{"slug":"LIT1931Mashaf","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","title":"Book of the Funeral Ritual","author":"Anonymous","genre":"liturgy","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:52:58Z","cost_usd":0.001416},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","work_id":"LIT1931Mashaf","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"},"stats":{"passages":11,"english_words":1255,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":61,"commentary_kinds":7,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":23,"work_notes":5,"external_links":6,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT1931Mashaf","abstract":"The Maṣḥafa Qənʿat (Book of the Funeral Ritual) is an anonymous Ethiopic liturgical work prescribing prayers, psalms, and rites for the burial of the dead in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Its Geʿez text survives in multiple manuscripts, the earliest from the 15th–16th centuries, though tradition attributes it to the Aksumite period. The ritual remains in use, with translations into Amharic and occasional English scholarly versions, but no critical edition exists. The source edition (betmas) is based on a single manuscript without collation of variants or liturgical performance notes.","historical_context":"The Maṣḥafa Qənʿat is a funeral ritual of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, written in Geʿez, the classical liturgical language of Ethiopia. Although traditionally attributed to the Aksumite period (4th–7th centuries), the earliest extant manuscripts date from the 15th–16th centuries, reflecting later compilation and transmission. The text is often bound with other service books, indicating its integration into a broader liturgical corpus. Its structure, including a five-station funeral procession, mirrors Coptic traditions, adapted to Ethiopian practice. The ritual remains in continuous use, with modern Amharic translations and occasional English scholarly versions, but no critical edition or comprehensive study of manuscript variants exists. The source edition (betmas) relies on a single manuscript, limiting textual analysis.","significance":"The Maṣḥafa Qənʿat is a key witness to Ethiopian Orthodox funeral liturgy, preserving prayers and rites that have been in use for centuries. Its structure, including processional stations and supplications, reflects both indigenous tradition and Coptic influence, offering insights into cross-cultural liturgical exchange. The lack of a critical edition underscores the need for further manuscript study.","timeline":[{"date":"4th–7th c.","event":"Traditional attribution to the Aksumite period, though unverified."},{"date":"15th–16th c.","event":"Earliest extant manuscripts of the Maṣḥafa Qənʿat."},{"date":"20th–21st c.","event":"Continued use in Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church; translations into Amharic and English."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Source edition (betmas) produced from a single manuscript without critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Serʿata Menkossenā","relation":"Another Ethiopic funeral ritual, possibly related in content and use.","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna","label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"},{"work":"Liber Ordinum","relation":"A Latin liturgical book with funeral rites, showing parallel structures in Western tradition.","key":"dossier:latin-anon-liber-ordinum","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Order (Hispanic ritual)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-anon-liber-ordinum"},{"work":"Maṣḥafa Qənʿat (edition)","relation":"The source edition used for this dossier.","key":"ed:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"source edition: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"external_links":[{"key":"hollis:alma990012082680203941","label":"Hollis record for a related manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990012082680203941","reason":"Manuscript witness of Ethiopic funeral liturgy."},{"key":"hollis:alma990017480210203941","label":"Hollis record for another Ethiopic service book","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990017480210203941","reason":"Related liturgical manuscript."},{"key":"hollis:alma990027988780203941","label":"Hollis record for a funeral text","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990027988780203941","reason":"Potential comparative witness."},{"key":"hollis:alma990041226980203941","label":"Hollis record for a Geʿez manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990041226980203941","reason":"General Geʿez manuscript context."},{"key":"hollis:alma990041227000203941","label":"Hollis record for a liturgical codex","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990041227000203941","reason":"Related liturgical material."},{"key":"hollis:alma990045907940203941","label":"Hollis record for an Ethiopic prayer book","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990045907940203941","reason":"Comparative liturgical source."}],"cautions":["The traditional attribution to the Aksumite period is unverified; earliest manuscripts are 15th–16th centuries.","The source edition (betmas) is based on a single manuscript; variant readings in other witnesses are not collated.","No critical edition or comprehensive stemma exists; dating and authorship remain uncertain."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000464,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:48:50Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT1931Mashaf","status":"warn","blocking":[],"warnings":[{"code":"mixed-script","i":1,"share":0.3},{"code":"mixed-script","i":2,"share":0.2},{"code":"mixed-script","i":3,"share":0.35},{"code":"mixed-script","i":4,"share":0.48},{"code":"mixed-script","i":5,"share":0.04},{"code":"mixed-script","i":7,"share":0.1},{"code":"mixed-script","i":8,"share":0.49}],"stats":{"passages":11,"translated":11,"commentary_passages":11,"commentary_units":61,"english_words":1155,"source_letters":2235,"commentary_kinds":7},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez title is መጽሐፈ ቅንዓት (Maṣḥafa Qənʿat), 'Book of the Funeral Ritual'. The register is liturgical, prescribing prayers, psalms, and rites for the burial of the dead.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The text survives in multiple Ethiopic manuscripts, often bound with other funeral or service books. The source edition (betmas) is based on a single manuscript; variant readings in other witnesses are not collated.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990012082680203941","label":"The structure and content of monastic profession : a juridical study, with particular regard to the practice of the English Benedictine Congregation since the French Revolution","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990012082680203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990017480210203941","label":"Book of order","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990017480210203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The work is traditionally attributed to the Aksumite period, but the earliest extant manuscripts date from the 15th–16th centuries. The current edition does not provide a critical stemma or dating analysis.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat","label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The ritual remains in use in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. It has been translated into Amharic and occasionally into English for scholarly purposes, but no critical edition exists in a Western language.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna","label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition lacks a translation or commentary. Rubrics are in Geʿez only, and the user must rely on the original language. No apparatus for variant readings or liturgical performance notes is provided.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: liturgy in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 11 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":11},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf":{"label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"},"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat":{"label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna":{"label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"},"dossier:latin-anon-liber-ordinum":{"label":"gap dossier: The Book of Order (Hispanic ritual)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-anon-liber-ordinum"},"hollis:alma990012082680203941":{"label":"The structure and content of monastic profession : a juridical study, with particular regard to the practice of the English Benedictine Congregation since the French Revolution","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990012082680203941"},"hollis:alma990017480210203941":{"label":"Book of order","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990017480210203941"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"This division into textparts follows strictly\nneither specific manuscript nor church editions but gathers parts of the\nwork that can appear in manuscripts in varying form and sequence.\n\nIntroduction\n\nṢalot lāʿla magnaz ( ጸሎት፡ ላዕለ፡ መግነዝ፡ )\n\nPrayer for the departure of the soul ( ጸሎት፡ በእንተ፡ ፀአተ፡ ነፍስ፡ )\n\nSupplication for the soul ( ናስተበቍዕ፡ በል፡ ፈኑ፡ ላዕሌነ፡ )\n\nFirst supplication for the soul ( ናስተበቍዓከ፡ በእንተ፡ ነፍስ፡ ኅድግ፡ ለእለ፡ አበሱ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ )\n\nSecond supplication for the soul ( ናስተበቍዕ፡ በል፡ በእንተ፡ ፃዕረ፡ ሞት፡ )\n\nThird supplication for the soul ( ናስተበቍዕ፡ በእንተ፡ ፃዕረ፡ ሞት፡ )","english":"Prayer for the Departure of the Soul (Ṣalot lāʿla magnaz)\n\nPrayer for the Departure of the Soul (Ṣalot baʾǝnta ṣǝʾata nafs)\n\nSupplication for the Soul (Nastabaqʿ bal fannu lāʿlēna)\n\nFirst Supplication for the Soul (Nastabaqʿaka baʾǝnta nafs ḫǝdǝg laʾǝlla ʾabǝsu baʾǝgziʾabǝḥer)\n\nSecond Supplication for the Soul (Nastabaqʿ bal baʾǝnta ṣāʿra mot)\n\nThird Supplication for the Soul (Nastabaqʿ bal baʾǝnta ṣāʿra mot)","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Introduction","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists five prayers under the heading 'Introduction', each with a Geʿez incipit and an English gloss. The sequence moves from a general prayer for the soul's departure to three numbered supplications, the last two sharing the same Geʿez incipit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"magnaz","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'magnaz' (መግነዝ) is a loanword from Greek 'manganon' or Coptic 'ⲙⲁⲅⲅⲁⲛⲟⲛ', referring to a funeral or the departure of the soul. It appears in the title 'Ṣalot lāʿla magnaz' (Prayer for the Departure of the Soul).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat","label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾabǝsu baʾǝgziʾabǝḥer","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ʾabǝsu baʾǝgziʾabǝḥer' (they sinned against the Lord) in the First Supplication echoes biblical language of sin and divine judgment, common in penitential prayers. No specific verse is quoted, but the phrasing aligns with Old Testament prophetic calls for forgiveness.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Ṣalot baʾǝnta ṣǝʾata nafs","severity":"info","text":"The prayer 'Ṣalot baʾǝnta ṣǝʾata nafs' (Prayer for the Departure of the Soul) is a standard element in Ethiopic funeral rites, reflecting the belief in the soul's journey after death. The ritual context is the bedside of the dying or the deceased.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna","label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Second supplication for the soul","severity":"caution","text":"The Second and Third Supplications share the identical Geʿez incipit 'Nastabaqʿ bal baʾǝnta ṣāʿra mot'. This duplication may indicate a scribal error or a deliberate repetition in the manuscript tradition; the English draft distinguishes them only by numbering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The structural classification 'narrative' is given from Coptic cues, but the passage is a list of prayer titles, not a narrative. The classification may refer to the broader work's genre.","The duplication of the incipit for the Second and Third Supplications leaves open whether they are distinct prayers or variants of the same text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Supplication for the neophytes ( ናስተበቍዕ፡ በእንተ፡ ንኡስ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ )\n\nPrayers of the heavenly journey ( ጸሎት፡ ዘመንገደ፡ ሰማይ፡ )\n\nPrayer of Our Lady Mary over all dead\n\nFuneral procession (readings for the stations) ( ዓቢይ፡ ፍትሐት፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ግንዘት፡ በእንተ፡ እለ፡ ኖሙ፡ ካህናት፡ ወዲያቆናት፡ እድ፡ ወአንስት። )\n\nFuneral procession: readings and prayers for the 1st station\n\nFuneral procession: readings and prayers for the 2nd station\n\nFuneral procession: readings and prayers for the 3rd station\n\nFuneral procession: readings and prayers for the 4th station\n\nFuneral procession: readings and prayers for the 5th station","english":"Supplication for the Neophytes (Nastabaqʿ baʾǝnta nǝʿus kǝrstīyān)\n\nPrayers of the Heavenly Journey (Ṣalot za-mangada samāy)\n\nPrayer of Our Lady Mary over All the Dead\n\nFuneral Procession (Readings for the Stations) (ʿĀbiy fatḥat maṣḥafa gǝnzat baʾǝnta ʾǝlla nōmu kāhnāt wa-diyāqonāt ʾǝd wa-ʾanǝst)\n\nFuneral Procession: Readings and Prayers for the First Station\n\nFuneral Procession: Readings and Prayers for the Second Station\n\nFuneral Procession: Readings and Prayers for the Third Station\n\nFuneral Procession: Readings and Prayers for the Fourth Station\n\nFuneral Procession: Readings and Prayers for the Fifth Station","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Supplication for the neophytes ( ናስተበቍዕ፡ በእንተ፡ ንኡስ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ )","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists a series of liturgical units: a supplication for neophytes, prayers for the heavenly journey, a prayer of Mary, and a funeral procession with five stations. The sequence suggests a ritual progression from deathbed to burial.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"Nastabaqʿ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'Nastabaqʿ' (ናስተበቍዕ) is a supplication formula, often used in funeral liturgies to intercede for the soul. Here it is directed specifically for neophytes (nǝʿus kǝrstīyān), i.e., newly baptized or young Christians.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat","label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ʿĀbiy fatḥat maṣḥafa gǝnzat","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ʿĀbiy fatḥat maṣḥafa gǝnzat' (ዓቢይ ፍትሐት መጽሐፈ ግንዘት) refers to the 'Great Reading of the Book of the Funeral,' a major section of the ritual. The specification 'for priests, deacons, men, and women' indicates the inclusive scope of the procession.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Funeral Procession: Readings and Prayers for the Stations","severity":"info","text":"The five-station funeral procession is a standard feature of Ethiopian Orthodox burial rites, with each station involving readings and prayers. This structure mirrors the Coptic tradition of processional stops, adapted in the Geʿez context.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna","label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"Prayer of Our Lady Mary over all dead","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of a prayer attributed to Mary over the dead is a distinctive element in Ethiopic funeral liturgies, paralleling the role of Mary as intercessor in other Eastern Christian traditions, though the specific text here is not identified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Prayers of the heavenly journey ( ጸሎት፡ ዘመንገደ፡ ሰማይ፡ )","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez title 'Ṣalot za-mangada samāy' is ambiguous: it may refer to prayers for the soul's journey to heaven or to a specific liturgical sequence. The English draft renders it as 'Prayers of the Heavenly Journey,' but the exact content and function require further manuscript study.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact content of the 'Prayers of the Heavenly Journey' is not specified; it may be a heading for a series of prayers or a single prayer.","The 'Prayer of Our Lady Mary over all dead' is not quoted; its source and textual form are unclear.","The relationship between the 'Supplication for the Neophytes' and the preceding supplications in the previous passage is not explicitly defined."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Funeral procession: readings and prayers for the 6th station\n\nFuneral procession: readings and prayers for the 7th station\n\nFuneral procession: readings and prayers for the \"greeting of tabot\" by the deceased\n\nPrayer of Athanasius for the passing of the soul\n\nThe book that came from Jerusalem\n\nStory of the release of an impure rich man from Hell\n\nDiscourse about the necessity of the commemoration of the dead\nThe following incipit and explicit are taken from .\n\nንግበር፡ ተዝካሮሙ፡ ለሙታን። በዕጣን፡ ወበቍርባን፡ እስመ፡ ይበቍዖሙ፡ ወይከውን፡ ዕረፍተ፡ ለነፍሳቲሆሙ። በከመ፡ ትቤሎ፡ እግዝእትነ፡ ማርያም፡\nለብፁዕ፡ ጴጥሮስ፡ ሊቀ፡ ሐዋርያት፡ ወሶበ፡ ተስእለቶ። እንዘ፡ ይብላ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ወቍርባን፡ ዘይትገበር፡ በቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ምንተ፡ ይበቍዖሙ፡\nለሙታን፡ ወአውሥአት፡ ወትቤሎ፡ እምጼና፡ ገነት።","english":"Funeral procession: readings and prayers for the 6th station\n\nFuneral procession: readings and prayers for the 7th station\n\nFuneral procession: readings and prayers for the \"greeting of the tabot\" by the deceased\n\nPrayer of Athanasius for the passing of the soul\n\nThe book that came from Jerusalem\n\nStory of the release of an impure rich man from Hell\n\nDiscourse about the necessity of the commemoration of the dead\n\nWe perform the commemoration of the dead with incense and with the Eucharist, for it benefits them and becomes repose for their souls, as Our Lady Mary said to the blessed Peter, chief of the apostles, when he asked her, while offering the sacrifice and the Eucharist that is performed in the church, what benefit it brings to the dead. And she answered and said to him, \"From the dew of Paradise...","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists the final stations of the funeral procession (6th, 7th, and greeting of the tabot), followed by appended texts: a prayer of Athanasius, a legendary book from Jerusalem, a story, and a discourse on commemoration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"tabot","severity":"info","text":"The term 'tabot' refers to the ark or tabot, a portable altar chest central to Ethiopian Orthodox liturgy, often associated with the Ark of the Covenant.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat","label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምጼና፡ ገነት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'from the dew of Paradise' echoes imagery of paradise as a source of refreshment for souls, possibly alluding to Genesis 2:6 or later apocryphal traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The discourse on commemoration of the dead reflects a core Ethiopian Orthodox practice of offering incense and Eucharist for the repose of souls, attributed to a dialogue between Mary and Peter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of a 'book that came from Jerusalem' and a story of a rich man released from Hell suggests later legendary accretions to the funeral ritual, common in Ethiopic manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna","label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft breaks off mid-sentence after 'From the dew of Paradise...', indicating the Geʿez text may be incomplete or the translation truncated in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact relationship between the 'greeting of the tabot' and the preceding stations is unclear; it may be a separate ritual or a concluding station.","The identity of the 'book that came from Jerusalem' is unspecified; it could be a lost apocryphon or a legendary attribution."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ሐየውነ፡ ላዕለ፡ ምድር፡ ከመ፡ ማቱሳላ፡ ዘሐይወ፡ ዘ፻ወ፰፡ ዓመት፡ አው፡ ከመ፡ ኖኃ፡ ዘሐየወ፡ ፺፡ ፻፡ ፶፡ ዓመት፡ አልብነ፡ ኀበ፡ ናመስጥ፡\nእምኔሁ፡ ወንስአሎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ያድኅብ፡ እምኃጢአት፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ስብሐት፡ ወዕበይ፡ ወአኰቴት፡ ምስለ፡\nኄር፡ አቡሁ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ይእዜኒ፡ ወዘልፈኒ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።\n\nPrayer of Matthew the Apostle over deceased men and women ( ጸሎተ፡ ማቴዎስ፡ )\n\nPrayer of the sepulchre ( ጸሎተ፡ መቃብር፡ )\n\nAbsolution and prayers\n\nSupplications or readings for the Dead of various ages and ranks\n\nSupplications and prayers over deceased priests\n\nSupplications and prayers over deceased bishops\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased deacons","english":"We have lived upon the earth like Methuselah, who lived nine hundred and sixty-nine years, or like Noah, who lived nine hundred and fifty years; we have no one to whom we may bow down save Him, and we beseech the Lord Jesus Christ to save us from the sin that is His due; glory, majesty, and honour with the good Father and the Holy Spirit, now and always, for ever and ever. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the first of a series of prayers and supplications for the dead, following the narrative of the funeral procession and preceding the Prayer of Matthew the Apostle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ማቱሳላ፡ (Methuselah)","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Methuselah's 969 years and Noah's 950 years echoes Genesis 5:27 and 9:29, though the numbers are slightly off (Methuselah is 969, Noah 950).","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማቱሳላ፡ (Methuselah)","severity":"info","text":"Methuselah is a biblical patriarch known for his extreme longevity; the Geʿez form follows the Septuagint tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The prayer's plea for salvation from sin and doxology to the Trinity reflect standard Ethiopic liturgical formulas, often used in funeral contexts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat","label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of the broader 'Mashafa Genzat' (Book of the Funeral Ritual), a core text in Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo burial rites, still in use.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna","label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'the sin that is His due' (እምኃጢአት፡ ዘሎቱ፡) is ambiguous: it may mean 'the sin that is his (the deceased's) due' or 'the sin that belongs to him (Christ)'; the translation takes it as the former, but the latter is possible."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Readings and prayers over deceased monks\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased nuns\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased adult and young men\n\nReadings and prayers over men deceased during the Holy Week\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased children\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased adult women\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased women in labour\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased young girls\n\nReadings and prayers over women deceased during the Holy Week\n\nPrayers over all the deceased ( ስእለት፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ምዉታን፡ )\n\nReadings for various occasions","english":"Readings and prayers over deceased monks\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased nuns\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased adult and young men\n\nReadings and prayers over men deceased during the Holy Week\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased children\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased adult women\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased women in labour\n\nReadings and prayers over deceased young girls\n\nReadings and prayers over women deceased during the Holy Week\n\nPrayers over all the deceased (Prayer over all the deceased)\n\nReadings for various occasions","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a table of contents for the remainder of the funeral ritual, listing categories of deceased and corresponding prayers. It marks a transition from the preceding narrative section to a series of rubrics.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ስእለት፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ምዉታን፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'ስእለት ላዕለ ኵሎሙ ምዉታን' means 'prayer over all the deceased'. It is a generic heading that may cover any deceased not specified in the preceding categories.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat","label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The classification of deceased by gender, age, and status (monk, nun, lay, child, woman in labour) reflects the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's pastoral practice of tailoring funeral prayers to the deceased's social and religious identity.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna","label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The heading 'Readings for various occasions' is vague and may be a later editorial addition. It is unclear whether it refers to additional funeral contexts or to non-funerary readings appended to the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'Readings for various occasions' is ambiguous: it may denote further funeral categories or extraneous material.","The ordering of categories (monks, nuns, men, women, children) may reflect liturgical priority or manuscript tradition, but the rationale is not explicit."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Reading for the 3rd day after burial\n\nReading for the 7th day after burial\n\nReading for the 12th day after burial\n\nReading for the 20th day after burial\n\nReading for the 30th day after burial\n\nReading for the 40th day after burial\n\nReading for the 60th day after burial\n\nReading for the 70th day after burial\n\nReading for the 80th day after burial\n\nReading for the 6th month after burial\n\nReading for the anniversary of the burial\n\nReadings over the holy water\n\nPrayer of the penance ( ጸሎተ፡ ንስሓ፡ )\n\nExhortation to the oblation for the redemption of the deceased","english":"Reading for the 3rd day after burial\n\nReading for the 7th day after burial\n\nReading for the 12th day after burial\n\nReading for the 20th day after burial\n\nReading for the 30th day after burial\n\nReading for the 40th day after burial\n\nReading for the 60th day after burial\n\nReading for the 70th day after burial\n\nReading for the 80th day after burial\n\nReading for the 6th month after burial\n\nReading for the anniversary of the burial\n\nReadings over the holy water\n\nPrayer of the penance ( ጸሎተ፡ ንስሓ፡ )\n\nExhortation to the oblation for the redemption of the deceased","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists a sequence of readings for specific days and months after burial, followed by a prayer and an exhortation, forming a calendrical framework for post-burial commemoration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጸሎተ፡ ንስሓ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase ጸሎተ፡ ንስሓ፡ (ṣalota nəssəḥa) means 'Prayer of penance' or 'Prayer of repentance', a liturgical formula for the deceased's absolution.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat","label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The specified intervals (3, 7, 12, 20, 30, 40, 60, 70, 80 days, 6 months, anniversary) reflect a traditional Ethiopian Christian mortuary cycle, paralleling Coptic and Syriac practices.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna","label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"A similar sequence of post-burial readings appears in the Coptic 'Liber Ordinum' and in Syriac funeral rites, indicating shared liturgical heritage.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:latin-anon-liber-ordinum","label":"gap dossier: The Book of Order (Hispanic ritual)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-anon-liber-ordinum"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text lists 'Reading for the 60th day' and 'Reading for the 70th day' but the English draft omits the 60th day entry; this may be a scribal or editorial inconsistency.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact content of each reading is not provided; the passage only gives headings. The relationship between the 'Readings over the holy water' and the preceding sequence is unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Eight Blessings of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nFirst Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nSecond Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nThird Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nFourth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nFifth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nSixth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nSeventh Blessing of Bāsǝlyos\n\nEighth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nNinth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nTenth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nEleventh Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nPrayer pronounced after the Gospel for those who\ndied in the peace of God ( ጸሎት፡ ድኅረ፡ ወንጌል፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ሙታን፡ በሰላመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ )\n\nPrayer of forgiveness","english":"Eight Blessings of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nFirst Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nSecond Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nThird Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nFourth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nFifth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nSixth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nSeventh Blessing of Bāsǝlyos\n\nEighth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nNinth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nTenth Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nEleventh Blessing of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel\n\nPrayer pronounced after the Gospel for those who died in the peace of God\n\nPrayer of forgiveness","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Eight Blessings of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists eleven blessings attributed to ʾabbā Sāmuʾel, with the seventh attributed to Bāsǝlyos, followed by two prayers. The heading 'Eight Blessings' is inconsistent with the eleven items that follow.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ʾabbā Sāmuʾel","severity":"info","text":"ʾabbā Sāmuʾel is likely the Ethiopian saint Sāmuʾel of Dabra Wāgāg (14th century), a monastic founder. The attribution of blessings to him reflects his authority in the funeral tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Bāsǝlyos","severity":"info","text":"Bāsǝlyos is the Geʿez form of Basil, likely Basil of Caesarea (c. 330–379), a Cappadocian Father. His inclusion among blessings attributed to Sāmuʾel suggests a composite liturgical compilation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Prayer pronounced after the Gospel","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'after the Gospel' indicates a liturgical sequence following a Gospel reading, a standard element in Ethiopian funeral rites. The specific Gospel passage is not identified here.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"died in the peace of God","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'died in the peace of God' (በሰላመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡) is a standard formula in Ethiopian funeral prayers, denoting a faithful death within the church. It distinguishes such deceased from those who died excommunicated or unbaptized.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Eight Blessings","severity":"caution","text":"The heading 'Eight Blessings' does not match the eleven blessings listed. This may indicate a scribal error or a later expansion of the original set. The discrepancy should be noted in critical editions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The heading 'Eight Blessings' is contradicted by the eleven blessings that follow; it is unclear whether the heading is a scribal error or the list has been expanded.","The identity of ʾabbā Sāmuʾel is not explicitly confirmed; he could be Sāmuʾel of Dabra Wāgāg or another figure.","The specific Gospel reading referenced in the prayer is not indicated."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"Prayer of hope\n\nPrayer pronounced by the mamhǝrān\n\nAntiphons\n\nAntiphons to the priests ( መዋሥእት፡ ዘካህናት፡ )\n\nAntiphons to the patriarchs ( አርያም፡ ዘአበው፡ )\n\nAntiphons to the women ( መዋሥዕት፡ ዘአንስት፡ )\n\nAntiphons to the deacons ( አርያም፡ ዘዲያቆናት፡ )\n\nAntiphons to the pilgrims ( መዋሥዕት፡ ዘፈላስያን፡ )\n\nNarrative regarding the efficacy of offerings and prayers for the dead\n\nExhortations to be read for all dead before the burial\nThe following incipit and explicit are taken from .\n\nተግሣጽ፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ምዉታን፡ በጊዜ፡ ግንዘት፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ስብሐት፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ፈጣሪ፡ ወመንሥኢ፡ ኃያል፡ መሐሪ፡ ዘውእቱ፡\nዘውስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ሥልጣነ፡ ሞት፡ ወሕይወት፡ ወትፍሥሕት፡ ወገሀናም። ዘይብል፡ ኀበ፡ ተጋብኡ፡ አው፡ በስምየ፡ እሄሉ፡ አነ፡ ውስተ፡ ማእከሎሙ፡\nወኵሎ፡ ዘሰአልክምዎ፡ በስምየ፡ በእንቲአሁ፡ እገብር፡ ለክሙ፡","english":"Prayer of hope\n\nPrayer pronounced by the mamhǝrān\n\nAntiphons\n\nAntiphons to the priests (Mawāśǝʿt za-kāhnāt)\n\nAntiphons to the patriarchs (Aryām za-ʾabāw)\n\nAntiphons to the women (Mawāśʿt za-ʾanast)\n\nAntiphons to the deacons (Aryām za-diyāqonāt)\n\nAntiphons to the pilgrims (Mawāśʿt za-fālasǝyān)\n\nNarrative regarding the efficacy of offerings and prayers for the dead\n\nExhortations to be read for all dead before the burial\n\nThe following incipit and explicit are taken from .\n\nExhortation which is to be read over all the dead at the time of burial, over them: Praise to the Lord, Creator and Raiser, Mighty, Merciful, who is he in whose hand is the authority of death and life and joy and Gehenna, who says to those who are gathered, “Or in heaven I am among them, and all that I have asked you in heaven for his sake I do for you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Prayer of hope","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from a series of blessings into a new section titled 'Prayer of hope,' followed by a prayer rubricated for the mamhǝrān and a set of antiphons grouped by ecclesiastical rank.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"mamhǝrān","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term mamhǝrān (ማምህራን) denotes a teacher or master, often a monastic or clerical instructor; here it likely refers to a senior liturgical leader who recites the prayer.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat","label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"Mawāśǝʿt / Aryām","severity":"info","text":"Mawāśǝʿt (መዋሥእት) and Aryām (አርያም) are Geʿez terms for antiphons; the former is more common for general antiphons, while the latter may indicate a specific liturgical form or a higher register.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Praise to the Lord, Creator and Raiser, Mighty, Merciful","severity":"info","text":"The exhortation's opening echoes doxological phrases found in the Psalms and the Anaphora, but no single verse is directly quoted; the language is a composite of biblical praise formulas.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"The following incipit and explicit are taken from .","severity":"caution","text":"The source edition contains an incomplete reference: 'The following incipit and explicit are taken from .' The source is missing, leaving the textual basis for the incipit and explicit uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Narrative regarding the efficacy of offerings and prayers for the dead","severity":"info","text":"This rubric introduces a narrative section common in Ethiopic funeral rituals, emphasizing the salvific power of prayers and offerings for the deceased, rooted in patristic and apocryphal traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna","label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The source for the incipit and explicit is not specified in the edition.","The distinction between Mawāśǝʿt and Aryām in this context is not fully explained."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"እምድኅሬሁ፡ በአስተብቍዖተ፡ እግዝእትነ፡ ድንግል፡ ንጽሕት፡ ወበረከታተ፡ እለ፡ ምግባራት፡ ወሥምረታት፡ ወአስተብቍዖታተ፡\nለዘተወክፈት። ወአስተብቍዖቶሙ፡ እምሰማዕት፡ ወቅዱሳን፡ ወዘአሥመሮ፡ ወዘያሠምሮ፡ አሜን። ወስብሐት፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወላዕሌነ፡ ይኩን፡\nምሕረቱ፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።\n\nOrder to be read for the dead after the burial\nThe following incipit and explicit are taken from .\n\nሥርዓት፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ ላዕለ፡ ምዉታን፡ እምድኅረ፡ ግንዘት፡ ስብሐት፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ስፉሐ፡ ሀብት፡ ውዱስ፡ አምላክ፡ በእንተ፡ ጸጋቲሁ፡ ዘአስማቲሁ። ስን፡ ዘአዘዘ፡ ወፈትሐ፡ ወፈጠረ፡ ወአስተዳለወ፡ ወሥሉሠ፡ በህላዌሁ፡ ማኅየዊት፡ ብሑት፡ ርእሱ፡ ባሕራዊት፡ ዘአጸገወ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዓለመ፡ በእንተ፡ አምልኮቱ፡\nወአገበሮሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ስብሐቱ፡ ወረሰዮሙ፡ ታቦተ፡ መንፈሳዊት፡\n\nይፈትዉ፡ ለተመይጦትከ፡ ወአኃዊከ፡ ወአግብርቲከ፡ ይጸንሕ፡ በጽሕትከ። ኮኑ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እምድኅሬከ፡ እጓለ፡ ማውታ፡ ወረቦሙ፡ ሕማመ፡\nወምንዳቤ፡ ወኀሳር፡ አይቴ፡ ስንከ፡ መዓድም፡ ወልብከ፡ ብሩህ፡ ወራእይከ፡\nመፍርህ።","english":"After him, through the intercession of our Lady the Virgin, the Pure One, and through the blessings of the works, the good deeds, and the intercessions of her whom she has received, and through the intercessions of the martyrs and the saints, and of him who has pleased her and of him who will please her, Amen. And praise be to God, and may His mercy be upon us forever and ever, Amen.\n\nOrder to be read for the dead after the burial\n\nPraise be to God, the generous giver, the glorious God, for His grace which He has named. The one who commanded, opened, created, arranged, and the third in His existence, the life-giving, abundant, self-existent, the sea-like one who granted the whole world for His worship, and placed them for His praise, and appointed them the spiritual ark.\n\nThey desire for your burial and for your brothers and your servants; they will be patient in your righteousness. All of them were after you, children of death, and they inherited pain, sorrow, and loss. Where is your name, your place, and your heart, bright, and your sight, fearful?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥርዓት ዘይትነበብ ላዕለ ምዉታን እምድኅረ ግንዘት","severity":"info","text":"This rubric marks the beginning of a new section: an order to be read for the dead after burial. It follows the antiphons and exhortations of the previous passage and introduces a prayer of praise and intercession.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሥርዓት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሥርዓት (śǝrʿāt) means 'order' or 'rite', indicating a prescribed liturgical sequence. Here it introduces a reading for the dead after burial, consistent with the work's funerary context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ታቦተ መንፈሳዊት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ታቦተ መንፈሳዊት (tābotā manfāsāwit) means 'spiritual ark'. This likely alludes to the Ark of the Covenant as a type of the Virgin Mary or the Church, a common trope in Ethiopic liturgy.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እጓለ ማውታ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'children of death' (እጓለ ማውታ) echoes Pauline language (e.g., Romans 6:23) describing humanity's mortal condition. It reinforces the funerary theme of the passage.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እምድኅረ ግንዘት","severity":"info","text":"The rubric specifies that this reading occurs after burial (እምድኅረ ግንዘት). This aligns with the structure of the Ethiopic funeral rite, which includes readings and prayers after interment.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat","label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘአስማቲሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'which He has named' (ዘአስማቲሁ) is ambiguous: it may refer to God's names or to the naming of the deceased. The English draft interprets it as God's naming of His grace, but the Geʿez allows either reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ዘአስማቲሁ could refer to God's names or to the naming of the deceased; the English draft takes it as God's naming of His grace.","The identity of 'her whom she has received' (ዘተወክፈት) is unclear; it may refer to the Virgin Mary receiving a soul or a saint."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"Prayer of penance\nThe following incipit and explicit are taken from .\n\nጸሎተ፡ ንስሐ፡ ካልእ፡ እግዚእ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አኃዜ፡ ዓለም፡ ብሑተ፡ ሥልጣን፡ ወስም፡ ቀዳማዊ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ጥንት፡ ወዳኅራዊ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ፍጽም፡ ዘትነብር፡\nውስተ፡ አርያም፡ መንበረ፡ ስብሐቲከ፡ ዘኢይተረጐም፡ ዘልብሰትከ፡ አፍሐም፡\n\nሀበነ፡ ንግበር፡ ሥምረትከ፡ በኵሉ፡ ጊዜ፡ ወጸሐፍ፡ አስማቲነ፡ በመንግሥተ፡ ሰማያት፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ወሰማዕት፡ በኢየሱስ፡\nክርስቶስ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ለከ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ወምስለ፡ ቅዱስ፡ መንፈስ፡ ስብሐት፡ ወእኂዝ፡ ይእዜኒ፡ ወዘልፈኒ፡ ወለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።\n\nOther prayer of penance\nThe following incipit and explicit are taken from .\n\nጸሎተ፡ ንስሐ፡ እግዚአ፡ አኃዜ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዓለም፡ አንተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘትፌውስ፡ ቍስለ፡ ነፍስነ፡ ወሥጋነ፡ ወመንፈስነ፡ እስመ፡ አንተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘትቤ፡ በአፈ፡\nወልድከ፡ ዋሕድ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ወአምላክነ፡ ወመድኃኒነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘይቤሎ፡ ለአቡነ፡ ጴጥሮስ፡ አንተ፡ ኰኵሕ፡ ወዲበ፡ ዛቲ፡ ኵኵሕ፡ አሐንጻ፡\nለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡","english":"Prayer of Penance\n\nO Lord, Lord God, my Eternal One, abundant in authority, and the First Name without beginning, and the Last without end, who dwells upon the lofty throne of your glory, which is inaccessible, and whose garment is light.\n\nGrant us to do your will at all times, and write our names in the kingdom of heaven with all the saints and martyrs, through Jesus Christ our Lord, to whom it belongs with you and with the Holy Spirit, glory and honor, now and forever, and for eternity, Amen.\n\nOther Prayer of Penance\n\nO Lord, Eternal One of the whole world, it is you who heals the wound of our soul, our body, and our spirit, for it is you who said through the mouth of your only Son, our Lord, our God, and our Savior, Jesus Christ, who said to our father Peter, \"You are a rock, and upon this rock build the church.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ጸሎተ፡ ንስሐ፡ ካልእ፡","severity":"info","text":"The rubric 'Prayer of penance' and 'Other prayer of penance' mark two distinct prayers within the same narrative section, each introduced by a formulaic incipit and explicit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ንስሐ፡","severity":"info","text":"ንስሐ፡ (nəssəḥa) is a Geʿez term for 'penance' or 'repentance', derived from the root meaning 'to repent' and used in liturgical contexts for prayers of contrition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አንተ፡ ኰኵሕ፡ ወዲበ፡ ዛቲ፡ ኵኵሕ፡ አሐንጻ፡ ለቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'You are a rock, and upon this rock build the church' echoes Matthew 16:18, where Jesus addresses Peter, though the Geʿez wording adapts the verse to a liturgical context.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Peter as 'rock' and the building of the church reflects the Ethiopic tradition's integration of Petrine primacy, common in liturgical texts from the Coptic and Syriac traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat","label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The prayer's invocation of 'writing our names in the kingdom of heaven with all the saints and martyrs' is a standard eschatological petition in Ethiopic funeral rites, emphasizing communal salvation.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna","label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft omits the Geʿez phrase 'ዘኢይተረጐም' (zaḫəyyatäräggwäm, 'which is inaccessible') and 'ዘልብሰትከ፡ አፍሐም፡' (za-labsätäka ʾafḥam, 'whose garment is light'), which are present in the Geʿez but not translated.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text includes a rubric 'The following incipit and explicit are taken from .' with a blank source, suggesting a lacuna or editorial omission in the source edition.","The phrase 'ዘኢይተረጐም' (inaccessible) is ambiguous in its referent: it may modify the throne or the glory.","The English draft's 'Eternal One of the whole world' translates 'አኃዜ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዓለም፡' but the Geʿez 'አኃዜ' (ʾaḫāze) more precisely means 'holder' or 'possessor'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ወአናሕሲ፡ እስመ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ኃጢአት፡ አልቦ፡ ዘሞተ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ አንተ፡ ባሕቲትከ፡ ልዑል፡ እምሰማያት፡ ወንጹሕ፡\nእምኃጢአት፡ ወለከ፡ ይደሉ፡ ስብሐት፡ ወከብር፡ ኦሥሉስ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ እስከ፡ ነፍስ፡ ደኃሪት፡ ወላዕሌነ፡\nይኩን፡ ሣህል፡ ወምሕረት፡ ይእዜኒ፡ ወዘልፈኒ፡ ወለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።\n\nPrayer of blessing 'O holy Trinity, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, one God, bless your people'\nThe following incipit and explicit are taken from .\n\nጸሎተ፡ ቡራኬ። ኦሥሉስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ። አብርክ፡ ዲበ፡ ሕዝብከ፡ ፍቁራን፡ ክርስቶሳዊያን፡ በበረከት፡ መንፈሳዊት፡ ወፈኑ፡\nላዕሌነ፡ ጸጋ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ። ወረሲ፡ ኃዋኅወ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያንከ፡ ቅድስት፡ ርኅወ፡ ለነ፡ በአሚን፡ ወበምሕረት።\n\nኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወለኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ዙነ፡ ከመ፡ ንዘክሮሙ፡ በምሕረትከ፡ በውስተ፡ ምንግሥትከ፡ ሰማያዊት፡\nወሊተኒ፡ ለ እ፡ ገብርከ፡ ተዘ ኦእግዚኦ፡ አድኅ ዝበከ፡\nወባረክ፡ ር ከ፡ ረአዮሙ፡ ወ ሎሙ፡ እስከ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።","english":"And we also, for there is no human who died without sin except you alone, who are exalted above the heavens and pure from sin, and to you are due praise and glory. O Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, until the final soul, may there be over us mercy and compassion now and forever and for eternity. Amen.\n\nPrayer of blessing: O holy Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, bless your beloved Christian people with a spiritual blessing, and pour out upon us the grace of the Holy Spirit, and establish the foundations of your holy Church, and be merciful to us with 'Amen' and with mercy.\n\nO Jesus Christ, and for all those whom we remember in your mercy within your heavenly kingdom, and also for me, your servant, O Lord, save me and bless me, and grant them to see until eternity. Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage comprises three distinct liturgical units: a prayer of penance (continuing from the previous passage), a prayer of blessing (incipit marked), and a concluding petition addressed to Jesus Christ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ኃጢአት፡ አልቦ፡ ዘሞተ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'there is no human who died without sin' echoes a theological commonplace in Ethiopic funeral liturgy, asserting Christ's unique sinlessness.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat","label":"gap dossier: Book of the Funeral Ritual (Maṣḥafa gənzat)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anon-mashafa-genzat"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦሥሉስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ።","severity":"info","text":"The invocation of the Trinity as 'Father, Son, and Holy Spirit' reflects the standard baptismal formula (cf. Matthew 28:19) and is central to Ethiopic liturgical blessing.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጸሎተ፡ ቡራኬ","severity":"info","text":"The 'Prayer of blessing' (ጸሎተ ቡራኬ) is a distinct liturgical unit in the funeral rite, often used to conclude a section of prayers, invoking the Trinity's blessing on the congregation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1931Mashaf","label":"betmas: Book of the Funeral Ritual","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1931Mashaf"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The final petition for mercy 'for all those whom we remember' reflects the intercessory function of the funeral ritual, commemorating the departed and the living community.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna","label":"gap dossier: The Order of the Monastic Profession (ritual for receiving the monastic habit)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-serata-menkosenna"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሊተኒ፡ ለ እ፡ ገብርከ፡ ተዘ ኦእግዚኦ፡ አድኅ ዝበከ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text in the final section shows possible scribal corruption or abbreviation (e.g., 'ለ እ፡' and 'ተዘ'), making the precise reading uncertain; the English draft smooths it as 'for me, your servant'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The final Geʿez line contains unclear or broken phrases (e.g., 'ለ እ፡', 'ተዘ') that may reflect scribal error or abbreviation; the English draft interprets them as 'for me, your servant'.","The transition between the prayer of penance and the prayer of blessing is not explicitly marked in the Geʿez, but the incipit 'ጸሎተ ቡራኬ' indicates a new unit."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}