəḥer) is translated as 'the year of the Lord', but could also mean 'the year of God' or 'the Lord's year', with possible eschatological overtones."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the feast of the Virgin Mary (21 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the feast of the Incarnation (29 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service\nfor the feast of the Incarnation (29 Maggābit).\n\nለልየ፡ በእዴየ፡ ለሐኵዋ፡ ለድንግል፡\nእንተ፡ እምኔሃ፡ ተሰባእኩ፡ ይቤ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ መንበሩ፡ ዘኪሩቤል፡\nዘኢዮር፡ ማኅደሩ፡ ዘኢይትነገር፡ ቃል፡\nኃደረ ላዕሌሃ።\n\nዘመልዕልተ፡ ሠረገላ፡ ኪሩቤል፡\nይነብር፡ እግዚኡ፡ ለገብርኤል፡ ወረደ፡\nእምሰማይ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር፡ እንቲአሁ፡ ዓመተ፡\nእመ፡ ረስዮ፡ ዘመጽአ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓለም፡ ወኮነ፡\nወሬዛ፡ ለኵልነ፡ ቤዛ።\n\nተፈሥሒ፡ ፍሥሕት፡\nቡርክት፡ አንቲ፡ እምአንስት፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nምስሌኪ፡ ጸርሐ፡ መልአክ፡ ወይቤላ፡ ዜና፡\nበዕዝና፡ ነገራ፡ አብሰራ፡ ገብርኤል፡ ለ ማርያም ።","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday of the feast of the Virgin Mary (21 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the feast of the Incarnation (29 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the feast of the Incarnation (29 Maggābit).\n\nTo the night, in my hand, to the bride, to the virgin, from whom I was proclaimed, said the Lord, whose throne is of the cherubim, whose abode is of the place where the word is not spoken, he dwelt upon her.\n\nFrom above the chariot of the cherubim, the Lord dwells; Gabriel descended from heaven upon earth; that year the mother accepted what came into the world, and he became a ransom for all of us, our ransom.\n\nRejoice, blessed joy; you are blessed among women; the Lord with you, the angel hastened and told her the news; in her ear he spoke, the annunciation of Gabriel to Mary.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage comprises three sets of antiphons: for the 9th Hour of the Friday of the feast of the Virgin Mary (21 Maggābit), for the feast of the Incarnation (29 Maggābit), and for the Wāzemā/Sark service of the same feast.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā and Sark are terms for a vigil or preparatory service in the Geʿez liturgical tradition, often involving extended psalmody and readings before a major feast.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እንተ እምኔሃ ተሰባእኩ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'from whom I was proclaimed' echoes the Annunciation narrative (Luke 1:26–38), where the angel Gabriel announces the incarnation to Mary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"21 Maggābit / 29 Maggābit","severity":"info","text":"In the Geʿez calendar, 21 Maggābit corresponds to the feast of the Virgin Mary (approximately March 29/April 10), and 29 Maggābit to the feast of the Incarnation (approximately April 6/18).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ገብርኤል","severity":"info","text":"The angel Gabriel's role in the annunciation is paralleled in the Coptic and Byzantine traditions, where Gabriel is the messenger who brings the good news to Mary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤዛ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ransom' (ቤዛ) reflects a soteriological theme common in Geʿez hymnody, emphasizing Christ's redemptive sacrifice for humanity.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify the exact liturgical rubrics for the Wāzemā/Sark service; the translation assumes a vigil context.","The phrase 'to the night, in my hand' (ለልየ በእዴየ) is ambiguous; it may refer to a nocturnal office or a symbolic gesture."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"Set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the feast of the Incarnation (29 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the Saturday of the fifth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Saturday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nርድአነ፡ በኃይለ፡ መስቀልከ፡ ነግሃ፡ ነቂሐነ፡ እምንዋም፡\nንሴብሐከ፡ እስመ፡ ለከ፡ ይደሉ፡ ስብሐት ፡\n\nSet of antiphons for the sixth week of the Great Fast ( ገብር፡ ኄር፡ ,\nGabr ḫer ).\n\n132–164\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the sixth week (Sunday of the Good Servant)\nዋዜማ፡ ዘገብር፡ ኄር፡ ).\n\nSet of antiphons for the first Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the feast of the Incarnation (29 Maggābit).\n\nSet of antiphons for the Saturday of the fifth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Saturday of the fifth week of the Great Fast.\n\nHelp us, by the power of your cross, at dawn you have awakened us from sleep; we praise you, for to you praise is due.\n\nSet of antiphons for the sixth week of the Great Fast (Gabr ḫer).\n\n132–164\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the sixth week (Sunday of the Good Servant) (Wāzemā of Gabr ḫer).\n\nSet of antiphons for the first Wāzemā / Sark service of the Sunday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"The heading marks a shift to a dawn service (Sǝbḥata nagh) for the feast of the Incarnation, then to Saturday of the fifth week, and later to the sixth week of the Great Fast.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Gabr ḫer","severity":"info","text":"Gabr ḫer (ገብር፡ ኄር፡) is a Geʿez phrase meaning 'Good Servant,' referring to the sixth week of the Great Fast and its associated Sunday.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (ዋዜማ) denotes a vigil or preparatory service, here specified as the first Wāzemā / Sark service for the Sunday of the sixth week.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Help us, by the power of your cross, at dawn you have awakened us from sleep; we praise you, for to you praise is due","severity":"info","text":"The antiphon echoes Psalm 57:8 (LXX) and the theme of awakening, but no direct quotation is identified; it is a liturgical composition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"132–164","severity":"info","text":"The numbers 132–164 likely indicate folio or page numbers in the source manuscript, marking the end of the sixth-week section.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Set of antiphons for the Saturday of the fifth week","severity":"caution","text":"The heading for Saturday of the fifth week lacks a specific service designation, possibly an omission or a generic placeholder in the manuscript.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Set of antiphons for the Saturday of the fifth week' does not specify which service (e.g., Sǝbḥata nagh or another) is intended.","The numbers 132–164 are ambiguous: they may be folio numbers, page numbers, or another manuscript reference."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"ገብር፡ ኄር፡ ወገብር፡ ምዕመን፡ ገብር፡ ዘአሥመሮ፡\nለእግዚኡ፡ ዘበምልክናከ፡ ሠናየ ፡ ገበርከ፡ ብፁዕ፡\nአንተ፡ ገብር፡ ኄር።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Mawaddǝs service\nof the Sunday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the second Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Monday of the sixth week\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Monday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nሃሌ፡ ሃሌ፡ ሉያ ፡ አእምሩ፡ አእምሩ፡\nከመ፡ በጽሐ፡ ጊዜሁ፡ ለነቂሕ፡\nእምንዋም፡ እምይእዜሰ፡ አልጸቀት፡ ሕይወትነ፡\nእንተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ተስፋነ፡ ሐለፈ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወመጽአ፡\nመዓልት፡ ንግድፍ ፡ እምላዕሌነ፡ ኵሎ፡\nምግባረ፡ ጽልመት፡ ንዑ፡ ናንሶሱ፡ በብርሃኑ ፡","english":"Good man and faithful man, a man who has pleased his Lord. In your kingdom you have done well, blessed are you, good man.\n\nHail, hail, hallelujah. Know, know that the time of the end has arrived. From sleep, from now on our life has been shortened. That which is our hope has passed; night has gone and day has come. Cast off from us all works of darkness. Come, let us rejoice in his light.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage comprises two sets of antiphons: the first for the Mawaddǝs service of the Sunday of the sixth week of the Great Fast, and the second for the Sǝbḥata nagh service of the Monday of the same week.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ገብር ኄር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'ገብር ኄር' (gabra ḫer) means 'good man' or 'faithful servant,' a common epithet for a righteous person in Ethiopic liturgical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ንዑ ናንሶሱ በብርሃኑ","severity":"info","text":"The exhortation 'Come, let us rejoice in his light' echoes Psalm 118:15 (LXX 117:15) and the theme of light overcoming darkness, common in Lenten liturgy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The 'Mawaddǝs service' is a Geʿez term for the Eucharistic liturgy, while 'Sǝbḥata nagh' refers to the dawn office, both central to the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo tradition during Lent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphon 'Hail, hail, hallelujah' and the call to 'cast off all works of darkness' reflect the Lenten theme of repentance and preparation for Easter, as preserved in the Ethiopic Antiphonary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ምዕመን' (məʿmən) is ambiguous: it could mean 'faithful' or 'believer,' but the translation 'faithful man' is adopted here.","The Coptic structural cues are not present in this Geʿez passage; the classification as 'narrative' is based on the source edition's metadata."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Monday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the sixth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Tuesday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Monday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the sixth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Tuesday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for the Monday and Tuesday of the sixth week of the Great Fast, covering the 3rd, 6th, 9th, Wāzemā/Sark, and Sǝbḥata nagh services.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (Geʿez) and Sark (Coptic) both refer to the evening or vigil service, often corresponding to the Compline or a preparatory office before the night.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh (Geʿez) means 'morning praise' and designates the dawn office, equivalent to the Coptic 'Sark' of the morning or the Lauds.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Great Fast (Lent) in the Geʿez tradition is a period of intense liturgical prayer, with multiple daily offices (3rd, 6th, 9th hours) and special vigil services.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sixth week of the Great Fast corresponds to the week before Holy Week in the Geʿez calendar, a time of heightened penitential and preparatory observances.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact content of each antiphon set is not provided; only the service headings are given."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"ነአኵቶ፡ ለ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለዘዓቀበነ፡\nወአንቅሐነ፡ እምንዋም፡ ክቡድ፡ ወመኑ፡\nመሐሪ፡ ዘከማከ፡ በሰማይ፡ ወበምድር፡\nዘይቀትል፡ ወያሐዩ፡ ዘይቤዙ፡ ወይባልሕ፡\nበከመ፡ ይቤ፡ ዳዊት፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ያበርህ፡\nሊተ፡ ምዕመና፡ ለሕይወትየ።\n\nዕሥየኒ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ሠናይተከ፡ ኅሥዋ፡ ለጽዮን፡\nወትልዉ፡ አሠራ፡ እሥ፡ እግ፡ ሠና፡ ወዕቀቡ፡ ኵሎ፡\nፍናዊሃ፡ ዕ፡ ዘዓቀበ፡ ሕጋ፡ ይረክባ፡ ዕ፡ ዘአፍቀራ፡\nለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ኢይፃሙ፡ ዕ፡ ወተሐቅፎ፡\nከመ፡ እሙ፡ ዕ፡ ወተዓብዮ፡ እምነ፡ ቢጹ፡\nዕ፡ ወትሴስዮ፡ እክለ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወአእምሮ፡ ዕ፡\nወታሰትዮ፡ ወይነ ትፍሥሕት፡ ዘበአእምሮ፡\nዕ፡ ወታስተቄጽሎ፡ አክሊለ፡ ትፍሥሕት፡\nወኃሤት፡ ዕሥየኒ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ሠናይተከ፡ ሠናይት፡\nወሕይወት፡ እንተ፡ አልባቲ፡ ርስሐት።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Tuesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.","english":"We worship the Lord who has kept us and awakened us from sleep. Glorious and merciful, who is like you in heaven and on earth, who kills and brings to life, who impoverishes and enriches, as David said: The Lord will enlighten for me the path of faith for my life.\n\nGrant me, O Lord, your goodness, the desire of Zion, and adorn the ten strings. Grant, O Lord, goodness, and guard all her paths. The one who keeps the law will find the one who loves the house of the church. They will not be shut out, O Lord, and it is embraced like a mother, O Lord, and magnified more than a small thing, O Lord, and it is fed with the food of wisdom and understanding, O Lord, and it is given the wine of joy from understanding, O Lord, and it is crowned with a crown of joy and honor. Grant me, O Lord, your goodness, goodness and life that have no corruption.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage comprises two sets of antiphons: the first for the 3rd Hour of Tuesday of the sixth week of Lent, the second for the 6th Hour of the same day. The rubric in Geʿez marks the transition between them.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዳዊት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as David said: The Lord will enlighten for me the path of faith for my life' echoes Psalm 16:3 (LXX) or similar passages where the psalmist prays for divine guidance. The Geʿez text directly attributes the sentiment to David.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኅሥዋ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ኅሥዋ' (ḫəśśəwa) is translated as 'desire' in the English draft. It carries a connotation of longing or yearning, often used in liturgical contexts for spiritual aspiration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'ten strings' (አሠራ፡ እሥ፡) likely alludes to the ten-stringed psaltery or harp, a biblical instrument associated with Davidic worship. This imagery reinforces the psalmist theme in the antiphon.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The petition 'Grant me, O Lord, your goodness' appears twice in this passage, framing a series of requests for spiritual gifts (wisdom, joy, honor). This repetitive structure is typical of Ethiopic antiphons for Lent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the house of the church' (ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን) reflects the Geʿez liturgical tradition's emphasis on the church building as a sacred space, central to Lenten observance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text contains several abbreviated forms (e.g., 'ዕ፡' for 'ዕሥየኒ') that may be scribal shorthand; the reading assumes standard expansions.","The phrase 'adorn the ten strings' (አሠራ፡ እሥ፡) is ambiguous: it could refer to a musical instrument or a metaphorical 'ten' (e.g., the Ten Commandments). The translation opts for the musical interpretation."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Tuesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the sixth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Wednesday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nነግሀ፡ ነቂሐነ፡ እምንዋም፡ ነግሀ፡\nነቂሐነ፡ እምንዋም፡ ንጊሣ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡\nነ፡ እሞሙ፡ ይእቲ፡ ለመሐይምናን፡\nወማኅደሮሙ፡ ለንጹሐን፡ ነ፡ አመ፡ ኖኅ፡\nይእቲ፡ መድኃኒት፡ እንተ፡\nኮነት፡ አንቀጸ ፡ ሕይወት፡ ነ፡ አዳም፡ ወሠናይት፡\nፅዕዱት ፡ ወብርህት፡ ቅድስት፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን።","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Tuesday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Tuesday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the sixth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Wednesday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nThe dawn has awakened us from sleep. The dawn has awakened us from sleep. We go to the church. She is the mother of the faithful and the dwelling place of the pure. She is the ark of Noah. She is the salvation which became the window of life. Adam and Eve, the righteous and the bright, the holy church.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists antiphons for Tuesday and Wednesday of the sixth week of Lent, covering the 6th Hour, 9th Hour, Wāzemā/Sark, and Sǝbḥata nagh services, then gives a single antiphon text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (Geʿez ዋዜማ) refers to a vigil or evening service; Sark (ሳርክ) is a Coptic-derived term for a night office. Together they denote a composite vigil service.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh (ሰብሐተ ነጋህ) is Geʿez for 'morning praise,' a dawn office corresponding to the Coptic Psalmodia or Lauds.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኖኅ (Noah)","severity":"info","text":"The antiphon likens the church to Noah's ark (Gen 6–9), a common typology for salvation and refuge.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'window of life' (አንቀጸ ሕይወት) likely refers to the church as the ark's window, through which salvation enters, echoing early Christian architectural and liturgical symbolism.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Adam and Eve as 'righteous and bright' reflects a later Ethiopic tradition that venerates the protoplasts as saints, seen in hagiographic and liturgical texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text after the rubric is a single antiphon; it is unclear whether it belongs to the Tuesday or Wednesday set, or is a general closing piece."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Wednesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Thursday of the sixth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Thursday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Wednesday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Thursday of the sixth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Thursday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for Wednesday and Thursday of the sixth week of Lent, following the pattern of the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours, Wāzemā/Sark, and Sǝbḥata nagh services.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (Geʿez: ዋዜማ) and Sark (ሳርክ) are terms for the evening or vigil service in the Ethiopian tradition, often associated with the preparation for the night office.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh (ሰብሐተ ንጋሕ) is the Geʿez term for the dawn service, corresponding to the office of Matins or Morning Prayer in other Christian traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sixth week of the Great Fast (Lent) in the Ethiopian tradition is a period of intensified prayer, with multiple daily services including the Little Hours (3rd, 6th, 9th) and the vigil (Wāzemā/Sark) and dawn (Sǝbḥata nagh) offices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from Wednesday to Thursday of the sixth week, indicating a sequential liturgical progression through the Lenten week, with Thursday's entry beginning with a general set of antiphons before specifying the Sǝbḥata nagh service.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Set of antiphons for the Thursday of the sixth week' may imply a general set for the day, but it is unclear whether it precedes or replaces the specific hours listed for Wednesday."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"ሰከየት፡ ምድር ፡ ወትቤ፡ ኀበ፡ ፈጣሪሃ፡ እንዘ፡\nትብል፡ ሰ፡ ገመኑ፡ አሕዛብ፡ ለስምከ፡ ቅዱስ፡\nሰ፡ ምስካበ ፡ አቡሁ፡ የዓርግ፡ ወልድ፡ ሰ፡ አውሥኣ፡\nእግዚእ፡ ወይቤላ፡ ዓይንየ፡ ይሬእዮሙ፡\nወዕዝንየ፡ ይሰምዖሙ፡ ሰ፡ እምከመ፡ ተመይጡ፡\nወነስሑ፡ ይድኅኑ፡ ሰ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮሰ፡ ይመውቱ፡\nይመጽኡ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ወአነ፡ እኴንኖሙ፡\nሰከየት፡ ምድር፡ ወትቤ፡ ሰብሑ፡ ወዘምሩ፡ ለስሙ።\n\nምስአል፡ ወምስጋድ፡ ወምስትሥራየ፡\nኃጢአት፡ ይእቲ፡ እንተ፡ ዕፁበ፡ ትረድዕ፡\nፅዕዱት፡ ከመ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ብርህት፡ አግዓዚት፡\nይእቲ፡ ርዕዩ፡ ጽዮንሃ፡ ቅድስተ ።\n\nሐነጸ፡ መቅደሶ፡ በአርያም፡ ወሣረራ፡ ከመ፡\nኢታ ን ቀልቅል፡ ለዓለም፡\nይቤ፡ ልዑል ፡ ሣረርክዋ፡\nዝየ፡ አኃድር፡ እስመ፡ ኃረይክዋ፡ ስምየ፡ ቅዱሰ፡\nዘይዜከር፡ የዓቢ፡ ወይከብር፡ እምኵሉሰ፡\nኪያየ፡ ዘያፈቅር።\n\nአነ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘአስተፌሥሐኪ፡ ይቤ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nነጽሪ፡ ወርእዪ፡ ፍሥሓ፡ ዘይመጽእ፡ ላዕሌኪ፡\nኢይጸልም፡ ወርኅኪ፡ ወኢየዓርብ፡ ፀሐይኪ፡ አነ፡\nውእቱ፡ ዘአስተፌሥሐኪ፡ ወዘአድኅነኪ፡\nይቤ፡ ቅዱሰ፡ ፳ኤል ፡","english":"The earth bowed down and said to her Creator, saying, “The nations have blasphemed your holy name. The son ascended upon the tomb of his father. The Lord answered and said to her, ‘My eyes see them, and my ears hear them. If they repent, they will be saved; but if not, they will die. They will come to me, and I will judge them.’” The earth bowed down and said, “Praise and sing to his name.”\n\nQuestion and prostration and supplication: Sin is that which, though hidden, spreads. Righteousness, like the bright sun, is the mistress. She is the one who has seen her holy Zion.\n\nHe built his sanctuary in the heights and destroyed it like a whirlwind for eternity. The Most High said, “I destroyed it. Here I will dwell, for I have chosen it as my holy name, which is great and honored above all, and which loves me.”\n\n“I am the one who has made you glad,” said the Lord. “Look and see the joy that comes upon you. Your moon will not be darkened, and your sun will not set. I am the one who has made you glad and who has saved you,” said the Holy One, “El.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰከየት ምድር","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'the earth bowed down' frames the first section as a dialogue between the earth and the Creator, typical of antiphonal responsory structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰ፡ ምስካበ ፡ አቡሁ፡ የዓርግ፡ ወልድ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the son ascended upon the tomb of his father' echoes the resurrection narrative, possibly referencing Christ's descent to the tomb and victory over death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምስካበ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ምስካበ' (mǝskab) means 'tomb' or 'grave', often used in liturgical contexts for the burial place of Christ or a saint.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ምስካበ ፡ አቡሁ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the 'tomb of his father' may allude to the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, a central site in Ethiopian Christian devotion and pilgrimage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመ፡ አኮሰ፡ ይመውቱ፡ ይመጽኡ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ወአነ፡ እኴንኖሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Lord's statement 'if not, they will die; they will come to me, and I will judge them' echoes the judgment theme in Matthew 25:31-46, where Christ speaks of final judgment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"፳ኤል","severity":"info","text":"The closing 'El' (ኤል) is a divine name meaning 'God' in Semitic languages, used here as a liturgical acclamation, possibly from the Coptic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ሰ፡ ምስካበ ፡ አቡሁ፡ የዓርግ፡ ወልድ' could be interpreted as the son ascending onto the tomb of his father (Christ's resurrection) or as a reference to a specific liturgical action; the reading taken is the former.","The identity of 'the Most High' in the third section is ambiguous—could be God the Father or Christ; the reading taken is God the Father based on the context of building and destroying the sanctuary."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Thursday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Thursday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the sixth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Friday of the first week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Thursday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Thursday\nof the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the sixth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Friday of the first week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists six sets of antiphons for the Thursday and Friday of the sixth week of the Great Fast, plus one for the Friday of the first week, indicating a liturgical compilation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (or Sark) is a Geʿez term for a night office or vigil service, often associated with the end of the day or the beginning of the night in the Ethiopian liturgy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is a Geʿez term meaning 'morning praise' or 'dawn service,' a liturgical office celebrated at daybreak.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage includes a set for the Friday of the first week of the Great Fast, which is chronologically out of sequence with the surrounding Thursday and Friday of the sixth week, possibly a scribal insertion or a liturgical rubric.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft is a direct translation of the Geʿez, but the structural classification as 'narrative' is misleading; this passage is purely a rubric listing antiphons, not a narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the Thursday and Friday sets of the sixth week and the Friday set of the first week is unclear; the latter may be a later addition or a misplaced rubric."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":57,"ref":"p57","source":"ዋካ፡ ይእቲ፡ ወብርሃን፡ መድኃኒት፡\nቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ውስተ፡ ሕይወት፡ ትመርህ፡\nወታበጽሖሙ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nለየዋሃን፡ ወትቤሎሙ፡ ለዕጉሣን፡ ነዮሙ፡\nውሉድየ፡ መሐይምናን፡ ለስምከ፡ ይሰግዱ፡\nኀቤየ፡ ወትረ፡ እንተ፡ ጸብሐት።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the first week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Friday\nof the fourth week of the Great Fast.","english":"Wākā, she is the light of salvation. The Church guides in life and brings them before the Lord, for the sinners. And she says to the orphans, “Bring them, my faithful children, to bow down to your name, to me, always, at dawn.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዋካ (Wākā)","severity":"info","text":"Wākā is a Geʿez term of uncertain meaning, possibly a liturgical acclamation or a proper name. It may derive from a Coptic or Greek original, but its precise sense in this context is not established.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage personifies the Church as a guide and intercessor, leading sinners and orphans before the Lord. The imagery of light and salvation aligns with Lenten themes of repentance and redemption.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ብርሃን (light) and መድኃኒት (salvation)","severity":"info","text":"The pairing of 'light' and 'salvation' echoes biblical language, e.g., Psalm 27:1 (LXX) where the Lord is light and salvation. The phrase may allude to Christ as light of the world (John 8:12).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a set of antiphons for the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours of Friday in the first week of Lent, plus a Wāzemā/Sark service for the fourth week. The shift from Thursday to Friday and from week six to week one indicates a non-linear arrangement in the source.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Wāzemā (or Sark) service is a vigil or preparatory office in the Ethiopian tradition, often involving psalmody and antiphons. Its placement here for the fourth week of Lent reflects the liturgical structure of the Great Fast.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:latin-anon-antiphonale-visigothicum-legionense","label":"gap dossier: The Visigothic Antiphonary of Leon","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-anon-antiphonale-visigothicum-legionense"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft translates 'ወትረ እንተ ጸብሐት' as 'always, at dawn,' but the Geʿez could also mean 'and continually, she who dawns,' leaving the subject ambiguous. The phrase may refer to the Church or to a personified dawn.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The meaning of 'Wākā' is uncertain; it may be a proper name, a liturgical acclamation, or a corruption.","The phrase 'ወትረ እንተ ጸብሐት' could be read as 'always, at dawn' or 'and continually, she who dawns,' with the subject possibly being the Church or a personified dawn."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":58,"ref":"p58","source":"Set of antiphons for the Saturday of the sixth week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Saturday of the sixth week of the Great Fast.\n\nናክብር፡ ሰንበቶ፡ በተፋቅሮ፡\nወኢንኅድግ፡ ሥርዓቶ፡ ወናልዕል፡\nስሞ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ለ እግዚአብሔር፡\nሃሌ፡ ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ሃሌሉያ፡ ንሴብሕ፡\nክርስቶስሃ፡ ለዘበመስቀሉ ፡ ርኃወ፡ ገነተ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the seventh week of the Great Fast ( ኒቆዲሞስ፡ ,\nNiqodimos ).\n\n164–189\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the seventh week (Sunday\nof Nicodemus) ዋዜማ፡ ዘኒቆዲሞስ፡ ).\n\nSet of antiphons for the first Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.","english":"We honor the Sabbath with love, and we shall not abandon its ordinance, and we shall exalt his name together for the Lord. Hallelu, Hallelu, yah, Hallelujah. We praise Christ, who on his cross saw the garden.\n\nSet of antiphons for the seventh week of the Great Fast (Nicodemus).\n\n164–189\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sunday of the seventh week (Sunday of Nicodemus) (Vigil of Nicodemus).\n\nSet of antiphons for the first Wāzemā / Sark service of the Sunday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks a transition from the sixth to the seventh week of the Great Fast, with a set of antiphons for the Saturday of the sixth week followed by those for the seventh week (Nicodemus).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is a Geʿez term for a dawn service, corresponding to the office of Lauds or morning prayer in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (or Sark) refers to a vigil service, often the first of the night offices, preceding the main Sunday liturgy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ርኃወ ገነተ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase “saw the garden” may allude to the Garden of Eden or the paradise promised to the righteous, possibly echoing themes from Genesis or Revelation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኒቆዲሞስ (Niqodimos)","severity":"info","text":"The seventh week of the Great Fast is named after Nicodemus, a figure from the Gospel of John (John 3:1–21; 7:50–51; 19:39), associated with the burial of Christ in Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The page numbers 164–189 likely refer to the source edition (betmas), indicating the folio or page range for the antiphons of the seventh week.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text includes a line 'ናክብር፡ ሰንበቶ፡ በተፋቅሮ፡' which is translated as 'We honor the Sabbath with love,' but the exact liturgical context of this antiphon within the Saturday service is not specified.","The phrase 'ርኃወ ገነተ' (saw the garden) is ambiguous; it could refer to a specific scriptural event or a symbolic vision of paradise."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":59,"ref":"p59","source":"ወሀሎ፡ ፩ዱ፡ ብእሲ ፡ እምፈሪሳውያን፡ ዘስሙ፡\nኒቆዲሞስ፡ ዘሖረ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ቀዲሙ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ወይቤሎ፡\nለኢየሱስ፡ ዕጓለ፡ አንበሳ፡ ሰከብከ፡ ወኖምከ፡\nአንሥአኒ፡ በትንሣኤከ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Mawaddǝs service\nof the Sunday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the second Wāzemā /\nSark\nservice of the Sunday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Monday of the seventh week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Monday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nበአይቴ፡ እንከ፡ እረክቦ፡ ይትረከብኑ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nይሰምዓኒኑ፡ ጸሎትየ፡ እምብዝኃ፡ ጌጋይየ፡ ወሥረይ፡\nላቲ፡ ለነፍስየ፡ እስመ፡ አበስኩ፡ ለከ፡ እስመ፡ አልቦ፡\nባዕድ፡ አምላክ፡ በእንበሌከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ተሠሃለኒ።","english":"And there was a man from among the Pharisees, whose name was Nicodemus, who went to him first in the night and said to Jesus, \"Lion's cub, you have slept and rested; raise me up by your resurrection.\"\n\nWhere then shall I find him? Will the Lord hear my prayer? Because of my many transgressions and the corruption of my soul, for I have sinned against you, for there is no other god besides you, O Lord, have mercy on me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ኒቆዲሞስ","severity":"info","text":"Nicodemus, a Pharisee mentioned in John 3:1–21 and 7:50–51, is here depicted visiting Jesus at night and calling him 'lion's cub,' a title not found in canonical Gospels but common in apocryphal traditions such as the Gospel of Nicodemus.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኒቆዲሞስ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'raise me up by your resurrection' echoes the New Testament theme of resurrection (e.g., 1 Corinthians 15:12–14) but is not a direct quotation; it adapts Nicodemus's request for spiritual renewal.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማውደስ","severity":"info","text":"Mawaddǝs is a Geʿez term for the Eucharistic liturgy, derived from the root 'to wash' (referring to foot-washing), used in the Ethiopian tradition for the service of the Lord's Supper.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሀሎ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with 'And there was' (ወሀሎ), a narrative formula that introduces a new episode, consistent with the structural classification of this passage as narrative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ኒቆዲሞስ","severity":"info","text":"The figure of Nicodemus is venerated in Ethiopian tradition as a saint, and his nocturnal visit to Jesus is commemorated in the liturgy of the seventh week of Lent, as seen in this antiphonary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕጓለ አንበሳ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'lion's cub' (ዕጓለ አንበሳ) is an unusual Christological title; it may derive from a lost apocryphon or local tradition, and its exact source is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the second part ('Where then shall I find him?') is spoken by Nicodemus or another speaker; the draft translation assigns it to a different voice, but the manuscript may intend a continuous monologue."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":60,"ref":"p60","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Monday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the seventh week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Tuesday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Monday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Monday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Monday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Monday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the seventh week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Tuesday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for the Monday and Tuesday of the seventh week of the Great Fast, covering the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours, plus the Wāzemā/Sark and Sǝbḥata nagh services.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (Geʿez: ዋዜማ) refers to the vigil or eve service; Sark (ሳርክ) is a Coptic-derived term for a night office. Together they denote a combined vigil service in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh (ስብሐተ ነጋሕ) is Geʿez for 'morning praise,' a dawn office distinct from the canonical hours, often involving hymns and psalms.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Great Fast (Geʿez: ጾመ ዐቢይ) is the Ethiopic Lenten period of 55 days, preceding Easter. The seventh week corresponds to Holy Week in other traditions, intensifying liturgical services.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists antiphons for Monday and Tuesday of the seventh week, but omits Wednesday through Saturday, suggesting the source may be fragmentary or that the remaining days are covered elsewhere in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft repeats the Geʿez structure exactly, but the previous passage (p59) ends mid-sentence with 'O Lor,' indicating a possible lacuna or scribal break. The transition from narrative to rubric is abrupt.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The passage is entirely rubric, lacking the actual antiphon texts; it is unclear whether the antiphons are lost or were intended to be supplied from another source.","The previous passage's narrative about Nicodemus ends abruptly, and its connection to these antiphons is not explained."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":61,"ref":"p61","source":"በተወክፎቱ፡ ለአብርሃም፡ ወበኂሩቱ፡ ለይስሐቅ፡\nወበየውሃቱ፡ ለሙሴ፡ ወበአፍቅሮቶሙ፡\nለሐዋርያት፡ ጸውዓነ፡ በቅድስት፡ ቤተ፡\nክርስቲያን፡ አሰፈወነ፡ በረከታተ፡\nብዕለ፡ ሣህለ፡ ወተስፋ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Tuesday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Tuesday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Tuesday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of the seventh week.","english":"By the election of Abraham, and by the chosenness of Isaac, and by the gift of Moses, and by the love of the apostles, call us into the holy church; grant us the blessings of mercy and hope.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the first of five sets of antiphons for Tuesday of the seventh week of the Great Fast, covering the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours, the Wāzemā/Sark service, and then Wednesday.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"በተወክፎቱ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term በተወክፎቱ (ba-tawakkəfo-tu) means 'by the election' or 'by the appointment,' referring to God's choice of Abraham.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አብርሃም","severity":"info","text":"Abraham, Isaac, and Moses are central Old Testament figures; the apostles are New Testament. The pairing of election, chosenness, gift, and love echoes typological exegesis common in Ethiopic hymnody.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphon petitions God to call the faithful into the holy church and grant blessings of mercy and hope, linking the patriarchs and apostles as intercessors.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Wāzemā/Sark service is a distinctive Ethiopic vigil or preparatory office, often involving extended psalmody and antiphons, here assigned to Tuesday of the seventh week.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'holy church' refers to a physical building or the community of believers; the translation assumes the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":62,"ref":"p62","source":"Set of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Wednesday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nነአኵተከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አምላክነ፡ ለደቂቀ፡\nአዳም፡ ዘከፈልከነ፡ ምሕረተከ፡\nርስተከ ፡ መልዓ፡ ምድረ፡ ዘፈጠርከ፡\nእምሰማይ፡ እስከ፡ አጽናፈ፡ ምድር፡ ትሴሲ፡\nተግባረከ፡ መ፡ ም፡ ዘ፡ ዓቢተነ፡ በመድኃኒትከ፡\nጸግወነ፡ ወትረ፡ ሠናይተከ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Wednesday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Wednesday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.","english":"We worship you, O our Lord God, for the children of Adam, for you have divided your mercy among us. Your inheritance has filled the earth which you created, from heaven to the ends of the earth. You establish your work. What? From? Who is greater than us in your salvation? Grant us always your goodness.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh, 3rd Hour, 6th Hour, 9th Hour","severity":"info","text":"The passage comprises four sets of antiphons for Wednesday of the seventh week of Lent: for the Sǝbḥata nagh (dawn) service and for the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours, indicating a full daily office.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ነአኵተከ (näʾäkkwätäkä)","severity":"info","text":"The opening verb 'we worship you' is a standard liturgical address, but the Geʿez text shifts abruptly to a series of fragmented phrases, making the English rendering tentative.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምሰማይ፡ እስከ፡ አጽናፈ፡ ምድር (ʾǝmmä-samāy ʾǝskä ʾaṣnāfä mädr)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'from heaven to the ends of the earth' echoes biblical language of divine omnipresence (cf. Psalm 72:8 LXX; Sirach 44:3), though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"መ፡ ም፡ ዘ፡ (mä mə zä)","severity":"caution","text":"The sequence 'መ፡ ም፡ ዘ፡' in the Geʿez is likely a scribal corruption or abbreviation; the English draft renders it as 'What? From? Who?' but the intended sense is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Wednesday of the seventh week of the Great Fast","severity":"info","text":"In the Ethiopic liturgical calendar, the seventh week of Lent is part of the Great Fast (Hudadi), a period of intense prayer and fasting leading to Holy Week.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text contains a corrupt or abbreviated phrase 'መ፡ ም፡ ዘ፡' whose meaning is unclear; the English draft interprets it as a series of interrogatives, but this is speculative.","The relationship between the four sets of antiphons (Sǝbḥata nagh, 3rd, 6th, 9th Hours) is not explained; they may be sequential or alternative."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":63,"ref":"p63","source":"Set of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Wednesday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Thursday of the seventh week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Thursday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nአኃውየ፡ ቀድሱ፡ ጾመ፡ እስመ፡ ጾም፡ በቍዔት፡\nባቲ፡ እስመ፡ በይእቲ፡ ጾም፡ ድኅኑ፡ አበው፡\nእመንሱት፡ ዓደው ፡ እሞት፡ ውስተ፡\nሕይወት።\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Thursday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.","english":"Antiphonary for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Wednesday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nAntiphonary for the Thursday of the seventh week.\n\nAntiphonary for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Thursday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nWe worship the holy fast, for the fast is a calling,\nby which, for the fast, the fathers were saved,\nthey turned away from death into life.\n\nAntiphonary for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Thursday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nAntiphonary for the service of the 6th Hour for the Thursday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a set of rubrics and a single antiphon for the seventh week of Lent, covering Wednesday and Thursday with multiple services (Sark, Sǝbḥata nagh, 3rd Hour, 6th Hour).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Wāzemā","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā is the Geʿez term for the introductory period of Lent, also known as the 'Pre-Lent' or 'Entrance Fast,' preceding the Great Fast proper.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Geʿez name for the Morning Service (Matins), a daily office in the Ethiopian liturgical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The antiphon 'We worship the holy fast' personifies the fast as a calling that saved the fathers, turning them from death to life, a common Lenten theme.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Great Fast refers to the 55-day Lenten fast in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, which includes a pre-Lenten period (Wāzemā) and strict fasting rules.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text includes a single antiphon after the rubric for Sǝbḥata nagh; the English draft translates it as 'We worship the holy fast,' but the Geʿez 'አኃውየ' may also mean 'we honor' or 'we venerate,' with a slightly different nuance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez term 'አኃውየ' (ʾaḫawweya) is ambiguous: it can mean 'we worship' or 'we honor/venerate,' affecting the tone of the antiphon. The reading taken is 'we worship' as in the English draft."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":64,"ref":"p64","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Thursday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the seventh week. This commemoration includes antiphons\nfor a Mǝhǝllā service.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Friday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nንስእለከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አምላክነ፡ ናስተበቍዓከ፡ ሚጠነ፡ ኀቤከ፡\nንስእለከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ አምላክነ፡ ዘሜጥኮ፡ ለጳውሎስ፡ በኂሩትከ፡\nን፡ ሚጠነ፡ ኀቤከ፡ ን፡ እስመ፡ ለዘኒ፡ ስሕተ፡ አንተ፡ ትክል፡ መይጦቶ፡ መንገሌከ።","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Thursday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā / Sark service for the Thursday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Friday of the seventh week. This commemoration includes antiphons for a Mǝhǝllā service.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service for the Friday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nWe beseech you, O Lord, our God; we implore you, stretching out our hands to you. We beseech you, O Lord, our God, who stretched out to Paul in your freedom. We, stretching out our hands to you, we, for even to him who erred, you are able to bring him back before you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage groups antiphons for Thursday and Friday of the seventh week of the Great Fast, including services for the 9th Hour, Wāzemā/Sark, Mǝhǝllā, and Sǝbḥata nagh.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (or Sark) is a Geʿez term for a vigil or night office, often involving psalmody and prayers, distinct from the daytime hours.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Mǝhǝllā","severity":"info","text":"Mǝhǝllā refers to a supplicatory prayer service in the Ethiopic tradition, typically involving prostrations and intercessions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is the Geʿez term for the dawn office, corresponding to the morning service in the Ethiopic liturgical cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ጳውሎስ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Paul (ጳውሎስ) likely alludes to the apostle’s conversion or his role as a model of divine mercy, though no specific verse is directly quoted.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains abbreviations (e.g., ን፡ for ንስእለከ) and possible scribal omissions, making the exact phrasing uncertain in places.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has abbreviated forms (e.g., ን፡) that may represent standard liturgical shorthand, but the full expansion is not always certain.","The phrase 'in your freedom' (በኂሩትከ) could refer to Paul’s apostolic freedom or to God’s liberating action; the intended sense is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":65,"ref":"p65","source":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Friday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Saturday of the seventh week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Saturday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.","english":"Set of antiphons for the service of the 3rd Hour for the Friday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 6th Hour for the Friday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the service of the 9th Hour for the Friday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wāzemā /\nSark service for the Friday\nof the seventh week of the Great Fast.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Saturday of the seventh week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Sǝbḥata nagh service\nfor the Saturday of the seventh week of the Great Fast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists antiphons for the Friday and Saturday of the seventh week of the Great Fast, continuing the sequence from the previous passage. The services covered are the 3rd, 6th, and 9th Hours, Wāzemā/Sark, and Sǝbḥata nagh.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Wāzemā / Sark","severity":"info","text":"Wāzemā (or Sark) is a Geʿez term for a vigil or preparatory service, often associated with the night office. Its inclusion here marks a distinct liturgical unit within the Lenten cycle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Sǝbḥata nagh","severity":"info","text":"Sǝbḥata nagh is a Geʿez term for the dawn office, corresponding to the morning service. It is a standard element in the Ethiopic daily office, here specified for Saturday.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from Friday to Saturday of the seventh week of the Great Fast, indicating a sequential liturgical progression. The Great Fast (Lent) in the Ethiopic tradition lasts 55 days, and the seventh week is near its end.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Lenten antiphonary (Antiphonary for Lent) organizes antiphons by hour and day, reflecting the monastic horarium. The services listed (3rd, 6th, 9th Hours, vigil, dawn) are part of the daily cycle of prayer.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact content of the antiphons is not given; only the service headings are provided. The relationship between Wāzemā and Sark is not clarified—they may be synonymous or refer to distinct services."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":66,"ref":"p66","source":"በበዓሎሙ፡ ለአይሁድ፡ ዓርገ፡\nኢየሱስ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ወተቀበልዎ፡ ሕዝብ፡\nብዙኃን፡ ወበልዋ፡ ለወለተ፡ ጽዮን፡ ነዋ፡\nንጉሥኪ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ወየዋህ፡ ዘዕሤቱ፡ ምስሌሁ፡\nወምግባሩ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ዘየሐፅብ፡ በወይን፡\nልብሶ፡ ወበደመ፡ አስካል፡ ዓፅፎ፡ የዓሥር፡\nዲበ፡ ዘይት፡ ዕዋለ፡ አድጉ።\n\nSet of antiphons for the days of the Holy Week.\n\n189–222\n\nSet of antiphons for Palm Sunday.\n\nበዕምርት፡ ዕለት፡ በዓልነ፡ ንፍሑ፡ ቀርነ፡ በጽዮን፡\nወስብኩ፡ በደብረ፡ መቅደስየ፡ እስመ፡ ይቤ፡ ዛቲ፡\nዕለት፡ በዓለ ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሆሣዕና፡ በአርያም፡\nቡሩክ ፡ አንተ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ፳ኤል።\n\nSet of antiphons for the Monday of the Holy Week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Tuesday of the Holy Week.\n\nSet of antiphons for the Wednesday of Holy Week.","english":"On their feast, the Jews, the procession of Jesus entered Jerusalem, and the multitude of people received him, and they said to the daughter of Zion, “Behold, your king, righteous and merciful, whose garment is with him, and his work before his face, who writes with wine his clothing and with the blood of grapes he dyes his tunic of ten measures upon the oil of the lamb.”\n\nOn the day of knowledge, our feast, blow the horn in Zion, and proclaim on the mountain of my sanctuary, for this day is the feast of the Lord, Hosanna in the highest. Blessed are you, king of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks a transition from antiphons for the Friday of the seventh week of the Great Fast to a new section for Holy Week, beginning with Palm Sunday.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሆሣዕና","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሆሣዕና (Hosanna) is a liturgical acclamation derived from Hebrew, meaning 'save, please,' and is associated with Palm Sunday celebrations.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'daughter of Zion' echoes Old Testament usage (e.g., Isaiah 62:11) and is a common messianic title in Christian liturgy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to writing with wine and dyeing with blood of grapes alludes to Eucharistic symbolism, connecting Christ's passion to the wine of the sacrament.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The acclamation 'Blessed are you, king of Israel' reflects a liturgical adaptation of Palm Sunday's triumphal entry, common in Eastern Christian traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'on their feast, the Jews' may refer to Passover, but the context is Christian Holy Week; the reading taken is that it contrasts Jewish and Christian observances.","The Geʿez term ዕምርት (ʿəmrət) is translated as 'knowledge' but could also mean 'understanding' or 'wisdom'; the reading taken follows the English draft."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":67,"ref":"p67","source":"Liturgical instructions and set of antiphons for Maundy Thursday.\n\nወበሐሙስ፡ በ፩ሰዓት፡ ይትጋብኡ፡ ሕዝብ፡\nውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ መቅደስ፡ ወያልብሱ፡ ታቦተ፡ ልብሰ፡ ጸሊመ፡\n\nLiturgical instructions and set of antiphons for Good Friday.\n\nመዝሙር፡ ዘዓርብ፡ በጽባሕ፡ በ፱ንአምን፡\nነአምን፡ ነአምን፡ ሕማሞ፡ ለዘኢየሐምም፡\nርግዘተ፡ ገቦሁ፡ ነአምን፡ ወቅንዋተ፡ እደዊሁ፡\nነአምን፡ ዬ፡ ዬ፡ ዬ፡ ነአምን፡ ሞቶ፡ ወትንሣኤሁ።\n\nLiturgical instructions and set of antiphons for Holy Saturday.\n\nበሌሊተ፡ ሰንበተ፡ አይሁድ፡ ይትጋብኡ፡ ካህናት፡\nውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወያንብቡ፡ መኃልየ፡\nሰሎሞን፡ በ፫መኃልያት፡ ለለፍጻሜሁ፡\nይበል፡ ካህን፡ ሊጦን፡ ወይስግድ፡ ሥልሰ፡\nወያልብሱ፡ ልብሰ፡ ሠናየ፡ ለታቦት፡\n\nIndex of the chants.\n\nDirectives for the parts to be recited beyond Lent.","english":"On Thursday, at the first hour, the people assemble in the temple, and they clothe the ark with a black garment.\n\nA psalm for Friday, in the morning, at the ninth hour: We believe, we believe in the passion of him who is without pain. We believe in the trembling of his shoulder and the piercing of his hands. We believe, ye, ye, ye, we believe in his death and his resurrection.\n\nOn the night of the Sabbath, the Jews, the priests assemble in the church, and they read the Song of Songs of Solomon in three canticles. At the end of each, the priest says the litany and prostrates three times, and they clothe the ark with a fine garment.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage groups liturgical instructions for Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday, each with a distinct rubric and antiphon set.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ታቦተ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ታቦተ (tābōt) refers to the ark or tabot, a central object in Ethiopian liturgical practice, here clothed in black for Maundy Thursday.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Good Friday antiphon 'We believe in the passion of him who is without pain' reflects the miaphysite Christological emphasis on the impassibility of Christ's divine nature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መኃልየ ሰሎሞን","severity":"info","text":"The reading of the Song of Songs (መኃልየ ሰሎሞን) on Holy Saturday night is a distinctive Ethiopian practice, echoing the allegorical interpretation of the text as prefiguring Christ's resurrection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The rubric for Holy Saturday mentions 'the Jews' assembling, likely a reference to the Jewish community in Ethiopia or a typological usage, not a historical claim.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the Jews' in the Holy Saturday rubric may be a textual corruption or a later interpolation; its precise referent is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the Jews' in the Holy Saturday rubric is ambiguous; it may refer to Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) or be a generic typological term.","The phrase 'at the ninth hour' for Good Friday may reflect a Coptic or Syrian liturgical hour system, but the exact correspondence is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":68,"ref":"p68","source":"Table of melodic variations for the Hallelujah ( አንቀጸ፡ ሃሌታ፡ ,\nʾAnqaṣa hālletā ).\n\n254–261\n\n222–231","english":"Table of melodic variations for the Hallelujah ( አንቀጸ፡ ሃሌታ፡ ,\nʾAnqaṣa hālletā ).\n\n254–261\n\n222–231","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Table of melodic variations for the Hallelujah","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a musical rubric, not a liturgical prayer; it lists melodic variations for the Hallelujah (ʾAnqaṣa hālletā) with numerical references (254–261, 222–231) likely indicating mode or tune numbers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʾAnqaṣa hālletā","severity":"info","text":"ʾAnqaṣa hālletā (አንቀጸ፡ ሃሌታ፡) is a Geʿez phrase meaning 'the melody of the Hallelujah,' referring to a specific chant or melodic formula used in the Ethiopian liturgical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"254–261, 222–231","severity":"info","text":"The numbers 254–261 and 222–231 likely refer to page or folio numbers in the source manuscript, indicating where each melodic variation is found, a common practice in Ethiopian antiphonaries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"Table of melodic variations","severity":"info","text":"This rubric appears at the end of the antiphonary, suggesting it is a later addition or a scribal note for performance, reflecting the oral transmission of chant alongside written notation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2361somade","label":"betmas: Antiphonary for Lent","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2361somade"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact meaning of the numbers (254–261, 222–231) is unclear; they may refer to mode numbers, page references, or tune indices, but the text does not specify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}