{"slug":"LIT2229RuthBo","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","title":"Book of Ruth","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:52:59Z","cost_usd":0.008064},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","work_id":"LIT2229RuthBo","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"},"stats":{"passages":15,"english_words":2430,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":86,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":8,"ambiguities":26,"work_notes":5,"external_links":3,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT2229RuthBo","abstract":"The Geʿez translation of the Book of Ruth, preserved in the Ethiopic Octateuch tradition, is a liturgical and canonical text within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. This edition, based on a single manuscript from the Bet Mas collection, presents the narrative of Ruth without chapter divisions, closely following the Masoretic text. The translation likely originated during the Aksumite period (5th–7th centuries), though the exact date of this manuscript remains uncertain. The text includes Geʿez transliterations of Hebrew names and reflects the broader Christian tradition of rendering Old Testament books for liturgical use, emphasizing themes of redemption and lineage.","historical_context":"The Geʿez translation of Ruth is part of the Ethiopic Octateuch, a collection of the first eight books of the Old Testament (Genesis through Ruth) transmitted in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. This translation likely dates to the Aksumite period (5th–7th centuries), when Geʿez became the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Church, and biblical texts were translated from Greek (Septuagint) and Syriac sources, with later influence from the Hebrew Masoretic text. The manuscript used for this edition comes from the Bet Mas collection, a repository of Ethiopic manuscripts, but its precise provenance and date are unknown. In the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, Ruth is read during liturgical seasons that highlight redemption and lineage, such as the period leading to Epiphany. The text is transmitted without critical apparatus or collation against other Geʿez witnesses, limiting our understanding of its textual history. The narrative is set in the time of the biblical Judges, a period of tribal confederation before the Israelite monarchy, and the Geʿez version preserves the names and key terms (e.g., ረኃቅ for 'famine') in transliteration, indicating a close adherence to the source text.","significance":"This Geʿez version of Ruth is significant as a witness to the Aksumite translation tradition and the Ethiopian Orthodox canon. It reflects the integration of Old Testament books into the liturgical life of the Ethiopian Church, where Ruth's themes of redemption and lineage resonate. The text's preservation in the Ethiopic Octateuch tradition links it to a broader corpus of biblical translations that shaped Ethiopian Christian identity and exegesis.","timeline":[{"date":"5th–7th c.","event":"Likely translation of Ruth into Geʿez during the Aksumite period, alongside other Old Testament books."},{"date":"4th c.","event":"Christianization of the Aksumite kingdom, leading to the development of Geʿez as a liturgical language."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Transmission of the Ethiopic Octateuch in manuscript form, including Ruth."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Acquisition of the Bet Mas manuscript, the basis for this edition."},{"date":"20th–21st c.","event":"Modern scholarly edition of the Geʿez Ruth from the Bet Mas collection."}],"relations":[{"work":"Ethiopic Octateuch","relation":"Part of the same manuscript tradition","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"},{"work":"Masoretic Text of Ruth","relation":"Source text for the Geʿez translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Septuagint Ruth","relation":"Possible intermediary source for the Geʿez version","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Ethiopian Orthodox Liturgical Readings","relation":"Used in liturgical contexts emphasizing redemption and lineage","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"Bet Mas manuscript of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo","reason":"Primary source for this edition"},{"key":"ed:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"Edition of the Geʿez Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo","reason":"Published edition of the text"},{"key":"wikipedia:Book of Ruth","label":"Wikipedia article on the Book of Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruth","reason":"General background on the biblical book"}],"cautions":["The exact date of the Geʿez translation of Ruth is uncertain; it is attributed to the Aksumite period (5th–7th centuries) based on linguistic and historical evidence, but this is not definitively established.","The manuscript from the Bet Mas collection is not dated, and its provenance is unknown.","This edition is based on a single manuscript without collation against other Geʿez witnesses, limiting textual criticism.","The relationship between the Geʿez Ruth and its Vorlage (Greek, Syriac, or Hebrew) is not fully clarified."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000477,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:02:14Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT2229RuthBo","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":15,"translated":15,"commentary_passages":15,"commentary_units":86,"english_words":2430,"source_letters":6090,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text of Ruth is preserved in the broader Ethiopic Octateuch tradition, transmitted alongside the other historical books of the Old Testament.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, Ruth is read as part of the Old Testament canon, often during liturgical seasons emphasizing redemption and lineage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez translation of Ruth likely dates to the Aksumite period (5th–7th centuries), but the exact date of this manuscript is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"source edition: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not provide a critical apparatus or variant readings from other Geʿez manuscripts of Ruth.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The source edition is based on a single manuscript from the Bet Mas collection, with no collation against other known witnesses.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022651900203941","label":"The legend of the Queen of Sheba in the tradition of Axum","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022651900203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 15 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"8 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":15},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo":{"label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch":{"label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"},"ed:LIT2229RuthBo":{"label":"source edition: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"},"hollis:alma990022646510203941":{"label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"},"hollis:alma990022651900203941":{"label":"The legend of the Queen of Sheba in the tradition of Axum","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022651900203941"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Ruth 1\n\n1\nወኮነ ፡ በመዋዕለ ፡ ይኴንኑ ፡ መሳፍንት ፡ መጽአ ፡ ረኃብ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ብሔር ፡ ወሖረ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ብእሲ ፡ እምነ ፡ ቤተ\n፡ ልሔም ፡ ዘይሁዳ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይንበር ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሐቅለ ፡ ሞአብ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወብእሲቱ ፡ ወደቂቁ ።\n\nወስሙ ፡ ለውእቱ ፡ ብእሲ ፡ አሊሜሌክ ፡ ወስመ ፡ ብእሲቱ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ወአስማተ ፡ ደቂቁ ፡ ክልኤቱ ፡ መሐሎን ፡\nወኬሌዎን ፡ ኤፍራታዊያን ፡ እምነ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ልሔም ፡ ዘይሁዳ ፡ ወመጽኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሐቅለ ፡ ሞአብ ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ህየ ።\n\nወሞተ ፡ አሊሜሌክ ፡ ምታ ፡ ለኖሔሚን ፡ ወተርፈት ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ወደቂቃ ፡ ክልኤሆሙ ።\n\nወነሥኡ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ አንስተ ፡ ሞአባውያተ ፡ ስማ ፡ ለአሐቲ ፡ ዖርፋ ፡ ወስመ ፡ ካልእታ ፡ ሩት ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ህየ ፡\nየአክል ፡ ዐሠርተ ፡ ዓመተ ።\n\nወሞቱ ፡ ክልኤሆሙ ፡ መሐሎን ፡ ወኬሌዎን ፡ ወተርፈት ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ብእሲት ፡ እምነ ፡ ምታ ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ክልኤሆሙ ፡ ደቂቃ\n።","english":"Ruth 1\n\n1\nAnd it came to pass in the days when the judges judged, a famine came into the land. And a certain man went from Bethlehem of Judah to dwell in the field of Moab, he and his wife and his sons.\n\nAnd the name of that man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife was Naomi, and the names of his two sons were Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites from Bethlehem of Judah. And they came into the field of Moab and dwelt there.\n\nAnd Elimelech died, the husband of Naomi, and she and her two sons remained.\n\nAnd they took for themselves wives, Moabite women; the name of one was Orpah, and the name of the other was Ruth. And they dwelt there about ten years.\n\nAnd both of them, Mahlon and Chilion, died, and she, the wife, remained from her husband and from her two sons.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ruth 1","severity":"info","text":"The passage is the opening of the Book of Ruth, here presented as a continuous narrative without chapter divisions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ረኃብ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ረኃብ (räḫäb) means 'famine', corresponding to the Hebrew רעב (raʿav) in the source text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መሳፍንት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in the days when the judges judged' situates the narrative in the period of the biblical Judges, a time of tribal confederation before the Israelite monarchy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ruth 1:1-5","severity":"info","text":"This passage closely follows the Masoretic text of Ruth 1:1-5, with the names Elimelech, Naomi, Mahlon, Chilion, Orpah, and Ruth preserved in Geʿez transliteration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሩት","severity":"info","text":"Ruth is a canonical book in the Ethiopic Old Testament, and this Geʿez version reflects the broader Christian tradition of translating the book for liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify the exact duration of the famine or the precise location within Moab; the translation 'field of Moab' is conventional."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወተንሥአት ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ወክልኤሆን ፡ መራዕዊሃ ፡ ወተመይጣ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሐቅለ ፡ ሞአብ ፡ እስመ ፡ [ሰምዐት ፡ ከመ ፡]\nተሣሀሎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለሕዝቡ ፡ ከመ ፡ የሀቦሙ ፡ እክለ ።\n\nወወፅኣ ፡ እምነ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ መካን ፡ ኀበ ፡ ይነብራ ፡ ወክልኤሆን ፡ መራዕዊሃ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወሖራ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ፍኖት ፡\nከመ ፡ ይእትዋ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ይሁዳ ።\n\nወትቤሎን ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ለመራዕዊሃ ፡ ሑራ ፡ እትዋ ፡ አብያተ ፡ እማቲክን ፡ ወይግበር ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ምስሌክን ፡\nምሕረቶ ፡ ከመ ፡ ገበርክን ፡ ምስለ ፡ እለ ፡ ሞቱ ፡ ወምስሌየ ።\n\nወየሀብክን ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ትርከባ ፡ ዕረፍተ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አብያተ ፡ አምታቲክን ፡ ወሰዐመቶን ፡ ወጸርኃ ፡ ወበከያ ።\n\nወይቤላሃ ፡ ምስሌኪ ፡ ንገብእ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሕዝብኪ ።\n\nወትቤሎን ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ እትዋ ፡ አዋልድየ ፡ ለምንት ፡ ትመጽኣ ፡ ምስሌየ ፡ ቦኑ ፡ ዘብየ ፡ ዓዲ ፡ ውሉደ ፡ ውስተ ፡\nከርሥየ ፡ እለ ፡ ያወስቡክን ።","english":"And she arose, she and her two daughters-in-law, and she departed from the field of Moab, for she had heard that the Lord had mercy on his people and gave them grain.\n\nAnd he went out from that place to where he dwelt, and her two daughters-in-law with her, and they went on the way to bring her into the land of Judah.\n\nAnd Naomi said to her daughters-in-law, \"Go, bring yourselves into the houses of your mothers, and may the Lord do with you his mercy, as you did with those who died and with me.\n\nAnd may the Lord give you to find rest in the houses of your mothers, and sighing and sorrow and weeping.\"\n\nAnd [Ruth] said to her, \"With you we shall enter into your people.\"\n\nAnd Naomi said to them, \"Bring my daughters; why do you come with me? Are there not yet children in my womb who will sustain you?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተንሥአት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb 'she arose' (ወተንሥአት) is feminine singular, referring to Naomi, but the English draft reads 'she and her two daughters-in-law' as the subject; the Geʿez explicitly has 'she arose, she and her two daughters-in-law' (ወተንሥአት ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ወክልኤሆን ፡ መራዕዊሃ).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መራዕዊሃ","severity":"info","text":"መራዕዊሃ (marāʿwīhā) means 'her daughters-in-law' (plural). The term is consistent with the biblical narrative where Naomi's two sons had married Ruth and Orpah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰምዐት ፡ ከመ ፡ ተሣሀሎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'she had heard that the Lord had mercy on his people' (ሰምዐት ፡ ከመ ፡ ተሣሀሎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር) echoes Ruth 1:6, where Naomi learns that the famine in Judah has ended. The Geʿez expands the biblical text with a theological emphasis on divine mercy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ሞአብ","severity":"info","text":"Moab (ሞአብ) is the region east of the Dead Sea, traditionally associated with enmity toward Israel (cf. Deut 23:3). The Geʿez text follows the biblical setting of Ruth, where Elimelech's family sojourns there during a famine.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትቤሎን ፡ ኖሔሚን","severity":"info","text":"The passage alternates between narrative (ወተንሥአት, ወወፅኣ) and direct speech (ወትቤሎን, ወይቤላሃ). This dialogic structure is characteristic of the Geʿez Ruth, which closely follows the biblical dialogue but adds rhetorical expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሰዐመቶን ፡ ወጸርኃ ፡ ወበከያ","severity":"info","text":"Naomi's wish for 'sighing and sorrow and weeping' (ወሰዐመቶን ፡ ወጸርኃ ፡ ወበከያ) is an emotional expansion not found in the Masoretic text of Ruth 1:8-9. It reflects the Geʿez tradition's tendency to amplify pathos in biblical narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has 'he went out' (ወወፅኣ) with a masculine singular verb, but the context (Naomi and her daughters-in-law) suggests a scribal error or a shift to Elimelech; the English draft interprets it as Naomi's departure. The reading taken follows the English draft's narrative coherence.","The phrase 'bring my daughters' (እትዋ ፡ አዋልድየ) is ambiguous: it could be imperative ('bring my daughters') or a rhetorical question; the English draft treats it as imperative."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"እትዋ ፡ እንከሰ ፡ አዋልድየ ፡ እስመ ፡ ረሣእኩ ፡ እምነ ፡ አውስቦ ፡ ዘእምወለድኩ ፡ ውሉደ ።\n\nወትፀንሓሆሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ አመ ፡ ይልህቁ ፡ ወታጽንዓ ፡ ርእሰክን ፡ ወኢታውስባ፤አልቦ ፡ አዋልድየ ፡ እስመ ፡ መረረተኒ ፡\nነፍስየ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ ፈድፋደ ፡ እምኔክን ፡ እስመ ፡ ወፅአት ፡ እምኔየ ፡ እደ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወጸርኃ ፡ ካዕበ ፡ ወበከያ ፡ ወሰዐመታ ፡ ዖርፋ ፡ [ለ]ሐማታ ፡ ወተመይጠት ፡ ኀበ ፡ ሕዝባ ፡ ወሩትሰ ፡ ተለወታ ።\n\nወትቤላ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ለሩት ፡ ናሁ ፡ አተወት ፡ ካልእትኪ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ሕዝባ ፡ ወኀበ ፡ አማልክቲሃ ፡ እትዊ ፡ አንቲኒ ፡\nምስለ ፡ ካልእትኪ ።\n\nወትቤላ ፡ ሩት ፡ ኢያብሐኒ ፡ ከመ ፡ እኅድጊ ፡ ወከመ ፡ እትመየጥ ፡ እምድኅሬኪ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ሖርኪ ፡ አንቲ ፡ አሐውር ፡\nወኀበ ፡ ኀደርኪ ፡ አኀድር ፡ ሕዝብኪ ፡ ሕዝብየ ፡ ወአምላክኪ ፡ አምላክየ ።\n\nወበኀበ ፡ ሞትኪ ፡ እመውት ፡ ወህየ ፡ እትቀበር ፡ ከመዝ ፡ ለይረስየኒ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወከመዝ ፡ ለይኩን ፡ ከመ ፡\nአልቦ ፡ ዘይፈልጠኒ ፡ እምኔኪ ፡ እንበለ ፡ ሞት ።","english":"And she said, \"My daughters-in-law, because I have sinned against you from the time I bore children.\n\nAnd she conceived them until the time they would be weaned, and you strengthened your head and did not sin. There are no daughters-in-law for me, because my soul is greatly embittered against you, for the hand of the Lord has gone out from me.\"\n\nAnd she wept again and mourned, and Orpah heard her mother-in-law and returned to her people, but Ruth followed her.\n\nAnd Naomi said to Ruth, \"Now your sister-in-law has returned to her people and to her gods; go you also with your sister-in-law.\"\n\nAnd Ruth said, \"Do not urge me to leave you and to return from behind you. Where you go, I go; where you dwell, I dwell. Your people are my people, and your God is my God.\n\nAnd where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried. Thus may the Lord grant me, and thus may it be, as if there is none who will separate me from you except death.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of Naomi's departure from Moab, with a shift from dialogue to action and back, marking a turning point as Orpah returns to her people and Ruth commits to Naomi.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እትዋ ፡ እንከሰ ፡ አዋልድየ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'እትዋ ፡ እንከሰ ፡ አዋልድየ' (she said, 'My daughters-in-law') introduces a direct speech where Naomi addresses her daughters-in-law, a key familial term in the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'እግዚአብሔር' (the Lord) in line 2 echoes the biblical theme of divine agency, paralleling the Hebrew Bible's Ruth 1:13 where Naomi attributes her plight to God's hand.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዖርፋ","severity":"info","text":"Orpah's return to her people and gods (line 3) reflects the Moabite cultural context, where loyalty to ancestral deities was expected, contrasting with Ruth's conversion to Naomi's God.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሩት","severity":"info","text":"Ruth's declaration of loyalty ('Your people are my people, and your God is my God') parallels the Hebrew Ruth 1:16-17, emphasizing her conversion and commitment to Naomi's faith and community.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopic tradition, Ruth's speech here is often cited as a model of filial piety and conversion, influencing later hagiographical narratives of loyalty and faith.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'እስመ ፡ ረሣእኩ ፡ እምነ ፡ አውስቦ' (because I have sinned from the time I bore children) is ambiguous: it may mean Naomi sinned against her daughters-in-law or that her sin caused their suffering. The English draft takes the former reading.","The clause 'ወትፀንሓሆሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ አመ ፡ ይልህቁ' (and she conceived them until they were weaned) is unclear in context—possibly a metaphorical reference to Naomi's care for her daughters-in-law, but the literal sense is retained."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ወሶበ ፡ ርእየት ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ከመ ፡ አጽንዐት ፡ ለሐዊር ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ኀደገት ፡ እንከ ፡ ብሂሎታ ።\n\nወሖራ ፡ ክልኤሆን ፡ እስከ ፡ በጽሓ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ልሔም ፡ ወደምፀት ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሀገር ፡ በእንቲአሃ ፡ ወይቤልዋ ፡ ሕያውትኑ\n፡ አንቲ ፡ ኖሔሚን ።\n\nወትቤሎን ፡ ኢትስምያኒ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ስምያኒ ፡ መራር ፡ እስመ ፡ መረርኩ ፡ ፈድፋደ ፡ ወብዙኀ ።\n\nአንሰ ፡ ምልእትየ ፡ ሖርኩ ፡ ወዕራቅየ ፡ አግብአኒ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለምንት ፡ ትብላኒ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ እንዘ ፡\nእግዚአብሔር ፡ አኅሰረኒ ፡ ወፈድፋደ ፡ አሕመመኒ ።\n\nወገብአት ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ወሩት ፡ መርዓታ ፡ ሞአባዊት ፡ ወአተዋ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሐቅለ ፡ ሞአብ ፡ ወበጽሓ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቤተ ፡\nልሔም ፡ አመ ፡ ቀዳሜ ፡ ማእረረ ፡ ስገም ።\n\nRuth 2\n\n2\nወባቲ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ብእሴ ፡ ዘያአምሮ ፡ ለምታ ፡ ወውእቱ ፡ ብእሲ ፡ ጽኑዕ ፡ ወከሃሊ ፡ እምነ ፡ አዝማዲሁ ፡ ውእቱ ፡\nለአሊሜሌክ ፡ ወስሙ ፡ ቦዖስ ።","english":"And when Naomi saw that she had strengthened her daughter-in-law to go with her, she left her there, saying thus.\n\nAnd the two of them went until they reached Bethlehem, and the whole land was stirred up because of her, and they said to her, \"Are you alive, Naomi?\"\n\nAnd she said to them, \"Do not call me Naomi; call me Mara, for I have been embittered exceedingly and greatly.\"\n\n\"I went forth full, and the Lord has brought me back empty. Why do you call me Naomi, when the Lord has bereaved me and afflicted me exceedingly?\"\n\nAnd Naomi and Ruth, her Moabite daughter-in-law, entered and came from the land of Moab, and they arrived in Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest.\n\nRuth 2\n\n2\nAnd Naomi had a kinsman, a man of wealth, and he was a strong and powerful man among his relatives; he was a relative of Elimelech, and his name was Boaz.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ruth 2","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with a chapter heading 'Ruth 2' and a brief introduction of Boaz, marking a structural transition from the journey narrative to the next episode.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መራር (Mara)","severity":"info","text":"Naomi instructs the townspeople to call her 'Mara' (መራር), meaning 'bitter,' reflecting her changed circumstances. This name change is a key thematic element in the biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሶበ ፡ ርእየት ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ከመ ፡ አጽንዐት ፡ ለሐዊር ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ኀደገት ፡ እንከ ፡ ብሂሎታ","severity":"info","text":"This passage corresponds to Ruth 1:19-22, where Naomi and Ruth arrive in Bethlehem and Naomi asks to be called Mara. The Geʿez text closely follows the biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ ፡ ልሔም (Bethlehem)","severity":"info","text":"Bethlehem is identified as the destination of Naomi and Ruth. The mention of the 'barley harvest' (ማእረረ ፡ ስገም) situates the story in an agricultural context, important for understanding the subsequent events.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ቦዖስ (Boaz)","severity":"info","text":"Boaz is introduced as a wealthy and powerful kinsman of Elimelech. In Ethiopic tradition, Boaz is often seen as a type of the righteous benefactor, and his introduction here sets up his role in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሖራ ፡ ክልኤሆን ፡ እስከ ፡ በጽሓ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ልሔም","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text says 'the two of them went until they reached Bethlehem,' but the biblical account (Ruth 1:19) implies only Naomi and Ruth traveled together, as Orpah stayed behind. The text may be ambiguous about who 'the two' are.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ክልኤሆን' (the two of them) could refer to Naomi and Ruth, but the preceding verse mentions Naomi leaving Orpah, so it might also include Orpah if the text is inconsistent.","The name 'Mara' (መራር) is given as a command, but the exact vocalization in Geʿez is uncertain; it may be read as 'Mara' or 'Marar'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ወትቤላ ፡ ሩት ፡ ሞአባዊት ፡ ለኖሔሚን ፡ እሑርኑ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገራህት ፡ እእሪ ፡ እክለ ፡ ኀበ ፡ እለ ፡ ረከብኩ ፡\nሞገሰ ፡ ወትቤላ ፡ ሑሪ ፡ ወለትየ ።\n\nወሖረት ፡ ወአረየት ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ገራህት ፡ እንዘ ፡ ትተልዎሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡ የዐፅዱ ፡ ወበጽሐት ፡ ውስተ ፡ አሐዱ ፡\nሕብር ፡ እምነ ፡ ገራህቱ ፡ ለቦዖስ ፡ ዘእምነ ፡ ዘመዱ ፡ ለአሊሜሌክ ።\n\nወመጽአ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ እምነ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ልሔም ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡ የዐፅዱ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ምስሌክሙ ፡ ወይቤልዎ ፡\nይባርከ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወይቤሎ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ለወልዱ ፡ ዘይቀውም ፡ ላዕለ ፡ እለ ፡ የዐፅዱ ፡ እንተ ፡ መኑ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ወለት ።\n\nወአውሥኦ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወልድ ፡ ዘይቀውም ፡ ላዕለ ፡ እለ ፡ የዐፅዱ ፡ ወይቤ ፡ እንታክቲ ፡ ወለት ፡ ሞአባዊት ፡ እንተ ፡\nገብአት ፡ ምስለ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ እምነ ፡ ሐቅለ ፡ ሞአብ ።\n\nወትቤ ፡ እእሪ ፡ ወኣስተጋብእ ፡ እምነ ፡ ዘወድቀ ፡ እምነ ፡ ክልስስታት ፡ ወእምድኅሬሆሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡ የዐፅዱ ፡ ወመጽአት\n፡ ወቆመት ፡ እምነግህ ፡ እስከ ፡ ስርክ ፡ ወኢኀደገት ፡ ንስቲተኒ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገራህት ።","english":"And Ruth the Moabite said to Naomi, \"Shall I go into the field to glean ears of grain where I have found favor?\" And she said, \"Go, my daughter.\"\n\nAnd she went and reaped from within the field, while she followed behind those who were reaping, and she arrived at one of the portions of the field of Boaz, who was of the kin of Elimelech.\n\nAnd Boaz came from Bethlehem and said to those who were reaping, \"The Lord be with you.\" And they said to him, \"May the Lord bless you.\"\n\nAnd Boaz said to the son who was standing over those who were reaping, \"Whose daughter is this?\"\n\nAnd the son who was standing over those who were reaping answered and said, \"This is the Moabite daughter who came with Naomi from the land of Moab.\"\n\nAnd she said, \"I will glean and gather from what has fallen from the sheaves, and after those who were reaping, she came and stood from morning until evening, and she did not leave even a little from the field.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሞአባዊት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ሞአባዊት' (Moabite) identifies Ruth by her ethnic origin, a detail that aligns with the biblical narrative and underscores her foreignness in the Bethlehem setting.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትቤላ ፡ ሩት ፡ ሞአባዊት ፡ ለኖሔሚን","severity":"info","text":"Ruth's request to glean in the field echoes Ruth 2:2-3, where she seeks permission to gather grain, though the Geʿez version expands the dialogue with Naomi's blessing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቦዖስ","severity":"info","text":"Boaz (ቦዖስ) is introduced as a kinsman of Elimelech, consistent with Ruth 2:1. The Geʿez text specifies his field as 'one of the portions' of Boaz, reflecting the legal concept of land division in ancient Israel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ለወልዱ ፡ ዘይቀውም ፡ ላዕለ ፡ እለ ፡ የዐፅዱ","severity":"info","text":"The dialogue between Boaz and the overseer (ወልዱ ዘይቀውም) serves as a narrative pivot, introducing Ruth to Boaz and setting up their eventual relationship, a structural element unique to this Geʿez version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢኀደገት ፡ ንስቲተኒ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገራህት","severity":"info","text":"The detail that Ruth 'did not leave even a little from the field' emphasizes her diligence and piety, a motif common in Ethiopic hagiographic reception, where Ruth is often portrayed as a model of virtue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether Ruth's request to glean is addressed directly to Naomi or is a rhetorical question; the English draft interprets it as a direct question. The identity of 'the son who was standing over those who were reaping' is ambiguous—it may be a specific overseer or a generic figure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ወይቤላ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ለሩት ፡ ኢሰማዕኪኑ ፡ ወለትየ ፡ ኢትባኢ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገራህተ ፡ ባዕድ ፡ ለአስተጋብኦ ፡ ወአንቲኒ ፡\nኢትሑሪ ፡ እምዝየ ፡ ባዕደ ፡ ትልዊዮን ፡ ለአዋልድየ ።\n\nወነጽሪ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገራህት ፡ ኀበ ፡ ዐፀዱ ፡ ወትልዊዮሙ ፡ ናሁ ፡ አዘዝኩ ፡ ለደቅ ፡ ከመ ፡ አልቦ ፡ ዘይልክፍኪ ፡\nወእመኒ ፡ ጸማእኪ ፡ ሑሪ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ንዋይ ፡ ወስተዪ ፡ እምነ ፡ ዘአምጽኡ ፡ ደቅ ።\n\nወወድቀት ፡ በገጻ ፡ ወሰገደት ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድር ፡ ወትቤሎ ፡ እመ ፡ ረከብኩ ፡ ሞገሰ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ አዕይንቲከ ፡ ዑቀኒ ፡\nእስመ ፡ እንግዳ ፡ አነ ።\n\nወአውሥኣ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ወይቤላ ፡ ዜና ፡ ዜነውኒ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘገበርኪ ፡ ምስለ ፡ ሐማትኪ ፡ እምድኅረ ፡ ሞተ ፡ ምትኪ ፡\nወእፎ ፡ ኀደጊ ፡ [አባኪ ፡ ወ]እመኪ ፡ ወብሔረ ፡ ሙላድኪ ፡ ወመጻእኪ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ዘኢታአምሪ ፡ ትካት ።\n\nወይዕሲኪ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ በከመ ፡ ገበርኪ ፡ ወይኩን ፡ ዕሴትኪ ፡ ፍጹመ ፡ በኀበ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡ እስራኤል\n፡ ዘመጻእኪ ፡ ኀቤሁ ፡ ከመ ፡ ትትአመኒ ፡ በክነፊሁ ።","english":"And Boaz said to Ruth, \"Have I not heard, my daughter, that you went into the field of another to glean, and you yourself went from there to another to gather for my sons?\n\nLook into the field where they threshed, and gather them; behold, I have commanded the servants that there is none who will hinder you. And if you are thirsty, go to the water and drink from what the servants have brought.\"\n\nAnd she fell on her face and prostrated herself on the ground, and said to him, \"If I have found favor before your eyes, help me, for I am a stranger.\"\n\nAnd Boaz answered and said to her, \"Tell me, tell me all that you have done with your mother-in-law after the death of your husband, and why you left your father and mother and the land of your birth, and came to a people who do not know you.\n\nMay the Lord reward you according to what you have done, and may your reward be complete in the sight of the Lord, the God of Israel, to whom you have come, that you may be sheltered under His wings.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative dialogue between Boaz and Ruth, with a brief prostration and response, typical of Geʿez biblical narrative style.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢሰማዕኪኑ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢሰማዕኪኑ (ʾusmaʿkīnu) is a second-person feminine singular perfect with interrogative particle, meaning 'have I not heard?' reflecting a rhetorical question.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Lord God of Israel' echoes Old Testament divine titles, but no direct canonical verse is quoted; it is a free adaptation of Ruth's prayer.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The prostration and plea for favor reflect Geʿez cultural expressions of humility and dependence, common in Ethiopic hagiographic and biblical narratives.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage emphasizes Ruth's foreignness and Boaz's protective role, themes that resonate in Ethiopic Christian reception as models of charity and divine providence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"source edition: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አባኪ ፡ ወ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'አባኪ ፡ ወ' (your father and) is bracketed in the edition, indicating a textual variant or lacuna; the English draft omits it, suggesting possible scribal addition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has a bracketed phrase 'አባኪ ፡ ወ' (your father and) that is absent from the English draft, leaving unclear whether it is original or an interpolation.","The prostration scene may be a Geʿez narrative embellishment not present in the Hebrew original."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ወትቤሎ ፡ ሩት ፡ ረከብኩ ፡ ሞገሰ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ አዕይንቲከ ፡ እስመ ፡ አስተፈሣሕከኒ ፡ ወናዘዝካሁ ፡ ለልበ ፡ አመትከ ፡\nወናሁ ፡ አነ ፡ እከውነከ ፡ ከመ ፡ አሐቲ ፡ እምነ ፡ አእማቲከ ።\n\nወይቤላ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ኮነ ፡ ጊዜ ፡ ምሳሕ ፡ ንዒ ፡ ዝየ ፡ ወብልዒ ፡ እክለኪ ፡ ወትጻብኂ ፡ ኅብስተኪ ፡ በብሒእ\n፡ ወነበረት ፡ ሩት ፡ መንገለ ፡ ገቦሆሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡ የዐፅዱ ፡ ወአስተጋብአ ፡ ላቲ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ጥሕነ ፡ ወበልዐት ፡ ወጸግበት\n፡ ወአትረፈት ።\n\nወተንሥአት ፡ ትትቀረም ፡ ወአዘዞሙ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ለደቁ ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ለትእሪ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ክልስስታት ፡ ወኢታስተኀፍርዋ ።\n\nወጹሩ ፡ ላቲ ፡ እምነ ፡ ዘአስተጋብአት ፡ [ወኅድጉ ፡] ላቲ ፡ ወትብላዕ ፡ ወትእሪሂ ፡ ወኢትገሥጽዋ ።\n\nወአረየት ፡ እምነ ፡ ገራህት ፡ እስከ ፡ መስየ ፡ ወዘበጠቶ ፡ ለዝክቱ ፡ ዘአስተጋብአት ፡ ወኮነ ፡ ስገሙ ፡ በመስፈርተ ፡\nኢፍ ።\n\nወነሥአት ፡ ወአእተወት ፡ ሀገረ ፡ ወርእየት ፡ ሐማታ ፡ ዘአረየት ፡ ወአምጽአት ፡ ሩት ፡ ወወሀበታ ፡ ዘአትረፈት ፡\nእምድኅረ ፡ ጸግበት ።","english":"And Ruth said to him, \"I have found favor before your eyes, because you have made me forget and have commanded the heart of your maidservant. And now I am to you as one of your maidservants.\"\n\nAnd Boaz said to her, when it was time for the evening meal, \"Come here and eat your food, and dip your bread in the vinegar.\" And Ruth sat near the reapers, and Boaz gave her roasted grain, and she ate and was satisfied, and there was some left over.\n\nAnd she arose to go, and Boaz commanded his servants and said to them, \"Let her go among the bundles and do not shame her.\"\n\nAnd they left for her what she had gathered, and they left her to eat and go, and they did not rebuke her.\n\nAnd she gleaned from the morning until evening, and what she gathered was a large amount, and it was a full ephah of barley.\n\nAnd she took it and brought it to the city, and her mother-in-law saw what she had gleaned, and Ruth brought and gave her what was left over after she had eaten.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ኅብስተኪ በብሒእ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'dip your bread in the vinegar' is a domestic detail not found in the Hebrew or Greek versions of Ruth, suggesting an Ethiopic cultural elaboration of the meal scene.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢፍ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ኢፍ' (ephah) is a Hebrew loanword for a dry measure, indicating the text's awareness of biblical metrology; it appears only here in the Ethiopic Ruth.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢታስተኀፍርዋ","severity":"info","text":"Boaz's command 'do not shame her' echoes the biblical theme of protecting the vulnerable gleaner, paralleling Ruth 2:15–16 in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ሩት","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Book of Ruth is part of the broader Octateuch tradition, often transmitted alongside other historical books in Geʿez manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage forms a narrative unit of Ruth's successful gleaning and return, concluding with her sharing leftovers with Naomi, mirroring the earlier hospitality scene.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኅድጉ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ወኅድጉ' (and they left) is bracketed in the edition, indicating a textual variant or uncertain reading; the sense is not materially affected.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኅብስተኪ በብሒእ' could be read as 'dip your bread in vinegar' or 'dip your bread in the sour liquid,' but the context of a meal supports the former.","The bracketed 'ወኅድጉ' may be a scribal addition or omission; the edition's brackets signal uncertainty without altering the narrative flow."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ወትቤላ ፡ ሐማታ ፡ በአይቴ ፡ አረይኪ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወበአይቴ ፡ ገበርኪ፤ቡሩከ ፡ ለይኩን ፡ ዘአእመረኪ ፡ ወአይድዐታ ፡ ሩት\n፡ ለሐማታ ፡ በአይቴ ፡ ገብረት ፡ ወነገረታ ፡ ስሙ ፡ ለውእቱ ፡ ብእሲ ፡ ዘኀቤሁ ፡ ወዓልኩ ፡ ዮም ፡ ቦዖስ ።\n\nወትቤላ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ለመርዓታ ፡ ቡሩክ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ እስመ ፡ ኢኀደገ ፡ ምሕረቶ ፡ ምስለ ፡ ሕያዋን ፡\nወምስለ ፡ ምውታን ፡ ወትቤላ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ብእሲሁሰ ፡ ቅሩብነ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ እምእለ ፡ ይትሐመውነ ፡ ውእቱ ።\n\nወትቤላ ፡ ሩት ፡ ለሐማታ ፡ እስመ ፡ ይቤለኒ ፡ ምስለ ፡ አዋልድየ ፡ ትልዊ ፡ እስከ ፡ አመ ፡ የኀልቅ ፡ ማእረርነ ።\n\nወትቤላ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ለሩት ፡ መርዓታ ፡ ሠናይ ፡ ወለትየ ፡ እስመ ፡ ተለውኪ ፡ ምስለ ፡ አዋልዲሁ ፡ ወኢይርከቡኪ ፡\nውስተ ፡ ገራህተ ፡ ባዕድ ።\n\nወተለወቶን ፡ ሩት ፡ ለአዋልደ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ከመ ፡ ትእሪ ፡ እስከ ፡ አመ ፡ የኀልቅ ፡ ማእረረ ፡ ስገም ፡ ወስርናይ ፡\nወነበረት ፡ ምስለ ፡ ሐማታ ።","english":"And her mother-in-law said to her, \"Where did you see today, and where did you work?\" Ruth said to her mother-in-law, \"Blessed be he who knew you and knew you.\" And she told her the name of that man, of whom she said, \"I went today to Boaz.\"\n\nAnd Naomi said to her daughter-in-law, \"Blessed is he, and blessed is the Lord, for he has not withheld his mercy from the living and from the dead.\" And Naomi said, \"That man is our relative, more than those who are our in-laws.\"\n\nAnd Ruth said to her mother-in-law, \"For he said to me, 'With my maidens you shall glean until our harvest is finished.'\"\n\nAnd Naomi said to Ruth, her daughter-in-law, \"It is good, my daughter, for you have gleaned with his maidens, and they will not find you in a foreign field.\"\n\nAnd Ruth gleaned with the maidens of Boaz, as a handmaid, until the harvest of grain and barley was finished, and she dwelt with her mother-in-law.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage consists of a dialogue between Ruth and Naomi, followed by a narrative conclusion. The repeated formula \"ወትቤላ\" (and she said) marks each speech turn, typical of Geʿez narrative style.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሐማታ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሐማታ (ḥammāta) means 'mother-in-law' and is used consistently for Naomi. The English draft renders it as 'mother-in-law'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቡሩከ ለይኩን ዘአእመረኪ ወአይድዐታ","severity":"info","text":"Ruth's blessing of Naomi echoes the biblical theme of divine recognition (cf. Ruth 2:19-20). The phrase 'blessed be he who knew you' is not a direct quotation but a paraphrase of the biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to gleaning with Boaz's maidens reflects the agricultural context of the Book of Ruth, where gleaning was a customary right for the poor. The Geʿez text specifies 'grain and barley' (ስገም ወስርናይ), indicating the harvest season.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Naomi's statement 'blessed is the Lord, for he has not withheld his mercy from the living and from the dead' reflects a theological emphasis on divine mercy, possibly influenced by later Geʿez Christian interpretation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይርከቡኪ ውስተ ገራህተ ባዕድ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they will not find you in a foreign field' (ወኢይርከቡኪ ውስተ ገራህተ ባዕድ) is ambiguous: it could mean that Ruth will not be caught gleaning in a stranger's field, or that she will be safe from harm. The English draft takes the former reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'they will not find you in a foreign field' is ambiguous: it may mean that Ruth will not be caught gleaning in a stranger's field, or that she will be safe from harm. The English draft adopts the former interpretation.","The blessing 'blessed be he who knew you' could refer to Boaz or to God; the context suggests Boaz, but the Geʿez is not explicit."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Ruth 3\n\n3\nወትቤላ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ሐማታ ፡ ወለትየ ፡ ኢየኀሥሥኑ ፡ ለኪ ፡ ዕረፍተ ፡ ከመ ፡ ትሠኒ ፡ ላዕሌኪ ።\n\nወይእዜኒ ፡ አኮኑ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ማእምርነ ፡ ዘምስለ ፡ አዋልዲሁ ፡ ሀሎኪ ፡ ናሁ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ይገብር ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዐውደ ፡\nእክሉ ፡ ዮም ፡ በዛቲ ፡ ሌሊት ።\n\nወአንቲሰ ፡ ተኀፀቢ ፡ ወተቀብኢ ፡ ወተለበሲ ፡ አልባሰኪ ፡ ወሑሪ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ዐውደ ፡ እክሉ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡ ሰብእ ፡\nዘይርአይኪ ፡ እስከ ፡ የኀልቅ ፡ በሊዐ ፡ ወሰትየ ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ ሰክበ ፡ አእምርዮ ፡ መካኖ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኖመ ፡ ህየ ፡ ወሑሪ ፡ ወክሥቲ ፡ ኀበ ፡ እገሪሁ ፡ ወስክቢ ፡ ወውእቱ ፡\nለሊሁ ፡ ይኤዝዘኪ ፡ ዘከመ ፡ ትገብሪ ።\n\nወትቤላ ፡ ሩት ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘከመ ፡ ትቤልኒ ፡ እገብር ።\n\nወወረደት ፡ ኀበ ፡ ዐውደ ፡ እክል ፡ ወገብረት ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘከመ ፡ አዘዘታ ፡ ሐማታ ።\n\nወበልዐ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ወተፈሥሐ ፡ ልቡ ፡ ወሖረ ፡ ወሰክበ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ክምር ፡ ወመጽአት ፡ ጽምሚተ ፡ ወከሠተት ፡ ኀበ ፡\nእገሪሁ ፡ ወሰከበት ።","english":"Ruth 3\n\n3\n\nAnd Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, \"My daughter, is it not for you that I seek rest, as is fitting for you?\n\nAnd now, is not Boaz our kinsman, who is with his young men? Behold, he is working in the threshing-floor of the grain today, on this night.\n\nAnd you, wash and anoint yourself, and put on your garments, and go to the threshing-floor of the grain, and there is no one who will see you until he has finished eating and drinking.\n\nAnd when he lies down, know his place where he sleeps, and go there, and uncover at his feet and lie down, and he himself will instruct you as to what you should do.\"\n\nAnd Ruth said, \"All that you tell me, I will do.\"\n\nAnd she went down to the threshing-floor of the grain, and did all that her mother-in-law commanded her.\n\nAnd Boaz ate, and his heart rejoiced, and he went and lay down by the heap; and she came stealthily and uncovered at his feet and lay down.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Ruth 3","severity":"info","text":"The chapter heading 'Ruth 3' is repeated twice in the Geʿez, likely a scribal or editorial duplication.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየኀሥሥኑ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'ኢየኀሥሥኑ' (ʾiyäḫaśśəśnu) is a first-person singular imperfect with interrogative particle, meaning 'shall I not seek?' reflecting Naomi's rhetorical question.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ዐውደ እክሉ","severity":"info","text":"The threshing-floor (ዐውደ እክሉ) was a communal agricultural space where grain was processed, often associated with nighttime work and social interaction in ancient Israel.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወከሠተት ኀበ እገሪሁ","severity":"info","text":"Ruth's action of uncovering Boaz's feet and lying down parallels the biblical narrative (Ruth 3:7) but is more explicit in the Geʿez version, emphasizing physical intimacy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ሩት","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopic tradition, Ruth is often seen as a model of obedience and piety, and this passage highlights her compliance with Naomi's instructions, reinforcing moral lessons.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተፈሥሐ ልቡ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'and his heart rejoiced' may be an interpretive addition; the Masoretic text (Ruth 3:7) does not explicitly state Boaz's emotional state at this point.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether Ruth's actions are fully consensual or coerced by Naomi; the translation assumes compliance.","The phrase 'ኢየኀሥሥኑ' could be read as a question or a statement; the English draft takes it as rhetorical."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ወመንፈቀ ፡ ሌሊት ፡ ከዊኖ ፡ ነቅሀ ፡ ብእሲ ፡ ወደንገፀ ፡ ወረከበ ፡ ብእሲተ ፡ ኀበ ፡ እገሪሁ ።\n\nወይቤላ ፡ መኑ ፡ አንቲ ፡ ወትቤሎ ፡ አነ ፡ ሩት ፡ አመትከ ፡ ወክድነኒ ፡ ጽንፈ ፡ ልብስከ ፡ እስመ ፡ መስተሐምው ፡\nአንተ ።\n\nወይቤላ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ቡርክት ፡ አንቲ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወለትየ ፡ እስመ ፡ ኀየሰት ፡ ምሕረት ፡ ደኃሪት ፡ እምነ ፡\nቀዳሚትኪ ፡ ዘኢሖርኪ ፡ ወኢተለውኪ ፡ አዋልዳተ ፡ እለ ፡ ነዳያት ፡ ወኢለአብዕልት ።\n\nወይእዜኒ ፡ ወለትየ ፡ ኢትፍርሂ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘትቤሊ ፡ እገብር ፡ ለኪ ፡ ወያአምር ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ሕዝብየ ፡ ከመ ፡\nብእሲተ ፡ ኀይሎሙ ፡ አንቲ ፡ ወከመ ፡ መስተሐምው ፡ አነ ።\n\nወባሕቱ ፡ ቦ ፡ መስተሐምወ ፡ ዘይቀርብ ፡ እምኔየ ።\n\nቢቲ ፡ ዛተ ፡ ሌሊተ ፡ ወሶበ ፡ ጸብሐ ፡ ለእመ ፡ ተሐመወ ፡ ሠናይ ፡ ለይትሐመውኪ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወእመሰ ፡ ኢፈቀደ ፡\nይትሐሞ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ሕያው ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ከመ ፡ አነ ፡ እትሐመወኪ ፡ ወቢቲ ፡ እስከ ፡ ይጸብሕ ።","english":"And at midnight, a man came and lay down, and he found a woman at his feet.\n\nAnd he said to her, \"Who are you?\" And she said to him, \"I am Ruth, your handmaid. Spread the edge of your garment over me, for you are a redeemer.\"\n\nAnd Boaz said to her, \"Blessed are you to the Lord and to me, my daughter, for you have shown mercy later than your earlier conduct, when you left your father and mother and the companions who were poor and not wealthy.\n\nAnd now, my daughter, fear not; everything you say I will do for you. And let all my people know that you are a woman of strength and that I am a redeemer.\n\nBut there is only one redeemer who is closer than I.\n\nWait this night, and when morning comes, if the good redeemer wishes to redeem you, he will redeem you; and if he does not wish to redeem you, he is alive; the Lord, as I, will redeem you. Wait until morning.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መስተሐምው","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'redeemer' (mästatäḥaməw) carries legal and salvific overtones, here used by Ruth to invoke Boaz's duty as a kinsman-redeemer.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤላ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ቡርክት ፡ አንቲ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"Boaz's blessing echoes the language of Ruth 2:20 (LXX) and the Geʿez liturgical formula for divine blessing, linking Ruth's mercy to divine favor.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ቢቲ ፡ ዛተ ፡ ሌሊተ","severity":"info","text":"The instruction to 'wait this night' reflects the Geʿez legal custom of a waiting period before a redeemer's claim is finalized, as attested in Ethiopic legal commentaries.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወባሕቱ ፡ ቦ ፡ መስተሐምወ ፡ ዘይቀርብ ፡ እምኔየ","severity":"info","text":"This verse introduces a narrative pivot: Boaz's claim of a closer redeemer creates dramatic tension, resolved only in the morning scene.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ሩት ፡ አመትከ","severity":"info","text":"Ruth's self-identification as 'your handmaid' is emphasized in Ethiopic homilies as a model of humility, influencing later monastic literature.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወደንገፀ ፡ ወረከበ ፡ ብእሲተ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'a man came and lay down, and he found a woman' is ambiguous in Geʿez: it may imply a prearranged meeting or a chance encounter; the English draft assumes the latter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'closer redeemer' (መስተሐምወ ዘይቀርብ) is not specified; it may refer to a nearer kinsman or a divine figure.","The timing of Ruth's arrival at the threshing-floor is unclear: 'at midnight' may be literal or symbolic."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ወቤተት ፡ ኀበ ፡ እገሪሁ ፡ እስከ ፡ ይጸብሕ ፡ ወተንሥአት ፡ እንበለ ፡ ይትራአይ ፡ ሰብእ ፡ ወይቤ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ አልቦ ፡\nዘያአምር ፡ ከመ ፡ መጽአት ፡ ብእሲት ፡ ኀበ ፡ ዐውደ ፡ እክል ።\n\nወይቤላ ፡ አምጽኢ ፡ ልብሰ ፡ ዘላዕሌኪ ፡ ወአኀዘ ፡ ወሰፈረ ፡ ውስቴቱ ፡ ስድሰ ፡ እክለ ፡ ስገም ፡ ወአጾራ ፡ ወቦአት\n፡ ውስተ ፡ ሀገር ።\n\nወአተወት ፡ ሩት ፡ ኀበ ፡ ሐማታ ፡ ወትቤላ ፡ ምንት ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ ወለትየ ፡ ወአይድዐታ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘከመ ፡ ገብረ ፡ ላቲ\n፡ ውእቱ ፡ ብእሲ ።\n\nወትቤላ ፡ እላንተ ፡ ስድሰ ፡ እክለ ፡ ስገም ፡ ወሀበኒ ፡ እስመ ፡ ይቤለኒ ፡ ኢትእትዊ ፡ ዕራቅኪ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ሐማትኪ ።\n\nወትቤላ ፡ ንበሪ ፡ ወለትየ ፡ እስከ ፡ ትሬእዪ ፡ ከመ ፡ ኢይስ[ሕ]ት ፡ ቃልየ ፡ እስመ ፡ ኢያረምም ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ብእሲ ፡\nወኢያዐርፍ ፡ ዮም ፡ እስከ ፡ ይገብሮ ፡ ለዝንቱ ፡ ነገር ።\n\nRuth 4\n\n4\nወዐርገ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ኀበ ፡ አንቀጽ ፡ ወነበረ ፡ ህየ ፡ ወመጽአ ፡ ዝክቱ ፡ መስተሐምው ፡ ዘይቤ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ የኀልፍ ፡\nወይቤሎ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ገሐሥ ፡ ወንበር ፡ ዝየ ፡ ንትናገር ፡ ወግሕሠ ፡ ወነበረ ።","english":"And she went to his feet until dawn, and she arose without being seen by anyone. And Boaz said, \"There is no one who knows that a woman came to the threshing floor.\"\n\nAnd he said to her, \"Bring the garment that is over you.\" And he took it and spread six measures of barley in it, and he measured and sealed it, and she entered into the city.\n\nAnd Ruth went to her mother-in-law and said to her, \"What is this, my daughter?\" And she told her everything that the man had done for her.\n\nAnd she said to her, \"You, six measures of barley, he gave to me, because he said to me, 'Go, take your veil to your mother-in-law.'\"\n\nAnd she said to her, \"Sit, my daughter, until you see that my word is true, because the man is merciful and will not rest today until he accomplishes this matter.\"\n\nRuth 4\n\n4\nAnd Boaz went up to the gate and sat there. And that kinsman, of whom Boaz had spoken, passed by. And Boaz said to him, \"Arise and sit here, let us speak.\" And he arose and sat.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቤተት ፡ ኀበ ፡ እገሪሁ ፡ እስከ ፡ ይጸብሕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez says she went to his feet until dawn, implying a vigil or waiting posture, not necessarily sexual intimacy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ስድሰ ፡ እክለ ፡ ስገም","severity":"info","text":"‘Six measures of barley’ (ስድሰ ፡ እክለ ፡ ስገም) is a specific quantity; እክል is a dry measure, and ስገም likely means ‘barley’ (cf. Geʿez ሰገም).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Ruth 4","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with a chapter heading ‘Ruth 4’ and a narrative of Boaz at the gate, corresponding to Ruth 4:1-2 in the biblical text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"መስተሐምው","severity":"info","text":"The term መስተሐምው (kinsman) reflects the Geʿez translation of Hebrew ‘go’el’ (redeemer) or ‘moda’ (kinsman), central to the legal context of Ruth’s marriage.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቤተት ... ወተንሥአት","severity":"info","text":"The narrative shifts from Ruth’s secret departure at dawn to Boaz’s public actions at the gate, marking a structural transition from private to public scene.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትእትዊ ፡ ዕራቅኪ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ‘Go, take your veil’ (ኢትእትዊ ፡ ዕራቅኪ) is ambiguous: ዕራቅ may mean ‘veil’ or ‘garment’; the English draft renders it as ‘veil’ but the Geʿez earlier uses ልብሰ for garment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez does not clarify whether Ruth and Boaz had sexual relations; the text emphasizes secrecy and gift-giving. The term ዕራቅ (veil/garment) is ambiguous, and the mother-in-law’s speech may imply a legal or betrothal context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ወነሥአ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ዐሠርተ ፡ ዕደወ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሊቃናተ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ንበሩ ፡ ዝየ ፡ ወነበሩ ።\n\nወይቤሎ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ለመስተሐምው ፡ መክፈልተ ፡ ገራህት ፡ ዘእኁነ ፡ አሊሜሌክ ፡ አገብእ ፡ ላቲ ፡ ለኖሔሚን ፡ እንተ ፡\nአተወት ፡ እምነ ፡ ሐቅለ ፡ ሞአብ ።\n\nወአንሰ ፡ ነገርኩከ ፡ ትስማዕ ፡ እንዘ ፡ እብል ፡ ኅረይ ፡ ለከ ፡ በቅድመ ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ወበቅድመ ፡ ሊቃናት ፡\nወበቅድመ ፡ ሕዝብየ ፡ እመ ፡ ትትሐሞ ፡ ተሐሞ ፡ ወእመሰ ፡ ኢትትሐሞ ፡ አይድዐኒ ፡ ወኣእምር ፡ እስመ ፡ ይቀድመከ ፡ ተሐምዎ\n፡ አንተ ፡ ወአነ ፡ እምድኅሬከ ፡ ወይቤሎ ፡ አነኑ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ መስተሐምው ።\n\nወይቤሎ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ከመ ፡ ነሣእከ ፡ ገራህተ ፡ እምእደ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ወእምኀበ ፡ ሩት ፡ ሞአባዊት ፡ ብእሲቱ ፡ ለዘ ፡\nሞተ ፡ ወኪያሃኒ ፡ ርቱዕ ፡ ትንሥኣ ፡ ከመ ፡ ታቅም ፡ ስሞ ፡ ለዘ ፡ ሞተ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ርስቱ ።\n\nወይቤ ፡ መስተሐምው ፡ ኢይክል ፡ ተሐምዎ ፡ ከመ ፡ ኢይሕጐል ፡ ርስትየ ፡ ተሐሞ ፡ ለርእስከ ፡ ተሐምዎ ፡ ዘዚአየ ፡\nእስመ ፡ ኢይክል ፡ ተሐምዎ ።","english":"And Boaz took ten elders from the city, and he said to them, \"Sit here,\" and they sat.\n\nAnd Boaz said to the kinsman, \"You have taken the garment from Naomi and from Ruth the Moabite, the wife of the one who died. And you shall take it properly, so that you may establish the name of the deceased over his inheritance.\"\n\nAnd the kinsman said, \"I cannot redeem it, for I cannot redeem my inheritance. Redeem it for yourself; redeem what is mine, for I cannot redeem it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መስተሐምው","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መስተሐምው (mästäḥaməw) means 'kinsman' or 'redeemer,' derived from the root ḥ-m-y ('to redeem'). It designates the legal relative responsible for levirate marriage or property redemption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዐሠርተ ፡ ዕደወ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሊቃናተ ፡ ሀገር","severity":"info","text":"Boaz convenes ten city elders, a quorum reflecting traditional Israelite legal procedure (cf. Ruth 4:2). The Geʿez text emphasizes formal adjudication of the inheritance dispute.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይክል ፡ ተሐምዎ","severity":"info","text":"The kinsman's refusal echoes Ruth 4:6, where the nearer redeemer declines. The Geʿez verb ተሐምዎ (täḥamməwo) 'redeem it' is the same root used for the kinsman's title.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ ፡ ቦዖስ","severity":"info","text":"This passage forms a legal dialogue: Boaz accuses the kinsman of taking the garment, then offers a conditional redemption. The kinsman's double refusal creates a chiastic pattern of claim and counterclaim.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሞአባዊት","severity":"info","text":"Ruth is called ሞአባዊት (Moʾabāwit) 'the Moabite,' a gentilic that in Ethiopic tradition underscores her foreign origin, a point often highlighted in homiletic commentaries on Ruth's conversion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ገራህተ","severity":"caution","text":"The word ገራህተ (gärāhtä) 'garment' is ambiguous: it may refer to a cloak used as a measure for barley (cf. Ruth 3:15) or to a legal token. The Geʿez text does not resolve the ambiguity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'kinsman' (መስተሐምው) is not specified beyond his familial role; the Geʿez does not name him.","The phrase 'garment' (ገራህተ) could be a literal cloth or a symbolic legal instrument; the text leaves the interpretation open."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ወከመዝ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ለተሐምዎ ፡ ኵነኔሁ ፡ በቅድመ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወበእንተ ፡ ተዋልጦ ፡ ከመ ፡ ያቅም ፡ ቃሎ ፡ ወፈትሐ\n፡ ውእቱ ፡ ብእሲ ፡ ሣእኖ ፡ ወወሀቦ ፡ ለካልኡ ፡ ዘይትሐሞ ፡ ተሐምዎ ፡ ዚአሁ ፡ ወከመዝ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ስምዑ ፡ በውስተ ፡\nእስራኤል ።\n\nወይቤሎ ፡ መስተሐምው ፡ ለቦዖስ ፡ ንሣእ ፡ ለከ ፡ ተሐምዎ ፡ ዘዚአየ ፡ ወፈትሐ ፡ ሣእኖ ፡ ወወሀቦ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ለሊቃናት ፡ ወለሕዝብ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ስምዑ ፡ አንትሙ ፡ ዮም ፡ ከመ ፡ ነሣእኩ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘአሊሜሌክ ፡\nወኵሎ ፡ ንዋዮ ፡ ለኬሌዎን ፡ [*ወለመሐሎን* ፡] እምነ ፡ እዴ[ሃ] ፡ ለኖሔሚን ።\n\nወለሩት ፡ ሞአባዊት ፡ ብእሲተ ፡ መሐሎን ፡ ነሣእክዋ ፡ ሊተ ፡ ትኩነኒ ፡ ብእሲተ ፡ ወከመ ፡ ኣቅም ፡ ስሞ ፡ ለዘ ፡\nሞተ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ርስቱ ፡ ወኢይጥፋእ ፡ ስሙ ፡ ለዘ ፡ ሞተ ፡ እምነ ፡ አኀዊሁ ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ሕዝቡ ፡ ስምዕየ ፡\nአንትሙ ፡ ዮም ።","english":"And thus it is that his judgment was heard before Israel, and concerning the exchange, as he would speak his word and release. He is a man of sandal, and he gave it to the other who would be judged; his judgment is thus, and thus it is heard within Israel.\n\nAnd the accused said to Boaz, \"Take for yourself my judgment, and release the sandal, and give it.\"\n\nAnd Boaz said to the elders and to all the people, \"Hear, all of you, today how I have taken all that belonged to Elimelech and all the possessions of Chilion and Mahlon from the hand of Naomi.\"\n\nAnd Ruth the Moabite, the wife of Mahlon, I have taken for myself; she shall be my wife. And as I have established his name for the one who died upon his inheritance, and the name of the one who died shall not be lost from his brothers and from the tribe of his people, hear me, all of you, today.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሣእኖ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሣእኖ (śaʿəno) is rendered 'sandal' in the English draft, but it may also denote a 'shoe' or 'slipper' as a symbol of legal transfer in this context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The exchange of a sandal (ሣእኖ) as part of a legal judgment reflects a known Near Eastern custom of using a shoe to symbolize the transfer of property or rights, here applied to the redemption of inheritance.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a legal formula: the accused's statement, Boaz's public declaration, and the formal transfer of inheritance and marriage, marking a climactic resolution in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሩት ሞአባዊት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Ruth the Moabite' (ሩት ሞአባዊት) echoes the biblical Ruth 1:4 and 4:10, where Ruth's Moabite origin is emphasized, though the Geʿez text here expands the legal context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version of Ruth, as preserved in this manuscript, adapts the biblical story to emphasize legal procedures and communal judgment, reflecting Ethiopic Christian legal traditions.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022651900203941","label":"The legend of the Queen of Sheba in the tradition of Axum","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022651900203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez term ሣእኖ (śaʿəno) is ambiguous: it may mean 'sandal' or 'shoe', and its precise legal function in the judgment is not fully clarified. The reading taken is 'sandal' as a symbol of transfer.","The phrase 'ዘዚአየ' (zäziʾäyä) could be read as 'my judgment' or 'my case'; the English draft takes it as 'my judgment'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ወይቤሉ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ በኀበ ፡ አንቀጽ ፡ ስምዕከ ፡ ንሕነ ፡ ወሊቃናትኒ ፡ ይቤልዎ ፡ ይረስያ ፡ ለከ ፡ እግዚአብሔር\n፡ ለብእሲትከ ፡ እንተ ፡ ትበውእ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቤትከ ፡ ከመ ፡ ራሔል ፡ ወከመ ፡ ልያ ፡ እለ ፡ ሐነጻሁ ፡ ለቤተ ፡ እስራኤል\n፡ ክልኤሆን ፡ ወግበር ፡ ኀይለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኤፍራታ ፡ ወይኩንከ ፡ ስም ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ልሔም ።\n\nወይኩን ፡ ቤትከ ፡ ከመ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ፋሬስ ፡ ዘወለደት ፡ ትዕማር ፡ ለይሁዳ ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ዘርእከ ፡ የሀብከ ፡ እግዚአብሔር\n፡ በላዕለ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ወለት ።\n\nወነሥኣ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ለሩት ፡ [ወኮነቶ ፡ ብእሲተ ፡] ወወሀባ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወፀንሰት ፡ ወወለደት ፡ ወልደ ።\n\nወይቤላሃ ፡ አንስት ፡ ለኖሔሚን ፡ ይትባረክ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ዘኢያኅጥአኪ ፡ ዮም ፡ መስተሐምወ ፡ በዘ ፡ ይሰመይ ፡\nስምኪ ፡ በውስተ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nወይከውነኪ ፡ በዘ ፡ ታገብኢ ፡ ነፍሰኪ ፡ ወዘየሐፅኖ ፡ ለሢበትኪ ፡ እስመ ፡ አፍቀረተኪ ፡ መርዓትኪ ፡ እንተ ፡ ወለደቶ\n፡ ለኪ ፡ እንተ ፡ ትኄይሰኪ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሰብዐቱ ፡ ደቂቅ ።","english":"And all the people said to Anqäṣ, “You have heard us and the elders also told you, ‘May the Lord grant you to your wife who enters your house, like Rachel and like Leah, who built the house of Israel, both of them, and do a mighty deed in Ephrata, and may your name be in Bethlehem.’”\n\n“And may your house be like the house of Pharez, whom Tamar bore to Judah, and from your seed may the Lord give you over this daughter.”\n\nAnd Boaz took Ruth [and she became his wife], and the Lord gave, and she conceived and bore a son.\n\nAnd the women said to Naomi, “Blessed be the Lord, who has brought you to this day, rejoicing in that your name is named in Israel.”\n\n“And may you be comforted in that you have restored your soul, and that which you have covered for your garment, for your daughter-in-law who bore him for you, she who is better to you than seven sons.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አንቀጽ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'Anqäṣ' (አንቀጽ) is a proper name, likely a variant or corruption of a biblical or traditional figure; it does not appear in the canonical Book of Ruth and may reflect a local tradition or scribal error.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ራሔል ወከመ ልያ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Rachel and Leah as builders of the house of Israel echoes Genesis 29–30 and 35, where they are matriarchs; this typology is common in Ethiopic exegesis to idealize Ruth's role.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ ፋሬስ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of the house of Pharez (Perez) alludes to Genesis 38 and Ruth 4:18–22, where Pharez is an ancestor of David; this connects Ruth's lineage to the Davidic line.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤፍራታ","severity":"info","text":"Ephrata is an ancient name for Bethlehem (cf. Genesis 35:19, Ruth 1:2); its use here reinforces the geographical and messianic significance of the narrative in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"እንተ ትኄይሰኪ እምነ ሰብዐቱ ደቂቅ","severity":"info","text":"The praise of Ruth as 'better than seven sons' reflects a Geʿez cultural valuation of a virtuous daughter-in-law over many sons, a motif not found in the Hebrew text but common in Ethiopic homilies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነቶ ብእሲተ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'and she became his wife' is bracketed in the edition, indicating a textual variant or scribal insertion; the Geʿez manuscript tradition may have multiple recensions at this point.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Anqäṣ' (አንቀጽ) is unclear; it may be a corruption of a name or a title.","The bracketed phrase 'and she became his wife' suggests a textual variant in the Geʿez transmission."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ወነሥአቶ ፡ ኖሔሚን ፡ ለውእቱ ፡ ሕፃን ፡ ወአንበረቶ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሕፅና ፡ ወኮነቶ ፡ ሐፃኒቶ ።\n\nወሰመያሁ ፡ አግዋሪሃ ፡ ስሞ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይብላ ፡ እስመ ፡ ተወልደ ፡ ወልድ ፡ ለኖሔሚን ፡ ወሰመዩ ፡ [ስሞ ፡] ኢዮቤድ\n፡ ውእቱ ፡ አቡሁ ፡ ለእሴይ ፡ አበ ፡ ዳዊት ።\n\nወከመዝ ፡ ትውልዱ ፡ ለፋሬስ ፡ ፋሬስ ፡ ወለዶ ፡ ለኤስሮም ።\n\nኤስሮም ፡ ወለዶ ፡ ለአራም ፡ አራም ፡ ወለዶ ፡ ለአሚናዳብ ።\n\nአሚናዳብ ፡ ወለዶ ፡ ለነአሶን ፡ ነአሶን ፡ ወለዶ ፡ ለሰልሞን ።\n\nሰልሞን ፡ ወለዶ ፡ ለቦዖስ ፡ ቦዖስ ፡ ወለዶ ፡ ለኢዮቤድ ።\n\nኢዮቤድ ፡ ወለዶ ፡ ለእሴይ ፡ እሴይ ፡ ወለዶ ፡ ለዳዊት ።","english":"And Naomi took the child and placed him in her bosom, and he became her nursling.\n\nAnd her neighbors named him, saying his name, for a son was born to Naomi, and they named him Obed.\n\nHe is the father of Jesse, the father of David.\n\nAnd thus the lineage of Perez: Perez begot Hezron.\n\nHezron begot Ram, Ram begot Aminadab.\n\nAminadab begot Nahshon, Nahshon begot Salmon.\n\nSalmon begot Boaz, Boaz begot Obed.\n\nObed begot Jesse, Jesse begot David.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ነሥአቶ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'she took' (ነሥአቶ) indicates Naomi's adoption of the child, a key narrative moment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢዮቤድ","severity":"info","text":"Obed (ኢዮቤድ) is the son of Ruth and Boaz, and the grandfather of David, as per the genealogy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ፋሬስ","severity":"info","text":"The genealogy from Perez to David matches the list in Ruth 4:18-22, a standard biblical lineage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from narrative (Naomi and the child) to a genealogical list, typical of biblical closure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT2229RuthBo","label":"betmas: Book of Ruth","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT2229RuthBo"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopic tradition, this genealogy underscores Davidic lineage, linking Ruth to Christ through Jesse.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has a repeated 'ስሞ' (his name) in the naming formula; the English draft omits the repetition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]}]}