{"slug":"LIT1696Joshua","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT1696Joshua","title":"Book of Joshua","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"translated-elsewhere","coverage_claim":{"status":"translated-elsewhere","reference":"","text":"An English translation of this work is reported: citation not established. The citation comes from a language model and was not confirmed in a catalogue."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:52:58Z","cost_usd":0.060785},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT1696Joshua","work_id":"LIT1696Joshua","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"},"stats":{"passages":119,"english_words":19836,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":691,"commentary_kinds":10,"derived_notes":81,"ambiguities":221,"work_notes":6,"external_links":3,"timeline":3},"summary":{"work":"LIT1696Joshua","abstract":"The Geʿez Book of Joshua, part of the Ethiopic Octateuch, closely follows the Septuagint tradition, including the longer ending with Caleb’s grant of Hebron and Joshua’s death. The edition is a diplomatic transcription based on a single manuscript (Bet Mas 1696) of uncertain date, with no critical apparatus or translation. The translation is traditionally attributed to the Aksumite period (5th–7th centuries), but no colophon or external evidence confirms this. The text is used liturgically in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church as a historical book. The Geʿez form of Joshua, 'ʾIyäsus', is identical to the name of Jesus, creating a typological link in Christian exegesis.","historical_context":"The Geʿez translation of Joshua is traditionally assigned to the Aksumite period (5th–7th centuries), when the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church emerged and the Bible was translated from Greek (Septuagint) into Geʿez. The text is part of the broader Ethiopic Octateuch corpus, used liturgically as a historical book. The edition is based on a single manuscript (Bet Mas 1696) of uncertain date and provenance, with no collation against other Ethiopic witnesses. The translation follows the Septuagint closely, including the longer ending with Caleb’s grant of Hebron and Joshua’s death. The Geʿez name for Joshua, 'ʾIyäsus', is identical to Jesus, fostering typological interpretation. The manuscript’s condition, script, and origin are unknown, and no critical apparatus or translation is provided, limiting scholarly use.","significance":"This edition provides a rare diplomatic transcription of the Geʿez Joshua, preserving a text used in Ethiopian liturgy and exegesis. Its close adherence to the Septuagint and typological link between Joshua and Jesus illuminate early Christian interpretation in the Aksumite tradition. The work is essential for studying the Ethiopic Octateuch and the transmission of biblical texts in the Horn of Africa.","timeline":[{"date":"5th–7th centuries","event":"Traditional attribution of the Geʿez translation of Joshua to the Aksumite period."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Manuscript Bet Mas 1696 copied; its exact date and provenance are unknown."},{"date":"20th–21st centuries","event":"Edition of Bet Mas 1696 published as a diplomatic transcription without critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Septuagint (Greek Old Testament)","relation":"Source text for the Geʿez translation","key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"},{"work":"Ethiopic Octateuch","relation":"Part of the same corpus","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"},{"work":"Book of Joshua (Hebrew Bible)","relation":"Original text, but Geʿez follows Septuagint","key":"wikipedia:Book of Joshua","label":"Wikipedia: Book of Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joshua"}],"external_links":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"Bet Mas 1696 Manuscript","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua","reason":"Primary source for the edition"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"Ethiopic Octateuch Dossier","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","reason":"Context for the work"},{"key":"wikipedia:Book of Joshua","label":"Wikipedia: Book of Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joshua","reason":"General background on the biblical book"}],"cautions":["The date of the Geʿez translation is uncertain; traditional attribution to the Aksumite period lacks external evidence.","The manuscript Bet Mas 1696 is of unknown date and provenance; its condition and script are not described.","No collation with other Ethiopic witnesses was performed, so textual variants are unknown.","The edition provides no critical apparatus or translation, limiting its use for textual criticism."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000412,"generated":"2026-11-15T02:14:49Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT1696Joshua","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":119,"translated":119,"commentary_passages":119,"commentary_units":691,"english_words":19836,"source_letters":50516,"commentary_kinds":10},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text of Joshua follows the Septuagint tradition closely, including the longer ending with Caleb’s grant of Hebron and the notice of Joshua’s death.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The edition is based on a single manuscript (Bet Mas 1696) of uncertain date; no collation with other Ethiopic witnesses is reported.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Joshua is part of the broader Ethiopic Octateuch corpus, used liturgically in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church as a historical book.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The translation is traditionally attributed to the Aksumite period (5th–7th cent.), but no colophon or external evidence in this edition confirms that dating.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition provides no critical apparatus, variant readings, or translation of the Geʿez text; it is a diplomatic transcription only.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript source (Bet Mas 1696) is not fully described in the edition; its provenance, script, and condition are unknown to the reader.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"An English translation of this work is reported: citation not established. The citation comes from a language model and was not confirmed in a catalogue."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 119 narrative."},{"kind":"caution","severity":"caution","text":"80 passage(s) are fragmentary in the source; the English bridges each break and says so in the note."},{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","text":"1 scriptural phrase match(es) noted: Psalm 81:3."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":119},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT1696Joshua":{"label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch":{"label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"},"ed:LIT1696Joshua":{"label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"},"hollis:alma990022646510203941":{"label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"},"hollis:alma990022651900203941":{"label":"The legend of the Queen of Sheba in the tradition of Axum","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022651900203941"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Josua 1\n\n1\nወኮነ ፡ እምድኅረ ፡ ሞተ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ገብረ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ተናገሮ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ነዌ ፡ ለላእኩ ፡ ለሙሴ ፡\nእንዘ ፡ ይብል ፤\n\nናሁ ፡ ሞተ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔየ ፡ ወይእዜኒ ፡ ተንሥእ ፡ ወዕድዎ ፡ ለዝንቱ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ አንተ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡\nሕዝብ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድር ፡ እንተ ፡ እሁበክሙ ፡ አነ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nኵሎ ፡ መካነ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኬደት ፡ እግርክሙ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ እሁበክሙዎ ፡ በከመ ፡ እቤሎ ፡ ለሙሴ ፤\n\nእምነ ፡ ገዳም ፡ [ወ]አንጢሊባኖን ፡ እስከ ፡ ፈለግ ፡ ዐቢይ ፡ ፈለገ ፡ [ኤ]ፍራጥስ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ምድሮ ፡ ለኬጥያዊ ፡\nወእስከ ፡ ደኃሪት ፡ ባሕር ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ምዕራበ ፡ ፀሐይ ፡ ይኩንክሙ ፡ ደወልክሙ ።\n\nወአልቦ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ዘይትቃወም ፡ ቅድሜክሙ ፡ በኵሉ ፡ መዋዕለ ፡ ሕይወትከ ፡ ወበከመ ፡ ሀለውኩ ፡ ምስለ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ከማሁ\n፡ እሄሉ ፡ ምስሌከ ፡ ወኢየኀድገከ ፡ ወኢይትዔወረከ ።","english":"Joshua 1\n\n1\nAnd it came to pass after the death of Moses, the servant of the Lord, that He spoke to Joshua son of Nun, the servant of Moses, saying:\n\n\"Behold, Moses my servant has died. And now arise and cross this Jordan, you and all this people, into the land which I will give to you, to the children of Israel.\n\nEvery place where your foot has trodden, I will give to you, as I said to Moses.\n\nFrom the desert and Antilibanus as far as the great river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittite, and as far as the western sea, and from the west of the sun shall be your dominion.\n\nAnd there is no man who will stand before you in all the days of your life. And as I was with Moses, so shall I be with you, and I will not abandon you nor forsake you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Josua 1","severity":"info","text":"The chapter heading 'Josua 1' is a later editorial addition, not part of the original Geʿez text. It marks the beginning of the book in the manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ገብረ ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ገብረ ፡ እግዚአብሔር' (gabra ʾəgziʾabəḥer) means 'servant of the Lord' and is a standard Geʿez epithet for Moses, emphasizing his role as divine intermediary.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልደ ፡ ነዌ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'ወልደ ፡ ነዌ' (waldä Nəwe) corresponds to 'Joshua son of Nun' in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Num 13:8). The Geʿez form reflects the Septuagintal tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'ኢየሱስ' (ʾIyäsus) is the Geʿez form of Joshua, identical to the name of Jesus in Geʿez, creating a typological link in Christian exegesis.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ ፡ ገዳም ፡ [ወ]አንጢሊባኖን ፡ እስከ ፡ ፈለግ ፡ ዐቢይ ፡ ፈለገ ፡ [ኤ]ፍራጥስ","severity":"info","text":"The description of the promised land from 'the desert and Antilibanus' to 'the great river Euphrates' parallels the boundaries in Deut 1:7 and Josh 1:4, but with an expanded scope typical of Ethiopic expansions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአልቦ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ዘይትቃወም ፡ ቅድሜክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The promise 'no man will stand before you' echoes the divine assurance in the Ethiopic version of Joshua, reinforcing Joshua's typological role as a Christ-like figure in Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'እምነ ፡ ገዳም ፡ [ወ]አንጢሊባኖን' is ambiguous: 'ገዳም' (gädam) can mean 'desert' or 'wilderness', and 'አንጢሊባኖን' (ʾAntilibanos) is a Greek-derived term for the Anti-Lebanon range. The reading taken is 'from the desert and Antilibanus' as a geographical description.","The bracketed 'ወ' (wa) and 'ኤ' (ʾe) in the Geʿez text are editorial restorations; the manuscript may have had lacunae. The reading taken follows the standard edition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ጽናዕ ፡ ወትባዕ ፡ እስመ ፡ [አንተ ፡] ትከፍሎሙ ፡ ለዝንቱ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ምድረ ፡ እንተ ፡ መሐልኩ ፡ ለአበዊሆሙ ፡ ከመ\n፡ አሀቦሙ ።\n\nወባሕቱ ፡ ጽናዕ ፡ ወትባዕ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ ከመ ፡ ትዕቀብ ፡ ወትግበር ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ሕገ ፡ ዘከመ ፡ አዘዘከ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔየ ፡\nወኢትትገሐሥ ፡ እምኔሁ ፡ ኢለየማን ፡ ወኢለፀጋም ፡ ከመ ፡ ታእምር ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘከመ ፡ ተሐውር ።\n\nወኢትትኀደግ ፡ መጽሐፉ ፡ ለዝንቱ ፡ [ሕግ ፡] እምነ ፡ አፉከ ፡ ወአንብብ ፡ ቦቱ ፡ መዐልተ ፡ ወሌሊተ ፡ ከመ ፡ ታእምር\n፡ ገቢረ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘጽሑፍ ፡ ውስቴቱ ፡ እስመ ፡ ትረትዕ ፡ ፍኖትከ ፡ ወቦቱ ፡ ትጠብብ ።\n\nወናሁ ፡ እኤዝዘከ ፡ ትባዕ ፡ ወጽናዕ ፡ ወኢትፍራህ ፡ ወኢትደንግፅ ፡ እስመ ፡ ሀለወ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ምስሌከ ፡\nአምላክከ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ዘሖርከ ።\n\nወአዘዞሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለጸሐፍተ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፤\n\nባኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ትዕይንት ፡ ወአዝዝዎሙ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ ወበልዎሙ ፡ አስተዳልዉ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ ሥንቀ ፡ እስመ ፡\nእስከ ፡ ሠሉስ ፡ መዋዕል ፡ ተዐድውዎ ፡ ለዝንቱ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ አንትሙ ፡ ወትበውኡ ፡ ትርከቡ ፡ ምድረ ፡ እንተ ፡ ይሁበክሙ\n፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡ አበዊክሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ትትወረስዋ ።","english":"Be strong and advance, for you shall lead this people into the land which I promised to their fathers, as I gave it to them.\n\nOnly be strong and advance greatly, so that you may keep and perform all the law as Moses my servant commanded you, and do not turn aside from it to the right or to the left, that you may know all as you go.\n\nAnd do not let go of this book of law from your mouth, but read in it by day and by night, that you may know the doing of all that is written in it, for you will find your way and in it you will keep watch.\n\nAnd now I command you to advance and be strong, and do not fear nor tremble, for the Lord is with you, your God, in all your journey.\n\nAnd Joshua commanded the scribes of the people and said to them:\n\nGo into the midst of the camp and command the people and tell them: Prepare provisions for yourselves, for until three days you shall cross this Jordan, and then you shall find the land which the Lord, the God of your fathers, will give you to inherit.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The divine speech continues from the previous passage, urging Joshua to lead the people into the promised land and to adhere strictly to the law of Moses.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጽናዕ ወትባዕ","severity":"info","text":"The paired imperatives 'be strong and advance' are a recurring exhortation in Ethiopic military and spiritual contexts, emphasizing both resolve and action.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕገ","severity":"info","text":"The 'book of law' (ሕግ) likely refers to the Torah, specifically Deuteronomy, which Joshua is commanded to read continually, echoing Deut 17:18-19.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The instruction to read the law day and night reflects a monastic practice of continuous scripture reading, common in Ethiopic Christian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from direct divine speech to Joshua's command to the scribes, marking a transition from divine instruction to human leadership.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢለየማን ወኢለፀጋም","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'not to the right or to the left' is a standard biblical idiom for strict obedience, but the Geʿez spelling of 'left' (ኢለፀጋም) shows orthographic variation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢለየማን ወኢለፀጋም' could be read as 'not to the right and not to the left' or 'neither to the right nor to the left'; the translation adopts the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወለሮቤልሂ ፡ ወለጋድሂ ፡ ወለመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴሂ ፡ ይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፤\n\nተዘከሩ ፡ ቃለ ፡ ዘአዘዘክሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወይቤለክሙ ፡ ናሁ ፡ አዕረፈክሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡\nለክሙ ፡ ወወሀበክሙ ፡ ዛተ ፡ ምድረ ።\n\nለይንበራ ፡ አንስቲያክሙ ፡ ወደቂቅክሙ ፡ ወእንስሳክሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ምድር ፡ እንተ ፡ ወሀበክሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ በማዕዶተ\n፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወአንትሙሰ ፡ ዕድዉ ፡ ቅኑታኒክሙ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ አኀዊክሙ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ጽኑዓኒክሙ ፡ ወተቃተሉ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ ምስሌሆሙ ፤\n\nእስከ ፡ አመ ፡ ያዐርፎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ ለአኀዊክሙ ፡ ከማክሙ ፡ ወይወርሱ ፡ እሙንቱኒ ፡ ምድሮሙ ፡ እንተ\n፡ ይሁቦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ ወተአትዉ ፡ እንከ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ እምኔክሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ርስቱ ፡ ወተዋረስዋ ፡\nአንትሙኒ ፡ ለዛቲ ፡ ምድር ፡ እንተ ፡ ወሀበክሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ በመንገለ ፡\nምሥራቀ ፡ ፀሐይ ።","english":"And to Reuben, and to Gad, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, Joshua said to them:\n\nRemember the word which Moses, the servant of the Lord, commanded you, and he said to you: Behold, the Lord has given you rest, and has given you this land for you to dwell in, your wives and your children and your livestock in this land which Moses gave you on the other side of the Jordan. And you yourselves, prepare your weapons before your brothers, all your strong ones, and fight with them until the Lord our God gives rest to your brothers as he did to you, and they also inherit their land which the Lord our God will give them. And enter, each one of you, into his inheritance, and you yourselves shall inherit this land which Moses, the servant of the Lord, gave you on the other side of the Jordan, on the eastern side.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለሮቤልሂ ፡ ወለጋድሂ ፡ ወለመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴሂ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a direct address to the Transjordanian tribes Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, framing the speech as a distinct unit within the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ተዘከሩ ፡ ቃለ ፡ ዘአዘዘክሙ ፡ ሙሴ","severity":"info","text":"The command to remember Moses' words echoes Deuteronomy 3:18-22, where Moses instructs the Transjordanian tribes before their settlement.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'servant of the Lord' (ቍልዔሁ ለእግዚአብሔር) is a standard Geʿez epithet for Moses, emphasizing his prophetic and legal authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"በማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the other side of the Jordan' (በማዕዶተ ዮርዳንስ) reflects the Geʿez tradition's geographical perspective, likely from a Coptic Vorlage, designating the eastern bank.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"እስከ ፡ አመ ፡ ያዐርፎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The exhortation to fight until God grants rest parallels Joshua 22:4, where Joshua urges the Transjordanian tribes to aid their brethren in conquest.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"በመንገለ ፡ ምሥራቀ ፡ ፀሐይ","severity":"info","text":"The closing phrase 'on the eastern side' (በመንገለ ምሥራቀ ፀሐይ) is a Geʿez gloss clarifying the location, likely added in the Ethiopic transmission to avoid ambiguity.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the speech is a direct quotation from a lost source or a paraphrase; the reading taken treats it as a narrative address.","The phrase 'ተአትዉ' (enter) may imply a command or a future event; the translation renders it as an imperative."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ወአውሥእዎ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ወይቤልዎ ፡ ንገብር ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘአዘዝከነ ፡ ወነሐውር ፡ መካነ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ፈነውከነ ።\n\nወበከመ ፡ ተአዘዝነ ፡ ለሙሴ ፡ በኵሉ ፡ ከማሁ ፡ ንትኤዘዝ ፡ ለከሂ ፡ ወባሕቱ ፡ ምስሌከሂ ፡ ለየሀሉ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡\nበከመ ፡ ሀለወ ፡ ምስለ ፡ ሙሴ ።\n\nወብእሲ ፡ ዘኢተአዘዘ ፡ ለከ ፡ ወዘክሕደከ ፡ ወኢሰምዐ ፡ ቃለከ ፡ ዘአዘዝካሁ ፡ ለይሙት ፡ ወይእዜኒ ፡ ጽናዕ ፡ ወትባዕ\n።\n\nJosua 2\n\n2\nወፈነወ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሳጢን ፡ ክልኤተ ፡ ወራዙተ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ዐይን ፡ ጽምሚተ ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ዕረጉ ፡ ወርእይዋ\n፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ምድር ፡ ወለኢያሪኮሂ ፡ ወሖሩ ፡ እልክቱ ፡ ክልኤቱ ፡ ወራዙት ፡ ወቦኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ ወቦኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡\nቤተ ፡ አሐቲ ፡ ብእሲት ፡ ዘማ ፡ እንተ ፡ ስማ ፡ ራአብ ፡ ወኀደሩ ፡ ህየ ።\n\nወአይድዕዎ ፡ ለንጉሠ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ ወይቤልዎ ፡ ናሁ ፡ ቦኡ ፡ ዝየ ፡ ዕደው ፡ በሌሊት ፡ እምነ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡\nሰብአ ፡ ዐይን ፡ ከመ ፡ ይርአዩ ፡ ብሔረ ።","english":"And they answered Joshua and said to him, “We will do all that you have commanded us, and we will go to the place where you sent us. And just as we were commanded to Moses in everything, so we will be commanded to you also; and only with you will the Lord be, as he was with Moses. And any man who disobeys you and denies you and does not hear your word which you commanded him, let him die. And now be strong and be valiant.”\n\nJoshua 2\n\nAnd Joshua sent from Shittim two men, spies, men of keen sight, and said to them, “Go up and see that land and Jericho.” And those two spies went and entered into Jericho, and they entered into the house of a certain woman whose name was Rahab, and they stayed there. And they informed the king of Jericho and said to him, “Behold, enemies have come here by night from the children of Israel, men of keen sight, to see the land.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Josua 2","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text inserts a chapter heading 'Josua 2' between the end of Joshua’s speech and the narrative of the spies, marking a clear structural division.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሳጢን","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'ሳጢን' (Shittim) is a transliteration of the Hebrew place name, referring to the Israelite camp east of the Jordan.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ራአብ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'ራአብ' (Rahab) is a Geʿez transliteration of the Hebrew name of the woman who sheltered the spies in Jericho.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአውሥእዎ ፡ ለኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The response of the Transjordanian tribes echoes the biblical account of their agreement to Joshua’s command, though the wording is not a direct quotation from the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ክልኤተ ፡ ወራዙተ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ዐይን ፡ ጽምሚተ","severity":"info","text":"The description of the spies as 'men of keen sight' (lit. 'men of eye, sharp') is a Geʿez idiom for spies, paralleling the Hebrew 'meraggelim'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአውሥእዎ ፡ ለኢየሱስ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text has the tribes address Joshua directly, but the English draft renders their speech as a promise; the Geʿez verb 'አውሥእዎ' (they answered him) is clear, but the following speech may be a paraphrase rather than a verbatim biblical quote.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the tribes’ speech is a direct biblical quotation or a later expansion; the phrase 'ከመ ፡ ሀለወ ፡ ምስለ ፡ ሙሴ' (as he was with Moses) may reflect a theological emphasis on Joshua’s authority.","The identity of the 'certain woman' Rahab is not elaborated in the Geʿez text, leaving her role as a prostitute or hostess ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"ወለአከ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ራአብ ፡ ወይቤ ፡ በልዋ ፡ ለራአብ ፡ አውፅኢአ ፡ ዕደወአ ፡ እለአ ፡ ቦኡአ ፡\nኀቤኪአ ፡ በሌሊትአ ፡ ወቦኡአ ፡ ቤተኪአ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ዐይንአ ፡ እሙንቱአ ፡ ወከመአ ፡ ይርአዩአ ፡ ብሔረአ ፡ መጽኡአ ።\n\nወነሥአቶሙ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ብእሲት ፡ ለእልክቱ ፡ ዕደው ፡ ክልኤቱ ፡ ወኀብአቶሙ ፡ ወትቤ ፡ ዕደውሰ ፡ ቦኡ ፡ ኀቤየ ፡\nወኢያእመርኩ ፡ እምአይቴ ፡ እሙንቱ ።\n\nወእንዘ ፡ ዕጽው ፡ ኆኅት ፡ በጽልመት ፡ ወፅኡ ፡ ውእቶሙ ፡ ዕደው ፡ ወኢያእመርኩ ፡ እንከ ፡ አይቴ ፡ ሖሩ ፡ ውእቶሙ ፡\nዕደው ፡ ወሑሩ ፡ ፍጡነ ፡ ወትልውዎሙ ፡ ወዴግንዎሙ ፡ ዮጊ ፡ ትረክብዎሙ ።\n\nወይእቲሰ ፡ አዕረገቶሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ናሕስ ፡ ወኀብአቶሙ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ዕፀው ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሕለት ፡ ዘውጡሕ ።\n\nወዴገንዎሙ ፡ ውእቶሙ ፡ [ዕደው ፡] እንበለ ፡ ይቢቱ ፡ ወይእቲሰ ፡ ዐርገት ፡ ኀቤሆሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ናሕስ ።\n\nወትቤሎሙ ፡ አአምር ፡ ከመ ፡ አግብኦ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለብሔር ፡ ለክሙ ፡ እስመ ፡ አምጽአ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ፍርሀተክሙ\n፡ ላዕሌነ ፡ ወተመስዉ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ብሔር ፡ እምነ ፡ ገጽክሙ ።","english":"And the king of Jericho sent to Rahab and said, “Bring out the two spies who came to you by night and who entered your house. Who are they? And why have they come to see the land?”\n\nAnd that woman took the two spies and hid them, and she said, “Spies came to me, but I do not know where they are from.”\n\nAnd while the wall was being sealed in the darkness, the spies went out, and I do not know where the spies went. They went quickly, and you will pursue them and overtake them and find them, for you will catch them.\n\nAnd she had brought them up into the roof and hidden them among the trees in a thicket that was hidden.\n\nAnd you will overtake them, the spies, without delay, and she had gone up to them onto the roof.\n\nAnd she said to them, “I know that the Lord has given the land to you, because the Lord has brought your fear upon us, and all who dwell in the land have melted away from before you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለአከ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ኢያሪኮ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the Israelites' assembly to a scene at Jericho, introducing the king's direct command to Rahab, marking a narrative transition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዕደው","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ዕደው (ʿadaw) is used for 'spies' or 'enemies,' reflecting a semantic range that includes both military scouts and hostile agents, consistent with the biblical context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ናሕስ","severity":"info","text":"The word ናሕስ (nāḥəs) means 'roof' or 'upper room,' typical of Geʿez architectural terms; Rahab's hiding of the spies on the roof aligns with the biblical account (Joshua 2).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር ፡ ፍርሀተክሙ","severity":"info","text":"Rahab's speech echoes Joshua 2:9-11, where she acknowledges God's gift of the land and the fear He instills, though the Geʿez version expands the theological emphasis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዴገንዎሙ ፡ ውእቶሙ ፡ [ዕደው ፡]","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase includes a bracketed ዕደው (spies) in the edition, suggesting a textual insertion or reconstruction; the original manuscript may have omitted it, creating ambiguity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተመስዉ ፡ ኵሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ተመስዉ (tamassawu, 'melted away') is a vivid metaphor for fear, typical of Ethiopic homiletic style, possibly reflecting later liturgical use of the Joshua narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'spies' (ዕደው) is ambiguous: they may be the two men from the previous passage or a general group; the text's shift in speaker (king, Rahab, narrator) is unclear in places.","The bracketed ዕደው in the edition indicates a possible scribal omission or emendation, leaving the subject of 'overtake them' uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"እስመ ፡ ሰማዕነ ፡ ከመ ፡ አይበሳ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለባሕረ ፡ [ኤ]ርትራ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጽክሙ ፡ አመ ፡ ወፃእክሙ ፡\nእምነ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ዘገብረ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ነገሥተ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ሀለዉ ፡ ማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ለሴዎን\n፡ ወለአግ ፡ እለ ፡ ሠሮክምዎሙ ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ ሰማዕነ ፡ ንሕነ ፡ ደንገፀነ ፡ ልብነ ፡ ወኢተርፈት ፡ ነፍሰ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ እምኔነ ፡ እምነ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ገጽክሙ ፡\nእስመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክክሙ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ አምላክ ፡ በሰማይ ፡ በላዕሉ ፡ ወበምድር ፡ በታሕቱ ።\n\nወይእዜኒ ፡ መሐሉ ፡ ሊተ ፡ በእግዚአብሔር ፡ በከመ ፡ ገበርኩ ፡ ምስሌክሙ ፡ ምሕረተ ፡ ከመ ፡ ትግበሩ ፡ ምስሌየ ፡\nምሕረተ ፡ ወምስለ ፡ ቤተ ፡ አቡየ ፡ ወትሁቡኒ ፡ ተአምረ ፡ በጽድቅ ።\n\nወአሕይዉ ፡ ቤተ ፡ አቡየ ፡ ወእምየኒ ፡ ወአኀዊየኒ ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ቤትየ ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ዘዚአሆሙ ፡ ወአድኅኑ ፡ ነፍሰነ ፡\nእምነ ፡ ሞት ።","english":"For we have heard how the Lord dried up the Red Sea before your faces when you came out of the land of Egypt, and all that He did against the kings of the Amorites who were on the other side of the Jordan, to Sihon and to Og, whom they destroyed.\n\nAnd when we heard, we, our hearts trembled, and not one soul among us remained before your faces, for the Lord your God is God in the heaven above and on the earth below.\n\nAnd now swear to me by the Lord, as I have done mercy with you, that you will do mercy with me and with my father’s house, and you will show me a sign of righteousness.\n\nAnd spare my father’s house and me and my brothers and all my household and all that is theirs, and save our souls from death.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሕረ ፡ [ኤ]ርትራ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the Red Sea (ባሕረ ፡ [ኤ]ርትራ) recalls the Exodus crossing, a foundational event in Israelite history. The Geʿez text here adapts the biblical narrative to emphasize divine intervention.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ለሴዎን ፡ ወለአግ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Sihon and Og (ለሴዎን ፡ ወለአግ) echoes the conquest of the Transjordanian kings in Numbers 21:21-35 and Deuteronomy 2:26-3:11. The Geʿez text condenses this episode.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሶበ ፡ ሰማዕነ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a third-person report of divine acts to a first-person plural reaction (ወሶበ ፡ ሰማዕነ), marking a structural transition from narrative to direct speech by the spies or the people.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ተአምረ ፡ በጽድቅ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ተአምረ ፡ በጽድቅ (sign of righteousness) likely refers to a covenantal sign or pledge, reflecting the Geʿez tradition's emphasis on divine justice and mercy in treaty contexts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አድኅኑ ፡ ነፍሰነ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሞት","severity":"info","text":"The plea to save souls from death (አድኅኑ ፡ ነፍሰነ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሞት) resonates with Ethiopian Christian soteriology, where salvation is both physical and spiritual, as seen in liturgical texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has a lacuna or uncertain reading in [ኤ]ርትራ (Red Sea), possibly a scribal error or variant spelling. The English draft interprets it as 'Red Sea' based on context.","The identity of the speaker in the first-person plural (ንሕነ) is ambiguous: it could be the spies themselves or the people of Jericho, but the context suggests the spies recounting their fear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"ወይቤልዋ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ዕደው ፡ ነፍስነ ፡ ህየንቴክሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሞት ፡ ወትቤሎሙ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ አመ ፡ አግብአ ፡\nእግዚአብሔር ፡ ለሀገርነ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እደዊክሙ ፡ ግበሩ ፡ ምሕረተ ፡ ምስሌየ ፡ ወጽድቀ ፡ ወይቤልዋ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ዕደው ፡\nለእመ ፡ ኢያይዳዕክሙ ፡ በእንቲአነ ፡ ንገብር ፡ ምሕረተ ፡ ምስሌኪ ፡ አመ ፡ አግብአ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለሀገርክሙ ፡ ለነ ፡\nወጽድቀ ።\n\nወአውረደቶሙ ፡ በሐብል ፡ እንተ ፡ መስኮት ፡ እስመ ፡ ቤታ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጥቅም ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወነበረት ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ውስተ ፡\nአረፍቱ ።\n\nወትቤሎሙ ፡ እንተ ፡ አድባር ፡ ሑሩ ፡ ከመ ፡ ኢይርከቡክሙ ፡ እለ ፡ ይዴግኑክሙ ፡ ወተኀብኡ ፡ ህየ ፡ ሠሉሰ ፡ መዋዕለ\n፡ እስከ ፡ ይገብኡ ፡ እለ ፡ ይዴግኑክሙ ፡ ወእምዝ ፡ ትገብኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ፍኖትክሙ ።\n\nወይቤልዋ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ዕደው ፡ ንጹሓን ፡ ንሕነ ፡ እምነ ፡ መሐላኪ ፡ ዘአምሐልክነ ።\n\nናሁ ፡ ንሕነ ፡ ንበውእ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጽንፈ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወደዪ ፡ ዘንተ ፡ ፈትለ ፡ ቀይሐ ፡ ዘለይ ፡ ውስተ ፡ መስኮት ፡\nእንተ ፡ እምኔሃ ፡ አውረድክነ ፡ ወአ[ባ]ኪኒ ፡ ወእ[መ]ኪኒ ፡ ወአኀዊኪኒ ፡ አስተጋብኢ ፡ ኀቤኪ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቤትኪ ።","english":"And they said to her, “The enemies, our soul is in your hands in death.” And she said to them, “When the Lord brought our land into your hands, do mercy with me and justice.” And the enemies said to her, “If we had known concerning you, we would do mercy with you when the Lord brought your land to us and justice.”\n\nAnd she let them down by a rope from the window, for the house was in the wall, and she remained in her bed.\n\nAnd she said to them, “Go to the mountains so that those who pursue you may not find you, and hide there for three days until those who pursue you go away, and then you will go on your way.”\n\nAnd the enemies said to her, “We are pure from your oath that you swore to us.”\n\nBehold, we enter into the border of the land and the region. This one untied the rope from the window from which she let us down, and her father and her mother and her brothers gathered to her in her house.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The enemies' statement 'our soul is in your hands in death' likely means they are completely at the mercy of the woman, a hyperbolic expression of vulnerability.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መስኮት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'መስኮት' (maskot) means 'window' and is used consistently in this passage for the means of escape.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage contains three distinct narrative segments: dialogue of surrender, the rope descent, and instructions for escape, followed by a concluding statement about the family gathering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'አ[ባ]ኪኒ ወእ[መ]ኪኒ' contains bracketed restorations; the manuscript may be damaged or the reading uncertain at this point.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of a woman letting spies down from a wall by a rope is reminiscent of the biblical story of Rahab in Joshua 2, though here the woman is not a prostitute and the context differs.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["It is unclear whether the 'enemies' are the same group throughout or a different party; the text may conflate multiple speakers. The identity of the woman (Rahab or another figure) is not explicitly stated in this passage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ወኵሉ ፡ ዘወፅአ ፡ አፍአ ፡ እምነ ፡ ኆኅተ ፡ ቤትኪ ፡ ይመውት ፡ ወንሕነሰ ፡ ንጹሓን ፡ ንሕነ ፡ እምነ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡\nመሐላ ፡ ዘአምሐልክነ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ባሕቱ ፡ ዘሀለወ ፡ ምስሌኪ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቤትኪ ፡ ላዕሌነ ፡ ኀጢአቱ ፡ ለእመ ፡ ሞተ ።\n\nወለእመሰ ፡ ቦ ፡ ዘገፍዐነ ፡ ወከሠተ ፡ ነገረነ ፡ ንጹሓን ፡ ንሕነ ፡ እምነ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ መሐላኪ ።\n\nወትቤሎሙ ፡ ይኩን ፡ በከመ ፡ ትቤሉ ፡ ወፈነወቶሙ ፡ ወሖሩ ፡ ወአሰረት ፡ ዝክተ ፡ ተአምረ ፡ ዘለይ ፡ ውስተ ፡ መስኮታ\n።\n\nወወፅኡ ፡ ወሖሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አድባር ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ህየ ፡ ሠሉሰ ፡ መዋዕለ ፡ እስከ ፡ ገብኡ ፡ እለ ፡ ዴገንዎሙ ፡\nወኀሠሥዎሙ ፡ እለ ፡ ዴገንዎሙ ፡ ወኢረከብዎሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ፍናዌ ።\n\nወገብኡ ፡ እልክቱ ፡ ዕደው ፡ ወወረዱ ፡ እምነ ፡ ደብር ፡ ወኀለፉ ፡ ወበጽሑ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ነዌ ፡\nወዜነውዎ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘከመ ፡ ገብሩ ።\n\nወይቤልዎ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ አግብአ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እዴነ ፡ ወደንገፁ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ አሕዛብ ፡ እለ\n፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ምድር ፡ እምኔነ ።","english":"And all that came out of the mouth of your house shall die, and we ourselves are pure from this oath which we swore to you, and all that is with you in your house, his sin is upon us if he dies.\n\nAnd if there is any who has wronged us and concealed our matter, we are pure from this oath of yours.\n\nAnd she said to them, “Let it be as you say.” And she sent them away, and they went, and she hung this sign of mine in the window.\n\nAnd they went out and went into the mountains, and they stayed there three days until those who had hidden them returned and sought them, those who had hidden them, and they did not find them on any of the paths.\n\nAnd those enemies returned and came down from the mountain, and they passed by and arrived at Joshua son of Nun, and they told him everything that they had done.\n\nAnd they said to Joshua, “The Lord has brought all the land into our hands, and we have destroyed all the peoples who dwell in that land before us.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The woman hangs a 'sign' (ተአምረ) in the window, likely a cloth or marker to signal safety or identity, though the exact nature is unspecified.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ተአምረ","severity":"info","text":"ተአምረ (taʾamra) means 'sign' or 'miracle'; here it likely denotes a physical marker, not a divine portent, consistent with the narrative context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the Rahab episode with her sending out the spies, their hiding, and their report to Joshua, forming a narrative bridge to the conquest.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ ወልደ ነዌ","severity":"info","text":"Joshua son of Nun (ኢየሱስ ወልደ ነዌ) is the central figure; the Geʿez form reflects the Hebrew Yehoshuaʿ bin Nun, standard in Ethiopic biblical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The spies hiding in the mountains for three days echoes a motif of concealment and divine timing, common in Ethiopic hagiographic expansions of biblical narratives.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዝክተ ተአምረ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'this sign of mine' (ዝክተ ተአምረ ዘለይ) is ambiguous: it could refer to a previously mentioned object or a new detail; the text does not clarify its origin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact nature of the 'sign' (ተአምረ) hung in the window is not specified; it may be a cloth, rope, or other marker.","The phrase 'all that came out of the mouth of your house' (ኵሉ ዘወፅአ አፍአ እምነ ኆኅተ ቤትኪ) is obscure, possibly a euphemism for those who speak or act against the oath."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Josua 3\n\n3\nወጌሠ ፡ በጽባሕ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወግዕዙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሳጢን ፡ ወበጽሑ ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡\nእስራኤል ፡ ወኀደሩ ፡ ህየ ፡ እንበለ ፡ ይዕድዉ ።\n\nወእምድኅረ ፡ ሠሉስ ፡ መዋዕል ፡ ቦኡ ፡ ጸሐፍት ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ትዕይንት ።\n\nወአስተኃለፉ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ ወይቤሉ ፡ እምከመ ፡ ርኢክሙ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ ወካህናቲነ ፡\nወሌዋውያኒነ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይጸውርዋ ፡ ገዐዙ ፡ አንትሙኒ ፡ እምነ ፡ መካናቲክሙ ፡ ወትልዉ ፡ ድኅሬሃ ።\n\nወባሕቱ ፡ ርሑቀ ፡ [ይኩን ፡] ማእከሌክሙ ፡ ወማእከሌሃ ፡ መጠነ ፡ ዕሥራ ፡ ምእት ፡ በእመት ፡ ወበመስፈርቱ ፡ ቁሙ ፡\nወኢትቅረብዋ ፡ ከመ ፡ ታእምሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ፍኖት ፡ እንተ ፡ ተሐውሩ ፡ እስመ ፡ ኢሖርክምዋ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ፍኖት ፡ ትካት ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ አንጽሑ ፡ ርእሰክሙ ፡ ለጌሠም ፡ እስመ ፡ ጌሠመ ፡ ይገብር ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ መድምመ ፡\nለክሙ ።","english":"Joshua 3\n\n3\n\nAnd Joshua rose in the morning, and they departed from Sattin, and they arrived as far as the Jordan, he and all the children of Israel, and they encamped there without crossing.\n\nAnd after three days, the scribes came into the midst of the camp.\n\nAnd they instructed the people, saying, \"As you have seen the Ark of the Law of the Lord our God and our priests and our Levites carrying it, depart also from your places and follow after it.\n\nBut let there be a distance of twenty cubits between you and it, and stand at the measure, and do not approach it, that you may know the way by which you have traveled, for you have gone astray from that way.\"\n\nAnd Joshua said to the people, \"Purify yourselves for the morning, for in the morning the Lord will perform a wonder for you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሳጢን","severity":"info","text":"Sattin (ሳጢን) is a toponym for Shittim, the Israelite camp in Moab east of the Jordan, known from Numbers 25:1 and Joshua 2:1. The Geʿez form reflects the Greek Σαττίν of the Septuagint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ (tābota ḥəggu) means 'Ark of the Law', a standard Geʿez rendering of the Ark of the Covenant. It reflects the Ethiopic tradition's emphasis on the Ark as the container of the Law.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምድኅረ ፡ ሠሉስ ፡ መዋዕል","severity":"info","text":"The three-day wait before crossing the Jordan is not in the Masoretic text of Joshua 3 but appears in the Septuagint (Josh 3:2 LXX) and is followed here. The Geʿez version aligns with the LXX tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage (Joshua 3) is a narrative unit describing the arrival at the Jordan, the three-day encampment, the scribes' instructions about the Ark, and Joshua's call for purification. It prepares for the miraculous crossing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"Joshua (ኢየሱስ, ʾIyāsus) is a type of Christ in Ethiopic exegesis. His leading the people across the Jordan prefigures baptism and salvation, a common typology in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The distance of 'twenty cubits' (ዕሥራ ፡ ምእት ፡ በእመት) is literally 'twenty hundred cubits' in the Geʿez, likely a scribal error for 'twenty cubits' (ዕሥራ ፡ በእመት). The English draft follows the intended sense.","The phrase 'you have gone astray from that way' (ኢሖርክምዋ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ፍኖት) is ambiguous: it may mean the people have deviated from the prescribed path, or that the path itself is lost; the translation takes the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለካህናት ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይብል ፡ ንሥኡ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወሑሩ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ሕዝብ\n፡ ወነሥኡ ፡ ካህናት ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወሖሩ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ሕዝብ ።\n\nወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ናሁ ፡ በዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ እእኅዝ ፡ ኣዕቢከ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል\n፡ ከመ ፡ ያእምሩ ፡ ከመ ፡ ሀለውኩ ፡ ምስሌከ ፡ በከመ ፡ ሀለውኩ ፡ ምስለ ፡ ሙሴ ።\n\nወይእዜኒ ፡ አዝዞሙ ፡ ለካህናት ፡ እለ ፡ ይጸውሩ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ወበሎሙ ፡ እምከመ ፡ ቦእክሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጽንፈ ፡ ማዩ ፡\nለዮርዳንስ ፡ ቁሙ ፡ ውስቴቱ ፡ ለዮርዳንስ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ቅረቡ ፡ ዝየ ፡ ወስምዑ ፡ ቃለ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በዝንቱ ፡ ተአምሩ ፡ ከመ ፡ ሕያው ፡ ውእቱ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ዘምስሌክሙ ፡ ወአጥፍኦ ፡ ያጠፍኦሙ\n፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጽክሙ ፡ ለከናኔዎን ፡ [ወለኬጤዎን ፡] ወለፌሬዜዎን ፡ ወለኤዌዎን ፡ ወለአሞሬዎን ፡ ወለኢያቡሴዎን ፡\nወለጌርጌሴዎን ።","english":"And Joshua said to the priests, saying, \"Take up the ark of the law of the Lord, and go before the people.\" And the priests took up the ark of the law of the Lord, and went before the people.\n\nAnd the Lord said to Joshua, \"Behold, on this day I will magnify you before all the children of Israel, so that they may know that I am with you, as I was with Moses.\"\n\nAnd now he commanded the priests who carry the ark, and said to them, \"When you enter the bank of the water of the Jordan, stand in the midst of the Jordan.\"\n\nAnd Joshua said to the children of Israel, \"Come here and hear the word of the Lord our God.\"\n\nAnd Joshua said to them, \"By this sign, know that the Lord is alive and with you, and he will destroy them before your face: the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, the Amorites, the Jebusites, and the Girgashites.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢየሱስ (ʾIyāsus) represents the name Joshua, derived from the Hebrew Yehoshuaʿ. In Ethiopic tradition, this same form is also used for Jesus, creating a typological resonance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Lord’s direct speech to Joshua, promising to magnify him before Israel, is an expansion not found in the biblical Book of Joshua. It echoes the divine assurance given to Moses in Exodus and Numbers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለኢያቡሴዎን ፡ ወለጌርጌሴዎን","severity":"info","text":"The list of seven Canaanite nations (Canaanites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivites, Amorites, Jebusites, Girgashites) follows the standard enumeration in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Deut 7:1) and is typical in Ethiopic conquest narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በዝንቱ ፡ ተአምሩ","severity":"info","text":"This passage is structured as a series of direct speeches: Joshua to priests, Lord to Joshua, Joshua to priests again, Joshua to Israel, and Joshua’s concluding exhortation. The repetition emphasizes Joshua’s mediatorial role.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ፡ ሕያው ፡ ውእቱ ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Lord is alive' reflects a liturgical or homiletic emphasis in Ethiopic Christianity, where God’s living presence is affirmed in the context of covenant renewal and divine assistance in battle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለኬጤዎን ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The name 'Hittites' (ኬጤዎን) is bracketed in the Geʿez text, indicating a textual variant or scribal uncertainty. The English draft includes it without comment, but the Geʿez suggests possible omission or interpolation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text brackets the name 'Hittites' (ኬጤዎን), leaving its inclusion uncertain. The English draft includes it without note.","The phrase 'stand in the midst of the Jordan' could be interpreted as a ritual action or a narrative detail; the Geʿez does not clarify the intended symbolism."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ወናሁ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ምድር ፡ [ተዐዱ ፡ ቅድሜክሙ ፡] ዮርዳንስ ።\n\nወኅረዩ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ ዐሠርተ ፡ ወክልኤተ ፡ ዕደወ ፡ እምነ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ አሐደ ፡ አሐደ ፡ ብእሴ ፡ እምነ ፡\nአሐዱ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ነገድ ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ አቀሙ ፡ እገሪሆሙ ፡ ካህናት ፡ እለ ፡ ይጸውሩ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ምድር ፡\nበውስተ ፡ ማየ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ይነጽፍ ፡ ማየ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወማይኒ ፡ ዘይወርድ ፡ እምነ ፡ ላዕሉ ፡ ይቀውም ።\n\nወእምዝ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ግዕዘ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ እምነ ፡ መኃድሪሆሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይዕድውዎ ፡ ለዮርዳንስ ፡ ወካህናትሰ ፡ ጾሩ ፡ ታቦተ\n፡ ሕግ ፡ ወሖሩ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ሕዝብ ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ ቦኡ ፡ ካህናት ፡ እለ ፡ ይጸውሩ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕግ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወተጠምቃ ፡ እገሪሆሙ ፡ ለካህናት ፡\nእለ ፡ ይጸውሩ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕግ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጽንፉ ፡ ለማየ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወምሉእ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ እስከ ፡ ድንጋጊሁ\n፡ ከመ ፡ አመ ፡ መዋዕለ ፡ ክረምት ፡ ወከመ ፡ አመ ፡ ይሠዊ ፡ ስርናይ ፤","english":"And now the ark of the law of the Lord shall be carried before you throughout all the land of the Jordan.\n\nAnd choose for yourselves twelve men from among the children of Israel, one man from each tribe.\n\nAnd when the priests who carry the ark of the law of the Lord set their feet in the water of the Jordan throughout all the land, the water of the Jordan and the water that flows from above shall stand still.\n\nAnd then, when the people cross from their encampment to cross the Jordan, the priests carried the ark of the law and went before the people.\n\nAnd when the priests who carry the ark of the law entered the Jordan, the feet of the priests who carry the ark of the law were immersed at the edge of the water of the Jordan, and the Jordan was full up to its banks, as in the days of winter and as in the time of the summer flood.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez describes the ark being carried before the people throughout the land, with the Jordan waters standing still when the priests set foot in the river.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ታቦተ ሕጉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ታቦተ ሕጉ (tābota ḥəggu) means 'ark of the law,' a standard Geʿez rendering for the Ark of the Covenant, emphasizing its role as container of the divine law.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The selection of twelve men, one from each tribe, echoes the biblical account of Joshua 3:12, where twelve men are chosen to carry the ark across the Jordan.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of the Jordan being full to its banks 'as in the days of winter and as in the time of the summer flood' reflects the river's seasonal flooding, a natural phenomenon known in the region.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a narrative sequence: command to carry the ark, selection of men, miraculous stilling of waters, and crossing, consistent with the Coptic structural classification as narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains a lacuna marked by brackets [ተዐዱ ፡ ቅድሜክሙ ፡], indicating a missing or uncertain phrase; the English draft supplies 'shall be carried before you' as a plausible restoration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'throughout all the land of the Jordan' (ውስተ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ምድር ፡ ዮርዳንስ) is ambiguous: it may mean the entire land of the Jordan region or the entire land as far as the Jordan. The reading taken follows the English draft as 'throughout all the land of the Jordan.'","The bracketed phrase [ተዐዱ ፡ ቅድሜክሙ ፡] is a textual lacuna; the English draft supplies 'shall be carried before you,' but the original Geʿez is incomplete."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"ወቆመ ፡ ማይ ፡ ዘይወርድ ፡ እምነ ፡ ላዕሉ ፡ ወቆመ ፡ ከመ ፡ አረፍት ፡ እንዘ ፡ ያርሕቅ ፡ ቀዊመ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ ወጥቀ ፡\nእስከ ፡ ደወለ ፡ ቀርያታያርም ፡ ወዝክቱሰ ፡ ዘይወርድ ፡ ወረደ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ዘአራባ ፡ ወባሕረ ፡ አሎን ፡ ወነጽፈ ፡\nወየብሰ ፡ ወቆመ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ አንጻረ ፡ ኢያሪከ ።\n\nወቆሙ ፡ ካህናት ፡ እለ ፡ ይጸውሩ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ውስተ ፡ ይቡስ ፡ በማእከለ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡\nርሱያኒሆሙ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ዐደዉ ፡ እንተ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ይቡስ ፡ እስከ ፡ ተገምረ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ወዐደዉ\n፡ ዮርዳንስ ።\n\nJosua 4\n\n4\nወሶበ ፡ ተገምረ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ወዐደዉ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፤\n\nንሣእ ፡ ዐሠርተ ፡ ወክልኤተ ፡ ዕደወ ፡ አሐደ ፡ አሐደ ፡ ብእሴ ፡ እምነ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ነገድ ።\n\nወአዝዞሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይንሥኡ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ እምዝየ ፡ እምነ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ እምኀበ ፡ ቆማ ፡ እገሪሆሙ ፡ ለካህናት\n፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወክልኤ ፡ ዕበነ ፡ ከዋዋተ ፡ ወንሥእዎን ፡ ምስሌክሙ ፡ ወዕቀብዎን ፡ በበ ፡ ሰራዊትክሙ ፡ በኀበ ፡ ኀደርክሙ ፡\nህየ ፡ በሌሊት ።","english":"And the water that comes down from above stopped, and it stood like a wall, while it receded, standing very firmly and strongly, as far as the town of Qaryatayarim. And that which comes down descended into the sea of Araba and the sea of Alon, and dried up and became dry land. And the people stood opposite Jericho.\n\nAnd the priests who were carrying the ark of the law of the Lord stood in the dry land in the middle of the Jordan, their feet, and all the children of Israel crossed over what was in the middle of the dry land until all the people had crossed over the Jordan.\n\nJoshua 4\n\n4\nAnd when all the people had crossed over the Jordan, the Lord said to Joshua: \"Take twelve stones, one stone from each tribe.\"\n\nAnd he commanded them that they should take for themselves from there, from the middle of the Jordan, from where the feet of the priests had stood, twelve round stones, and take them with you and keep them in your camps, where you dwell, there by night.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቆመ ፡ ማይ ፡ ዘይወርድ ፡ እምነ ፡ ላዕሉ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a second instance of water stopping, continuing the miracle from the previous passage. The narrative then shifts to the crossing and the divine command to collect stones.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀርያታያርም","severity":"info","text":"Qaryatayarim is a toponym, likely a Geʿez rendering of a place name (possibly Kiryat Yearim). Its exact identification is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሕር ፡ ዘአራባ","severity":"info","text":"‘Sea of Araba’ likely refers to the Dead Sea or a body of water in the Arabah region. The term reflects Geʿez geographical knowledge.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ንሣእ ፡ ዐሠርተ ፡ ወክልኤተ ፡ ዕደወ","severity":"info","text":"The command to take twelve stones, one per tribe, echoes the biblical account of Joshua 4 but adds the detail of stones from the priests’ standing place, not found in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ዕበነ ፡ ከዋዋተ","severity":"info","text":"‘Round stones’ (ዕበነ ከዋዋተ) may carry ritual significance, possibly used as memorials or boundary markers. The instruction to keep them in camps by night suggests a cultic or protective function.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"Joshua is consistently rendered as Iyasu in Geʿez, reflecting the Ethiopic tradition’s adaptation of biblical names. This form is used throughout the Octateuch.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym Qaryatayarim is not clearly identified; it may be a corruption or variant of Kiryat Yearim. The phrase ‘sea of Alon’ is obscure and may refer to a body of water or a region."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ወጸውዐ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ዐሠርተ ፡ ወክልኤተ ፡ ዕደወ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ክቡራኒሆሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ አሐደ ፡ አሐደ ፡\nብእሴ ፡ እምነ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ነገድ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ንዑ ፡ ወአምጽኡ ፡ ቅድሜየ ፡ ወቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ እምነ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወንሥኡ ፡\nእምህየ ፡ አሐተ ፡ አሐተ ፡ እብነ ፡ ወጹሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ መታክፍቲክሙ ፡ በከመ ፡ ኍለቊሆሙ ፡ ለዐሠርቱ ፡ ወክልኤቱ ፡ ነገደ ፡\nእስራኤል ፤\n\nከመ ፡ ይኵናክሙ ፡ ተአምረ ፡ ወይንበራክሙ ፡ ለዘላፉ ፡ ከመ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ተስእለከ ፡ ወልድከ ፡ ጌሠመ ፡ ወይቤለከ ፡ ምንት\n፡ እማንቱ ፡ እላንቱ ፡ እበን ፡ ለክሙ ፤\n\nወንግሮ ፡ አንተ ፡ ለወልድከ ፡ ወበሎ ፡ እስመ ፡ ነጽፈ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ተከዚ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡\nለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ዘኵሉ ፡ ምድር ፡ እንዘ ፡ ተዐዱ ፡ ወይኩናክሙ ፡ እላንቱ ፡ እበን ፡ ተዝካረ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል\n፡ እስከ ፡ ለዓለም ።","english":"Joshua summoned ten and two men from among the elders of the children of Israel, one by one from each tribe.\n\nAnd Joshua said to them, “Go and bring before me and before the Lord from the midst of the Jordan, and take from there one stone each, and place them in your wallets according to the number of the ten and two tribes of Israel,\n\nso that they may be for you a sign and a blessing for your descendants, as when your son asked you and said to you, ‘What are these stones for you?’\n\nAnd you will tell your son and say to him, ‘Because the Jordan dried up before the ark of the law of the Lord, when all the land was crossed, and these stones will be for you a memorial for the children of Israel forever.’","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወጸውዐ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ዐሠርተ ፡ ወክልኤተ ፡ ዕደወ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with Joshua summoning twelve men, one per tribe, a narrative pattern that echoes the organization of the Israelite camp in the wilderness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እብነ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term እብነ (ʾəbnä) means 'stone' and here refers to the twelve stones taken from the Jordan as a memorial, a concrete symbol of the miracle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ፡ ይኵናክሙ ፡ ተአምረ","severity":"info","text":"The instruction to take stones as a sign (ተአምረ) and blessing for descendants echoes the biblical motif of memorial stones, as in Joshua 4:6-7, though the Geʿez text expands the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮርዳንስ","severity":"info","text":"The Jordan River drying up before the ark is a miraculous event unique to the Geʿez Joshua tradition, not found in the Masoretic or Septuagint versions, reflecting local hagiographic expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ተዝካረ","severity":"info","text":"The stones are designated as a memorial (ተዝካረ) for the children of Israel forever, indicating the passage's liturgical or catechetical function in Ethiopic Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወንግሮ ፡ አንተ ፡ ለወልድከ","severity":"caution","text":"The shift from third-person plural ('they will be for you') to second-person singular ('you will tell your son') is abrupt; the Geʿez may reflect a scribal conflation of direct and indirect discourse.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The number of men summoned is given as 'ten and two' (12), but the text does not specify whether the elders are distinct from the tribal representatives; the reading assumes one elder per tribe.","The phrase 'from the midst of the Jordan' could imply the riverbed or the water itself; the translation takes it as the riverbed after the water receded."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ወገብሩ ፡ ከማሁ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለአያሱስ ፡ ወነሥኡ ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወክልኤ ፡\nእበነ ፡ እምነ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ በከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ተገምሩ ፡ ዐዲወ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡\nእስራኤል ፡ ወዐቀብዎን ፡ ምስሌሆሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ተዓይኒሆሙ ፡ ወሤምዎን ፡ በህየ ።\n\nወአቀመ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ካልኣተ ፡ እበነ ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወክልኤ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ መካን ፡ ኀበ ፡ ቆማ\n፡ እገሪሆሙ ፡ ለካህናት ፡ እለ ፡ ይጸውሩ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕግ ፡ ወሀለዋ ፡ ህየ ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ።\n\nወቆሙ ፡ እልክቱ ፡ ካህናት ፡ እለ ፡ ይጸውሩ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕግ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ እስከ ፡ ፈጸመ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኵሎ\n፡ ዘአዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይንግሮሙ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ በከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ወአፍጠኑ\n፡ ዐዲወ ፡ ሕዝብ ።","english":"And the children of Israel did as the Lord commanded Joshua, and they took the ten and two stones from the midst of the Jordan, as the Lord commanded Joshua when the children of Israel gathered again and placed them before them in their sight and set them there.\n\nAnd Joshua set up another twelve stones in the Jordan, in the same place where the feet of the priests who carry the Ark of the Law had stood, and they are there until this day.\n\nAnd those priests who carry the Ark of the Law stood in the midst of the Jordan until Joshua had completed all that the Lord commanded Joshua to tell the people, all that Moses had commanded Joshua, and they again instructed the people.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage repeats the stone-gathering episode from the previous passage, then adds a second set of twelve stones and a stationary priestly group, forming a chiastic narrative unit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez consistently writes Joshua’s name as ኢየሱስ (Iyāsus), the same form used for Jesus in the New Testament, reflecting a shared onomastic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ታቦተ ሕግ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ታቦተ ሕግ (tābote ḥəgg, 'Ark of the Law') refers to the Ark of the Covenant, a central cultic object in the Hebrew Bible and in Ethiopic tradition, where it is believed to reside in Aksum.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The command to take twelve stones from the Jordan and the erection of a second set of twelve stones has no direct parallel in the canonical Book of Joshua, suggesting an apocryphal or haggadic expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The claim that the twelve stones set by Joshua remain 'until this day' (እስከ ዮም) reflects a local aetiological tradition, common in Ethiopic biblical expansions, linking the narrative to a visible landmark.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft omits the detail that the second set of stones was placed where the priests' feet had stood, and conflates the priests' instruction of the people with Joshua's proclamation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez does not specify whether the 'ten and two men' from the previous passage are the same as the 'children of Israel' who gather again; the reading assumes continuity.","The phrase 'they again instructed the people' (ወአፍጠኑ ዐዲወ ሕዝብ) could mean the priests instructed the people, or that Joshua and the priests together instructed them; the draft takes the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ወሶበ ፡ ተገምረ ፡ ዐዲወ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ዐደወት ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕግሂ ፡ ወእላክቱኒ ፡ እበን ፡ እለ ፡ እምቅድሜሆሙ ።\n\nወዐደዉ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ርሱያኒሆሙ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡\nበከመ ፡ አዘዞሙ ፡ ሙሴ ።\n\n[፬፻-፻]ቅኑታኒሆሙ ፡ ለቀትል ፡ ዐደዉ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ከመ ፡ ይትቃተልዋ ፡ ለኢያሪኮ ፡ ሀገር ።\n\nወበይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ አዕበዮ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ዘመደ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወፈርህዎ ፡ ከመ ፡ ሙሴ\n፡ አምጣነ ፡ መዋዕለ ፡ ሕያው ፡ ውእቱ ።\n\nወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይብል ፤\n\nአዝዞሙ ፡ ለካህናት ፡ እለ ፡ ይጸውሩ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ከመ ፡ ይፃኡ ፡ እምነ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ።\n\n[ወአዘዞሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለካህናት ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ፃኡ ፡ እምዮርዳንስ ።]\n\nወኮነ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ወፅኡ ፡ ካህናት ፡ እለ ፡ ይጸውሩ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ እምነ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡\nወኬዱ ፡ በእገሪሆሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድር ፡ ሮጸ ፡ ማየ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወገብአ ፡ ውስተ ፡ መካናቲሁ ፡ ወሖረ ፡ ከመ ፡ ትካት ፡\nወበጽሐ ፡ እስከ ፡ ድንጋጊሁ ።","english":"And when the multitude of people had gathered again, they placed the Ark of the Law, and those twelve stones which were before them.\n\nAnd the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and half the tribe of Manasseh placed their leaders before the children of Israel, as Moses commanded them.\n\n[400-100] Their appointed ones for battle placed before the Lord, that they might fight for the city of Jericho.\n\nAnd on that day, the Lord magnified Joshua before all the lineage of Israel, and they feared him as Moses, when the days of his life were yet to come.\n\nAnd the Lord said to Joshua, saying:\n\n\"Command the priests who guard the Ark of the Law of the Lord, that they may go out from the Jordan.\"\n\n[And Joshua commanded the priests, and said to them, \"Go out from the Jordan.\"]\n\nAnd it came to pass that when the priests who guard the Ark of the Law of the Lord went out from the midst of the Jordan, and walked on their feet into the land, the water of the Jordan flowed and returned to its channels, and went as before, and reached up to its banks.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሶበ ፡ ተገምረ ፡ ዐዲወ ፡ ሕዝብ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a temporal clause marking a new assembly, a structural cue that divides the narrative from the previous episode of stone placement.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅኑታኒሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ቅኑታኒሆሙ (qənutanihomu) means 'their appointed ones' or 'officers,' likely referring to military leaders designated for battle, as seen in the context of Jericho.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ አዕበዮ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Lord magnified Joshua' echoes the biblical theme of divine elevation of leaders (cf. Josh 3:7), though the specific wording is an expansion unique to the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ወፅኡ ፡ ካህናት","severity":"info","text":"The miraculous return of the Jordan's waters to their channels after the priests exit is a haggadic embellishment, not found in the Masoretic text, reflecting Ethiopic exegetical traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወፈርህዎ ፡ ከመ ፡ ሙሴ","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of Joshua to Moses ('they feared him as Moses') parallels the biblical motif of Joshua as Moses' successor, but the explicit fear is a distinctive emphasis in this Ethiopic version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"[፬፻-፻]ቅኑታኒሆሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The bracketed numerals [፬፻-፻] (400-100) in the Geʿez text are a marginal or scribal addition, possibly a chapter or section marker, but their exact significance is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'their appointed ones for battle placed before the Lord' is ambiguous: it may mean the leaders were presented to God for approval, or that they were stationed before the Ark as a ritual act.","The bracketed numerals [፬፻-፻] are unclear in function—possibly a folio number or a textual division marker."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ወአመ ፡ አሡሩ ፡ ለሠርቀ ፡ ቀዳሚ ፡ ወርኅ ፡ ወፅኡ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ እምነ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወግዕዙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡\nውስተ ፡ ገልጋላ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ሠረቀ ፡ ፀሐይ ፡ እምነ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ።\n\nወአቀሞን ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለእልክቱ ፡ እበን ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወክልኤ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገልጋላ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይብል ፡ ሶበ ፡ ተስእሉክሙ ፡ ደቂቅክሙ ፡ ወይቤሉክሙ ፡ ምንትኑ ፡\nእላንቱ ፡ እበን ፤\n\nዜንውዎሙ ፡ ለደቂቅክሙ ፡ ወበልዎሙ ፡ እስመ ፡ እንተ ፡ የብስ ፡ ዐደውናሁ ፡ ለዝንቱ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ።\n\nእስመ ፡ አይበሶ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለማየ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ቅድሜነ ፡ እስከ ፡ ነዐዱ ፡ በከመ ፡ ገብራ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡\nለባሕረ ፡ [ኤ]ርትራ ፡ እንተ ፡ አይበሳ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ እምነ ፡ ቅድሜነ ፡ እስከ ፡ ኀለፍነ ፤\n\nከመ ፡ ያእምሩ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ አሕዛበ ፡ ምድር ፡ ከመ ፡ ጽኑዕ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ኀይሉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወከመ ፡ ትፍርህዎ ፡\nአንትሙኒ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ በኵሉ ፡ ግብር ።","english":"And when the first month of the year was completed, the people went out from the Jordan, and the children of Israel crossed over into Gilgal, towards the east of Jericho.\n\nAnd Joshua set up those twelve stones in Gilgal.\n\nAnd Joshua said to the children of Israel, saying, “When your children ask you and say to you, ‘What are these stones?’\n\nTell your children and say to them, ‘This is the dry bed of the Jordan.’\n\nFor the Lord dried up the waters of the Jordan before us until we crossed over, as the Lord did for the Red Sea, which the Lord our God dried up before us until we passed through.\n\nSo that all the peoples of the earth may know how mighty is the power of the Lord, and that you also may fear the Lord our God in every deed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ገልጋላ","severity":"info","text":"Gilgal is the first encampment after crossing the Jordan, a key site in the biblical conquest narrative. The Geʿez text follows the Septuagint tradition in naming it.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮርዳንስ","severity":"info","text":"The drying of the Jordan alludes to Joshua 3–4, but the explicit comparison to the Red Sea crossing is an expansion not found in the Masoretic text. It echoes Exodus 14:21–22.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"Joshua (ኢየሱስ) is the central figure; the Geʿez form reflects the Greek Iēsous. The twelve stones recall the tribal leaders or the twelve tribes, a motif elaborated in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሕረ ኤርትራ","severity":"info","text":"The Red Sea is called ባሕረ ኤርትራ (Sea of Eritrea) in Geʿez, a geographical term reflecting the Aksumite and medieval Ethiopian worldview. The parallel between Jordan and Red Sea is a homiletic addition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"እበን ዐሥሩ ወክልኤ","severity":"info","text":"The twelve stones are a distinctive feature of the Ethiopic Joshua narrative, possibly symbolizing the twelve tribes or the twelve apostles. This detail is absent from the biblical book of Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤርትራ","severity":"caution","text":"The manuscript reads ኤርትራ with a lacuna; the edition supplies [ኤ]ርትራ. The reference to the Red Sea as 'Sea of Eritrea' is a later geographical identification, not original to the biblical text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The twelve stones are not explained in the biblical text; their meaning is left implicit. The Geʿez expansion interprets them as a memorial of the Jordan crossing.","The phrase 'first month of the year' (ሠርቀ ቀዳሚ ወርኅ) may refer to Nisan (spring) or another calendar; the Ethiopic calendar begins in September, but the biblical context suggests spring."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"Josua 5\n\n5\nወእምዝ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ሰምዑ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ነገሥተ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ሀለዉ ፡ ማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ባሕር ፡\nወኵሉ ፡ ነገሥተ ፡ ፊንቄስ ፡ እለ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ከመ ፡ አይበሶ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለተከዜ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ እምቅድሜሆሙ\n፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ከመ ፡ ይዕድዉ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ተመስወ ፡ ልቦሙ ፡ ወተሰጥየ ፡ ወኀጥኡ ፡ እንተ ፡ ይሔልዩ ፡ እምቅድመ\n፡ ገጾሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nወእምድኅረ ፡ እማንቱ ፡ መዋዕል ፡ ይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ግበር ፡ ለከ ፡ መጣብኀ ፡ ዘእብን ፡ እምውስተ ፡\nእብነ ፡ እዝሕ ፡ ወንበር ፡ ወግዝሮሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ዳግመ ።\n\nወገብረ ፡ ሎቱ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ መጣብኀ ፡ ዘእብነ ፡ እዝኅ ፡ ወገዘሮሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በውስተ ፡ መካን ፡ ዘስሙ\n፡ ወግረ ፡ ቍልፈታት ።\n\nወበበይነ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ ገዘሮሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፤ (ለ)ኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ እለ ፡ ወፅኡ ፡ እምነ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ ኵ[ሉ] ፡ ተባዕቶሙ ፡\nዕደው ፡ መስተቃትላን ፡ እለ ፡ ሞቱ ፡ በገዳም ፡ በፍኖት ፡ ወፂኦሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ [ኮኑ ፡ ግዙራነ ፡] ፡ ወኵሉ ፡\nሕዝብ ፡ እለ ፡ ተወልዱ ፡ በፍኖት ፡ በገዳም ፡ ወፂኦሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ እስመ ፡ ኢኮነት ፡ ግዝረቶሙ ።","english":"Joshua 5\n\n5\n\nAnd after that, when all the kings of the Amorites who were on the other side of the Jordan towards the sea, and all the kings of the Phoenicians who were towards the sea, heard that the Lord had dried up the Jordan before them, for the children of Israel to cross over, their hearts were troubled and they were confounded and they feared what would come before their faces from the children of Israel.\n\nAnd after those days, the Lord said to Joshua, \"Make for yourself a knife of stone from among the stone of flint, and circumcise the children of Israel again.\"\n\nAnd Joshua made for himself a knife of flint stone, and he circumcised the children of Israel in a place whose name is the Hill of the Foreskins.\n\nAnd in the midst of this, Joshua circumcised them; for all the people who came out of Egypt, all their males, the warriors who died in the desert on the way, and those who came out of Egypt, were circumcised; and all the people who were born on the way in the desert, and those who came out of the land of Egypt, because their circumcision was not done.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ሰምዑ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a temporal clause marking a new narrative episode after the crossing of the Jordan, consistent with the structural classification as narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፊንቄስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ፊንቄስ (Fīnqēs) renders 'Phoenicians', a group not in the biblical Hebrew text of Joshua, reflecting an interpretive expansion in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መጣብኀ ፡ ዘእብን ፡ እምውስተ ፡ እብነ ፡ እዝሕ","severity":"info","text":"The command to make a stone knife (መጣብኀ ዘእብን) and the second circumcision of Israel are non-biblical additions, likely derived from later Jewish or Christian legend about a mass circumcision at Gilgal.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወግረ ፡ ቍልፈታት","severity":"info","text":"The place name 'Hill of the Foreskins' (ወግረ ቍልፈታት) is an aetiological toponym unique to the Ethiopic Joshua, linking the narrative to a specific site and reinforcing the legend of a mass circumcision.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኵ[ሉ] ፡ ተባዕቶሙ ፡ ዕደው ፡ መስተቃትላን","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'all their males, the warriors who died in the desert' contains a textual corruption: the bracketed ሉ in ኵ[ሉ] is supplied, and the syntax is awkward, possibly reflecting a scribal error or conflation of sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢኮነት ፡ ግዝረቶሙ","severity":"info","text":"The final clause 'because their circumcision was not done' echoes the biblical theme of the second circumcision (Joshua 5:2-7 in some traditions), but the Geʿez text expands it to include those born in the wilderness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'kings of the Phoenicians' is unclear; they may be a conflation with the Philistines or a separate group from the Ethiopic geographical tradition.","The phrase 'all their males, the warriors who died in the desert' is textually corrupt; the reading assumes a list of categories, but the syntax is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"በከመ ፡ ያነጽሖሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ለኵሎሙ ፡ እለ ፡ ተወልዱ ፡ በፍኖት ፡ ወለኵሎሙ ፡ እለ ፡ ኢኮኑ\n፡ ግዙራነ ፡ አመ ፡ ወፅኡ ፡ እምነ ፡ ግብጽ ።\n\nወገዘሮሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለኵሎሙ ፡ እሉ ፡ እስመ ፡ አርብዓ ፡ ዓመ ፡ ኦዱ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገዳም ፡ ዘመድብራ ፤\nወመብዝኅቶሙ ፡ ኢኮኑ ፡ ግዙራነ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ መስተቃትላን ፡ እለ ፡ ወፅኡ ፡ እምነ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ እለ ፡ ክህዱ ፡\nበትእዛዘ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ከመ ፡ ኢትሬእይዋ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ምድር ፡ እንተ ፡ መሐለ ፡ እግዚአብሔር\n፡ ለአበዊነ ፡ ከመ ፡ የሀበነ ፡ ምድረ ፡ እንተ ፡ ትውሕዝ ፡ ሐሊበ ፡ ወመዓረ ።\n\nወህየንተ ፡ ዚአሆሙ ፡ አቀመ ፡ ውሉዶሙ ፡ እለ ፡ ገዘሮሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ እስመ ፡ ኢኮኑ ፡ ግዙራነ ፡ እስመ ፡ በፍኖት ፡\nተወልዱ ፡ ወኢተገዝሩ ።\n\nወአመ ፡ ተገዝሩ ፡ ነበረ ፡ ትዕይንት ፡ ውዑል ፡ እስከ ፡ አመ ፡ ሐይዉ ።","english":"Joshua circumcised the children of Israel, all those who were born on the journey, and all those who were not circumcised when they came out of Egypt.\n\nAnd Joshua circumcised all these, because for forty years Israel wandered in the desert of Madbara; and most of them were not circumcised among those who came out of the land of Egypt, who had denied the commandment of the Lord. And the Lord said to them, “You shall not see this land which the Lord promised to our fathers, that He would give us a land flowing with milk and honey.”\n\nAnd their children, whom Joshua circumcised because they were not circumcised, since they were born on the journey and had not been circumcised.\n\nAnd when they were circumcised, there was a great wonder and a sign until the day they died.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ገዘሮሙ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ገዘሮሙ (gazzaromu) means 'he circumcised them'. This passage uniquely emphasizes Joshua performing circumcision on the entire generation born in the wilderness, a detail not found in the biblical Book of Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ከመ ፡ ኢትሬእይዋ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ምድር","severity":"info","text":"The divine speech 'You shall not see this land' is not a direct biblical quotation but an expansion. It echoes the threat of Numbers 14:23 or Deuteronomy 1:35, adapted to the context of circumcision.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መድብራ","severity":"info","text":"Madbara (መድብራ) is the Geʿez term for the wilderness of Sinai, often used in Ethiopic texts for the desert wanderings. The forty-year period aligns with Exodus 16:35, but the focus on circumcision is a later tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ትዕይንት ፡ ውዑል","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'great wonder and a sign' (ትዕይንት ውዑል) suggests a miraculous or permanent mark of circumcision. This reflects Ethiopic Christian reception, where circumcision was seen as a covenantal sign with lasting effect.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a narrative with three movements: Joshua's circumcision of the wilderness-born, the divine warning, and the permanent sign. The repetition of 'circumcised' (ገዘሮሙ) frames the unit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez does not specify whether the circumcision was performed on all males or included females, nor does it clarify the exact age of those circumcised. The reading assumes all males born in the wilderness."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ናሁ ፡ ዮም ፡ በዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ አውፃእ[ኩ] ፡ ትዕይርቶሙ ፡ ለግብጽ ፡ እምኔክሙ\n፡ ወሰመየ ፡ ስሞ ፡ ለውእቱ ፡ መካን ፡ ገልጋላ ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ።\n\nወኀደሩ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ [ውስተ ፡] ገልጋላ ፡ ወገብሩ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ፋስካ ፡ አመ ፡ ዐሡሩ ፡ ወረቡዑ\n፡ ለሠርቀ ፡ ወርኅ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሰርክ ፡ በዐረቢሃ ፡ ለኢያሪኮ ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ገዳም ።\n\nወበልዑ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ እክ[ለ ፡ ምድር ፡] ናእተ ፡ ወሐዲሰ ።\n\nወበይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ኀልቀ ፡ መና ፡ በሳኒተ ፡ በልዑ ፡ እክለ ፡ ምድር ፡ ወኢረከቡ ፡ እንከ ፡ መና ፡ ደቂቀ ፡\nእስራኤል ፡ ዳግመ ፡ እስመ ፡ አረሩ ፡ ብሔረ ፡ ፊንቆን ፡ በውእቱ ፡ ዓመት ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ሀለወ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ ወነጸረ ፡ በአዕይንቲሁ ፡ ወርእየ ፡ ብእሲ ፡ ይቀውም ፡ ቅድሜሁ\n፡ ወሰይፍ ፡ ምሉኅ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እዴሁ ፡ ወቀርቦ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወይቤሎ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ዚአነኑ ፡ አንተ ፡ አው ፡ እምነ\n፡ ፀርነ ።","english":"And the Lord said to Joshua, \"Behold, today, on this day, I brought out your affliction from Egypt from you, and I named the name of that place Gilgal, until this day and until this day.\"\n\nAnd the children of Israel dwelt in Gilgal, and the children of Israel celebrated Passover on the tenth and fourteenth of the month, from the evening of the moon, on the plain of Jericho, in the midst of the Jordan, in the desert.\n\nAnd they ate from the produce of the land, new and fresh.\n\nAnd on that day the manna ceased, on the second day, when they ate the produce of the land, and the children of Israel found no more manna, because they had sown the land of Phincon in that year.\n\nAnd it happened while Joshua was in Jericho, and he looked with his eyes and saw a man standing before him, with a sword drawn in his hand, and Joshua approached and said to him, \"Are you from our people or from our enemy?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"This passage begins with a divine speech to Joshua, marking a shift from the previous narrative of circumcision to a new episode at Gilgal.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ገልጋላ","severity":"info","text":"Gilgal (ገልጋላ) is the site where Joshua encamps; the name is etymologized in the divine speech as related to 'affliction' (ትዕይርቶሙ), though the Geʿez term more directly means 'circle' or 'stone circle.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወገብሩ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ፋስካ","severity":"info","text":"The celebration of Passover (ፋስካ) on the tenth and fourteenth of the month echoes Exodus 12:6 and Joshua 5:10, but the dual dating is unique to this Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ኀልቀ ፡ መና","severity":"info","text":"The cessation of manna upon eating the land's produce reflects a tradition that manna was a wilderness provision, ceasing when Israel entered the cultivated land of Canaan; this is not in the biblical text but appears in later Jewish and Christian lore.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነጸረ ፡ በአዕይንቲሁ ፡ ወርእየ ፡ ብእሲ ፡ ይቀውም ፡ ቅድሜሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The encounter with a sword-wielding man in Jericho is ambiguous: the Geʿez does not clarify if this is an angel, a Canaanite, or a vision; the English draft's 'drawn' for ምሉኅ may imply readiness, but the word can also mean 'full' or 'many.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሰመየ ፡ ስሞ ፡ ለውእቱ ፡ መካን ፡ ገልጋላ ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'until this day' (እስከ ፡ ዮም) suggests the narrator is writing from a later perspective, typical of the Ethiopic Joshua's retrospective style.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the man with a sword in Jericho is unclear: he may be an angelic figure, a Canaanite spy, or a symbolic representation; the Geʿez does not specify.","The dual Passover dates (tenth and fourteenth) are contradictory in standard biblical chronology; the text may conflate two traditions or reflect a local calendar."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"ወይቤሎ ፡ አንሰ ፡ መልአከ ፡ ኀይሉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወይእዜ ፡ በጻሕኩ ፡ ወወድቀ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በገጹ ፡ ወሰገደ ፡\nሎቱ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድር ፡ ወይቤሎ ፡ ምንተ ፡ ቆምከ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ገብርከ ።\n\nወይቤሎ ፡ መልአከ ፡ ኀይሉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ፍታሕ ፡ አሣእኒከ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ እገሪከ ፡ እስመ ፡ መካን ፡\nኀበ ፡ ትቀውም ፡ ምድር ፡ ቅድስት ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ወገብረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ከማሁ ።\n\nJosua 6\n\n6\nወኢያሪኮሰ ፡ ዕጹት ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ወጥቅም ፡ ዘላዕሌሃ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡ ዘይወፅእ ፡ እምውስቴታ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡ ዘይበውእ ።\n\nወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ናሁ ፡ ኣገብኣ ፡ ለኢያሪኮ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እደዊክሙ ፡ ወለንጉሥ ፡ ዘውስቴታ ፡ እለ ፡\nጽኑዓን ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ወኀያላን ።\n\nወአንተሰ ፡ አቅሞሙ ፡ ላዕሌሃ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዐውዳ ፡ ለኵሎሙ ፡ መስተቃትላን ፡ ወይዑድዋ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ ዕደው ፡\nመስተቃትላን ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዐውዳ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ሀገር ፡ በበ ፡ ምዕር ፡ ወከማሁ ፡ ግበሩ ፡ ሰዱሰ ፡ መዋዕለ ።","english":"And the Angel of Power said to him, \"I am the Angel of Power of the Lord.\" And then Joshua fell on his face and prostrated himself to him upon the ground, and he said to him, \"Why do you stand before your servant?\"\n\nAnd the Angel of Power of the Lord said to Joshua, \"Remove your sandals from your feet, for the place where you stand is holy ground.\" And Joshua did likewise.\n\nJoshua 6\n\n6\nAnd Jericho was shut up and strong, and there was no one who could go out from within it, and no one who could enter.\n\nAnd the Lord said to Joshua, \"Behold, I have delivered Jericho into your hands, and the king within it, who are strong and mighty.\n\nAnd you, set them in array against it in the plain for all the warriors, and they shall surround the city, all the enemy warriors in the plain in that city, each in his own direction, and do likewise for six days.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መልአከ ፡ ኀይሉ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Angel of Power' (malʾaka ḫaylu) is a distinctive Geʿez rendering of the divine warrior figure, possibly reflecting a tradition of the 'Angel of the Lord' as a military commander.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"Joshua's prostration and the command to remove sandals on holy ground echo motifs of sacred space in the Old Testament, particularly the burning bush episode (Exodus 3:5).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"6","severity":"info","text":"The chapter number '6' is inserted mid-narrative, suggesting a later editorial division of the text into chapters, possibly for liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያሪኮ","severity":"info","text":"The description of Jericho as 'shut up and strong' with no one entering or exiting alludes to the siege narrative in Joshua 6:1, though the Geʿez text expands with a divine speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰዱሰ ፡ መዋዕለ","severity":"info","text":"The instruction to surround the city for six days reflects a ritualized siege pattern, possibly linked to the six days of creation or liturgical processions in Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ከማሁ ፡ ግበሩ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'do likewise' is ambiguous: it may refer to the preceding instructions or to a lost ritual action; the Geʿez text does not clarify the antecedent.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'Angel of Power' is not explicitly distinguished from the Lord in the Geʿez text; the translation assumes a separate figure.","The phrase 'do likewise' (ከማሁ ፡ ግበሩ) lacks a clear referent, possibly indicating a lacuna or ritual gesture."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"ወበሳብዕቱ ፡ ካህናት ፡ ይነሥኡ ፡ ሰብዐተ ፡ አቅርንተ ፡ ዘኢዮቤል ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ታቦት ፡ ወአመ ፡ ሳብዕት ፡ ዕለት ፡\nስብዕ ፡ ይዑድዋ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ ወይንፍኁ ፡ ካህናት ፡ በእሙንቱ ፡ አቅርንት ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ ነፍኁ ፡ በእሙንቱ ፡ አቅርንት ፡ ዘኢዮቤል ፡ እምከመ ፡ ሰማዕክሙ ፡ ቃለ ፡ ቀርን ፡ ለይወውዑ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ ሕዝብ\n፡ ኅቡረ ፡ ወእምከመ ፡ ወውዑ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ይወድቅ ፡ ለሊሁ ፡ አረፋቲሃ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ ታሕቴሆሙ ፡ ወይ[ባ]እ ፡ እንከ ፡ ኵሉ\n፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ወይሩጹ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ገጹ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሀገር ።\n\nወቦአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ካህናት ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ንሥኡ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕግ ፡ ወሰብዐቱ ፡ ካህናት ፡ ይንሥኡ ፡ ሰብዐተ ፡\nመጣቅዕተ ፡ ዘኢዮቤል ፡ በቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይብል ፡ አዝዝዎሙ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይሑሩ ፡ ወይዑድዋ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ ወመስተቃትላንሂ ፡ ይሑሩ ፡\nምስለ ፡ ንዋየ ፡ ሐቅሎሙ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ታቦቱ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ።","english":"And with the seven priests they shall raise seven trumpets of jubilee before the Ark. And when the seventh day comes, they shall go around the city, and the priests shall blow the trumpets.\n\nAnd when they blow the trumpets of jubilee, as soon as you hear the sound of the trumpet, all the people shall go around together. And as they go around, the walls of the city shall fall down before them, and all the people shall enter, each one before his face, into the city.\n\nAnd Joshua went to the priests and said to them, \"Raise the Ark of the Law, and the seven priests shall raise seven trumpets of jubilee before the Lord.\"\n\nAnd he said to them, while speaking, \"Command the people that they go and go around the city, and the warriors also shall go with their weapons before the Ark of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢዮቤል","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ኢዮቤል' (yobel) is a Geʿez loanword from Hebrew יוֹבֵל, meaning 'jubilee' or 'ram's horn trumpet'. Here it specifies the type of trumpets used in the ritual.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቦአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ካህናት","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes the biblical account of Joshua's conquest of Jericho (Joshua 6), but the detailed ritual with seven priests and trumpets of jubilee is not found in the canonical text; it reflects later liturgical expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ታቦተ ፡ ሕግ","severity":"info","text":"The 'Ark of the Law' (ታቦተ ሕግ) is a central object in Ethiopic tradition, often identified with the Ark of the Covenant. Its presence here underscores the liturgical and symbolic importance of the Ark in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a ritual prescription: first a general instruction (seven priests, seven trumpets, seventh day), then a conditional description of the city's walls falling, followed by Joshua's direct command to the priests and people.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ይወድቅ ፡ ለሊሁ ፡ አረፋቲሃ ፡ ለሀገር","severity":"info","text":"The motif of city walls falling at the sound of trumpets parallels the biblical account of Jericho (Joshua 6:20), but here it is explicitly tied to the ritual circumambulation and trumpet blasts, a distinctive Ethiopic elaboration.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'እምከመ ፡ ሰማዕክሙ ፡ ቃለ ፡ ቀርን' could be read as a direct address to the reader ('as you have heard the sound of the trumpet') or as a general conditional ('when one hears'). The translation adopts the latter.","The exact number of priests (seven) and the specific term 'ኢዮቤል' (jubilee) may reflect a later liturgical tradition rather than a strict historical account."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."},{"kind":"scripture","severity":"info","ref":"Psalm 81:3","text":"The English carries the scriptural phrase “blow the trumpet”, which matches Psalm 81:3. The match is on the English draft; check the Coptic before quoting the verse."}]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"ወበከመ ፡ ይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ ነሥኡ ፡ ሰብዐቱ ፡ ካህናት ፡ ሰብዐተ ፡ መጣቅዕተ ፡ ቅዱሳነ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይሑሩ\n፡ ቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወሐዊሮሙ ፡ ይጥቅዑ ፡ በኀይል ፡ ወበትእምርት ፡ ወታቦተ ፡ ሕጉሂ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ትተልዎሙ ።\n\nወመስተቃትላንሰ ፡ ፍጽመ ፡ የሐውሩ ፡ ወካህናት ፡ ይጠቅዑ ፡ በመጣቅዕት ፡ ወእለሂ ፡ ይኬውሉ ፡ ድኅረ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡\nለእግዚአብሔር ፡ የሐውሩ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይነፍኁ ፡ ቀርነ ።\n\nወአዘዞሙ ፡ [ኢየሱስ ፡] ለሕዝብ ፡ ከመ ፡ ኢያውክቱ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡ ዘይስማዕ ፡ ቃሎሙ ፡ መኑሂ ፡ ወከመ ፡ ኢይፃእ ፡ ቃል\n፡ እምነ ፡ አፉሆሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ አመ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ይኤዝዞሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይወውዑ ።\n\nወሖረት ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወዖደታ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ ወእምዝ ፡ ገብአት ፡ ውስተ ፡ ትዕይንት ፡ ወቤተት ፡\nህየ ።\n\nወበሳኒታ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ተንሥአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በጽባሕ ፡ ወካህናትኒ ፡ ጾሩ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ።","english":"And as Joshua said to the people, he took the seven priests, the seven holy trumpets, that they might go before the Lord, and having circled them, they would blow mightily and with a sign, and the Ark of the Law of the Lord would guide them.\n\nAnd the warriors would go in full array, and the priests would blow the trumpets, and those who would remain behind the Ark of the Law of the Lord would go, blowing the horn.\n\nAnd Joshua commanded the people that they should be silent, and no one should hear their voice, and that a voice should not come forth from their mouth until he commanded them to shout.\n\nAnd the Ark of the Law of the Lord went, and it circled the city, and then it entered into the sight and into its house there.\n\nAnd on the second day, Joshua arose in the morning, and the priests also fasted, the Ark of the Law of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the ritual siege narrative, describing the second day of the procession with the Ark of the Law, the blowing of trumpets, and the command for silence before the shout.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መጣቅዕት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መጣቅዕት (maṭāqʿət) means 'trumpets' and is used here for the seven holy trumpets blown by the priests, a key ritual instrument in the Ethiopic Joshua tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ታቦተ ሕጉ","severity":"info","text":"ታቦተ ሕጉ (tābota ḥəggu) 'Ark of the Law' refers to the Ark of the Covenant, central to the ritual procession described here, guiding the people and circling the city.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The name ኢየሱስ (ʾIyāsus) corresponds to Joshua, the biblical leader, but in the Ethiopic tradition he is often conflated with Jesus typologically, a common feature in this text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The ritual of seven priests with seven trumpets and the Ark circling the city echoes the biblical account of the fall of Jericho (Joshua 6), but with expanded liturgical details unique to the Ethiopic version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the Ark of the Law of the Lord' appears twice in the final sentence, possibly a scribal duplication or emphasis; the English draft omits the second instance, which may affect interpretation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ወቤተት ህየ' (wa-betatu həyā) is ambiguous: it could mean 'its house there' (the temple) or 'the house there' (a specific building). The reading taken is 'its house there' referring to the temple.","The command for silence and the shout (ይወውዑ) is unclear whether it is a battle cry or a liturgical acclamation; the reading taken is a ritual shout."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ወሰብዐት ፡ ካህናት ፡ ነሥኡ ፡ ሰብዐተ ፡ መጣቅዕተ ፡ ወሖሩ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ታቦቱ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወእምዝ ፡ ይተልዉ ፡\nመስተቃትላን ፡ ወእምዝ ፡ ይተልዉ ፡ እለ ፡ ተርፉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ወየሐውሩ ፡ ድኅረ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ እንዘ ፡\nይነፍኁ ፡ በአቅርንት ፡ ወካህናትኒ ፡ ይጠቅዑ ፡ በመጣቅዕት ።\n\nወሕዝብኒ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ዘተርፈ ፡ ዖድዋ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ አመ ፡ ሳኒት ፡ ዕለት ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይቀርብዋ ፡ ወእምዝ ፡ ካዕበ ፡\nገብኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ትዕይንት ፡ ወከመዝ ፡ ገብሩ ፡ ሰዱሰ ፡ መዋዕለ ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ አመ ፡ ሳብዕት ፡ ዕለት ፡ ተንሥኡ ፡ ጊዜ ፡ ይገውሕ ፡ ጽባሕ ፡ ወዖድዋ ፡ ከማሁ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ ስብዕ ፡ ወዳእሙ\n፡ በይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ዖድዋ ፡ ስብዕ ፡ ለሀገር ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ዖድዋ ፡ ሰብዐተ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ ጠቅዑ ፡ ካህናት ፡ በመጣቅዕቲሆሙ ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡\nእስራኤል ፡ ወውዑ ፡ እስመ ፡ አግብኣ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለነ ።","english":"And the seven priests took the seven trumpets and went before the Ark of the Lord. Then the rest of the people who remained would go behind the Ark of the Law of the Lord, blowing on horns, and the priests would blow on trumpets.\n\nAnd all the people who remained circled the city a second time, approaching it. Then they entered the sanctuary again, and thus they did for six days.\n\nAnd on the seventh day, they arose at the time of dawn, and they circled the city likewise seven times. And on that day, they circled the city seven times.\n\nAnd when they had circled the city seven times, the priests blew on their trumpets, and Joshua said to the children of Israel, “Rejoice, for the Lord has brought us in.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሰብዐት ፡ ካህናት ፡ ነሥኡ ፡ ሰብዐተ ፡ መጣቅዕተ","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes a seven-day ritual procession, with the seventh day featuring seven circuits. This numerical symmetry is a structural feature of the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መጣቅዕት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መጣቅዕት (maṭāqʿət) is a plural form meaning 'trumpets' or 'horns', distinct from አቅርንት (ʾaqrənt) 'horns'. The text distinguishes between priests blowing trumpets and others blowing horns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ትዕይንት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ትዕይንት (təʿyənt) means 'sanctuary' or 'inner shrine', indicating a sacred space within the city. This reflects the liturgical context of the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"Joshua's exhortation 'Rejoice, for the Lord has brought us in' echoes the biblical theme of divine deliverance, though not a direct quotation from the canonical Book of Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰዱሰ ፡ መዋዕለ","severity":"info","text":"The ritual spans six days of repeated circuits, culminating on the seventh day with seven circuits. This seven-day structure is a common liturgical pattern in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'sanctuary' (ትዕይንት) is within the city or a separate structure. The reading taken assumes it is a sacred precinct inside the city."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"ወአሕረምናሃ ፡ ለዛቲ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ዘውስቴታ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ጸባኦት ፡ ትኩን ፡ ዘእንበለ ፡ ራኣብ ፡ ዘማ ፡\nእንተ ፡ ታሐይዉ ፡ ኪያሃ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ዘሀለወ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቤታ ፡ እስመ ፡ ኀብአቶሙ ፡ ለሰብአ ፡ ዐይን ፡ እለ ፡ ፈነውነ ።\n\nወአንትሙ ፡ ባሕቱ ፡ ዑቁ ፡ ኢትንሥኡ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ዘሕሩም ፡ ዘአሕረምነ ፡ ኢትፍትዉ ፡ ወኢትንሥኡ ፡ እምውስቴቱ ፡\nወእመ ፡ አኮሰ ፡ ትገብርዋ ፡ ርግምተ ፡ ለትዕይንቶሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወትቀጠቅጡነ ።\n\nወኵሉ ፡ ወርቅ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ብሩር ፡ ወብርት ፡ ወኀፂን ፡ ቅዱሰ ፡ ለይኩን ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወውስተ ፡ መዝገበ ፡\nእግዚአብሔር ፡ ይባእ ።\n\nወወውዑ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ወካህናትኒ ፡ ጠቅዑ ፡ በመጣቅዕት ፡ ወኅቡረ ፡ ወውዑ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ በዐቢይ ፡ ውውዓ ፡ ወጽኑዕ\n፡ ወወድቀ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ አረፋቲሃ ፡ ዘዐውዳ ፡ ወቦኡ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወኵሎሙ ፡ ሮጹ ፡ ቅድሜሆሙ ፡\nወረከብዋ ፡ ለሀገር ።","english":"And they placed under a ban this city and everything within it, that it should be for the Lord of Hosts, except for Rahab, who had saved him, and all that was in her house, because she had hidden the men of the eye whom we had sent.\n\nAnd you alone, go, take from within the ban what we have placed under a ban; do not release, and do not take from within it. And if you do not do this, you will bring a curse upon the children of Israel, and you will destroy us.\n\nAnd all the gold, and all the silver, and bronze, and iron, shall be holy, for the Lord, and shall enter into the treasury of the Lord.\n\nAnd the people shouted, and the priests also blew on trumpets, and the whole people shouted with a great and strong shout, and all the walls of the city fell, and all the people entered the city, and all of them ran before them, and they found the city.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አሕረምናሃ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'to place under a ban' (here with suffix) derives from the root ḥrm, denoting a sacral anathema or herem, a concept paralleled in Hebrew Bible conquest narratives (e.g., Josh 6:17).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ራአብ","severity":"info","text":"Rahab is the Canaanite figure from Joshua 2 and 6; the Geʿez text explicitly exempts her and her household from the ban, echoing Josh 6:25 (LXX and Ethiopic tradition).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብአ ዐይን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'men of the eye' likely refers to the Israelite spies sent to Jericho (Josh 2:1–7); the Geʿez idiom may reflect a local exegetical tradition for 'spies' or 'scouts'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the seven-day ritual circumambulation of Jericho (previous passage) with the city's fall; the ban declaration, conditional warning, and treasury dedication form a liturgical-legal coda.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Joshua expands the biblical account with ritual details (trumpets, seven-day circuit) and a conditional curse, reflecting a homiletic or liturgical reception in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the men of the eye' (ሰብአ ዐይን) is not explicit in the Geʿez; it is interpreted here as the spies, but could refer to a specific group of envoys.","The phrase 'you alone, go' (ኢትንሥኡ) is ambiguous in addressee—possibly directed to Joshua or a priestly figure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ወአሕረማ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ዘሀለወ ፡ ውስቴታ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ሀገር ፡ እምተባዕቱ ፡ እስከ ፡ አንስቱ ፡ ወእምንዑሶሙ ፡\nእስከ ፡ ልሂቆሙ ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ላህመ ፡ ወእስከ ፡ በግዐ ፡ ወእስከ ፡ አድገ ፡ ቀተሉ ፡ በኀፂን ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለእልክቱ ፡ ክልኤቱ ፡ ወራዙት ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ዐይን ፡ እለ ፡ ርእዩ ፡ ብሔረ ፡ [ሑ]ሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡\nቤታ ፡ ለእንታክቲ ፡ ብእሲት ፡ ዘማ ፡ ወአውፅእዋ ፡ እምህየ ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ዘሀለወ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ በከመ ፡ መሐልክሙ ፡ ላቲ ።\n\nወቦኡ ፡ እልክቱ ፡ ክልኤቱ ፡ ወራዙት ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ዐይን ፡ እለ ፡ ርእይዋ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቤታ ፡ ለይእቲ\n፡ ብእሲት ፡ ወአውፅእዋ ፡ ለራኣብ ፡ ዘማ ፡ ወለአቡሃ ፡ ወለእማ ፡ ወለአኀዊሃ ፡ ወለኵሉ ፡ ዘመዳ ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ዘባቲ ፡\nወአብጽሕዋ ፡ እስከ ፡ አፍአ ፡ እምነ ፡ ትዕይንቶሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ።\n\nወውዕየት ፡ ሀገር ፡ ምስለ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ዘውስቴታ ፡ በእሳት ፡ ዘእንበለ ፡ ወርቅ ፡ ወብሩር ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ብርት ፡ ወኀፂን ፡\nዘአግብኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡ መዝገበ ፡ ቤቱ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ዘአብኡ ።","english":"And Joshua placed under a ban the city and everything that was within it, from the cattle to the women, and from their young to their old, and even to the meat and to the sheep and to the donkeys, they killed with the sword.\n\nAnd Joshua said to those two men, the spies, the men of the eye who had seen the land of Jericho, \"Go into the house of that woman, and bring her out from there, and everything that is with her, as I have sworn to her.\"\n\nAnd those two men, the spies, the men of the eye who had seen that city, went into the house of that woman, and brought out Rahab from there, and her father, and her mother, and her brothers, and all her kindred, and everything that was in it, and brought them out to the edge of the camp of Israel.\n\nAnd the city was burned with everything within it by fire, except for the gold and silver, and all the bronze and the sword that they had brought into the treasury of the house of the Lord of Hosts.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብአ ዐይን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'men of the eye' (ሰብአ ዐይን) is a calque for 'spies,' literally 'men of sight,' reflecting a Semitic idiom also found in Hebrew (cf. Num 13:2).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Joshua' (ኢየሱስ) corresponds to the Hebrew Yehoshuaʿ; the Geʿez form reflects the Greek Iēsous, common in Ethiopic biblical texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ራኣብ","severity":"info","text":"Rahab (ራኣብ) is the Canaanite woman who sheltered the Israelite spies; her preservation here aligns with Josh 2 and 6 in the Hebrew Bible, though the Geʿez version expands her family's rescue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a tripartite narrative structure: (1) the ban and destruction, (2) Joshua's command to rescue Rahab, (3) the execution of that command and the burning of the city.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The detail of sparing gold, silver, bronze, and swords for the Lord's treasury is unique to the Geʿez version; the Masoretic text (Josh 6:24) only notes the city was burned.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic tradition emphasizes Rahab's entire household being saved, aligning with later Christian hagiographic expansions that portray her as a righteous convert.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'እምተባዕቱ እስከ አንስቱ' (from cattle to women) is ambiguous: it may mean 'from cattle to women' as a merism for all living things, or 'from the cattle to the women' as a list of categories. The English draft takes the former.","The identity of 'the men of the eye' (ሰብአ ዐይን) is clear as spies, but the phrase 'who had seen the land of Jericho' (እለ ርእዩ ብሔረ [ሑ]ሩ) has a lacuna; the supplied 'Jericho' is conjectural based on context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"ወራኣብ ፡ ዘማ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ቤተ ፡ አቡሃ ፡ ዘአሕየወ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወነበረት ፡ ውስተ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡\nወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ እስመ ፡ ኀብአቶሙ ፡ ለሰብአ ፡ ዐይን ፡ እለ ፡ ፈነወ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይርአይዋ ፡ ለሀገር ፡\nኢያሪኮ ።\n\nወአምሐለ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ወይቤ ፡ ርጉመ ፡ ለይኩን ፡ ዘያነሥኣ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ሀገር ፤ በበኩሩ ፡\nለይሳርራ ፡ ወ[በ]ደኃሪ ፡ [ወል]ዱ ፡ ለያቅም ፡ ኆኅተ ፡ አንቀጻ ። ወከማሁ ፡ ገብረ ፡ [ኦዘን ፡] ዘእምነ ፡ ቤቴል ፤\nበአቢሮን ፡ በኵሩ ፡ ሳረራ ፡ ወበደኃሪ ፡ [ወል]ዱ ፡ ዘድኅነ ፡ አቀመ ፡ ኆኅተ ፡ አንቀጻ ።\n\nወሀለወ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ወበጽሐ ፡ ስሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ምድር ።\n\nJosua 7\n\n7\nወአበሱ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ዐቢየ ፡ አበሳ ፡ ወነሥኡ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ዘአሕረሙ ፡ ወነሥአ ፡ አካን ፡ ወልደ ፡ ከርሚ\n፡ ወልደ ፡ ዝንብሪ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ዛራ ፡ ዘእምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ዘአሕረሙ ፡ ወተምዕዐ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ላዕለ\n፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ።","english":"And Rahab, and all the house of her father whom Joshua had spared, dwelt in Israel until this day. And until this day, because they hid the men whom Joshua had sent to see the city of Jericho.\n\nAnd Joshua cursed that day and said, \"Cursed shall be he who rebuilds that city. His firstborn shall be destroyed, and his lastborn, and his son shall set up the hinge of the gate.\" And likewise did Ozen, who was from Bethel; his firstborn was destroyed, and his lastborn, and his son who escaped set up the hinge of the gate.\n\nAnd the Lord was with Joshua, and his name reached throughout all the land.\n\nJoshua 7\n\nAnd the children of Israel committed a great sin, and they took from what was forbidden them. And Achan, son of Karmi, son of Zimri, son of Zara, from the tribe of Judah, took from what was forbidden them. And the Lord was angry with the children of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወራኣብ ፡ ዘማ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ቤተ ፡ አቡሃ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a narrative summary of Rahab's fate, then shifts to Joshua's curse, an exemplum about Ozen, and a transition to the Achan story (Joshua 7). The Geʿez text includes a chapter heading 'Josua 7' and a verse number '7', marking a structural break.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኆኅተ ፡ አንቀጻ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ኆኅተ ፡ አንቀጻ' (ḥoḫta ʾanqaṣā) literally means 'the hinge of the gate'. In the curse, it symbolizes the rebuilding of Jericho; the destruction of the firstborn and lastborn, and the survival of only one son to set the hinge, implies a perpetual but diminished restoration.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አካን ፡ ወልደ ፡ ከርሚ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ዝንብሪ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ዛራ","severity":"info","text":"The genealogy of Achan (Akan) son of Karmi, son of Zimri, son of Zara from the tribe of Judah corresponds to Joshua 7:1 in the Masoretic Text, though the Geʿez version adds 'Zimri' and 'Zara' not found in the MT. This reflects a distinct textual tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦዘን","severity":"info","text":"The figure 'Ozen' (ኦዘን) from Bethel is not attested in the biblical book of Joshua. This appears to be an apocryphal or haggadic addition, possibly drawn from Ethiopic tradition or a lost source, illustrating the curse's fulfillment.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ርጉመ ፡ ለይኩን ፡ ዘያነሥኣ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ሀገር","severity":"info","text":"Joshua's curse on anyone rebuilding Jericho is unique to the Ethiopic tradition and is not found in the Hebrew or Greek versions. It likely reflects a later theological or folkloric elaboration emphasizing the city's permanent anathema.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአምሐለ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ዕለት","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ወአምሐለ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ዕለት' (wa-ʾamḥala ʾIyāsus ba-ʾənti ʿəlat) is ambiguous: 'cursed that day' could mean he cursed the day itself or cursed on that day. The English draft takes the latter, but the Geʿez allows either reading.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወአምሐለ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ዕለት' could mean 'Joshua cursed that day' (the day itself) or 'Joshua cursed on that day' (the day as temporal setting). The English draft adopts the latter.","The identity of 'Ozen' (ኦዘን) is unclear; he is not in the canonical biblical text, and his story may be a local tradition or scribal interpolation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ወፈነወ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ዕደወ ፡ እምነ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጋይ ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ቤቴል ፡ መንገለ ፡ ጽባሒሃ ፡\nለቤቴል ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይብል ፡ ዕረጉ ፡ ወርእይዋ ፡ ለጋይ ፡ ወዐርጉ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ዕደው ፡ ወርእይዋ ፡ ለጋይ ።\n\nወገብኡ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወይቤልዎ ፡ ኢይዕረግ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ አላ ፡ ዕሥራ ፡ ምእት ፡ አው ፡ ሠላሳ ፡ ምእት ፡\nዕደው ፡ ይዕረጉ ፡ ወይትቃተልዋ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወኵሎሰ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ኢትሰድ ፡ ህየ ፡ እስመ ፡ ውሑዳን ፡ እሙንቱ ።\n\nወዐርጉ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ የአክሉ ፡ ሠላሳ ፡ ምእት ፡ ወአንትዕዎሙ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ወጐዩ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጾሙ\n።\n\nወቀተሉ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ሠላሳ ፡ ወስድስተ ፡ ዕደወ ፡ ወእምዝ ፡ ዴገንዎሙ ፡ እምኀበ ፡ አንቀጽ ፡ እስከ\n፡ አጥፍእዎሙ ፡ ወቀተልዎሙ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ሙራድ ፡ ወደንገፀ ፡ ልቦሙ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ ወኮነ ፡ ከመ ፡ ማይ ።","english":"And Joshua sent men from Jericho into the valley that is toward Bethel, toward the east of Bethel, and he said to them, saying, \"Go up and see the valley.\" And those men went up and saw the valley.\n\nAnd they returned to Joshua and said to him, \"Not all the people should go up, but twenty or thirty thousand men should go up and fight against that city, and all the rest of the people will be destroyed there, for they are few.\"\n\nAnd from among the people, thirty thousand who could eat went up, and they sent the men of the valley ahead of them.\n\nAnd they killed thirty-six of them in the valley, and then they pursued them from the pass until they destroyed them and killed them in the descent. And the heart of the people melted, and it became like water.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወፈነወ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ዕደወ ፡ እምነ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጋይ","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the curse on Jericho to a military reconnaissance toward Bethel, marking a new narrative episode.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጋይ","severity":"info","text":"ጋይ (gāy) means 'valley' or 'ravine'; here it designates the terrain east of Bethel, a strategic location for the ambush.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕሥራ ፡ ምእት ፡ አው ፡ ሠላሳ ፡ ምእት","severity":"info","text":"The numbers 'twenty or thirty thousand' (ዕሥራ ምእት አው ሠላሳ ምእት) are unusually high for a raiding party; the Geʿez may reflect a textual variant or symbolic inflation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቀተሉ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ሠላሳ ፡ ወስድስተ ፡ ዕደወ","severity":"info","text":"The thirty-six killed (ሠላሳ ወስድስተ ዕደወ) matches the biblical account of the ambush at Ai (Joshua 7:5), where thirty-six men fell.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነ ፡ ከመ ፡ ማይ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the heart of the people melted, and it became like water' (ወኮነ ከመ ማይ) is a vivid metaphor for demoralization, common in Ethiopic military narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንትዕዎሙ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ጋይ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they sent the men of the valley ahead of them' (ወአንትዕዎሙ ሰብአ ጋይ) is ambiguous: it may mean scouts or a vanguard, but the Geʿez could also imply a forced march.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numbers (20,000 or 30,000) are implausibly large for the context; the Geʿez may preserve a textual corruption or symbolic usage.","The identity of 'the men of the valley' (ሰብአ ጋይ) is unclear: they could be local guides, scouts, or a detachment sent ahead."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"ወሠጠጠ ፡ አልባሲሁ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወወድቀ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በገጹ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድር ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ታቦቱ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡\nእስከ ፡ ሰርክ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወሊቃናቲሆሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወወደዩ ፡ መሬተ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ርእሶሙ ።\n\nወይቤ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ገነይኩ ፡ ለከ ፡ እግዚኦ ፡ እግዚኦ ፡ ለምንት ፡ አዕድዎ ፡ አዕደዎሙ ፡ ገብርከ ፡ ለዝንቱ ፡ ሕዝብ\n፡ እምነ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ከመ ፡ ታግብኦሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እዴሆሙ ፡ ለአሞሬዎን ፡ ወከመ ፡ ታጥፍአነ ፤ ሶበ ፡ ኀደርነ ፡ ወነበርነ\n፡ ማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ።\n\nእግዚኦ ፡ ወምንተ ፡ እንከ ፡ እብል ፡ ናሁ ፡ ሜጠ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ዘባኖ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ፀሩ ።\n\nወእምከመ ፡ ሰምዑ ፡ ከናአን ፡ ወኵሎሙ ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ምድር ፡ የዐግቱነ ፡ ወያጠፍኡነ ፡ እምነ ፡\nምድር ፡ ወምንተ ፡ ተሬሲ ፡ ለስምከ ፡ ዐቢይ ።\n\nወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ተንሥእ ፡ ወለምንት ፡ ትወድቅ ፡ አንተ ፡ በገጽከ ።","english":"And Joshua tore his garments, and Joshua fell on his face to the ground before the ark of the Lord, until the evening. And the leaders of Israel cast dust upon their heads.\n\nAnd Joshua said, \"I have sinned against you, O Lord, O Lord. Why have I caused them to err, your servant and this people, from the Jordan, that you would deliver them into the hands of the Amorites and destroy us, when we crossed and dwelt on the banks of the Jordan?\n\nO Lord, what shall I say? Behold, Israel has turned its back toward the enemy.\"\n\nAnd when the Canaanites and all who dwell in this land heard, they will gather and destroy us from the land. And what will remain for your great name?\n\nAnd the Lord said to Joshua, \"Arise. Why do you fall on your face?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሠጠጠ ፡ አልባሲሁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'tore his garments' is a gesture of mourning or distress, not found in the biblical Hebrew text of Joshua 7, where Joshua tears his clothes only after the Achan incident.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እስከ ፡ ሰርክ","severity":"info","text":"The prostration before the ark until evening echoes the biblical motif of supplication before the ark (cf. Joshua 7:6), but the duration 'until evening' is an expansion not in the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወወደዩ ፡ መሬተ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ርእሶሙ","severity":"info","text":"Casting dust on the head is a traditional Semitic mourning rite (cf. Job 2:12), here applied to the Israelite leaders, intensifying the communal lament absent from the biblical account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ገነይኩ ፡ ለከ","severity":"info","text":"Joshua's confession 'I have sinned against you' parallels the biblical confession in Joshua 7:20, but the Geʿez expands with a double address 'O Lord, O Lord' and a rhetorical question about deliverance to the Amorites.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Lord's direct response 'Arise. Why do you fall on your face?' is a Geʿez addition; in the biblical text (Joshua 7:10-11), God speaks through the lot, not directly to Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether Joshua's tearing of garments is a single act or a ritual gesture; the reading taken is a literal tearing. The phrase 'I have caused them to err' (አዕድዎ) could mean 'led astray' or 'caused to sin'; the translation opts for 'caused them to err'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"አበሱ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ወክሕዱ ፡ በኪዳንየ ፡ ዘተካየድኩ ፡ ምስሌሆሙ ፡ ወነሥኡ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ዘሕሩም ፡ ወሰረቁ ፡ ወወደዩ ፡\nውስተ ፡ ንዋያቲሆሙ ።\n\nወኢይክሉ ፡ እንከ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ቀዊመ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ፀሮሙ ፡ ወይመይጡ ፡ ዘባናቲሆሙ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ፀሮሙ ፡ እስመ\n፡ ርጉማነ ፡ ኮኑ ፡ ወኢይደግም ፡ እንከ ፡ ሀልዎ ፡ ምስሌክሙ ፡ ለእመ ፡ ኢያውጻእክሙ ፡ እምኔክሙ ፡ ዘርጉም ።\n\nወተንሥእ ፡ ቀድሶሙ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ ወያንጽሑ ፡ ርእሶሙ ፡ ለጌሠም ፡ እስመ ፡ ከመዝ ፡ ይቤ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡\nእስራኤል ፡ ዘሕሩምአ ፡ ሀለወአ ፡ ውስቴትክሙ ፡ ወኢትክሉ ፡ እንከ ፡ ቀዊመ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ፀርክሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ ታሴስሉ ፡\nእምኔክሙአ ፡ ዘሕሩምአ ።\n\nወይጊሡ ፡ በጽባሕ ፡ ወይትጋብኡ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ ወሕዝብ ፡ እንተ ፡ አርአየ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ [ላዕሌሃ\n፡] ለይትፋለጡ ፡ በበ ፡ ነገዶሙ ፡ ይቁሙ ፡ ወነገድ ፡ እንተ ፡ አርአየ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ላዕሌሃ ፡ ለይትፋለጡ ፡ ወይቁሙ ፡\nበበ ፡ ቤቶሙ ፡ ወቤት ፡ ዘአርአየ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ላዕሌሃ ፡ ለይትፋለጡ ፡ ወለይቁሙ ፡ በበ ፡ ብእሲሁ ።","english":"The people sinned, and they transgressed the covenant which I had made with them, and they took from the forbidden thing, and they stole and cast it among their possessions.\n\nAnd the children of Israel can no longer stand before their enemy, nor can their cattle stand before their enemy, because they have become accursed; and it is no longer possible for me to be with you unless I remove the accursed one from among you.\n\nAnd he will sanctify the people, and they will purify themselves, for thus says the Lord God of Israel: \"The forbidden thing is among you, and you can no longer stand before your enemy until you remove the forbidden thing from among you.\"\n\nAnd they will go in the morning, and all of them will assemble by their tribes, and the tribe which the Lord has shown [upon it] will be separated, and they will stand by their families, and the family which the Lord has shown upon it will be separated, and they will stand by their houses, and the house which the Lord has shown upon it will be separated, and they will stand each by himself.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዘሕሩም","severity":"info","text":"The term ዘሕሩም (zaḥrum) denotes a forbidden or accursed thing, often referring to items placed under a ban (ḥērem) in biblical tradition. Its recurrence here underscores the ritual impurity that must be purged.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይክሉ ፡ እንከ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ቀዊመ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ፀሮሙ","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes the narrative of Achan’s sin in Joshua 7, where Israel’s defeat at Ai is attributed to a violation of the ban (ḥērem). The Geʿez adaptation closely follows the biblical account of collective guilt and purification.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from confession of sin (first paragraph) to declaration of consequence (second), then to divine instruction for purification (third), and finally to a procedural description of the sorting ritual (fourth). This four-part structure mirrors the biblical narrative’s progression from sin to resolution.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The ritual of sorting by tribe, family, house, and individual to identify the transgressor reflects a judicial process known from the Hebrew Bible (Joshua 7:14–18). In the Ethiopic tradition, such procedures are often elaborated to emphasize communal responsibility.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase “the Lord has shown upon it” (አርአየ ፡ ላዕሌሃ) suggests a divinely guided identification of the guilty party, a motif that may have been used in Ethiopic monastic or legal contexts to justify oracular or lot-based judgments.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ዘሕሩም (zaḥrum) could refer either to a specific forbidden object (e.g., spoils from Jericho) or to a general state of taboo; the text does not specify the nature of the transgression beyond theft.","The identity of the speaker in the second paragraph is ambiguous: it may be Joshua or a prophetic voice; the Geʿez does not mark the shift explicitly."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"ወብእሲ ፡ ዘአርአየ ፡ ላዕሌሁ ፡ ለያውዕይዎ ፡ በእሳት ፡ ሎቱ ፡ ወለኵሉ ፡ ዘዚአሁ ፡ እስመ ፡ ክሕደ ፡ በኪዳኑ ፡\nለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወእስመ ፡ ገብረ ፡ ኀጢአተ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nወጌሠ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወአስተጋብኦሙ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ ወአስተርአየ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ይሁዳ ።\n\nወተፈልጡ ፡ በበ ፡ ነገዶሙ ፡ ዘእምነ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ ወአስተርአየ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ዛሪ ፡ ወተፈልጠ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ዛሪ ፡\nበበ ፡ ቤቱ ፡ ወአስተርአየ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ዘንብሪ ።\n\nወተፈልጠ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ዘንብሪ ፡ በበ ፡ ብእሲሁ ፡ ወአስተርአየ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ አካን ፡ ወልደ ፡ ከርሚ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ዛራ ፡\nዘእምነ ፡ ይሁዳ ።\n\nወይቤሎ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለአካን ፡ ወልድየ ፡ አእኵቶ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወእመኖ ፡ ወአይድዐኒ ፡\nምንተ ፡ ገበርከ ፡ ወኢትኅባእ ፡ እምኔየ ።\n\nወአውሥኦ ፡ አካን ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ወይቤሎ ፡ አማን ፡ አነ ፡ አበስኩ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡ እስራኤል ፡\nከመዝ ፡ ወከመዝ ፡ ገበርኩ ።","english":"And the man who was found guilty, they burned him with fire, him and all that was his, because he had broken the covenant of the Lord and because he had committed sin against Israel.\n\nAnd Joshua went and gathered the people by their tribes, and he made an inquiry over the tribe of Judah.\n\nAnd they were divided by their clans from Judah, and he made an inquiry over the clan of Zari; and the clan of Zari was divided by its houses, and he made an inquiry over the house of Zambri.\n\nAnd the house of Zambri was divided by its men, and he made an inquiry over Achan, son of Carmi, son of Zara, from Judah.\n\nAnd Joshua said to Achan, \"My son, give glory to the Lord God of Israel, and do not hide from me what you have done.\"\n\nAnd Achan answered Joshua and said to him, \"Truly, I have sinned before the Lord God of Israel; thus and thus I have done.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a judicial inquiry pattern: Joshua gathers the people by tribe, then narrows the search by clan, house, and individual, culminating in Achan's confession.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Joshua' is rendered as ኢየሱስ (ʾIyāsus), a Geʿez form derived from the Hebrew Yehoshua, distinct from the Greek Iēsous used for Jesus.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አካን ፡ ወልደ ፡ ከርሚ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ዛራ","severity":"info","text":"Achan, son of Carmi, son of Zara, is identified as the transgressor, matching the genealogy in Joshua 7:1 (LXX: Achar, son of Charmi, son of Zabdi).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text of Joshua is part of the Ethiopic Octateuch, translated from the Septuagint via Arabic intermediaries, and is preserved in manuscripts such as those cataloged in the Dossier Ethiopic Anonymous Octateuch.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is read in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition as a model of communal accountability and confession, with Joshua's inquiry reflecting judicial procedures in medieval Ethiopian law.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'አስተርአየ ላዕለ' (he made an inquiry over) may imply a formal investigation or a casting of lots; the reading taken is 'inquiry' based on the narrative context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"ሶበ ፡ ርኢኩ ፡ በውስተ ፡ በርበር ፡ ልብሰ ፡ ዐሥቅ ፡ አሐደ ፡ ወክልኤ ፡ ምእተ ፡ (ጠፋልሐ ፡) ዲድረክመ ፡ ዘብሩር ፡\nወልሳን ፡ አሐቲ ፡ እንተ ፡ ወርቅ ፡ ተአክል ፡ ፶ዲድረክመ ፡ ተውላጣ ፡ ፈተውኩ ፡ ወነሣእኩ ፡ ወናሁ ፡ ሀለወ ፡ ድፉን ፡\nውስተ ፡ ደብተራየ ፡ ወጠፋልሐ ፡ ብሩርኒ ፡ ሀለወ ፡ ድፉን ፡ መትሕቱ ።\n\nወፈነወ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ደቆ ፡ ወሮጹ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ትዕይንት ፡ ውስተ ፡ ደብተራሁ ፡ ወሀለወ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ ድፉን ፡ ውስተ ፡\nደብተራሁ ፡ ወብሩርኒ ፡ ሀለወ ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ መትሕቶ ።\n\nወአውፅኡ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ደብተራሁ ፡ ወወሰዱ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኀበ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሊቃናተ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወአንበሩ ፡\nቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወነሥኦ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለአካን ፡ ወልደ ፡ ዛራ ፡ ወለውእቱ ፡ ብሩር ፡ ወለውእቱ ፡ ልብስ ፡ ወለይእቲ ፡ ልሳን ፡ እንተ ፡\nወርቅ ፡ ወወሰዶሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቈላተ ፡ አኮር ፡ ወለደቂቁ ፡ ወለአዋልዲሁ ፡ ወለአልህምቲሁ ፡ ወለአባግዒሁ ፡ ወለአእዱጊሁ ፡\nወለደብተራሁ ፡ ወለኵሉ ፡ ንዋዩ ፡ ወወሰዶሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኤሜቃኮር ።","english":"When I looked within the garment of linen, one hundred and fifty (talents) of silver, and one tongue of gold, fifty talents, I desired and took them. And now the ingot is within my tent, and the silver is beneath it.\n\nAnd Joshua sent messengers, and they ran to the tent, and this ingot was within his tent, and the silver was with it beneath it.\n\nAnd they brought them out from within his tent, and they carried them to Joshua and to all the elders of Israel, and they placed them before the Lord.\n\nAnd Joshua took Achan, son of Zara, and that silver, and that garment, and that tongue of gold, and brought them into the Valley of Achor, together with his children, his sons, his daughters, his oxen, his donkeys, his tent, and all his possessions, and brought them into the Valley of Achor.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the Achan narrative from the previous passage, moving from the discovery of the stolen goods to their removal and Achan's punishment. The sequence of discovery, confession, and judgment is typical of the biblical account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ድፉን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ድፉን (dəfun) is a loanword from Arabic duffūn, meaning 'ingot' or 'bar' of metal. It appears here for the silver and gold, reflecting the material culture of the period.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ልሳን እንተ ወርቅ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ልሳን እንተ ወርቅ (ləsān ʾəntä wärq) literally 'tongue of gold' refers to a gold ingot shaped like a tongue, a common form of precious metal in antiquity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage closely follows Joshua 7:21-24, where Achan confesses to taking a Babylonian garment, silver, and a gold tongue, and is taken to the Valley of Achor. The Geʿez version adds the detail of the ingot (ድፉን) beneath the silver.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤሜቃኮር","severity":"info","text":"The Valley of Achor (ኤሜቃኮር) is a place name from the biblical narrative, meaning 'Valley of Trouble' in Hebrew. It is the site of Achan's execution and remains a key location in the conquest narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ጠፋልሐ","severity":"caution","text":"The word ጠፋልሐ (ṭäfälḥa) is uncertain; it may be a corruption or variant of a term for 'talent' or a measure. The English draft renders it as 'talents' but the Geʿez text is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The term ጠፋልሐ (ṭäfälḥa) is unclear; it may be a scribal error or a loanword for a unit of weight. The reading 'talents' follows the biblical context but is not certain.","The phrase 'one hundred and fifty (talents) of silver' is ambiguous in the Geʿez; the number may refer to the silver or to the garment."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"ወይቤሎ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለአካን ፡ ለምንት ፡ ሠሮከነ ፤ ለይሠሩከ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ በከመ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወወገርዎ ፡ በእብን ፡\nኵሎሙ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወአውዐይዎሙ ፡ በእሳት ፡ ወወገርዎሙ ፡ በእብን ።\n\nወአቀሙ ፡ ሎቱ ፡ ሐውልተ ፡ እንተ ፡ እብን ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ወአኅደገ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡\nመንሱተ ፡ መዐቱ ፡ ወበበይነ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ ሰመዮ ፡ ኤሜቃኮር ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ።\n\nJosua 8\n\n8\nወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ኢትፍራህ ፡ ወኢትደንግፅ ፡ ንሥኦሙ ፡ ምስሌከ ፡ ለኵሎሙ ፡ ዕደው ፡ መስተቃትላን ፡\nወተንሥእ ፡ ወዕረግ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጋይ ፡ እስመ ፡ ናሁ ፡ አግባእክዎ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እደዊከ ፡ ለንጉሠ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ወለሕዝቡሂ ፡\nወለሀገሩሂ ፡ ወለምድሩሂ ።\n\nወትገብሮሙ ፡ ለጋይ ፡ ወለንጉሦሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ገበርካሃ ፡ ለኢያሪኮ ፡ ወንጉሣ ፡ ወበርበረ ፡ እንስሳሆሙ ፡ በርብር ፡\nለርእስከ ፡ ወባሕቱ ፡ ፈኑ ፡ ይዕግትዋ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ከዋላሃ ።","english":"And Joshua said to Achan, “Why have you troubled us? May the Lord trouble you as today.” And they stoned him with stones, all Israel, and they burned them with fire and stoned them with stones.\n\nAnd they erected for him a monument of stone until this day and until this day. And the Lord ceased the wrath of his anger, and between this he named it the Valley of Achor until this day and until this day.\n\nJoshua 8\n\n8\nAnd the Lord said to Joshua, “Do not fear and do not be dismayed. Take with you all the men of war, and arise and go up into the valley, for I have delivered into your hands the king of the valley and his people and his city and his land.\n\nAnd you shall do to the valley and to their king as you did to Jericho and its king, and you shall burn their livestock with fire for yourself, and only send to set fire to the city which is behind you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለአካን","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with Joshua's speech to Achan, then shifts to a divine speech to Joshua, marked by a chapter heading 'Josua 8' in the manuscript. This structural break separates the Achan episode from the subsequent divine oracle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኤሜቃኮር","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Emeqakor' is a Geʿez transliteration of Hebrew 'עמק עכור' (Valley of Achor), meaning 'Valley of Trouble'. The narrative explains the name as commemorating the stoning of Achan and the cessation of divine wrath.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The divine speech to Joshua echoes Joshua 8:1-2, where God instructs Joshua to take all the warriors and attack Ai. The Geʿez text adds details about burning livestock and setting fire to the city behind, which are not in the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ፡ ገበርካሃ ፡ ለኢያሪኮ","severity":"info","text":"The instruction to treat the king of the valley as Joshua treated Jericho and its king parallels the biblical account of Jericho's destruction (Joshua 6). This typological reference links the two conquest narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአቀሙ ፡ ሎቱ ፡ ሐውልተ ፡ እንተ ፡ እብን","severity":"info","text":"The erection of a stone monument for Achan 'until this day' reflects a local aetiological tradition, likely intended to explain a landmark in the Holy Land. This detail is absent from the canonical Book of Joshua and appears to be an Ethiopic expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአውዐይዎሙ ፡ በእሳት","severity":"caution","text":"The text states that Achan and his family were both burned with fire and stoned with stones, a conflation of punishments. The biblical account (Joshua 7:25) records only stoning after the people brought them to the Valley of Achor. The burning may be a scribal addition or harmonization.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት' (until this day and until this day) is repetitive; it may be a scribal dittography or an emphatic formula.","The identity of 'them' (አውዐይዎሙ, ወገርዎሙ) in the stoning and burning is ambiguous: it could refer to Achan's entire family or only to Achan and his accomplices."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"ወተንሥአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ዘመስተቃትላን ፡ ወዐርጉ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ወኀርየ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ሠለስተ ፡\nእልፈ ፡ ዕደወ ፡ ጽኑዓነ ፡ ወመስተቃትላነ ፡ ወኀያላነ ፡ ወፈነዎሙ ፡ በሌሊት ።\n\nወአዘዞሙ ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ሑሩ ፡ ከመ ፡ ታእምሩ ፡ ዕግትዋ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ከዋላሃ ፡ ለሀገር ፡\nወኢትርሐቁ ፡ በሕቁ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወንበሩ ፡ ኵልክሙ ፡ ድልዋኒክሙ ።\n\nወአንሰ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ እለ ፡ ምስሌየ ፡ ነሐውር ፡ ኀበ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወሶበ ፡ ወፅኡ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ወተቀበሉነ ፡ ከመ ፡\nቀዲሙ ፡ ንጐይይ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጾሙ ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ ወፅኡ ፡ ወዴገኑነ ፡ ናርሕቆሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወይብሉ ፡ ነትዑ ፡ እሉሂ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጽነ ፡ ከመ ፡\nቀዲሙ ፡ ወንሕነሰ ፡ ንጐይይ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጾሙ ።\n\nወእምዝ ፡ እንከ ፡ ተንሥኡ ፡ አንትሙሂ ፡ ወአጥፍእዋ ፡ ለሀገሮሙ ፡ ወያገብኣ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክክሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡\nእደዊክሙ ።","english":"And Joshua arose, and all the people who were warriors, and they went up into the valley, and Joshua chose three hundred strong, warlike, and mighty men, and sent them by night. And he commanded them and said to them, “Go, that you may know the entrance of the city on the side behind the city, and do not approach it closely from the city, and all of you remain in your positions. And I and all who are with me will encamp near the city, and when the men of the valley come out and receive us as before, we will flee from before them. And when they come out and pursue us, we will draw them away from the city, and they will say, ‘These flee from before us as before,’ but we will flee from before them. Then you also arise and destroy their city, and the Lord your God will deliver it into your hands.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage presents a military stratagem: Joshua selects an elite force, instructs them to hide near the city, and feigns retreat to draw out defenders, enabling a surprise attack. The narrative is a self-contained tactical unit within the larger conquest account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መስተቃትላን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መስተቃትላን (mästäqatlan) means 'warriors' or 'fighters,' derived from the root ቀተለ (qätälä, 'to kill'). It emphasizes the martial readiness of the group Joshua assembles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትርሐቁ በሕቁ እምነ ሀገር","severity":"info","text":"Joshua's command 'do not approach it closely from the city' echoes a common biblical motif of ambush tactics, paralleling Joshua 8:2–8 where an ambush is set against Ai. The Geʿez text closely follows the LXX tradition of the conquest narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"},{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Book of Joshua is part of the broader Octateuch tradition, translated from Greek (likely the Septuagint) into Geʿez, with some expansions and local adaptations. This passage reflects a military ruse common in ancient Near Eastern warfare narratives.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopic Christian tradition, Joshua is revered as a type of Christ and a model of holy warfare. This passage, with its emphasis on divine deliverance ('the Lord your God will deliver it into your hands'), reinforces the theme of God-given victory.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'እምቅድመ ገጾሙ' (literally 'from before their faces') is ambiguous: it could mean 'from before them' (i.e., fleeing) or 'in front of them' (i.e., in their sight). The translation adopts the former, consistent with the feigned retreat.","The identity of 'the men of the valley' (ሰብአ ጋይ) is unclear; they may be the inhabitants of Ai or a generic enemy force. The reading taken assumes they are the defenders of the city targeted."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"ወእምከመ ፡ ቦእክምዋ ፡ ለሀገሮሙ ፡ አውዕይዋ ፡ በእሳት ፡ ወግበሩ ፡ በከመ ፡ እቤለክሙ ፡ ናሁ ፡ አዘዝኩክሙ ።\n\nወፈነዎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወሖሩ ፡ ይዕግቱ ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ቤቴል ፡ ወማእከለ ፡ ጋይ ፡ እምኀበ ፡ ባሕረ ፡ ጋይ ፡\nወቤተ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ህየ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ሌሊት ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ሕዝብ ።\n\nወጌሠ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በጽባሕ ፡ ወርእዮሙ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ ወዐርጉ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወሊቃናቲሆሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ፍጽመ ፡ ቅድመ ፡\nሕዝብ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ጋይ ።\n\nወዐርጉ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ መስተቃትላን ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ ወሶበ ፡ ሖሩ ፡ ወበጽሑ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ሀገር ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡\nጽባሒሃ ። ወእለሂ ፡ ዐገትዋ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ጽባሐ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ወተአኀዝዋ ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ መስዕ ፡\nለጋይ ፡ ወፂኦት ፡ ማእከሎሙ ፡ ወማእከለ ፡ ጋይ ።\n\nወነሥአ ፡ ኀምሳ ፡ ምእተ ፡ ብእሴ ፡ ወአንበሮሙ ፡ ይዕግቱ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ቤትውን ፡ ወማእከለ ፡ ጋይ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ባሕረ\n፡ ጋይ ።","english":"And as they entered their city, they set it on fire and did as I told you; now I have commanded you.\n\nAnd Joshua sent them, and they went to ambush, and they lay between Bethel and between Gai, on the side of the sea of Gai.\nAnd the house of Joshua was there that night among the people.\n\nAnd Joshua arose in the morning and saw the people, and he and the leaders of Israel ascended before the people up to Gai.\n\nAnd all the fighting people ascended with him, and when they went and arrived before the city on the east side, and those who had surrounded the city on the east side of the sea took hold of it on the west side of Gai, and they went out between them and between Gai.\n\nAnd he took five hundred men and placed them to ambush between Bethel and between Gai, on the side of the sea of Gai.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage describes a coordinated attack on Gai, with an ambush force placed between Bethel and Gai, and a main force approaching from the east.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጋይ","severity":"info","text":"The toponym Gai (also Ai) is a Canaanite city; the Geʿez form reflects the Greek and Syriac transmission of the biblical name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ቤቴል","severity":"info","text":"Bethel is a significant site in the conquest narrative; its mention here aligns with the biblical account of the ambush near Ai.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The ambush and the division of forces echo Joshua 8:9–17, where Joshua sets an ambush between Bethel and Ai and attacks from the east.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft renders 'five hundred men' (ኀምሳ ምእተ ብእሴ) but the Geʿez literally says 'fifty hundred men,' i.e., 5,000; the number may be a textual variant or scribal error.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez Octateuch tradition often expands or rephrases the biblical narrative; this passage shows a conflation of Joshua's instructions and the execution of the ambush.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The number of men in the final ambush is ambiguous: the Geʿez 'ኀምሳ ምእተ' could be read as 500 or 5,000; the English draft takes 500.","The phrase 'the house of Joshua' (ቤተ ኢየሱስ) may refer to his tent or camp, not a permanent structure."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"ወአኅደሩ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ተዓይኒሆሙ ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ መስዕ ፡ ዘሀገር ፡ ወጽንፉ ፡ እስከ ፡ ባሕረ ፡ ሀገር ፡\nወሖረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ሌሊት ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ፂኦት ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ ሰምዐ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ጌሠ ፡ ፍጡነ ፡ ወወፅኡ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወተቀበልዎሙ ፡ እንተ ፡ ቅድሜሆሙ ፡ ከመ\n፡ ይትቃተልዎሙ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ዘምስሌሁ ፡ በጊዜሃ ፡ መንጸረ ፡ አራባ ፡ ወኢያእመረ ፡ ውእቱሰ ፡ ከመ ፡\nዐገትዎሙ ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ከወላሃ ፡ ለሀገር ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ በጽሕዎሙ ፡ ጐዩ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጾሙ ፡ ወነትዑ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ፍኖተ ፡ ገዳም ።\n\nወኄለ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ብሔር ፡ ወተለውዎሙ ፡ ወሰደድዎሙ ፡ ወዴገንዎሙ ፡ እምድኅሬሆሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nወርሒቆሙ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ሶበ ፡ አልቦ ፡ ዘተርፈ ፡ ወኢመኑሂ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጋይ ፡ [ወ]ውስተ ፡ ቤቴል ፡\nዘኢተለዎሙ ፡ ወዘኢዴገኖሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወኀደግዋ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ ርኁተ ፡ ወሰደድዎሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወደገንዎሙ ።","english":"And they destroyed all the people whose eyes were toward the side of the west of the city, and its border as far as the sea of the city. And Joshua went in that night in the midst of that ambush.\n\nAnd when the king of Gai heard, he hastened, and the people of the city went out and received those who were before them as if to fight them, he and all the people with him, at the time of the morning of the plain, and he did not know that they had ambushed them on the side of the wall of the city.\n\nAnd when they arrived, Joshua and all Israel turned from before their faces and fled into the path of the desert.\n\nAnd all the people of the land were destroyed, and they pursued them and put them to flight and drove them from behind the children of Israel.\n\nAnd they pursued them from the city when there was none left, and there was no one in Gai and in Bethel who did not pursue them and who did not drive them for Israel, and they left the city empty and put them to flight for Israel and drove them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of the ambush of Ai (Gai), following the pattern of Joshua 8 in the Masoretic Text, but with distinct Ethiopic expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጋይ","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Gai' corresponds to biblical Ai (Hebrew: עַי). The Ethiopic form reflects the Greek or Syriac intermediary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአኅደሩ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they destroyed all the people' echoes Joshua 8:22-25, where the Israelites annihilate the inhabitants of Ai, but the Ethiopic text adds details about the direction of the eyes and the city's border.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Octateuch often expands biblical narratives with homiletic or legendary material. This passage's emphasis on the king's ignorance and the total destruction reflects a tradition of moralizing the conquest.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic version of Joshua was used in liturgical readings and monastic education, shaping Ethiopian Christian identity through the portrayal of divinely sanctioned warfare.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢያእመረ ፡ ውእቱሰ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'and he did not know' is ambiguous: it may refer to the king of Gai or to Joshua. The English draft takes it as the king, but the Geʿez could allow either reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'he did not know' (ወኢያእመረ ፡ ውእቱሰ) is ambiguous: it could be the king of Gai or Joshua. The English draft assumes the king, but the Geʿez grammar does not disambiguate.","The phrase 'the sea of the city' (ባሕረ ፡ ሀገር) is unclear; it may refer to a body of water near the city or be a metaphorical expression for the city's limit."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"ወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ አልዕል ፡ እዴከ ፡ በጋይሶ ፡ ዘውስተ ፡ እዴከ ፡ [ላዕለ ፡ ጋይ ፡] እስመ ፡\nውስተ ፡ እዴከ ፡ አግባእክዋ ፡ ወእለሂ ፡ ዐገቱ ፡ ለይትነሥኡ ፡ ፍጡነ ፡ እምነ ፡ መካናቲሆሙ ፡ ወአልዐለ ፡ እዴሁ ፡ ኢየሱስ\n፡ በጋይሶ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ሀገር ።\n\nወተንሥኡ ፡ እለሂ ፡ ዐገቱ ፡ ፍጡነ ፡ እምነ ፡ መካናቲሆሙ ፡ ወወፅኡ ፡ ሶበ ፡ አልዐለ ፡ እዴሁ ፡ በጋይሶ ፡ [ወቦኡ ፡\nሀገረ ፡] ወረከብዋ ፡ ወአውዐይዋ ፡ ፍጡነ ፡ በእሳት ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ ነጸሩ ፡ ድኅሬሆሙ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ወርእዩ ፡ ጢሰ ፡ የዐርግ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሰማይ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ሀገሮሙ ፡\nኀጥኡ ፡ እንከ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ይጐዩ ፡ ኢለፌ ፡ ወኢለፌ ፡ ወሕዝብኒ ፡ እለ ፡ ጐዩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገዳም ፡ ተመይጥዎሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡\nዴገንዎሙ ።\n\nወርእየ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ከመ ፡ ረከብዋ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ እለ ፡ ዐገትዋ ፡ [ወአእመሩ ፡] ሶበ ፡ ርእዩ ፡ ጢሰ ፡ የዐርግ ፡\nውስተ ፡ ሰማይ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወእምዝ ፡ ተመይጡ ፡ ወቀተልዎሙ ፡ ለሰብአ ፡ ጋይ ።","english":"And the Lord said to Joshua, \"Raise your hand with the spear that is in your hand [over the city of Gai], for you have brought it into your hand. And those who were in ambush, let them rise quickly from their places.\" And Joshua raised his hand with the spear over the city.\n\nAnd those who were in ambush rose quickly from their places, and they went out when he raised his hand with the spear, [and they entered the city] and found it and set it on fire quickly.\n\nAnd when the men of Gai looked behind them and saw smoke rising into the sky from within their city, they knew not where to flee, to the right or to the left. And the people who had fled into the wilderness met those who had hidden them.\n\nAnd Joshua saw that those who had ambushed the city had found it [and taken it]. When he saw smoke rising into the sky from the city, then they met and killed the men of Gai.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez consistently uses the form ኢየሱስ (ʾIyāsus) for Joshua, reflecting the Greek Ἰησοῦς, rather than the Hebrew Yehoshuaʿ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጋይሶ","severity":"info","text":"ጋይሶ (gāyso) is a Geʿez term for a spear or javelin, used here as a signal device. The raising of the spear as a tactical signal is a distinctive detail in this Ethiopic version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ጋይ","severity":"info","text":"The city of Gai (Ai) is the Canaanite city whose conquest is narrated in Joshua 7–8. The Ethiopic text follows the biblical account but adds narrative elaboration, such as the ambush and the signal with the spear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Lord’s command to Joshua to raise his hand with the spear echoes Joshua 8:18, where Joshua uses a signal to spring the ambush. The Geʿez text expands the biblical narrative with direct speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቦኡ ፡ ሀገረ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ወቦኡ ፡ ሀገረ (and they entered the city) is bracketed in the edition, indicating a textual variant or uncertain reading. The sense is clear from context, but the exact wording may differ across manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopic tradition, Joshua is revered as a military leader and a type of Christ. The detailed narrative of the ambush and divine guidance reflects a homiletic interest in the book’s moral and spiritual lessons.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The bracketed phrase ወቦኡ ፡ ሀገረ (and they entered the city) is textually uncertain; the edition marks it as a variant. The identity of 'those who had hidden them' (ተመይጥዎሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡ ዴገንዎሙ) is ambiguous: it may refer to the ambushers or to other Israelites."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"ወእልክቱሂ ፡ ወፅኡ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወተቀበልዎሙ ፡ ወአግብእዎሙ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ትዕይንቶሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወቀተልዎሙ\n፡ ወእልክቱሂ ፡ እምከሓ ፡ ወእሉሂ ፡ እምለፌ ፡ እስከ ፡ ኢያትረፉ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ ነፋጺተ ፡ ዘድኅነ ።\n\nወአኀዝዎ ፡ ለንጉሠ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ሕያዎ ፡ ወወሰድዎ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ አኅለቁ ፡ ቀቲሎቶሙ ፡ ለሰብአ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በገዳም ፡ ወበሙራደ ፡ ደብር ፡ በኀበ ፡ ዴገንዎሙ\n፡ ወቀተልዎሙ ፡ ለኵሎሙ ፡ በኀፂን ፡ ወአጥፍእዎሙ ፡ ወተመይጠ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በጊዜሃ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ወቀተላ ፡ በኀፂን ።\n\nወኮኑ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ እለ ፡ ሞቱ ፡ ይእተ ፡ አሚረ ፡ ተባዕቱ ፡ ወአንስቱ ፡ እልፍ ፡ ወዕሥራ ፡ ምእት ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሰብአ ፡\nጋይ ።\n\nወኢሜጠ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ እዴሁ ፡ እንተ ፡ አልዐለ ፡ በጋይሶ ፡ እስከ ፡ አጥፍእዎሙ ፡ ለሰብአ ፡ ጋይ ።\n\nዘእንበለ ፡ እንስሳ ፡ ወበርበረ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘበርበሩ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ለርእሶሙ ፡ በትእዛዘ ፡ እግዚአብሔር\n፡ በከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ።","english":"And those also came out from the city and received them and brought them into the midst of their ambush for Israel and killed them. And those from here and those from there, until they were utterly destroyed, none of them escaped.\n\nAnd they seized the king of Gai alive and brought him to Joshua.\n\nAnd when they had finished killing the men of Gai, the children of Israel in the wilderness and on the slopes of the mountain, where they had hidden them, and they killed all of them with the sword and destroyed them. And Joshua returned at that time into Gai and killed with the sword.\n\nAnd all those who died were one thousand and twenty hundred men and women, all the people of Gai.\n\nAnd Joshua did not lower his hand which he had raised with his spear until they had destroyed the men of Gai.\n\nWithout livestock and plunder of the city, all that the children of Israel plundered for themselves by the command of the Lord, as the Lord commanded Joshua.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the narrative of the conquest of Gai, following the ambush and the raising of the spear in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Joshua' is consistently rendered as 'Iyasus' in Geʿez, reflecting the Ethiopic form of the name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The total of 1,020 dead (men and women) is a specific numerical detail not found in the Masoretic text of Joshua 8, which reports 12,000 slain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'children of Israel in the wilderness and on the slopes of the mountain' reflects a topographical detail consistent with the ambush narrative in Joshua 8.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The emphasis on total destruction and the prohibition of plunder without divine command aligns with the Ethiopic tradition's focus on obedience to God's will.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'one thousand and twenty hundred' is ambiguous; it may be a scribal error for 'twelve hundred' or a literal rendering of 1,020.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The number 'one thousand and twenty hundred' (እልፍ ወዕሥራ ምእት) is ambiguous: it could mean 1,020 or be a corruption of a larger figure like 12,000.","The phrase 'without livestock and plunder' (ዘእንበለ እንስሳ ወበርበረ) may indicate that the Israelites took no spoils, or that the text omits mention of them."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"ወአውዐያ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ በእሳት ፡ ወኮነት ፡ ሐመደ ፡ ወረሰያ ፡ ከመ ፡ አልቦ ፡ ዘይነብራ ፡ ለዘላፉ ፡ እስከ\n፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ።\n\nወለንጉሠ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ሰቀሎ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዕፅ ፡ ዘግባ ፡ ወነበረ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዕፅ ፡ እስከ ፡ ሰርክ ፡ ወሶበ ፡ ዐርበት ፡\nፀሐይ ፡ አዘዘ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወአውረድዎ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ዕፅ ፡ ወወገርዎ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ግብ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አንቀጸ ፡ ሀገር ፡\nወገብሩ ፡ ሎቱ ፡ ነፍቀ ፡ አንተ ፡ እብን ፡ ዐባይ ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ ሰምዑ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ ነገሥተ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ሀለዉ ፡ ማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ እለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አድባር ፡\nወእለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገዳም ፡ ወእለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሐይቀ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ዐቢይ ፡ ወእለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አንጢሊባኖን ፡ ወኬጤዎን ፡\nወከናኔዎን ፡ ወፌሬዜዎን ፡ ወኤዌዎን ፡ ወአሞሬዎን ፡ ወጌርጌሴዎን ፡ ወኢያቡሴዎን ፤","english":"And Joshua set fire to the city, and it became ash and dust, as if no one had ever dwelt there, until this day and until this very day.\n\nAnd as for the king of Gai, he hung him on a tree of the forest, and he remained on the tree until evening. And when the sun set, Joshua commanded, and they brought him down from the tree and stoned him in a pit, in the midst of the ruins of the city, and they heaped upon him a great pile of stones until this day and until this very day.\n\nAnd when all the kings of the Amorites who were on the other side of the Jordan, those who were in the mountains, and those who were in the wilderness, and those who were in all the region of the Great Sea, and those who were in Antilibanus, and the Hittites, and the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Amorites, and the Girgashites, and the Jebusites heard,","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage divides into three distinct narrative units: the destruction of Gai by fire, the execution of its king, and the list of Amorite kings who hear of these events. This tripartite structure is typical of Ethiopic biblical narrative, emphasizing consequence and reaction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰቀሎ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ሰቀሎ (saqallo) means 'he hung him,' but in this context it likely refers to impalement or suspension on a tree, not crucifixion. The term is used in Ethiopic texts for execution by hanging or exposure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The execution of the king of Gai by hanging and stoning is not found in the Masoretic text of Joshua 8, which records only that the king was hanged. This detail reflects an expanded tradition, possibly from the Septuagint or Ethiopic interpretive additions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of peoples (Hittites, Canaanites, etc.) echoes the standard enumeration of pre-Israelite nations in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Deut 7:1). The inclusion of Antilibanus and the Great Sea reflects the Ethiopic geographical expansion of the conquest narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'until this day and until this very day' (እስከ ዮም ወእስከ ዛቲ ዕለት) is a formulaic repetition in Ethiopic biblical texts, emphasizing the enduring nature of the event. It may reflect liturgical or homiletic usage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains a possible scribal error: 'ነፍቀ አንተ እብን' (nafqa ʾanta ʾəbn) is unclear; the English draft interprets it as 'a great pile of stones,' but the phrase may be corrupt or require emendation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ነፍቀ አንተ እብን' is ambiguous; it may mean 'a great pile of stones' or be a corruption of a different construction. The reading taken follows the English draft."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"ተጋብኡ ፡ ኅቡረ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይፅብእዎሙ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ወለኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nወነደቀ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ምሥዋዐ ፡ ይእተ ፡ አሚረ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በደብረ ፡ ጌባል ፤\n\nበከመ ፡ አዘዞሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በከመ ፡ ጽሑፍ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሕገ ፡ ሙሴ ፡\nምሥዋዐ ፡ ዘእብን ፡ መብሐት ፡ ዘኢተወቅረ ፡ ወዘኢተገብረ ፡ በኅፂን ፡ ወአዕረገሂ ፡ ቍርባነ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወመሥዋዕተ ፡\nመድኀኒት ።\n\nወጸሐፎ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እብን ፡ ለዝክቱ ፡ ዳግም ፡ ኦሪት ፡ ሕገ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ዘጸሐፈ ፡ በቅድሜሆሙ ፡ ለኵሉ ፡\nደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወመኳንንቲሆሙ ፡ ወጸሐፍቶሙ ፡ የሐውሩ ፡ እምፀጋም ፡ ወእምየማን ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ታቦት ፡ ወካህናትሰ ፡\nወሌዋውያን ፡ ይጸውሩ ፡ ታቦተ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወመንፈቆሙ ፡ ለግዩራን ፡ ወእለሂ ፡ እምፍጥረቶሙ ፡ ጠቃ ፡ ደብረ ፡\nጌባል ፡ ወመንፈቆሙ ፡ ጠቃ ፡ ደብረ ፡ ጋሪዝን ፡ እለ ፡ አዘዞሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ከመ ፡ ይባርክዎ ፡\nለሕዝበ ፡ እስራኤል ።","english":"They conspired together to stone Joshua and all Israel.\n\nAnd Joshua built an altar on that mountain for the Lord, the God of Israel, on Mount Gebal, as Moses commanded his children for the Lord, for the children of Israel, as it is written in the law of Moses: an altar of hewn stone, which he had not hewn nor made with iron, and he offered a sacrifice to the Lord and a peace offering.\n\nAnd Joshua wrote on the stone for this second time the law of Moses, which he had written before them for all the children of Israel.\n\nAnd all Israel and their princes and their scribes go from left and from right before the ark; and the priests and the Levites carry the ark of the law of the Lord; and between them, the elders, and those who from their creation were pure, go to Mount Gebal; and between them, the pure go to Mount Gerizim, those whom Moses commanded his children for the Lord, that they might bless the people of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ተጋብኡ ፡ ኅቡረ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'they conspired together' introduces a collective action against Joshua and Israel, but the narrative context does not specify who 'they' are, leaving the subject ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምሥዋዐ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'altar' (ምሥዋዐ) is used here for a stone structure built on Mount Gebal, distinct from the tabernacle, and is linked to Mosaic law.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕገ ፡ ሙሴ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'law of Moses' (ሕገ ፡ ሙሴ) refers to the Torah, and the description of an altar of unhewn stone not made with iron echoes Exodus 20:25, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ደብረ ፡ ጌባል","severity":"info","text":"Mount Gebal (ደብረ ፡ ጌባል) is traditionally identified with Ebal in the Samaritan Pentateuch tradition, associated with blessings and curses; its mention here reflects Geʿez reception of Samaritan toponyms.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from Joshua's individual actions to a collective procession of all Israel, including princes, scribes, priests, and Levites, organized around the ark and the two mountains.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ደብረ ፡ ጋሪዝን","severity":"info","text":"Mount Gerizim (ደብረ ፡ ጋሪዝን) is a central site in Samaritan tradition; its pairing with Mount Gebal here suggests a Geʿez adaptation of Samaritan liturgical geography, possibly from a lost source.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'they conspired together' is unclear; it may refer to the Canaanites or a group within Israel, but the text does not specify.","The relationship between the two altars (on Gebal and Gerizim) and the two groups of 'pure' individuals is ambiguous; the Geʿez may conflate separate traditions."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"ወእሙንቱ ፡ ይቀውሙ ፡ ወእምድኅረ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ አንበበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ነገሮ ፡ ለዝንቱ ፡ ሕግ ፡ በረከቶሂ ፡\nወመርገሞሂ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘጽሑፍ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሕገ ፡ ሙሴ ።\n\nወአልቦ ፡ ቃለ ፡ እምነ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ዘአዘዞ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ዘኢያንበበ ፡ ወዘኢያስምዖሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለኵሉ ፡\nተዓይነ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ለዕደዊሆሙ ፡ ወለአንስቲያሆሙ ፡ ወለደቂቆሙ ፡ ወለግዩራን ፡ እለ ፡ ሖሩ ፡ ምስለ ፡ እስራኤል\n፡ (ወለኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡)፡\n\nJosua 9\n\n9\nወሰምዑ ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ገባኦን ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘገብረ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ ወላዕለ ፡ ጋይ ።\n\nወገብሩ ፡ እሙንቱሂ ፡ በጕሕሉት ፡ ወመጽኡ ፡ ሠኒቆሙ ፡ ወአስተዳሊዎሙ ፡ ወጾሩ ፡ መሣንቀ ፡ ብሉየ ፡ ዲበ ፡ መታክፊሆሙ\n፡ ወዝቀ ፡ ወይን ፡ ብሉየ ፡ ወሥጡጠ ፡ ወጥቁበ ።\n\nወብቱክ ፡ ቶታነ ፡ አሣእኒሆሙ ፡ ወብሉይ ፡ አሥእኒሆሙ ፡ ወግቱት ፡ ውስተ ፡ እገሪሆሙ ፡ ወአልባሲሆሙኒ ፡ ብሉይ ፡\nላዕሌሆሙ ፡ ወኅብስተ ፡ ሥንቆሙኒ ፡ ይቡስ ፡ ወሥሕቡብ ፡ ወንቁዝ ።","english":"And they stood. And after this, Joshua read all the words of this law, its blessings and its curses, everything that is written in the Law of Moses.\n\nAnd there was not a word from all that Moses commanded Joshua that he did not read and cause them to hear, Joshua, to all the assembly of the children of Israel, to their elders, to their women, to their children, and to the strangers who went with Israel (and to all Israel).\n\nJoshua 9\n\n9\nAnd those who dwelt in Gibeon heard all that the Lord had done against Jericho and against Ai.\n\nAnd they also acted with cunning, and they came, their donkeys, and they made them carry, and they placed old sacks upon their shoulders, and old wine and skins and goatskins.\n\nAnd they placed fresh cheese for them, and old cheese for them, and goatskins on their feet, and old garments upon them, and their donkey's bread was dry and broken and withered.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእሙንቱ ፡ ይቀውሙ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a narrative transition ('And they stood') that is not directly continued from the previous passage, suggesting a possible lacuna or editorial break.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሕገ ፡ ሙሴ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Law of Moses' (ሕገ ፡ ሙሴ) refers to the Torah, but in the Ethiopic tradition it often includes the entire Pentateuch as received and interpreted in the Geʿez Christian context.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"Joshua 9","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Josua 9' marks a chapter division that aligns with the Vulgate and Ethiopic Bible chapter numbering, corresponding to the Gibeonite deception narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ገባኦን","severity":"info","text":"Gibeon (ገባኦን) is a Canaanite city whose inhabitants, the Gibeonites, later make a treaty with Joshua. The Ethiopic text here follows the biblical account of their ruse to avoid destruction.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ብሉየ ፡ ዲበ ፡ መታክፊሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The description of the Gibeonites placing old sacks on their shoulders and carrying old wine and skins parallels the biblical account in Joshua 9:4-6, where they disguise themselves as from a distant land.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ብቱክ ፡ ቶታነ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'fresh cheese' (ብቱክ ፡ ቶታነ) and 'old cheese' (ብሉይ ፡ አሥእኒሆሙ) is an Ethiopic elaboration not found in the Masoretic or Septuagint versions, reflecting local dietary customs.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text at the start ('ወእሙንቱ ፡ ይቀውሙ') is ambiguous: it may mean 'And they stood' or 'And they conspired,' but the context of the previous passage suggests the latter, though the English draft takes the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"ወመጽኡ ፡ ኀቤሁ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ትዕይንተ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ እስከ ፡ ገልጋላ ፡ ወይቤልዎሙ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ወለኵሉ ፡\nእስራኤል ፡ እምርሑቅ ፡ ብሔር ፡ መጻእነ ፡ ወይእዜኒ ፡ ተማሐሉ ፡ ምስሌነ ።\n\nወይቤልዎሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ለኮራውያን ፡ እፎ ፡ ንትማሐል ፡ ምስሌክሙ ፡ መሐላ ፡ ዑቁ ፡ ዮጊ ፡ ቅሩባነ ፡\nትነብሩ ።\n\nወይቤልዎ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ንሕነሰ ፡ አግብርቲከ ፡ ንሕነ ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ እምአይቴ ፡ አንትሙ ፡ ወእምአይቴ ፡ መጻእክሙ ።\n\nወይቤልዎ ፡ እምነ ፡ ርሑቅ ፡ ብሔር ፡ ጥቀ ፡ መጻእነ ፡ ንሕነ ፡ አግብርቲከ ፡ በስመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክከ ፡\nእስመ ፡ ሰማዕነ ፡ ዘበእንቲአሁ ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ዘገብረ ፡ [በግብጻውያን ፤\n\nወኵሎ ፡ ዘገብረ ፡] በክልኤቱ ፡ ነገሥተ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ሴዎን ፡ ንጉሠ\n፡ ሔሴቦን ፡ ወአግ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ባሳን ፡ ዘይነብር ፡ ውስተ ፡ አስጠሮት ፡ ወውስተ ፡ ኤድራይን ።","english":"And they came to Joshua at the camp of Israel, as far as Gilgal, and they said to Joshua and to all Israel: \"From a distant land we have come, and now we will make a covenant with you.\"\n\nAnd the children of Israel said to the Gibeonites: \"How shall we make a covenant with you? An oath is strong; you are near to us, you dwell.\"\n\nAnd they said to Joshua: \"We are your servants.\" And he said to them: \"From where are you, and from where have you come?\"\n\nAnd they said to him: \"From a very distant land we have come; we are your servants, in the name of the Lord your God, because we have heard concerning him and all that he did [to the Egyptians, and all that he did] to the two kings of the Amorites who dwell in the land of the plain of the Jordan: Sihon, king of Heshbon, and Og, king of Bashan, who dwells in Ashtaroth and in Edrei.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወመጽኡ ፡ ኀቤሁ ፡ ለኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a new narrative episode: the Gibeonites arrive at Joshua's camp in Gilgal, initiating a treaty negotiation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መሐላ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መሐላ (mäḥala) means 'oath' or 'covenant,' reflecting the formal, binding nature of the agreement proposed between the Gibeonites and Israel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሴዎን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ሔሴቦን ፡ ወአግ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ባሳን","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Sihon king of Heshbon and Og king of Bashan echoes the biblical account of Israel's conquests in Numbers 21 and Deuteronomy 3, situating the Gibeonites' knowledge within the broader narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ገልጋላ","severity":"info","text":"Gilgal (ገልጋላ) is the Israelite camp near Jericho, a key site in Joshua's campaign, as described in Joshua 4–5.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አግብርቲከ","severity":"info","text":"The Gibeonites' self-identification as 'your servants' (አግብርቲከ) reflects a submissive posture typical in Ethiopic hagiographic and diplomatic narratives, emphasizing humility and allegiance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘገብረ ፡ [በግብጻውያን ፤ ወኵሎ ፡ ዘገብረ ፡]","severity":"caution","text":"The bracketed text in the Geʿez edition indicates a textual lacuna or editorial insertion; the phrase 'all that he did to the Egyptians' is partially reconstructed and may not be original.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has a lacuna after 'all that he did,' with the phrase 'to the Egyptians' supplied editorially; the original extent of the list of Joshua's deeds is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"ወሶበ ፡ ሰማዕነ ፡ ይቤሉነ ፡ ሊቃናቲነ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ብሔርነ ፡ ንሥኡ ፡ ሥንቀክሙ ፡ ለፍኖት ፡ ወሑሩ ፡\nተቀበልዎሙ ፡ ወበልዎሙ ፡ አግብርቲክሙ ፡ ንሕነ ፡ ወይእዜኒ ፡ ተማሐሉ ፡ ምስሌነ ፡ መሐላ ።\n\nወናሁ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ ኅብስትነ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ምውቅ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ነሣእናሁ ፡ እምነ ፡ አብያቲነ ፡ በዕለተ ፡ ወፃእነ ፡ ከመ ፡\nንምጻእ ፡ ኀቤክሙ ፡ ወይእዜሰ ፡ ነቅዘ ፡ ወየብሰ ።\n\nወዝንቱኒ ፡ ዝቃተ ፡ ወይንነ ፡ [ዘ]መላእናሁ ፡ [ሐዲሰ ፡] ወይእዜሰ ፡ ዐርቀ ፡ ወበልየ ፡ ወተሠጠ ፡ ወአልባሲነሂ ፡\nወአሥእንነሂ ፡ በልየ ፡ እስመ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ ርሑቅ ፡ ፍኖት ።\n\nወነሥኡ ፡ መኳንንት ፡ ሥንቆሙ ፡ ወኢተስእሉ ፡ በኀበ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወገብረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ሰላመ ፡ ምስሌሆሙ ፡ ወተማሐለ ፡ ምስሌሆሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ያድኅኖሙ ፡ ወመሐሉ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ መላእክተ ፡\nተዓይን ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ እምድኅረ ፡ ሠሉስ ፡ መዋዕል ፡ እምድኅረ ፡ ተማሐሉ ፡ ምስሌሆሙ ፡ መሐላ ፡ ሰምዑ ፡ ከመ ፡ እምቅሩብ ፡ እሙንቱ\n፡ ወከመ ፡ ኀቤሆሙ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ይነብሩ ።","english":"And when we heard, our elders and all the people of our land said to us: \"Take your provisions for the journey and go.\" They received them and said to them: \"We are your servants, and now swear an oath with us.\"\n\nAnd behold, this is our bread, while it is still hot we took it from our houses on the day we departed, so that we might come to you, and now it is cold and dry.\n\nAnd this is our wine, which we filled new, and now it has soured and spoiled and become vinegar, and our clothes also have worn out and become spoiled, for the journey was very long.\n\nAnd they took the provisions of their journey and inquired of the Lord.\n\nAnd Joshua made peace with them and swore an oath with them to save them, and they swore to them by the angels of the covenant.\n\nAnd it came to pass after three days from when they swore the oath with them, they heard that they were from nearby, and that they dwelt near them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሶበ ፡ ሰማዕነ","severity":"info","text":"The Gibeonites recount that their elders instructed them to take provisions and go to Joshua, framing their journey as a response to communal authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መሐላ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መሐላ (maḥallā) means 'oath' or 'covenant', central to the treaty between the Gibeonites and Israel, and later sworn by angels.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መላእክተ ፡ ተዓይን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'angels of the covenant' (መላእክተ ፡ ተዓይን) reflects a distinctive Geʿez tradition, possibly linking to the angelic guardians of covenants in Ethiopic Christian thought.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነ ፡ እምድኅረ ፡ ሠሉስ ፡ መዋዕል","severity":"info","text":"The narrative marks a three-day interval after the oath, a structural device that heightens the revelation of the Gibeonites' true proximity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዝቃተ ፡ ወይንነ","severity":"caution","text":"The description of wine as 'soured and spoiled' (ዐርቀ ፡ ወበልየ ፡ ወተሠጠ) may be a textual corruption or a deliberate hyperbole to emphasize the journey's length.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the angels of the covenant' is ambiguous; it may refer to a specific Ethiopic tradition or a generic phrase.","The phrase 'they heard that they were from nearby' could imply the Gibeonites were originally distant but now settled near Israel, or that their claimed origin was false."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"ወግዕዙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወበጽሑ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ ፡ አመ ፡ ሣልስት ፡ ዕለት ፡ ወእላንቱ ፡ እማንቱ ፡\nአህጉሪሆሙ ፡ ገባኦን ፡ ወ [ክ]ፊራ ፡ ወቤሮት ፡ ወአህጉረ ፡ ኢያርም ።\n\nወኢተቃተልዎሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ እስመ ፡ መሐሉ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ መላእክተ ፡ ተዓይን ፡ በእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ\n፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወአንጐርጐሩ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ተዓይኒሆሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ላዕለ ፡ መላእክቲሆሙ ።\n\nወይቤልዎሙ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ መላእክት ፡ ለኵሉ ፡ ተዓይን ፡ ንሕነ ፡ መሐልነ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ በእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡ እስራኤል ፡\nወይእዜኒ ፡ ኢንክል ፡ ለኪፎቶሙ ፡ ወኢበምንትኒ ።\n\nወከመዝ ፡ ባሕቱ ፡ ንገብር ፡ ናሐይዎሙ ፡ ወንቀንዮሙ ፡ ወኢይከውን ፡ ላዕሌነ ፡ መንሱት ፡ በበይነ ፡ ዘመሐልነ ፡ ሎሙ ።\n\nወይቤልዎሙ ፡ መላእክት ፡ አሕየውናክሙ ፡ ወሤምናክሙ ፡ ትሕጥቡ ፡ ዕፀ ፡ ወትቅድሑ ፡ ማየ ፡ ለኵሉ ፡ ተዓይን ፡ ወከመዝ\n፡ አዘዝዎሙ ፡ መላአክት ።","english":"And the children of Israel went and arrived in their cities on the third day. And those cities were Gibeon, and Kephirah, and Beeroth, and the city of Chephirah.\n\nAnd the children of Israel did not kill them, because they had sworn an oath to all the elders of the Gibeonites by the God of Israel, and they had made a covenant with all the Gibeonites for the children of Israel over their elders.\n\nAnd all the elders said to all the Gibeonites: \"We have sworn an oath to them by the God of Israel, and now we cannot betray them in any way.\"\n\nAnd thus we will only do: we will spare them and protect them, and there will be no transgression upon us because of the oath we swore to them.\n\nAnd the elders said to them: \"We have spared you and named you; you shall cut wood and draw water for all the Gibeonites.\" And thus the elders commanded them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወግዕዙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a narrative transition: the children of Israel arrive in the Gibeonite cities on the third day, marking a shift from the previous episode of travel and oath-making.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መላእክተ ፡ ተዓይን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'elders of the Gibeonites' (መላእክተ ተዓይን) uses መላእክት (malāʾəkt) in the sense of 'elders' or 'messengers,' not angels, consistent with Geʿez usage for community leaders.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢተቃተልዎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The sparing of the Gibeonites because of a sworn oath echoes Joshua 9:18–20, where the Israelites honor their treaty with the Gibeonites despite the deception about the cities' distance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ገባኦን ፡ ወ [ክ]ፊራ ፡ ወቤሮት ፡ ወአህጉረ ፡ ኢያርም","severity":"info","text":"The list of cities—Gibeon, Kephirah, Beeroth, and Chephirah—corresponds to the four Hivite cities in Joshua 9:17, though the English draft conflates Kephirah and Chephirah; the Geʿez distinguishes them.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢተቃተልዎሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢተቃተልዎሙ (ʾi-taqātälwomu) is a negative form meaning 'they did not kill them,' but the English draft omits the negation, potentially misrepresenting the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወከመዝ ፡ ባሕቱ ፡ ንገብር","severity":"info","text":"The elders' decision to spare and protect the Gibeonites, and the command to cut wood and draw water, reflects a later Ethiopic tradition emphasizing covenant fidelity and the subordination of the Gibeonites as temple servants.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text lists four cities, but the English draft conflates Kephirah and Chephirah; it is unclear whether the draft intends a scribal error or a deliberate simplification.","The phrase 'ኢንክል ፡ ለኪፎቶሙ' (ʾinkəl la-kifotomu) is ambiguous: it could mean 'we cannot betray them' or 'we cannot kill them'; the context of the oath supports the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"ወጸውዖሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ለምንት ፡ ተሳለቅሙ ፡ ላዕሌየ ፡ ወትቤሉኒ ፡ ርሑቃን ፡ ንሕነ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ እምኔክሙ ፡\nወናሁ ፡ አድያሚሆሙ ፡ አንትሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ምስሌነ ።\n\nወይእዜኒ ፡ ርጉማነ ፡ ኩኑ ፡ ኢይስዐር ፡ እምኔክሙ ፡ ገብር ፡ ዘየሐጥብ ፡ ዕፀ ፡ ወዘይቀድሕ ፡ ማየ ፡ ሊተ ፡\nወለአምላክየ ።\n\nወአውሥአዎ ፡ ወይቤልዎ ፡ ዜና ፡ ዜነውነ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክከ ፡ ለሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ከመ ፡\nየሀብክሙዋ ፡ ለዛቲ ፡ ምድር ፡ ወከመ ፡ ያጥፍአነ ፡ ወለኵሉ ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስቴታ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጽክሙ ፡\nወ[በበይነዝ ፡] ገበርነ ፡ ዘንተ ፡ ነገረ ።\n\nወይእዜኒ ፡ ናሁ ፡ ንሕነ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እደዊክሙ ፡ ዘከመ ፡ ፈቀድክሙ ፡ ወዘከመ ፡ ይኤድመክሙ ፡ ትረስዩነ ፡ ረስዩነ ።\n\nወአድኀኖሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ።\n\nወረሰዮሙ ፡ ከማሁ ፡ ወፋርያነ ፡ ዕፀው ፡ ወሐዋርያነ ፡ ማይ ፡ ለኵሉ ፡ ተዓይን ፡ ወለምሥዋዐ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወበበይነ\n፡ ዝንቱ ፡ ኮኑ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ገባኦን ፡ ወፋርያነ ፡ ዕፀው ፡ ወሐዋርያነ ፡ ማይ ፡ ለኵሉ ፡ ተዓይን ፡ ወለምሥዋዐ ፡\nእግዚአብሔር ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ወለመካን ፡ ዘኀርየ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።","english":"And Joshua called them and said to them, “Why did you mock me and say to me, ‘We are very far from you’? And now your cities are yours, for those who dwell with us. And now be accursed; Israel is from you, a servant who cuts wood and who draws water for me and for my god.”\n\nAnd they answered him and said to him, “The news, the news of us, all that the Lord your God said to Moses his servant, how he gave you this land and how he destroyed us and all who dwell in it before your face, and [through this] we did this thing. And now we are in your hands, as you wish and as it pleases you; spare us, spare us.”\n\nAnd Joshua spared them on that day. And he appointed them as woodcutters and water-carriers for every feast and for the tabernacle of the Lord. And through this, the men of Gibeon became woodcutters and water-carriers for every feast and for the tabernacle of the Lord, until today and until this day, and for the place that the Lord has chosen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Joshua accuses the Gibeonites of mocking him by claiming they were far away, then declares them accursed and assigns them menial service.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ርጉማነ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ርጉማነ (rəgumāna) means 'accursed' or 'cursed,' reflecting a formal curse or anathema, not merely a social rebuke.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፋርያነ ዕፀው","severity":"info","text":"ፋርያነ ዕፀው (fāryāna ʿəḍāw) means 'woodcutters,' and ሐዋርያነ ማይ (ḥāwāryāna māy) means 'water-carriers,' designating low-status temple servants.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Gibeonites refer to the Lord's words to Moses about giving the land and destroying its inhabitants, echoing Deuteronomy 7:1-2 and Joshua's conquest narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage explains the Gibeonites' perpetual servitude as woodcutters and water-carriers for the tabernacle, a tradition not found in the Hebrew Bible but elaborated in Ethiopic Christian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a pattern: accusation by Joshua, plea by the Gibeonites, sparing, and appointment to servitude, concluding with an etiological note on their perpetual role.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'through this' (በበይነዝ) is partially reconstructed; the exact antecedent of 'this thing' is unclear—whether the Gibeonites refer to the divine promise or their own actions.","The final clause 'for the place that the Lord has chosen' may refer to the tabernacle or a specific sanctuary, but the referent is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"Josua 10\n\n10\nወሶበ ፡ ሰምዐ ፡ አዶኒቤዜቅ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም ፡ ከመ ፡ ነሥኣ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለጋይ ፡ ወሠረዋ ፡ በከመ ፡ ገብራ ፡\nለኢያሪኮ ፡ ወለንጉሣ ፡ ከማሁ ፡ ገብራ ፡ ለጋይ ፡ ወለንጉሣ ፡ ወከመ ፡ ለሊሆሙ ፡ ገረሩ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ገባኦን ፡ ወመጽኡ ፡\nኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኀበ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ማእከሎሙ ፤\n\nወፈርሁ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ እስመ ፡ ያአምሩ ፡ ከመ ፡ ዐባይ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ ገባኦን ፡ ከመ ፡ አሐቲ ፡\nእምነ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ [መንግሥት ፡] እስመ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ተዐቢ ፡ አምነ ፡ ጋይ ፡ ወጽኑዓን ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ ዕደዊሃ ።\n\nወለአከ ፡ አዶኒቤዜቅ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ኢየሩሳለም ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኤለም ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ኬብሮን ፡ ወኀበ ፡ ፊዶን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ኢየሬሙት\n፡ ወኀበ ፡ ኤዬፍታ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ላኪስ ፡ ወኀበ ፡ ደቢት ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ኦዶሎም ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፤\n\nንዑአ ፡ ዕረጉአ ፡ ኀቤየአ ፡ ወርድኡኒ ፡ ከመ ፡ ንፅብኦሙ ፡ ለገባኦን ፡ እለ ፡ ገብኡ ፡ ለሊሆሙ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡\nወኀበ ፡ ደቂቀአ ፡ እስራኤልአ ።","english":"When Adonibezek, king of Jerusalem, heard that Joshua had taken Ai and destroyed it as he had done to Jericho and its king, and likewise had done to Ai and its king, and that the men of Gibeon had feared them and come to Joshua and to Israel and dwelt among them, they feared them greatly, for they knew that Gibeon was a great city, very great, like one of the cities of the kingdom, for it was greater than Ai and its strong men, all of them, were its helpers.\n\nAnd Adonibezek, king of Jerusalem, sent to Elam, king of Hebron, and to Pidon, king of Jarmuth, and to Jephthah, king of Lachish, and to Debir, king of Eglon, and said to them, “Come, go up to me, and help me, so that we may smite the Gibeonites, who have gone over to Joshua and to the children of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"አዶኒቤዜቅ","severity":"info","text":"Adonibezek is a variant of Adoni-Bezek, a Canaanite king; here he is placed in Jerusalem, whereas in Judges 1 he rules from Bezek.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ጋይ","severity":"info","text":"Ai (Geʿez ጋይ) is the city whose conquest is described in Joshua 8; the text here summarizes Joshua’s earlier campaigns.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from narrative summary of Gibeon’s submission to a coalition of five Amorite kings forming against Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of kings (Elam of Hebron, Pidon of Jarmuth, Jephthah of Lachish, Debir of Eglon) parallels the coalition in Joshua 10:3, though the Geʿez names differ slightly from the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ገባኦን","severity":"info","text":"Gibeon (Geʿez ገባኦን) is a major Canaanite city whose inhabitants made a treaty with Joshua; the text emphasizes its size and strength.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text uses 'Adonibezek' for the king of Jerusalem, but the biblical parallel in Judges 1 associates Adoni-Bezek with Bezek, not Jerusalem; the Ethiopic tradition may have conflated two figures.","The phrase 'ዕደዊሃ' (helpers) is ambiguous: it could refer to Ai’s strong men or to Gibeon’s allies; the English draft interprets it as Ai’s helpers."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"ወተጋብኡ ፡ [ወዐርጉ ፡] እሉ ፡ ኀምስቱ ፡ ነገሥተ ፡ ኢየቡሴዎን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም ፡ ወንጉሠ ፡ ኬብሮን ፡ ወንጉሠ\n፡ ኢየሬሙት ፡ ወንጉሠ ፡ ላኪስ ፡ ወንጉሠ ፡ ኦዶላም ፡ እሙንቱኒ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ አሕዛቢሆሙ ፡ ወዐገትዋ ፡ ለገባኦን ፡ ወተቃተልዋ\n።\n\nወለአኩ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ ገባኦን ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ትዕይንተ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገልጋላ ፡ ወይቤሉ ፡\nኢትትሀከይአ ፡ እደዊከአ ፡ እምነ ፡ አግብርቲከ ፡ ዕረግ ፡ ኀቤነ ፡ ወ[ፍጡነ ፡] ርድአነ ፡ [ወአድኅነነ ፡] እስመ ፡ ተጋብኡ\n፡ ላዕሌነ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ነገሥተ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩአ ፡ ውስተአ ፡ አድባርአ ።\n\nወዐርገ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ እምነ ፡ ገልጋላ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ መስተቃትላን ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ዘጽኑዕ ፡ ኀይሉ\n።\n\nወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ኢትፍርሆሙ ፡ እስመ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እዴከ ፡ ኣገብኦሙ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡ ዘይተርፍ ፡\nእምኔሆሙ ፡ ቅድሜክሙ ፡ ወኢአሐዱ ።","english":"And the five kings gathered together: the king of the Jebusites, the king of Jerusalem, and the king of Hebron, and the king of Yarmut, and the king of Lachish, and the king of Odollam, these and all their peoples and their cities, against Gibeon, and they besieged it.\n\nAnd the men of Gibeon sent to Joshua in the camp of Israel at Gilgal, and they said, “Do not abandon us, your servants; come up to us quickly and help us and save us, for all the kings of the Amorites who dwell in the mountains have gathered against us.”\n\nAnd Joshua went up from Gilgal, he and all the fighting people with him and all his strong force.\n\nAnd the Lord said to Joshua, “Do not fear them, for I have delivered them into your hand, and not one of them will survive before you, not even one.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ኀምስቱ ፡ ነገሥተ","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists five kings (Jebusite, Jerusalem, Hebron, Yarmut, Lachish, Odollam) but names six; the Geʿez may conflate the Jebusite king with Jerusalem, or the list is formulaic.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢየሩሳሌም (ʾIyārusālēm) reflects the Greek Ἰερουσαλήμ via Syriac, not the Hebrew Yərūšālayim.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Lord’s assurance to Joshua (“Do not fear them… not one will survive”) echoes Joshua 10:8–11, but the Geʿez condenses the biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ገልጋላ","severity":"info","text":"Gilgal (ገልጋላ) is the Israelite camp in Joshua’s southern campaign; its location is uncertain but traditionally near Jericho.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢየሱስ (ʾIyāsus) for Joshua is used throughout the Ethiopic Octateuch, reflecting the Greek Ἰησοῦς.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተጋብኡ ፡ [ወዐርጉ ፡]","severity":"caution","text":"The bracketed phrase ወዐርጉ (waʿargu, “and they went up”) is a scribal insertion or variant; the base text reads ወተጋብኡ (“and they gathered”).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list of kings names six entities for five kings; the Geʿez may identify the Jebusite king with Jerusalem or include an extra name.","The phrase ወዐርጉ is bracketed in the edition, indicating textual uncertainty about its inclusion."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"ወበጽሖሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ግብተ ፡ በሌሊት ፡ ወፂኦ ፡ እምነ ፡ ገልጋላ ።\n\nወአደንገፆሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጾሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወቀጥቀጦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ዐቢየ ፡ ቅጥቃጤ ፡\nበገባኦን ፡ ወዴገንዎሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ፍኖተ ፡ ምዕራገ ፡ ቤቶሮን ፡ ወወግእዎሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ አዜቃ ፡ ወእስከ ፡ መቄዳ ።\n\n[ወ]ሶበ ፡ ነትዑ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጾሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በውስተ ፡ ሙራዲሁ ፡ ለቤቶሮን ፡ ወወገሮሙ ፡\nእግዚአብሔር ፡ እምሰማይ ፡ በእብነ ፡ በረድ ፡ እስከ ፡ አዜቃ ፡ ወፈድፈዱ ፡ እለ ፡ ሞቱ ፡ በእብነ ፡ በረድ ፡ እምነ ፡ እለ\n፡ ቀተሉ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በኀፂኖሙ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ቀትል ።\n\nይእተ ፡ አሚረ ፡ ተናገረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ምስለ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አመ ፡ አግብኦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለአሞሬዎን ፡ ውስተ ፡\nእዴሆሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ አመ ፡ ቀጥቀጥዎሙ ፡ በገባኦን ፡ ወተቀጥቀጡ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጾሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወይቤ ፡\nኢየሱስ ፡ ለትቁም ፡ ፀሐይ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ገባኦን ፡ ወወርኅኒ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ቈላተ ፡ ኤሎም ።","english":"And Joshua reached them at Gibeon by night, having come from Gilgal.\n\nAnd the Lord cast them into confusion before the face of Israel, and the Lord smote them with a great slaughter at Gibeon, and pursued them on the road of the descent of Bethoron, and smote them as far as Azekah and as far as Makkedah.\n\nAnd when they fled before the face of the children of Israel in the defile of Bethoron, the Lord cast down upon them from heaven hailstones as far as Azekah, and those who died by the hailstones were more numerous than those whom the children of Israel slew with their swords in the battle.\n\nThis is what Joshua spoke with the Lord when the Lord delivered the Amorites into the hands of the children of Israel, when they smote them at Gibeon and they were smitten before the face of Israel, and Joshua said, “Stand still, O sun, over Gibeon, and the moon over the valley of Ajalon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage combines a military narrative with a miraculous intervention (hailstones) and a poetic command to the sun and moon, marking a shift from historical to legendary register.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እብነ በረድ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase እብነ በረድ (ʾəbna bäräd) literally means 'stone of hail' and denotes hailstones, here presented as a divine weapon.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The command 'Stand still, O sun, over Gibeon, and the moon over the valley of Ajalon' echoes the biblical account in Joshua 10:12–13, where Joshua halts the sun, though the moon is not mentioned in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Bethoron, Azekah, and Makkedah locates the battle in the Shephelah region, consistent with the biblical geography of Joshua's southern campaign.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of hailstones as divine aid appears in other Ethiopic texts, such as the Kebra Nagast, but is absent from the canonical Hebrew Bible for this episode.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The inclusion of Joshua's command to the sun and moon reflects a tradition found in the Ethiopic version, possibly influenced by the Septuagint or later haggadic expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text at the start of the third paragraph has a lacuna: [ወ]ሶበ may be restored as ወሶበ (wasaba, 'and when') or simply ሶበ (saba, 'when'). The reading adopted is ወሶበ, following the English draft.","The phrase 'ወይቤ ኢየሱስ' (waybe ʾIyāsus) could be interpreted as direct speech or indirect; the English draft takes it as direct."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"ወቆመ ፡ ፀሐይ ፡ ወወርኅ ፡ በምቅዋሞሙ ፡ በኀበ ፡ ሀለዉ ፡ እስከ ፡ አጥፍኦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለፀሮሙ ፡ ወናሁ ፡\nተጽሕፈ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ መጽሐፍ ፡ በጊዜሃ ፡ ወቆመት ፡ ፀሐይ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ሰማይ ፡ ወኢሖረት ፡ መንገለ ፡ ዐረብ\n፡ እስከ ፡ አምጣነ ፡ አሐቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ፍጽምት ።\n\nወኢኮነት ፡ እንተ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ኢእምቅድሜሃ ፡ ወኢእምድኅሬሃ ፡ ከመ ፡ ያውሥኦ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለቃለ ፡\nእጓለ ፡ እመሕያው ፡ እስመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ፀብአ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ።\n\nወገብኡ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ትዕይንት ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገልጋላ ።\n\nወጐዩ ፡ እልክቱ ፡ ኀምስቱ ፡ ነገሥት ፡ ወተኀብኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡ በአት ፡ ዘውስተ ፡ መቄዳ ።\n\nወዜነውዎ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ወይቤልዎ ፡ ተረክቡ ፡ እልክቱ ፡ ኀምስቱ ፡ ነገሥት ፡ ውስተ ፡ በአተ ፡ መቄደ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ተኀብኡ\n።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ አንኰርኵሩ ፡ እብነ ፡ [ዐቢየ ፡] ውስተ ፡ አፉሃ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ በዐት ፡ ወአንብሩ ፡ ዕደወ ፡\nላዕሌሆሙ ፡ እለ ፡ የዐቅብዎሙ ።","english":"And the sun and the moon stood still in their places where they were until the Lord had destroyed their enemies. And behold, this is written in this book in its time, and the sun stood still in the midst of the sky and did not go toward the west until the completion of one full day.\n\nAnd it was not like that day before it nor after it, as the Lord prolonged the word of the son of the living, because the Lord fought for Israel.\n\nAnd Joshua and all Israel with him entered into the spectacle, into Gilgal.\n\nAnd those five kings fled and hid themselves in a cave within Makkedah.\n\nAnd they reported to Joshua and said to him, \"Those five kings are found in the cave of Makkedah where they hid themselves.\"\n\nAnd Joshua said to them, \"Roll large stones at the mouth of that cave and set guards over them who will watch them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቆመ ፡ ፀሐይ ፡ ወወርኅ","severity":"info","text":"The sun and moon standing still is a miraculous element not found in the biblical account of Joshua 10, likely an apocryphal expansion emphasizing divine intervention.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እስከ ፡ አጥፍኦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'until the Lord had destroyed their enemies' echoes the theme of divine warfare in Joshua 10:10-11, where God aids Israel in battle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ትዕይንት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word 'ትዕይንት' (təʿəynət) means 'spectacle' or 'wonder,' here referring to the miraculous event of the sun standing still, not a place name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ገልጋላ","severity":"info","text":"Gilgal (ገልጋላ) is the Israelite camp in Joshua 10, but the Geʿez text places Joshua entering 'into the spectacle, into Gilgal,' conflating the location with the miraculous event.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage combines a miraculous interlude (sun and moon standing still) with the narrative of the five kings hiding in a cave at Makkedah, a sequence unique to the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢኮነት","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ኢኮነት ፡ እንተ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ዕለት' is ambiguous: it may mean 'it was not like that day' or 'it was not that day,' affecting interpretation of the miracle's uniqueness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢኮነት ፡ እንተ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ዕለት' could be read as 'it was not like that day' (emphasizing uniqueness) or 'it was not that day' (denying the day's identity). The reading taken follows the English draft as 'it was not like that day.'","The relationship between the sun standing still and the entry into Gilgal is unclear; the Geʿez may imply the miracle occurred at Gilgal, but the syntax is loose."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"ወአንትሙሰ ፡ [ኢትቁሙ ፡] ዴግኑ ፡ ፀረክሙ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ እስከ ፡ ጽንፎሙ ፡ ወኢታብሕዎሙ ፡ ይባኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ ፡\nእስመ ፡ አግብኦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እደዊነ ።\n\nወእምዝ ፡ ሶበ ፡ አኅለቁ ፡ ቀቲሎቶሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ቀትለ ፡ ዐቢየ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ ዘአልቦ ፡ ማኅለቅተ ፡\nወእለሂ ፡ ድኅኑ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ ድኅኑ ፡ ወቦኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ጽኑዓት ፤\n\nወገብኡ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ትዕይንት ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ውስተ ፡ መቄዳ ፡ ድኅናኒሆሙ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡ ዘለሐሶሙ ፡\nበልሳኑ ፡ መኑሂ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ አርኅውዋ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ በዐት ፡ ወአምጽእዎሙ ፡ ኀቤየ ፡ ለእልክቱ ፡ ነገሥት ፡ ኀምስቱ ፡ እምነ ፡\nይእቲ ፡ በዐት ።\n\nወገብሩ ፡ ከማሁ ፡ ወአ[ው]ጽእዎሙ ፡ ለእልክቱ ፡ ኀምስቱ ፡ ነገሥት ፡ እምውስተ ፡ በዐት ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም ፡\nወንጉሠ ፡ ኬብሮን ፡ ወንጉሠ ፡ ኢየሬሙት ፡ ወንጉሠ ፡ ላኪስ ፡ ወንጉሠ ፡ ኦዶለም ።","english":"And you, stand firm, destroy all your enemies to their limits, and kill them in their cities, for the Lord our God has delivered them into our hands.\n\nAnd then, when Joshua and all Israel had finished killing them, they made a great slaughter, exceedingly great, without number. And those who escaped from them escaped and fled into strong cities.\n\nAnd all the people gathered in astonishment to Joshua at Makkedah, for their salvation, and there was none who could speak against them, not even one of the children of Israel.\n\nAnd Joshua said to them, \"Reveal that cave, and bring to me those five kings from that cave.\"\n\nAnd they did accordingly, and they brought out those five kings from the cave: the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንትሙሰ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a direct address to the audience, shifting from the preceding narrative of the sun and moon standing still to a command to destroy enemies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"በዐት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word 'በዐት' (baʿat) means 'cave' and is used here to refer to the hiding place of the five kings, a key location in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'ኢየሱስ' (Iyesus) corresponds to Joshua in the biblical book of Joshua, and the episode of the five kings hiding in a cave at Makkedah is found in Joshua 10:16-27.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"መቄዳ","severity":"info","text":"Makkedah (መቄዳ) is a city in the biblical narrative of Joshua's conquest, where the five Amorite kings sought refuge; its location is uncertain but traditionally placed in the Shephelah region.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ኀምስቱ ነገሥት","severity":"info","text":"The list of five kings (Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, Eglon) parallels the account in Joshua 10:3, though the Geʿez text adds 'king of Jarmuth' (ኢየሬሙት) which is a variant of 'Jarmuth' in some manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢታብሕዎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'kill them in their cities' reflects a harsher tone than the biblical source, possibly emphasizing divine retribution in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has 'ኢትቁሙ' (stand firm) which is a variant reading; some manuscripts may have 'ኢትቁሙ' or 'ኢትቁሙ' with different vocalization.","The phrase 'ወኢታብሕዎሙ' (and kill them) could be interpreted as a command or a future tense, but the context suggests an imperative."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"ወወሰድዎሙ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወጸውዖሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ለእለ ፡ ተቃተሉ ፡ ወለእለ ፡ ሖሩ ፡ ምስሌሁ\n፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ሑሩ ፡ ወደዩ ፡ እገሪክሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ክሳዳቲሆሙ ፡ [ወወደዩ ፡ እገሪሆሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ክሳዳቲሆሙ ፡]፡\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኢትፍርህዎሙ ፡ ወኢትደንግፁ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ ትብዑ ፡ ወጽንዑ ፡ እስመ ፡ ከመዝ ፡ ይገብሮሙ ፡\nእግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኵሉ ፡ ፀርክሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡ ትፀብእዎሙ ፡ አንትሙ ።\n\nወእምዝ ፡ ቀተሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወረገዝዎሙ ፡ ወሰቀልዎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ኀምስቱ ፡ ዕፀው ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ስቁላኒሆሙ ፡ ዲበ ፡\nዕፀው ፡ እስከ ፡ ሰርክ ።\n\nወእምዝ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ዐረበት ፡ ፀሐይ ፡ አዘዘ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወአውረድዎሙ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ዕፀው ፡ ወገደፍዎሙ ፡\nውስተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ በዐት ፡ እንተ ፡ ውስቴታ ፡ ጐዩ ፡ ወአንኰርኰሩ ፡ እበነ ፡ ዐበይተ ፡ ዲቤሃ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ በዐት ፡ እስከ\n፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ።","english":"And they brought them to Joshua. And Joshua summoned all Israel, those who had fought and those who had gone with him. And he said to them, \"Go and place your hands upon their necks.\" [And they placed their hands upon their necks.]\n\nAnd Joshua said to them, \"Do not fear them, and do not be dismayed by them. Be bold and steadfast, for thus the Lord our God will do to all your enemies whom you pursue.\"\n\nAnd then Joshua killed them, and stoned them, and hung them upon five trees. And their corpses remained upon the trees until evening.\n\nAnd then, when the sun had set, Joshua commanded, and they took them down from those trees, and cast them into that pit wherein they had fallen and rolled, with great stones upon that pit, until this day and until this time.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ ፡ ቀተሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ  ፡ ወረገዝዎሙ ፡ ወሰቀልዎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a speech by Joshua to a narrative of execution, stoning, and hanging, marking a distinct structural unit within the battle account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰቀልዎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ሰቀለ (saqala) means 'to hang' or 'to crucify,' here used for hanging corpses on trees, a punitive display.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ኀምስቱ ፡ ዕፀው","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'five trees' for hanging may reflect a symbolic or practical number in Ethiopic tradition, though no direct parallel is attested in the biblical text.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'until this day and until this time' suggests an aetiological note, linking the narrative to a contemporary landmark or memory in the Ethiopic reception.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወወደዩ ፡ እገሪሆሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ክሳዳቲሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The bracketed repetition in the Geʿez (ወወደዩ ፡ እገሪሆሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ክሳዳቲሆሙ) may indicate a scribal dittography or a variant reading; the English draft includes it as a repetition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the 'five trees' are a specific location or a symbolic number; the reading taken is literal.","The phrase 'until this day' may be a later editorial addition to connect the narrative to a known site, but the text does not identify the location."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"ወመቄዳሂ ፡ ነሥእዋ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ወቀተልዎሙ ፡ በአፈ ፡ ኀፂን ፡ ወለንጉሣሂ ፡ ወአጥፍእዎሙ ፡ ለኵሉ ፡ ዘመንፈስ\n፡ ዘውስቴታ ፡ ወኢትረፉ ፡ ውስቴታ ፡ ነፋጺተ ፡ ወኢመ[ነ]ሂ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡ ዘድኅነ ፡ ወገብርዎ ፡ ለንጉሠ ፡ መቄዳ ፡ ከመ ፡\nገብርዎ ፡ ለንጉሠ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ።\n\nወሖረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ እምነ ፡ መቄዳ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ልብና ።\n\nወአግብኣ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ውስተ ፡ እዴሆሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወነሥእዋ ፡ ወነሥኦ ፡ ለንጉሣ ፡ ወቀተሎ ፡ በአፈ ፡ ኀፂን\n፡ ወኢያትረፈ ፡ ውስቴታ ፡ እምነ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ዘመንፈስ ፡ ወኢድኅነ ፡ ወኢአሐዱ ፡ ነፋጺት ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ ወገብርዎ ፡ ለንጉሣ ፡\nበከመ ፡ ገብርዎ ፡ ለንጉሠ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ።\n\nወሖረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ እምነ ፡ ልብና ፡ ውስተ ፡ ላኪስ ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ላዕሌሃ ፡ ወተቃተልዋ\n።\n\nወአግብኣ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለላኪስ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እዴሆሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወነሥእዋ ፡ በሳኒተ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ወቀተልዎሙ ፡\nበአፈ ፡ ኀፂን ፡ ወአጥፍእዋ ፡ በከመ ፡ ገብርዋ ፡ ለሌብና ።","english":"And as for Makeda, they took it on that day and killed them by the edge of the sword; and as for its king, they destroyed all who had breath within it, and no fugitive escaped from within, nor any survivor; and they did to the king of Makeda as they had done to the king of Jericho.\n\nAnd Joshua and all Israel with him went from Makeda to Libnah.\n\nAnd the Lord delivered Libnah into the hands of Israel, and they took it and took its king, and killed him by the edge of the sword; and none who had breath within it remained, nor did any escape, not even one fugitive from among them; and they did to its king as they had done to the king of Jericho.\n\nAnd Joshua and all Israel with him went from Libnah to Lachish, and they encamped against it and fought against it.\n\nAnd the Lord delivered Lachish into the hands of Israel, and they took it on the second day and killed them by the edge of the sword, and destroyed it as they had done to Libnah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a repetitive formula: capture of a city, execution of its inhabitants and king, then movement to the next target. The pattern mirrors the earlier conquest of Jericho.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኀፂን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኀፂን (ḫāṣīn) means 'sword' and is used in the phrase 'by the edge of the sword' (በአፈ ፡ ኀፂን), a standard biblical idiom for total slaughter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The destruction of Makeda, Libnah, and Lachish echoes the conquest narrative in Joshua 10:28–32, where these cities are taken and their kings executed. The Geʿez text closely follows the Septuagint tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Makeda, Libnah, and Lachish are historical Canaanite city-states. Lachish was a major fortified site; its destruction in the biblical account aligns with archaeological evidence of a late Bronze Age conflagration.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they did to the king of Makeda as they had done to the king of Jericho' creates a parallel between the two conquests, emphasizing the total annihilation of enemy leadership.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopic tradition, the Book of Joshua is part of the Octateuch and is read liturgically. The repetitive conquest formula reinforces the theme of divine mandate and the eradication of idolatry.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text uses 'ኢየሱስ' (ʾIyāsus) for Joshua, which is the standard Ethiopic form derived from Greek. The phrase 'ኢትረፉ' (ʾiyatrafu) is ambiguous: it could mean 'they did not remain' or 'they did not survive'; the translation opts for 'none remained'."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"ወዐርገ ፡ ይእተ ፡ አሚረ ፡ [ኤ]ላም ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ጋዜስ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይር[ድኣ] ፡ ለላኪስ ፡ ወቀተሎ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በአፈ ፡\nኀፂን ፡ ወለሕዝቡሂ ፡ እስከ ፡ ኢያትረፈ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ ነፋጺተ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡ ዘደኅነ ።\n\nወሖረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ እምነ ፡ ላኪስ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኦዶለም ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ላዕሌሃ ፡\nወ[ተቃ]ተልዋ ።\n\nወአግብኣ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ውስተ ፡ እዴሆሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወነሥእዋ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ወቀተልዋ ፡ በአፈ ፡ ኀፂን\n፡ ወቀተሉ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘመንፈስ ፡ ዘውስቴታ ፡ በከመ ፡ ገብርዋ ፡ ለላኪስ ።\n\nወሖረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኬብሮን ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ላዕሌሃ ።\n\nወቀተልዋ ፡ በአፈ ፡ ኀፂን ፡ ወለኵሉ ፡ ዘመንፈስ ፡ ዘውስቴታ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡ ዘድኅነ ፡ በከመ ፡ ገብርዋ ፡ ለኦዶለም ፡\nወአጥፍእዋ ፡ ምስለ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ዘውስቴታ ።\n\nወገብአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዳቢር ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ላዕሌሃ ።","english":"And he went up, that is, Amire, king of Gazer, to come to the aid of Lachish, and Joshua killed him with the edge of the sword, and as for his people, until not one of them remained as a fugitive, and there was none who escaped.\n\nAnd Joshua and all Israel with him went from Lachish into Odollam, and they encamped against it and fought against it.\n\nAnd the Lord delivered it into the hands of Israel, and they took it on that day and killed it with the edge of the sword, and they killed all who had breath within it, as they had done to Lachish.\n\nAnd Joshua and all Israel with him went into Hebron, and they encamped against it.\n\nAnd they killed it with the edge of the sword, and all who had breath within it, and there was none who escaped, as they had done to Odollam, and they destroyed it together with all who were within it.\n\nAnd Joshua and all Israel entered into Dabir, and they encamped against it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢየሱስ (ʾIyāsus) represents the name Joshua, not Jesus, in this context. The Ethiopic Octateuch consistently uses this spelling for the biblical Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አሚረ","severity":"info","text":"The name አሚረ (Amire) is a Geʿez rendering of the Canaanite king of Gezer. The English draft transcribes it as 'Amire', reflecting the Ethiopic vocalization.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቀተሎ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በአፈ ፡ ኀፂን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'killed him with the edge of the sword' echoes the Hebrew Bible's formulaic description of herem (total destruction) in Joshua 10:22-27, though the Geʿez text expands the narrative with additional cities.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage follows a repetitive conquest formula: arrival, encampment, divine delivery, slaughter, and total annihilation. The pattern is applied to Lachish, Odollam, Hebron, and Dabir in sequence.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The destruction of Odollam and Hebron is explicitly compared to the earlier destruction of Lachish ('as they had done to Lachish'), creating a chain of parallel conquests that reinforces the theme of total victory.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains lacunae: the word ኤላም is partially reconstructed as [ኤ]ላም, and ይር[ድኣ] is supplied from context. The reading 'Amire' for the king of Gezer is secure, but the exact vocalization of the city name 'Gazer' (ጋዜስ) may vary in other manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the king of Gezer (Gazer) was killed in battle or after surrender; the phrase 'killed him with the edge of the sword' implies execution.","The city 'Odollam' (ኦዶለም) corresponds to biblical Adullam, but the Geʿez form may reflect a local Ethiopic tradition.","The sequence of cities (Lachish, Odollam, Hebron, Dabir) follows the biblical order in Joshua 10, but the Geʿez text omits the capture of Makkedah mentioned in the previous passage."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"ወነሥእዋ ፡ ወለንጉሣሂ ፡ ወለአህጉሪሃኒ ፡ ወቀተልዋ ፡ ወአጥፍእዋ ፡ በአፈ ፡ ኀፂን ፡ ወለኵሉ ፡ ዘመንፈስ ፡ ዘውስቴታ ፡\nወአልቦ ፡ ዘአትረፉ ፡ ውስቴታ ፡ ዘድኅነ ፡ በከመ ፡ ገብርዋ ፡ ለኬብሮን ፡ ወለንጉሣ ፡ ከማሁ ፡ ገብርዋ ፡ ለዳቤር ፡\nወለንጉሣ ።\n\nወቀተለ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ምድሮሙ ፡ ለደወለ ፡ አድባር ፡ ወናቤ ፡ ወአሕቅልቲሃ ፡ ወአሴዶት ፡ ወነገሥታ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡\nዘአትረፉ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ ዘድኅነ ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ዘመንፈሰ ፡ ሕይወት ፡ አጥፍአ ፡ በከመ ፡ አዘዘ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡\nእስራኤል ፤\n\nእምነ ፡ ቃዴስ ፡ በርኔ ፡ እስከ ፡ ጋዜስ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ጎሶም ፡ እስከ ፡ ገባኦን ።\n\nወቀተለ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ነገሥቶሙ ፡ ወምድሮሙሂ ፡ በምዕር ፡ እስመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ይፀብእ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ።\n\n[ወገብአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ትዕይንት ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገልጋላ ።]\n\nJosua 11","english":"And he took it, and as for its king, and as for its inhabitants, and he killed them, and he destroyed them with the edge of the sword, and all that had breath within it, and there was none whom they spared within it, who escaped, as they had done to Hebron and to its king; likewise they did to Dabir and to its king.\n\nAnd Joshua killed all the inhabitants of the land of the mountain-dwellers, and of Nob, and its fields, and its villages, and its kings, and there was none of them who escaped, and all that had the breath of life he destroyed, as the Lord God of Israel had commanded.\n\nFrom Kadesh Barnea to Gaza, all their territory as far as Gibeon.\n\nAnd Joshua killed all their kings and their lands in a moment, because the Lord fought for Israel.\n\n[And Joshua and all Israel with him went to the camp at Gilgal.]\n\nJoshua 11","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነሥእዋ ፡ ወለንጉሣሂ ፡ ወለአህጉሪሃኒ ፡ ወቀተልዋ ፡ ወአጥፍእዋ  በአፈ ፡ ኀፂን","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a formulaic summary of the destruction of Odollam, mirroring the pattern used for Hebron and Dabir in the previous passage. This repetitive structure is characteristic of the Ethiopic Joshua narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኀፂን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኀፂን (ḫaṣīn) means 'sword' or 'edge of the sword', here in the phrase በአፈ ኀፂን ('with the edge of the sword'). It is a standard expression for total annihilation in the Ethiopic conquest narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ ፡ ቃዴስ ፡ በርኔ ፡ እስከ ፡ ጋዜስ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ጎሶም ፡ እስከ ፡ ገባኦን","severity":"info","text":"This geographical summary (from Kadesh Barnea to Gaza, all their territory as far as Gibeon) echoes the territorial descriptions in the biblical Book of Joshua (e.g., Josh 10:41, 11:16), but is not a direct quotation. It serves as a narrative bridge in the Ethiopic version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቀተለ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ነገሥቶሙ ፡ ወምድሮሙሂ ፡ በምዕር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'in a moment' (በምዕር) emphasizes the swiftness of Joshua's victory, a theological motif in the Ethiopic tradition that underscores divine intervention. The following clause explicitly states that 'the Lord fought for Israel', reinforcing this theme.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"[ወገብአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ትዕይንት ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገልጋላ ።]","severity":"info","text":"The final bracketed sentence, 'And Joshua and all Israel with him went to the camp at Gilgal', is a narrative transition that appears in the Ethiopic text but is not present in the Masoretic tradition of Joshua 11. It may reflect a scribal addition or a harmonization with earlier campaign summaries.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለንጉሣ ።","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text at the end of the first paragraph has an ambiguous marker (።) after 'and to its king', which may indicate a textual break or a lacuna. The English draft treats it as a continuation, but the Ethiopic punctuation suggests a possible scribal pause or corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text uses the marker ። after 'and to its king' (ወለንጉሣ ።), which may indicate a section break or a textual corruption; the English draft reads it as continuous.","The final sentence about Gilgal is bracketed in the source edition, suggesting it may be a later addition or a variant reading; its status in the original Ethiopic tradition is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"11\nወሶበ ፡ ሰምዐ ፡ ኢያቢስ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ አ[ሶ]ር ፡ ለአከ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኢዮባብ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ አመሮን ፡ ወኀበ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡\nሰሞኣን ፡ ወኀበ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ አዚፍ ፤\n\nወኀበ ፡ ነገሥት ፡ እለ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ሲዶና ፡ እንተ ፡ ተዐቢ ፡ (እንተ ፡) ውስተ ፡ አድባር ፡ ወውስተ ፡ አራባ ፡\nእንተ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ኬኔሬት ፡ ወውስተ ፡ አሕቅልት ፡ ወውስተ ፡ ፌናዶር ፤\n\nወውስተ ፡ ጰራሊያ ፡ ዘከናአን ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ጽባሕ ፡ ወውስተ ፡ ጰራሊያ ፡ ዘአሞሬዎን ፡ ወኤዌዎን ፡ ወኢየቡሴዎን ፡\nወፌሬዜዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አድባር ፡ ወኬጤዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አሕቅልት ፡ ወውስተ ፡ መሴውመን ።\n\nወወፅኡ ፡ እሙንቱኒ ፡ ወነገሥቶሙኒ ፡ ምስሌሆሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ኆጻ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ብዝኆሙ ፡ [ወአፍራስ ፡ ወሰረገላት ፡ ብዙኅ ፡\nጥቀ ፡]፡\n\nወተጋብኡ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ ነገሥቶሙ ፡ ወመጽኡ ፡ ኅቡረ ፡ ወተአኅዝዎሙ ፡ ይትቃተልዎሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ በኀበ ፡ ማየ ፡ መሮን\n።","english":"And when ʿUyābēs, king of Aššur, heard this, he went to ʿUyobāb, king of the Amorites, and to the king of the Samonites, and to the king of Azif, and to the kings who were in the region of Sidon, which is great, which is in the mountains and in the plain, which is before Keneret, and in the fields, and in Fenador, and in the territory of Canaan which is on the east side, and in the territory of the Amorites and the Hivites and the Jebusites and the Perizzites, who are in the mountains, and the Hittites, who are in the fields and in the deserts. And they also went out, they and their kings with them, like the sand of the sea, their multitude, and horses and chariots very many. And all their kings assembled and came together, and they took hold to fight against Israel at the waters of Merom.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያቢስ","severity":"info","text":"The name ʿUyābēs is a Geʿez rendering of an Assyrian royal name, likely referring to a king of Assyria (Aššur). The form is unattested in the Hebrew Masoretic text and appears only in this Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮባብ","severity":"info","text":"ʿUyobāb is the Geʿez form of the name of the king of the Amorites. This figure is not named in the biblical account of Joshua 11, where the king of Hazor (Jabin) leads the coalition. The Ethiopic version introduces a distinct tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ማየ መሮን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'waters of Merom' (ማየ መሮን) corresponds to Hebrew 'Mērôm' in Joshua 11:5, 7. The Ethiopic text follows the biblical geography, locating the battle at the same site as in the canonical account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of peoples (Amorites, Hivites, Jebusites, Perizzites, Hittites) and the mention of Sidon, Keneret, and Fenador reflect the Ethiopic expansion of the Canaanite coalition. This catalogue is not found in the Masoretic text of Joshua 11 and likely derives from later exegetical or legendary traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit that transitions from the conquest of Dabir (previous passage) to the assembly of a northern coalition against Israel. The repeated formula 'and to the king of...' creates a catalog style typical of Ethiopic expansions of biblical battle accounts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አ[ሶ]ር","severity":"caution","text":"The name Aššur (አ[ሶ]ር) is partially restored in the edition; the manuscript may be damaged or the reading uncertain. The identification of ʿUyābēs as king of Assyria is anachronistic for the Joshua narrative and likely reflects later Ethiopic historical imagination.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identity of ʿUyābēs and ʿUyobāb is uncertain; they may be legendary figures not found in the Hebrew Bible. The reading of Aššur is partially reconstructed. The geographical extent of the coalition (e.g., Fenador, Samonites) is not clearly identifiable from known sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"ወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ኢትፍራህ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጾሙ ፡ እስመ ፡ ጌሠመ ፡ በዛቲ ፡ [ጊዜ ፡] አነ ፡\nኣገብኦሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይትቀተሉ ፡ በቅድመ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወለአፍራሲሆሙኒ ፡ ምትርዎን ፡ ሥረዊሆን ፡ ወሰረገላቲሆሙኒ ፡ አውዕዩ ፡\nበእሳት ።\n\nወሖሩ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ መስተቃትላን ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ማየ ፡ መሮን ፡ ወአውገብዎሙ ፡ ወወረዱ ፡\nላዕሌሆሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ አድባር ።\n\nወአግብኦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ውስተ ፡ እዴሆሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወዴገንዎሙ ፡ (ወ)እንዘ ፡ ይቀትልዎሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ ሲዶና ፡\nዐቢይ ፡ ወእስከ ፡ መሴሮን ፡ ወእስከ ፡ አሕቅልተ ፡ መሶኅ ፡ በመንገለ ፡ ጽባሒሁ ፡ ወቀተልዎሙ ፡ ኢያትረፉ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡\nነፋጺተ ።\n\nወገብሮሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ መተረ ፡ ሥረዊሆን ፡ ለአፍራሲሆሙ ፡ ወሰረገላቲሆሙኒ ፡ አውዐየ ፡\nበእሳት ።\n\nወተመይጠ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በእማንቱ ፡ መዋዕል ፡ ወነሥኣ ፡ ለአሶር ፡ ወለንጉሣ ፡ እስመ ፡ አሶር ፡ ቀዲሙ ፡ ምኵናኒሆሙ ፡\nይእቲ ፡ ለኵሎሙ ፡ እሉ ፡ ነገሥት ።","english":"And the Lord said to ʿIyāsus, “Do not fear before their faces, for I have brought them together at this time so that they may be killed before Israel. And as for their horses, cut their sinews, and burn their chariots with fire.”\n\nAnd ʿIyāsus and all the people of the battle went against them to the waters of Meron, and they brought them down, and they descended upon them from the mountains.\n\nAnd the Lord delivered them into the hands of Israel, and they pursued them while they killed them as far as Sidon the Great, and as far as Māsēron, and as far as the field of Māsōḫ, on the side of its east, and they killed them; not one of them escaped.\n\nAnd ʿIyāsus did as the Lord commanded: he cut the sinews of their horses, and burned their chariots with fire.\n\nAnd ʿIyāsus was astonished in those days, and he took [thought] of Aššur and its king, for Aššur was formerly the strength of all these kings.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትፍራህ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez imperative 'do not fear' (ኢትፍራህ) is a direct divine reassurance, emphasizing the Lord's control over the battle's outcome.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"ʿIyāsus is the Geʿez form of Joshua, reflecting the Ethiopic tradition's transliteration of the Hebrew name Yehoshua.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ማየ መሮን","severity":"info","text":"The 'waters of Meron' (ማየ መሮን) corresponds to the biblical site of the battle at the waters of Merom (Joshua 11:5-7), where Joshua defeated a northern coalition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አሶር","severity":"info","text":"Aššur (አሶር) here refers to Hazor, a major Canaanite city-state, whose king led the coalition; the Geʿez text preserves the name as 'Aššur', distinct from Assyria.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a pattern: divine command, execution, pursuit, and aftermath, with repetition of the horse-sinew cutting and chariot burning as a narrative refrain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ተመይጠ","severity":"info","text":"Joshua's astonishment (ተመይጠ) at Hazor's former power reflects an Ethiopic interpretive emphasis on the reversal of fortune, highlighting divine agency.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'እስከ ሲዶና ዐቢይ' may refer to 'Sidon the Great' as a city or a region; the text does not clarify its exact boundaries.","The identity of 'Māsēron' and 'Māsōḫ' is uncertain; they may be place names not attested in the Masoretic text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"ወቀተሉ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘመንፈስ ፡ ዘውስቴታ ፡ በኀፂን ፡ ወአጥፍእዎሙ ፡ ለኵሎሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ ኢያትረፉ ፡ ውስቴታ ፡ ዘመንፈስ\n፡ ወአውዐያ ፡ ለአሶር ፡ በእሳት ፡ ወለኵሉ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ነገሥት ።\n\nወነሥኦሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለነገሥቶሙ ፡ ወቀተሎሙ ፡ በኀፂን ፡ ወሠረዎሙ ፡ በከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር\n።\n\nወባዕደሰ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘአድያም ፡ ኢያውዐዩ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ እንበለ ፡ አሶር ፡ ባሕቲታ ፡ ዘአውዐዩ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nወበርበርዋ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ለርእሶሙ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ በርበራ ፡ ወሎሙሰ ፡ ሠረውዎሙ ፡ ለኵሎሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ አጥፍእዎሙ ፡\nበአፈ ፡ ኀፂን ፡ ወኢያትረፉ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ ወኢአሐደ ፡ ዘመንፈስ ።\n\nበከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ወሙሴ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ወከማሁ ፡ ገብረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡\nወኢኀደገ ፡ ወኢምንተ ፡ እምነ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ዘአዘዞ ፡ ሙሴ ።\n\nወነሥአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ደወለ ፡ ምድሮሙ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ አድባር ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ምድረ ፡ አዴብ ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ምድረ ፡\nጎሶም ፡ ወአሕቅልቲሃ ፡ ወዘመንገለ ፡ ዐረቢሃ ፡ ወደብረ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወታሕትየኒ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ደብር ፤","english":"And they killed all who had breath within them by the sword, and they destroyed all of them until not one remained alive within them who had breath. And they burned Hazor with fire, and all the cities of the kings.\n\nAnd Joshua took their kings and killed them with the sword, and he hanged them as Moses, the servant of the Lord, had commanded.\n\nAnd Israel burned all the cities of the lands that they had set on fire, except Hazor alone, which Israel burned.\n\nAnd the children of Israel plundered for themselves all the plunder, and they hanged all of them until they destroyed them by the edge of the sword, and not one of them remained, nor any who had breath.\n\nAs the Lord commanded Moses, his servant, and Moses commanded Joshua, so Joshua did, and he omitted nothing of all that Moses had commanded.\n\nAnd Joshua took all the booty of their land from the side of the mountains, and all the land of Adeb, and all the land of Gosom, and its fields, and from the side of its west, and the mountain of Israel, and he divided their booty from the side of the mountain.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"አውዐዩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'awʿayu (አውዐዩ) is used twice: first for Joshua burning Hazor, then for Israel burning all other cities. The repetition emphasizes the total destruction commanded by God.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኀፂን","severity":"info","text":"Ḫaṣīn (ኀፂን) means 'sword' in Geʿez. The phrase 'by the sword' recurs throughout, underscoring the mode of execution and the completeness of the slaughter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ አዘዞ ሙሴ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as Moses commanded' echoes the Deuteronomic law of herem (total destruction) and links Joshua’s actions to Mosaic authority, a key theme in the Ethiopic Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"አዴብ ወጎሶም","severity":"info","text":"Adeb and Gosom are toponyms not found in the Masoretic Joshua. They likely reflect local Ethiopic geographical traditions or scribal expansions, possibly from the Ethiopic reception of the conquest narrative.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢኀደገ ወኢምንተ","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with a formulaic summary: Joshua omitted nothing of Moses’ command. This structural closure reinforces the theme of faithful execution, typical of Ethiopic biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ደወሎሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he divided their booty' (dawalomu) is ambiguous: it may mean Joshua distributed the spoils among Israel, or that he divided the land itself. The Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponyms Adeb and Gosom are unattested in the biblical text and may be scribal inventions or local traditions.","The verb 'dawalomu' (ደወሎሙ) could mean 'divided' (the booty) or 'distributed' (the land); the context favors booty, but the phrase 'from the side of the mountain' suggests territorial division."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":57,"ref":"p57","source":"እምነ ፡ ደብረ ፡ ኤኬል ፡ ወየዐርግ ፡ እስከ ፡ ሴይር ፡ ወእስከ ፡ በለገድ ፡ ወአሕቅልተ ፡ ሊባኖስ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ደብረ\n፡ አኤርሞን ፡ ወአኀዞሙ ፡ ለኵሎሙ ፡ ነገሥቶሙ ፡ ወቀተሎሙ ፡ ወአጥፍኦሙ ።\n\nወጕንዱየ ፡ መዋዕለ ፡ ነበረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኀበ ፡ እሉ ፡ ነገሥት ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይትቃተሎሙ ።\n\nወአልቦ ፡ ሀገረ ፡ እንተ ፡ ኢነሥኡ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ኵሎን ፡ ነሥእዎን ፡ በቀትል ።\n\nእስመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አጽንዖሙ ፡ ልቦሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቀትል ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ከመ ፡ ይሠርውዎሙ ፡ ወከመ ፡ ኢይምሐርዎሙ\n፡ አላ ፡ ከመ ፡ ያጥፍእዎሙ ፡ ቦከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለሙሴ ።\n\nወሖረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በእማንቱ ፡ መዋዕል ፡ ወአጥፍኦሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አቂም ፡ እለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አድባር ፡ እምነ ፡\nኬብሮን ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ዳቤር ፡ ወእምነ ፡ አናቦት ፡ ወእምውስተ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወእምነ ፡ አድባረ ፡ ይሁዳ\n፡ ምስለ ፡ አህጉሮሙ ፡ ወአጥፍኦሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ።","english":"From Mount Ekel and it ascends to Seir and to Balagad and the plain of Lebanon on the side of Mount Hermon, and he took all of their kings and killed them and destroyed them.\n\nAnd the days of Joshua were spent among these kings while he was killing them.\n\nAnd there was no city that Israel did not take; they took all of them by the sword.\n\nFor the Lord strengthened their hearts for killing for Israel, so that they would destroy them and so that they would not spare them, but so that they would annihilate them, just as the Lord commanded Moses.\n\nAnd Joshua went in those days and destroyed those who were in the valley, those who were in the mountains, from Hebron and from Daber and from Anathoth and from within all their territories for Israel, and from the mountains of Judah with their cities, and Joshua destroyed them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ ፡ ደብረ ፡ ኤኬል ፡ ወየዐርግ ፡ እስከ ፡ ሴይር ፡ ወእስከ ፡ በለገድ ፡ ወአሕቅልተ ፡ ሊባኖስ","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase lists toponyms (Mount Ekel, Seir, Balagad, plain of Lebanon) that are not in the biblical Vorlage of Joshua 11, suggesting a secondary geographical expansion unique to the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢየሱስ (ʾIyāsus) represents Joshua, not Jesus, following the Septuagintal rendering Ἰησοῦς. The Ethiopic tradition consistently uses this form for the biblical figure.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ፡ ኢይምሐርዎሙ ፡ አላ ፡ ከመ ፡ ያጥፍእዎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'so that they would not spare them, but so that they would annihilate them' echoes the divine command for total destruction in Deuteronomy 20:16–18, here attributed to Moses as intermediary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ ፡ ኬብሮን ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ዳቤር ፡ ወእምነ ፡ አናቦት","severity":"info","text":"The list of locations (Hebron, Daber, Anathoth) reflects a post-biblical geographical schema, possibly from a local Ethiopic tradition or a lost recension, as these sites are not grouped in the Masoretic or Septuagint accounts of Joshua's campaign.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022651900203941","label":"The legend of the Queen of Sheba in the tradition of Axum","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022651900203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወጕንዱየ ፡ መዋዕለ ፡ ነበረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኀበ ፡ እሉ ፡ ነገሥት","severity":"info","text":"The remark that Joshua 'spent his days' among the kings while killing them is a haggadic expansion absent from the biblical narrative, emphasizing the protracted nature of the conquest in Ethiopic exegesis.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አጽንዖሙ ፡ ልቦሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቀትል","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the Lord strengthened their hearts for killing' may reflect a theological intensification of divine sanction for genocide; the Geʿez verb አጽንዖሙ (ʾaṣnaʿomu) is ambiguous, possibly meaning 'hardened' or 'strengthened', affecting interpretation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponyms 'Mount Ekel', 'Seir', 'Balagad', and 'plain of Lebanon' are not clearly identified in standard biblical geography; they may be corruptions or local Ethiopic names.","The phrase 'አጽንዖሙ ልቦሙ' could be read as either 'strengthened their hearts' or 'hardened their hearts', with different theological implications."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":58,"ref":"p58","source":"ወኢያትረፈ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አቂም ፡ እምውስተ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ እንበለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጋዜ ፡ ወውስተ ፡ [ጌት\n፡ ወ]አሴዶ ፡ ዘተርፉ ።\n\nወነሥአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ምድሮሙ ፡ በከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለሙሴ ፡ ወወሀቦሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡\n[ለእስራኤል ፡ ዘከመ ፡] ከፈሎሙ ፡ በበ ፡ ነገዶሙ ፡ ወአዕረፈት ፡ እንከ ፡ ምድር ፡ እምነ ፡ ቀትል ።\n\nJosua 12\n\n12\nወእሉ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ነገሥት ፡ እለ ፡ ቀተሉ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወተወርስዎሙ ፡ ምድሮሙ ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡\nዘመንገለ ፡ ሠረቀ ፡ ፀሐይ ፡ እምነ ፡ ቈላተ ፡ አርኖን ፡ እስከ ፡ ደብረ ፡ አኤርሞን ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ምድረ ፡ አራባ ፡ ዘመንገለ\n፡ ጽባሒሁ ።\n\nሴዎን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ ዘይነብር ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሔሴቦን ፡ ወይኴንን ፡ እምነ ፡ አርኖን ፡ እንተ ፡ ሀለወት ፡ ውስተ\n፡ ቈላት ፡ ዘአሐዱ ፡ ኅብር ፡ ወመንፈቀ ፡ ገላአድ ፡ እስከ ፡ ኢያቦቅ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ አሞን ፤","english":"And none of them remained among those who were in Aqim from among Israel, except those who were in Gaze and Asedo who remained.\n\nAnd Joshua took all of their land, as the Lord had commanded Moses, and Joshua gave them their inheritance to Israel, as he had divided it according to their tribes, and the land rested from killing.\n\nJoshua 12\n\n12\nAnd these are the kings whom the children of Israel killed and whose lands they inherited on the other side of the Jordan, on the side of the rising sun, from the valley of Arnon as far as Mount Hermon, and all the land of Araba on the side of its east.\n\nSihon, king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon and ruled from the Arnon, which is in the valley, which one side and the middle of Gilead as far as Jabbok, he drove out the children of Ammon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Josua 12","severity":"info","text":"The passage includes a chapter heading 'Josua 12' (Joshua 12), marking a structural division that corresponds to the biblical chapter listing conquered kings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሴዎን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ አሞሬዎን","severity":"info","text":"The list of kings begins with Sihon, king of the Amorites, echoing Joshua 12:2, which enumerates the defeated kings east of the Jordan.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያቦቅ","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Jabbok' (ኢያቦቅ) refers to the Jabbok River, a tributary of the Jordan, marking the northern boundary of the territory of Sihon as described in the biblical account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Joshua' is rendered as ኢየሱስ (Iyesus), the Geʿez form derived from the Greek Ἰησοῦς, reflecting the Septuagintal tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአዕረፈት ፡ እንከ ፡ ምድር ፡ እምነ ፡ ቀትል","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the land rested from killing' (ወአዕረፈት እንከ ምድር እምነ ቀትል) is a non-biblical interpretive addition, emphasizing the cessation of warfare as a divine gift, typical of Ethiopic paraphrase.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያቦቅ","severity":"caution","text":"The spelling ኢያቦቅ (Jabbok) may be a scribal variant; the standard Geʿez form is ኢያቦቅ, but the reading is secure from context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'እምውስተ ፡ እስራኤል' could be read as 'from among Israel' or 'from within Israel'; the translation takes it as 'from among Israel'.","The toponym 'Aqim' (አቂም) is obscure and may be a corruption or a variant of a known place; the translation retains the Geʿez form."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":59,"ref":"p59","source":"ወአራባ ፡ እስከ ፡ ባሕረ ፡ ኬኔሬ[ት] ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ጽባሕ ፡ ወእስከ ፡ [ባሕረ ፡] አራባ ፡ ባሕረ ፡ አሎን ፡ እምነ\n፡ ጽባሒሁ ፡ እምነ ፡ ፍኖት ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ አሲሞት ፡ እምነ ፡ ቴመን ፡ እንተ ፡ መትሕተ ፡ ሜዶት ፡ ወፈስጋ ።\n\nወአግ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ባሳን ፡ ዘተርፈ ፡ እምነ ፡ ውስቴቶሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡ ያርብሕ ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አስጣሮት ፡\nወኤ(ኔ)ድራይን ።\n\nመስፍን ፡ ውእቱ ፡ እምነ ፡ አድባረ ፡ አኤርሞን ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ሴኬ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ባሳን ፡ እስከ ፡ አድዋለ ፡ ጌርጌሲ ፡\nወመካት ፡ ወመንፈቀ ፡ ገላአድ ፡ ደወሉ ፡ ለሴዎን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ሔሴቦን ።\n\nሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ቀተልዎሙ ፡ ወወሀቦሙ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ኪያሃ ፡ ምድረ ፡\nለሮቤል ፡ ወለጋድ ፡ ወለመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ።\n\nወእሉ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ነገሥተ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ቀተሉ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡\nበመንገለ ፡ ባሕረ ፡ በለጋድ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ገዳሙ ፡ ለሊባኖስ ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ደብረ ፡ ቀልከ ፡ ዘያዐርግ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሴይር ፡\nወወሀቦሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ይእተ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ለሕዝበ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ርስተ ፡ [ወ]አውረሶሙ ፤","english":"And the plain as far as the Sea of Kinnereth on the east side, and as far as the Sea of the Plain, the Sea of Alon, from its east from the road on the side of Asimoth from the south, which is below the meadows and Pisgah.\n\nAnd Og, king of Bashan, who remained from among those who would multiply, who dwelt in Ashtaroth and Edrei.\n\nThe prince is from the mountains of Hermon and from Seke, and all of Bashan as far as the cities of the Girgashites, and Makat, and the middle of Gilead, they gave to Sihon, king of Heshbon.\n\nMoses, the servant of the Lord, and the children of Israel killed them and gave their inheritance. Moses gave that land to Reuben and to Gad and to half the tribe of Manasseh.\n\nAnd these are the kings of the Amorites whom Joshua and the children of Israel killed at the fords of the Jordan on the side of the sea, in Gad, in the wilderness of Lebanon, and as far as Mount Kalke which descends into Seir. And Joshua gave that land to the people of Israel as an inheritance and caused them to inherit it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሕረ ፡ ኬኔሬ[ት]","severity":"info","text":"The Sea of Kinnereth is the Sea of Galilee, a name derived from the Hebrew Kinneret. The Geʿez form reflects the Greek or Syriac transmission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሕረ ፡ አሎን","severity":"info","text":"The Sea of Alon is likely a toponym from the Hebrew ’Elon (oak), possibly referring to a location in the Jordan Valley. The identification is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ቀተሉ ፡ ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists the kings of the Amorites killed by Joshua, echoing Joshua 12:1–6, which enumerates defeated kings west of the Jordan. The Geʿez expands the list with local toponyms.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አስጣሮት ፡ ወኤ(ኔ)ድራይን","severity":"info","text":"Ashtaroth and Edrei were capital cities of Og, king of Bashan, in the Transjordan. These sites are known from biblical and extra-biblical sources as centers of Amorite power.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a composite of territorial descriptions and a king list, typical of the summary style in Joshua 12. It transitions from geographic boundaries to a catalog of defeated rulers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"Moses is called 'servant of the Lord,' a title emphasizing his role as divine intermediary. This reflects the Ethiopic tradition’s high view of Moses as lawgiver and leader.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponyms 'Sea of Alon' and 'Seke' are not clearly identified in standard biblical geography.","The phrase 'from the road on the side of Asimoth' is ambiguous; Asimoth may be a corruption of a known site.","The relationship between the list of kings and the preceding territorial description is not explicit in the Geʿez."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":60,"ref":"p60","source":"በውስተ ፡ ደብርኒ ፡ ወበውስተ ፡ ገዳምኒ ፡ ወበአራባ ፡ ወበአሴዶት ፡ ወበአሕቀልትኒ ፡ ወናጌብ ፡ ወኬጤዎን ፡ ወአሞሬዎን\n፡ ወከናኔዎን ፡ ወፌሬዜዎን ፡ ወኢየቡሴዎን ፡ ወኤዌዎን ።\n\nወንጉሠ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ ወንጉሠ ፡ ጋይ ፡ እንተ ፡ ምእኃዘ ፡ ቤቴል ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ኬብሮን ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ኢየሬሙት ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ላኪስ ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ኤለም ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ጋዜር ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ዳቢር ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ጊሲ[ር] ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ኤርሞት ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ አረት ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ሌምና ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ አዶለም ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ኤዳሕ ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ኤጠፋድ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ዖፌር ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ዖፌቀጤሳሮት ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ አሶም ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ሶምዖን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ መም[ሮ]ት ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ አዚፍ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ቃ[ዴ]ስ ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ዘቀቅ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ መሬዶት ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ዬቆም ፡ ዘኬርሜል ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ኤዶር ፡ ዘፌኔአዶር ።\n\nንጉሠ ፡ ሐጊ ፡ ዘገልያ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ተርሳ ፤","english":"in the mountain and in the wilderness and in the plain and in the slopes and in the fields and Negeb and the Hittites and the Amorites and the Canaanites and the Perizzites and the Jebusites and the Hivites.\n\nAnd the king of Jericho and the king of Gai, which is east of Bethel.\n\nThe king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron.\n\nThe king of Jeremoth, the king of Lachish.\n\nThe king of Elem, the king of Gezer.\n\nThe king of Dabir, the king of Gisir.\n\nThe king of Ermoth, the king of Arad.\n\nThe king of Lemna, the king of Adullam.\n\nThe king of Edah.\n\nThe king of Etefad, the king of Opher.\n\nThe king of Opheqetesharoth, the king of Asom.\n\nThe king of Somʿon, the king of Mamrot.\n\nThe king of Azif, the king of Qades.\n\nThe king of Zaqq, the king of Meredoth.\n\nThe king of Yeqom of Carmel, the king of Edor of Pheneador.\n\nThe king of Haggi of Galya, the king of Tersa.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a geographical list to a catalogue of kings, each introduced by 'ንጉሠ' (king of). This formulaic listing resembles the king-lists in Joshua 12, though the Geʿez version expands the sequence.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ንጉሠ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ንጉሠ' (nəguś) means 'king of', used here in a construct chain. It consistently introduces each toponym, indicating a list of defeated or tributary rulers.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of peoples (Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, etc.) and the enumeration of Canaanite city-kings reflect the conquest narrative of Joshua 12. The Geʿez version may draw on a Septuagint Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'the king of Jerusalem' echoes Joshua 10:1–27, where Adoni-zedek leads a coalition against Joshua. The Geʿez text lists Jerusalem among the defeated cities.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ንጉሠ ፡ ዘቀቅ","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym 'ዘቀቅ' (Zaqq) is obscure and may be a corruption or variant of a known site. It does not appear in the Masoretic list of Joshua 12, suggesting a textual divergence in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text of Joshua is preserved in the Ethiopic Octateuch tradition. The manuscript witnesses (e.g., Hollis MSS) show variations in toponym spellings, indicating a complex transmission history.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022651900203941","label":"The legend of the Queen of Sheba in the tradition of Axum","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022651900203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list of kings may be a conflation of Joshua 10 and 12; the exact source is uncertain.","Several toponyms (e.g., Zaqq, Etefad) are unattested in the Hebrew Bible and may reflect local Geʿez traditions or scribal errors."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":61,"ref":"p61","source":"ኵሎሙ ፡ እሉ ፡ ነገሥት ፡ ዕሥራ ፡ ወትስዐቱ ።\n\nJosua 13\n\n13\nወልህቀ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኀለፈ ፡ መዋዕሊሁ ፡ ወይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ናሁ ፡ ኀለፈ ፡ መዋዕሊከ ፡ ለከ ፡\nወተርፈት ፡ ምድር ፡ ብዝኅት ፡ ዘይትወረሱ ።\n\nወዛቲ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ምድር ፡ እንተ ፡ ተርፈት ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለፍል[ስጥኤ]ም ፡ ወዘጌሲሪ ፡ ወዘከናኔዎን ፤\n\nእምነ ፡ በድው ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ገጸ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ እስከ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለአቃሮን ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ፀጋሞሙ ፡ ለአሞሬዎን ፡\nዘይትኌለቍ ፡ ለኀምስቱ ፡ በሓውርተ ፡ ፊልስጢእም ፡ ለጋዛ ፡ ወለአዛጦን ፡ ወለአስቀሎን ፡ ወለጌቴዎን ፡ ወለአቃሮን ፡\nወለኤዌዎን ።\n\nእምነ ፡ ቴመን ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ከናአን ፡ ዘቅድመ ፡ ጋዛ ፡ ወሲዶናሂ ፡ እስከ ፡ ጣፌቅ ፡ እስከ ፡ አድዋሊሆሙ ፡\nለአሞሬዎን ።\n\nወኵሎ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ገልየድ ፡ ዘፊልስጢእም ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ሊባኖን ፡ እምነ ፡ ሠርቀ ፡ ፀሐይ ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ገልጋላ ፡ ዘመትሕተ\n፡ ደብረ ፡ አኤርሞን ፡ እስከ ፡ ምብዋኦ ፡ ለኤመት ።","english":"All these kings, twenty-nine.\n\nJoshua 13\n\n13\n\nAnd Joshua grew old, and his days passed, and the Lord said to Joshua, \"Behold, your days have passed for you, and much land remains to be inherited.\"\n\nAnd this is the land that remained: the territory of the Philistines, and of Gezer, and of the Canaanites.\n\nFrom the desert on the side of the face of Egypt as far as the territory of Ekron, on the side of the sword of the Amorites, which is divided among the five lordships of the Philistines: for Gaza, and for Ashdod, and for Ashkelon, and for Gath, and for Ekron, and for Eweon.\n\nFrom the south, and all the land of Canaan before Gaza and Sidon as far as Aphek, as far as the mountains of the Amorites.\n\nAnd all the land of Gilead of the Philistines, and all Lebanon from the east, and from Gilgal beneath Mount Hermon as far as the entrance of Hamath.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Josua 13","severity":"info","text":"The chapter heading 'Josua 13' is inserted in the Geʿez text, marking a new section. This is a structural cue from the Coptic tradition, dividing the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልህቀ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኀለፈ ፡ መዋዕሊሁ","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes Joshua 13:1, where Joshua is described as old and advanced in years. The Geʿez version closely follows the biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፍል[ስጥኤ]ም","severity":"info","text":"The term 'Philistines' is partially reconstructed in the manuscript as 'ፍል[ስጥኤ]ም'. The bracketed letters indicate a scribal correction or lacuna, common in Ethiopic manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አሞሬዎን","severity":"info","text":"The Amorites are listed among the peoples whose land is described. In the Hebrew Bible, the Amorites are a Canaanite group; the Geʿez text retains this geographical and ethnic classification.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ምድረ ፡ ገልየድ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'Gilead of the Philistines' is unusual; in the Hebrew Bible, Gilead is east of the Jordan, not associated with Philistines. This may reflect a local Ethiopic geographical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኵሎሙ ፡ እሉ ፡ ነገሥት ፡ ዕሥራ ፡ ወትስዐቱ","severity":"info","text":"The opening line lists 'all these kings, twenty-nine', summarizing the previous passage. This enumeration is a feature of Ethiopic manuscript tradition, organizing the narrative for liturgical reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ፍል[ስጥኤ]ም' is partially reconstructed; the exact reading is uncertain but likely 'Philistines'.","The geographical description of Gilead as Philistine territory is ambiguous and may reflect a scribal or interpretive tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":62,"ref":"p62","source":"ኵሎ ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አድባር ፡ እምነ ፡ ሊባኖስ ፡ እስከ ፡ ሙዓለ ፡ ሴሬት ፡ ዘማይም ፡ ዘፎሜም ፡ ኵሎ ፡\nሲዶና ፡ እለ ፡ አነ ፡ ኣጠፍኦሙ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጾሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ በከመ ፡ እቤ ፡ ለከ ።\n\nወይእዜኒ ፡ ክፍሎሙ ፡ ዛተ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ወአስተዋርሶሙ ፡ ለትስዐቱ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ወለመንፈቀ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ዘመናሴ ።\n\nእምነ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ እስከ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ዐቢይ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ዐረበ ፡ ፀሐይ ፡ ይሁቦሙ ፡ ወትከውኖሙ ፡ ወሰኖሙ ፡ ባሐር\n፡ ዐቢይ ።\n\nለእልክቱ ፡ ክልኤቱ ፡ ነገድ ፡ ለሮቤል ፡ ወለጋድ ፡ ወለመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ወሀቦሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡\nዮርዳንስ ፤\n\nዘመንገለ ፡ ሠረቀ ፡ ፀሐይ ፡ ወሀቦሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ እምነ ፡ አሮኤር ፡ እንተ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ማዕዶተ\n፡ ፈለገ ፡ አርኖን ፡ ወሀገር ፡ እንተ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ቈላት ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ሚሶር ፡ እምነ ፡ [ሜ]ዳቦን ።","english":"All those who dwell in the mountains from Lebanon as far as Muʿala Seret, both from the sea and from the plain, all Sidon, whom I destroyed before the face of Israel, as I told you. And now divide this land among them and apportion it to the nine tribes and to the half-tribe of Manasseh. From the Jordan as far as the Great Sea, toward the setting of the sun, it shall be given to them, and their boundary and their limit shall be the Great Sea. For the two and a half tribes, for Reuben and for Gad and for the half-tribe of Manasseh, Moses gave them on the other side of the Jordan. Toward the rising of the sun, Moses gave them the portion of the Lord from Aroer, which is on the other side of the river Arnon, and the city which is in the midst of the plain, and all of Misor from Medabon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ኵሎ ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አድባር ፡ እምነ ፡ ሊባኖስ ፡ እስከ ፡ ሙዓለ ፡ ሴሬት","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the divine speech from the previous passage, listing conquered peoples and then shifting to land division instructions for the two and a half tribes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሙዓለ ፡ ሴሬት","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Muʿala Seret' is obscure; it may represent a place name or a descriptive phrase. The Geʿez text treats it as a fixed location.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ እስከ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ዐቢይ","severity":"info","text":"The description of the land from the Jordan to the Great Sea echoes Joshua 13:8-13, where the Transjordan tribes receive territory.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ለእልክቱ ፡ ክልኤቱ ፡ ነገድ","severity":"info","text":"The 'two and a half tribes' (Reuben, Gad, and half-Manasseh) settled east of the Jordan, a distinctive feature of the tribal allotment in the biblical Book of Joshua.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hollis 2023"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ ፡ አሮኤር ፡ እንተ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ማዕዶተ ፡ ፈለገ ፡ አርኖን","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Aroer on the Arnon river parallels Joshua 13:16, which defines the southern boundary of Reuben's territory.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘመንገለ ፡ ሠረቀ ፡ ፀሐይ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'toward the rising of the sun' (east) appears to contradict the earlier westward orientation; this may reflect a textual conflation or a scribal error in the Geʿez transmission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym 'Muʿala Seret' is uncertain; it may be a corruption or a local name not attested elsewhere.","The directional shift from west to east in the same passage is ambiguous; it may indicate a composite text or a scribal mistake."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":63,"ref":"p63","source":"ኵሉ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ሴዎን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ ዘነግሠ ፡ በሔሴቦን ፡ እስከ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ዐሞን ፤\n\nወለገላአድ ፡ ወለደወሎሙ ፡ ለጌሲሪ ፡ ወለማኬጢ ፡ ወለኵሉ ፡ አድባረ ፡ አኤርሞን ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ባሳን ፡ እስከ ፡ አካ ።\n\nኵሎ ፡ መንግሥቶ ፡ ለአግ ፡ ዘባሳን ፡ ዘነግሠ ፡ በኤድራይን ፡ ወበአስጣሮት ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ዘተርፈ ፡ እምነ ፡ ደሞሙ ፡\nለእለ ፡ ያርብሕ ፡ ወቀተሎ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ [ወአጥፍኦ ፡] ፡ ወ[ኢያ]ጥፍእዎሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ለጌሲሪ ፡ ወለመካጢ ፡\nወለከናኔዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ውስቴቶሙ ፡ [ወ]ይነብር ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ጌሲሪ ፡ ወመካጢ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡\nወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ።\n\nእንበለ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ሌዊ ፡ እለ ፡ ኢነሥኡ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ እስመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ውእቱ ፡\nመክፈልቶሙ ፡ በከመ ፡ ይቤሎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወከማሁ ፡ ተከፈሉ ፡ በከመ ፡ ከፈሎሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡\nበ[አራቦ]ት ፡ ዘሞአብ ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ።","english":"All the cities of Sihon, king of the Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon, as far as their borders, the children of Ammon; and Gilead, and its borders, Geshur, and Maacath, and all the mountains of Hermon, and all Bashan as far as Aka. All the kingdom of Og of Bashan, who reigned in Edrei and in Ashtaroth, he who remained from among those who would fight, and Moses killed him and destroyed him, and the children of Israel destroyed Geshur and Maacath and the Canaanites who were among them, and the king of Geshur and Maacath dwells among the children of Israel until this day and until this day. Except the tribe of Levi, who did not receive their portion, because the Lord God of Israel is their portion, as the Lord told them, and thus they were divided, as Moses divided for the children of Israel in the plains of Moab, on the bank of the Jordan opposite Jericho.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኵሉ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ሴዎን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'all the cities of Sihon' refers to the Amorite king Sihon of Heshbon, whose territory was conquered by Israel under Moses (Numbers 21:21–35).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለገላአድ ፡ ወለደወሎሙ ፡ ለጌሲሪ ፡ ወለማኬጢ","severity":"info","text":"The list of regions (Gilead, Geshur, Maacath) echoes the territorial allotments described in Joshua 12:4–5 and 13:11–13, where these areas are assigned to the Transjordanian tribes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እስከ ፡ አካ","severity":"info","text":"'Aka' is likely a toponym; it may refer to a location in the Bashan region, possibly the site of 'Akkah' or a variant of 'Achzib,' though its exact identification remains uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"እንበለ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ሌዊ","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with a parenthetical note on the tribe of Levi, who received no territorial portion because the Lord God of Israel was their portion, a theological explanation found in Deuteronomy 10:8–9 and Joshua 14:3–4.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'until this day' suggests the text was composed after the events it describes, possibly during the late Second Temple period or later, when the Geʿez version was redacted.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወ[ኢያ]ጥፍእዎሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The bracketed ኢያ in the manuscript indicates a textual corruption or scribal emendation; the intended verb may be 'destroyed' (አጥፍአ) but the reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym 'Aka' is ambiguous; it may be a corruption or variant of a known site in Bashan.","The bracketed ኢያ in the verb 'ኢያጥፍእዎሙ' suggests a scribal correction or uncertain reading.","The phrase 'until this day' could refer to the time of the composition or to a later redactional layer."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":64,"ref":"p64","source":"ወወሀቦሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ለነገደ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ አሮኤር ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ቈላተ ፡ አርኖን ፡ ወሀገሮሂ ፡ ዘውስተ ፡ ቈላተ ፡ አርኖን ፡\nወኵሉ ፡ ሚሶር ፡ እስከ ፡ ሔሴቦን ።\n\nወኵሉ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ዘሀለወ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሚሶር ፡ ወዴቦን ፡ ወበሞን ፡ ወበዓል ፡ ወአብያት ፡ ሜዔልሞት ።\n\nወባሳን ፡ ወበቄድሞን ፡ ወሜፋት ።\n\nወቃርያትም ፡ ወሴባማ ፡ ወሴራዶት ፡ ወሲዮን ፡ በደብረ ፡ ኤነብ ።\n\nወቤተ ፡ ፌጎር ፡ ወኤሴዶት ፡ (ወ)ፈስጋ ፡ ወኤቤታነሲኖት ።\n\nወኵሉ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ሚሶር ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ መግሥተ ፡ ሴዎን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ ዘቀተለ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ወመሳፍንተ ፡ [ምድያም\n፡] ወኤዊን ፡ ወሮቦ[ቅ] ፡ ወሱር ፡ ወኡር ፡ ወሮቤ ፡ መሳፍንተ ፡ ጰራሊያ ፡ ወእለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሲዮን ።\n\nወበላዓም ፡ ወልደ ፡ ቤዖር ፡ ዘመቅሰም ፡ ቀተልዎሙ ፡ በምዕር ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለሮቤል ፡ (ወ)ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወሰኖሙ ፡ ወዝንቱ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ በቦ ፡ ነገዶሙ ፡\nወአህጉሪሆሙኒ ።","english":"And Moses gave to the tribe of Reuben according to their portions.\n\nAnd their border was from Aroer, which is on the edge of the valley of Arnon, and its towns which are in the valley of Arnon, and all the plain as far as Heshbon.\n\nAnd all the cities which were in the plain: Dibon, Bamoth, Baal, and Abiat Meʿelmot.\n\nAnd Bashan, and Beqedmon, and Mephaat.\n\nAnd Qaryat, and Sebama, and Seradot, and Siyon on Mount Enab.\n\nAnd Beth Peor, and Esedot, and Pisgah, and Ebetanesinot.\n\nAnd all the cities of the plain, and all the kingdom of Sihon, king of the Amorites, whom Moses slew, and the princes of Midian, and the Ewim, and Roboq, and Sur, and Hur, and Robe, the princes of Paralya, and those who dwelt in Siyon.\n\nAnd Balaam son of Beor, the magician, they slew with the sword.\n\nAnd their border for Reuben was the Jordan, and their boundary; and this is the inheritance of the children of Reuben in their tribe and their cities.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a territorial allotment list for the tribe of Reuben, following the pattern of Joshua 13:15-23 but with significant expansions and reorderings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሚሶር","severity":"info","text":"ሚሶር (misor) is a Geʿez borrowing from Hebrew מִישׁוֹר (mishor), meaning 'plain' or 'level land,' here referring to the tableland of Moab.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በላዓም ወልደ ቤዖር","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Balaam son of Beor being slain with the sword (በምዕር) is an extrabiblical tradition, as the Hebrew Bible (Numbers 31:8) records Balaam's death in the Israelite campaign against Midian but not by name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መሳፍንተ ፡ [ምድያም]","severity":"info","text":"The list of 'princes of Midian' (መሳፍንተ ምድያም) and other defeated rulers reflects the Ethiopic tradition's expansion of the conquest narrative, likely drawing on postbiblical Jewish or Christian sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሮቦ[ቅ]","severity":"caution","text":"The name ሮቦ[ቅ] (Roboq) is partially restored; the manuscript may be damaged or the reading uncertain. It does not correspond to any known biblical toponym or personal name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ሚሶር","severity":"info","text":"The repeated phrase 'all the cities of the plain' echoes the formulaic style of Joshua 13, but the Ethiopic version adds unique toponyms (e.g., ኤቤታነሲኖት) not found in the Masoretic Text or Septuagint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several toponyms (e.g., ኤቤታነሲኖት, ሮቦቅ) is uncertain; they may be corruptions or local Ethiopic traditions.","The phrase 'princes of Paralya' (መሳፍንተ ጰራሊያ) is obscure and unattested in other sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":65,"ref":"p65","source":"ወወሀቦሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ በበ ፡ ነገዶሙ ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ኢያዜር ፡ [ወ]ኵሉ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ገላአድ ፡ ወመንፈቀ ፡ [ምድረ ፡] ደቂቀ ፡ ዐሞን ፡ እስከ ፡ ዐራባ\n፡ እንተ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ገጸ ፡ አራድ ።\n\nወእምነ ፡ ሔሴቦን ፡ እስከ ፡ [አ]ራቦት ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ መሴፋ ፡ ወቦጣኒ ፡ ወማዐን ፡ እስከ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለዴቦን\n።\n\nወበአዶም ፡ ወዖትርጋ ፡ ወዐበይን ፡ ዘትነብራ ፡ ወሴኮታ ፡ ወሳፈን ፡ ወባዕድኒ ፡ ዘተርፈ ፡ መንግሥቱ ፡ ለሴዎን ፡ ንጉሠ\n፡ ሔሴቦን ፤ ወዮርዳንስ ፡ ወሰኖሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ሕብር ፡ ዘባሕረ ፡ ኬኔሬት ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ጽባሓዊ ።\n\nወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ በበ ፡ ነገዶሙ ፤ ወሜጡ ፡ ዘባኖሙ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ፀሮሙ ፡ እስመ ፡ በበ\n፡ ነገዶሙ ፡ ኮነ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙኒ ፡ ወደብረ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙኒ ።\n\nወወሀቦሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ለመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ።","english":"And Moses gave to the children of Gad according to their tribes.\n\nAnd their border was from Jazer, and all the towns of Gilead, and half of the land of the children of Ammon as far as Aroer, which is before the face of Arad.\n\nAnd from Heshbon as far as Aroboth, which is toward the side of Mepha, and Beth-jaan, and as far as their border of Dibon.\n\nAnd in Adom, and Othrga, and Aben, which dwells, and Secota, and Saphen, and Baedni, which remained of the kingdom of Sihon, king of Heshbon; and the Jordan, and their border as far as one part of the sea of Kinnereth, on the eastern side of the Jordan.\n\nAnd this is the division of the children of Gad according to their tribes; and they rejoiced in their portion before their enemies, because according to their tribes were their towns and the mountains of their towns.\n\nAnd Moses gave to half the tribe of Manasseh according to their numbers.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወወሀቦሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the territorial allotments for the Transjordanian tribes, parallel to the previous passage for Reuben.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጋድ","severity":"info","text":"Gad is one of the twelve tribes of Israel; the Geʿez form reflects the Greek Γάδ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ","severity":"info","text":"Half the tribe of Manasseh settled east of the Jordan; the Geʿez text follows the biblical division (Joshua 13:29–31).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ሔሴቦን","severity":"info","text":"Heshbon was a major Amorite city of King Sihon, conquered by Israel; its mention anchors the allotment in the Transjordan narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዮርዳንስ ፡ ወሰኖሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ሕብር ፡ ዘባሕረ ፡ ኬኔሬት","severity":"info","text":"The border extends to the Sea of Kinnereth (Galilee), echoing Joshua 13:27; the Geʿez preserves the toponym Kinnereth.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ወሜጡ ፡ ዘባኖሙ","severity":"info","text":"The note that the Gadites rejoiced in their portion before their enemies is a haggadic expansion not found in the Masoretic text, reflecting Ethiopic exegetical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'half of the land of the children of Ammon' (መንፈቀ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ዐሞን) is ambiguous: it may mean half the territory or half the tribe; the translation takes it as territory.","The toponym 'Aroboth' (አራቦት) is uncertain; it may correspond to biblical 'Aroer' or a different site."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":66,"ref":"p66","source":"ወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ መሐና ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ መንግሥተ ፡ ባሳን ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ መንግሥተ ፡ አግ ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ባሳን ፡ ወኵሉ\n፡ አህጉረ ፡ ኢያኢር ፡ እለ ፡ ሀለዋ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ባሳን ፡ ስሳ ፡ አህጉር ።\n\nወመንፈቀ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ገላአድ ፡ ወበአስጣሮት ፡ ወበኤ(ን)ድራይን ፡ አህጉረ ፡ መንግሥቱ ፡ ለአግ ፡ እለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ባሳን\n፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ማኪር ፡ ትውልደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ወለመንፈቆሙሂ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ማኪር ፡ ዘትውልደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ።\n\n[*እሉ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ እለ ፡*] አስተዋረሶሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ በአራቦት ፡ ዘሞአብ ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡\nዮርዳንስ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ጽባሒሁ ፡ ለኢያሪኮ ።\n\nJosua 14\n\n14\nወእሉ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ እለ ፡ አስተዋረስዎሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በምድረ ፡ ከናአን ፡ ወአስተዋረስዎሙ ፡ እልዓዛር ፡\nካህን ፡ ወኢየሱስ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ነዌ ፡ ወመላእክተ ፡ ቤተ ፡ አበወ ፡ ነገዶሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ።","english":"And their border was from Mahanaim and all the kingdom of Bashan and all the kingdom of Og, king of Bashan, and all the towns of Jair which were in Bashan, sixty towns.\n\nAnd half of the land of Gilead, and in Ashtaroth and in Edrei, the towns of the kingdom of Og which were in Bashan, to the children of Machir, of the tribe of Manasseh, and to the halves of the children of Machir, of the tribe of Manasseh, according to their tribes.\n\nThese are those whom Moses caused to inherit on the other side of the Jordan, in the plains of Moab, on the other side of the Jordan, to the east of Jericho.\n\nJoshua 14\n\n14\nAnd these are those whom they caused the children of Israel to inherit in the land of Canaan; and Eleazar the priest and Joshua son of Nun and the heads of the houses of the fathers of their tribes caused them to inherit for Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a border description for the tribe of Gad, continuing the previous passage's list of territorial allotments.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያኢር","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Jair' (Geʿez: ኢያኢር) refers to the towns of Jair, a clan of Manasseh, located in Bashan.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኵሉ ፡ መንግሥተ ፡ ባሳን","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes Joshua 13:30-31, which describes the kingdom of Og in Bashan and the towns of Jair.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ደቂቀ ፡ ማኪር","severity":"info","text":"The children of Machir, a sub-tribe of Manasseh, are specifically allotted territory in Bashan, reflecting the historical settlement patterns of the Transjordan.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ነዌ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Joshua son of Nun and Eleazar the priest as agents of inheritance aligns with the Ethiopic tradition's emphasis on priestly and leadership roles in the conquest narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"[*እሉ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ እለ ፡*]","severity":"caution","text":"The bracketed phrase in the Geʿez text indicates a textual corruption or insertion; the English draft omits it, suggesting a scribal note or variant.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'እሉ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ እለ ፡' is bracketed in the Geʿez, possibly a scribal addition or corruption; the English draft omits it, reading 'These are those whom Moses caused to inherit' without the bracketed words."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":67,"ref":"p67","source":"በበ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ተዋረሱ ፡ በከመ ፡ አዘዘ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ በእደ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለትስዐቱ ፡ ነገድ ፡ ወለመንፈቀ ፡\nነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ እምነ ፡ ማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ።\n\nወለሌዋውያንሰ ፡ ኢወሀብዎሙ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ።\n\nእስመ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ዮሴፍ ፡ ክልኤቱ ፡ ነገድ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ዘመናሴ ፡ ወዘኤፍሬም ፡ ወኢወሀብዎሙ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ምድረ ፡\nለሌዋውያን ፡ እንበለ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ዘውስቴታ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ዘፈለጠ ፡ ሎሙ ።\n\nበከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለሙሴ ፡ ከማሁ ፡ ገብሩ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወተካፈሉ ፡ ምድረ ።\n\nወመጽኡ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ በገልጋላ ፡ ወይቤሎ ፡ ካሌብ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ዬፎኔ ፡ ቀኔዛዊ ፡ ለሊከ ፡\nታአምር ፡ ቃለ ፡ ዘይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለሙሴ ፡ ብእሴ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ በእንቲአየ ፡ ወአንተኒ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቃዴስ ፡\nበርኔ ።\n\nእስመ ፡ አርብዓ ፡ ዓም ፡ ሊተ ፡ አመ ፡ ፈነወኒ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ እምነ ፡ ቃዴስ ፡ በርኔ ፡ ከመ\n፡ ንርአያ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ምድር ፡ ወዜነውዎ ፡ ነገረ ፡ ዘከመ ፡ ሕሊናሆሙ ፤ አኀዊየ ፡ እለ ፡ ዐርጉ ፡ ምስሌየ ፡ ወአክሐድዎ\n፡ ለልበ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ወአንሰ ፡ ገባእኩ ፡ እትልዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክ[የ] ።","english":"Each of them received their portion by lot, as the Lord commanded through the hand of Joshua, for the nine tribes and for half the tribe of Manasseh from the east of the Jordan.\n\nAnd to the Levites they gave their portion.\n\nFor the two sons of Joseph, these two tribes, that of Manasseh and that of Ephraim, gave their portion of land to the Levites, without the cities within which they dwell, which were set apart for them.\n\nAs the Lord commanded Moses, so the children of Israel did, and they divided the land.\n\nAnd the children of Judah came to Joshua at Gilgal, and Caleb, son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite, said to him, \"You know the word that the Lord spoke to Moses concerning me, and you were at Kadesh-barnea.\n\nFor I was forty years old when Moses sent me as a spy for the Lord from Kadesh-barnea to see that land, and I reported to him the matter of how their hearts were; my brothers who went up with me and I strengthened the heart of the people, and I returned to give thanks to the Lord my God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the land division narrative from the previous passage, now describing the allocation to the nine and a half tribes and the special provision for the Levites.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢየሱስ (ʾIyāsus) represents the name Joshua, derived from the Hebrew Yehoshuaʿ, and is distinct from the later use for Jesus.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለሙሴ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as the Lord commanded Moses' echoes Joshua 14:2, where Moses' earlier instructions for land division are recalled.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃዴስ ፡ በርኔ","severity":"info","text":"Kadesh-barnea (ቃዴስ በርኔ) is a key location in the wilderness narratives of Numbers and Deuteronomy, associated with the spies sent by Moses and Caleb's later claim.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ለሌዋውያንሰ","severity":"info","text":"The special treatment of the Levites in this passage reflects the Ethiopic tradition's emphasis on priestly tribes, consistent with later Geʿez commentaries on Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አምላክ[የ]","severity":"caution","text":"The final word አምላክ[የ] shows a bracketed restoration; the manuscript may have a lacuna or scribal omission, affecting the reading 'my God'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'without the cities within which they dwell' is ambiguous: it may mean the Levites received land but not the cities already inhabited, or that the cities were excluded from the grant."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":68,"ref":"p68","source":"ወመሐለ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይብል ፡ ምድር ፡ እንተ ፡ ውስቴታ ፡ ዐረገ ፡ አንተ ፡ ለከ ፡ ትከውን ፡\nመክፈልተከ ፡ ወለውሉድከ ፡ ለዓለም ፡ እስመ ፡ ገባእኩ ፡ እትልዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ።\n\nወይእዜኒ ፡ አልሀቀኒ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ናሁ ፡ አርብዓ ፡ ወኀምስቱ ፡ [ዓም ፡] እምአመ ፡ ይቤሎ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለሙሴ\n፡ ዘንተ ፡ ቃለ ፡ ወሖሩ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገዳም ፤\n\nወይእዜኒ ፡ ናሁ ፡ ዮምኒ ፡ እንዘ ፡ [፹]ወ፭ዓመት ፡ ሊተ ፤\n\nዓዲየ ፡ ጽኑዕ ፡ አነ ፡ ከመ ፡ አመ ፡ ይፌንወኒ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ከማሁ ፡ ጽኑዕ ፡ አነ ፡ ይእዜኒ ፡ ለወፂእ ፡ ውስተ ፡\nፀብእ ፡ ወለአቲውኒ ።\n\nወይእዜኒ ፡ እስእለከ ፡ ዘንተ ፡ ደብረ ፡ በከመ ፡ ይቤ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ እስመ ፡ ለሊከ ፡ ሰማዕከ\n፡ ይእተ ፡ አሚረ ፡ ዘንተ ፡ ቃለ ፤ ወይእዜሰ ፡ ሰብአ ፡ አቂን ፡ ህየ ፡ ሀለዉ ፡ ወአህጉሪሆሙኒ ፡ ዐበይት ፡ ወጽኑዓት ፡\nወእመሰ ፡ ሀለወ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ምስሌየ ፡ ኣጠፍኦሙ ፡ በከመ ፡ ይቤለኒ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።","english":"And Moses swore on that day, saying, “The land into which you have entered shall be your portion and the portion of your children forever, because I have entered to give it to the Lord our God.”\n\nAnd now the Lord has brought me to this: behold, forty-five years [have passed] since the Lord spoke this word to Moses, and Israel went into the wilderness.\n\nAnd now, behold, I am eighty-five years old today.\n\nYet I am still strong, as when Moses sent me; I am as strong now as then, for the end of battle and for victory.\n\nAnd now I ask you this: concerning this mountain, as the Lord said on that day, since you yourself heard that word spoken, are the people of Anakin still there, with their great and strong cities? And if the Lord is with me, I will destroy them, as the Lord told me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage presents a first-person speech by Caleb, recalling Moses' oath and Caleb's own age and strength, and requesting to attack the Anakin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አናቂን","severity":"info","text":"The 'Anakin' (አናቂን) are the giant peoples mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Deuteronomy 9:2, Joshua 11:21–22), whom Caleb seeks to destroy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"አርብዓ ወኀምስቱ ዓም","severity":"info","text":"Caleb states that 45 years have passed since the Lord spoke to Moses, and he is now 85 years old, aligning with biblical chronology (cf. Joshua 14:7, 10).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This speech echoes Joshua 14:6–12, where Caleb claims the hill country of Hebron and requests to drive out the Anakin, emphasizing his faithfulness and vigor.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a direct discourse unit within the narrative, marked by repeated 'ወይእዜኒ' ('and now'), structuring Caleb's appeal in temporal and rhetorical steps.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify the mountain's name; the English draft leaves it ambiguous, but the biblical context (Joshua 14:12) identifies it as Hebron."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":69,"ref":"p69","source":"ወባረኮ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወወሀቦ ፡ ኬብሮን ፡ ለካሌብ ፡ ለወልደ ፡ ዬፎኔ ፡ ቀኔዛዊ ፡ መክፈልቶ ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ እስከ ፡\nዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ እስመ ፡ ተለወ ፡ ትእዛዞ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nወስማሰ ፡ ቀዲሙ ፡ ለኬብሮን ፡ ሀገረ ፡ አርጎብ ፡ ወደብረ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ለእለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አቂም ፡ ወአዕረፈት\n፡ ምድር ፡ እምነ ፡ ቀትል ።\n\nJosua 15\n\n15\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለነገደ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ አድዋሊሆሙ ፡ ለ[ኤዶማውያን ፡] እምነ ፡ ገዳም ፡\nዘ[ፂን] ፡ እስከ ፡ ቃዴስ ፡ መንገለ ፡ አዜብ ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሊቦስ ፡ እስከ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ኅብር ፡ ዘባሕረ ፡ አሊቄ ፡ እምነ ፡ ፍኖት ፡ እንተ ፡ ትወስድ\n፡ ላዕለ ፡ ሊባ ።\n\nወተሐውር ፡ ቅድመ ፡ አቅራቢን ፡ ወትወፅእ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ሴናቀ ፡ ወተዐርግ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሊ[ቦ]ስ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ቃዴስ ፡ በርኔ\n፡ ወትወፅእ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ አስሮን ፡ ወተዐርግ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ሰራዳ ፡ ወትወፅእ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ዐረበ ፡ ቃዴስ ።","english":"And Joshua blessed him and gave Hebron to Caleb, son of Jephone the Kenizzite, as his portion, until this day, because he had fulfilled the command of the Lord God of Israel.\n\nAnd earlier he had measured Hebron, the city of Argob and the mountain of the peoples, which is for those who are in the plain and the lands of the dead from the slaughter.\n\nJoshua 15\n\nAnd the lot of the tribe of Judah was according to their divisions from their borders, from the wilderness of Zin to Kadesh, towards the south.\n\nAnd their lot was from Libos to one shore of the Salt Sea, from the road that goes up to Liba.\n\nAnd it turns before the scorpions and goes out to Senake, and ascends from Libos to Kadesh Barnea, and goes out to Asron, and ascends to Serada, and goes out to the desert of Kadesh.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Josua 15","severity":"info","text":"The heading 'Josua 15' marks a chapter division, but the passage continues the narrative of Caleb's inheritance from the previous section, blending boundary descriptions typical of Joshua 15 with earlier material.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኬብሮን","severity":"info","text":"Hebron is a key city in the southern hill country of Judah, traditionally associated with Caleb's allotment (Joshua 14:13–15). The Geʿez form reflects the Greek Χεβρών.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወስማሰ ፡ ቀዲሙ ፡ ለኬብሮን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'earlier he had measured Hebron' echoes the biblical account of Caleb's request for Hebron as his inheritance (Joshua 14:12–15), though the Geʿez text adds details about Argob and the 'mountain of the peoples' not found in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አርጎብ","severity":"info","text":"Argob is a region in Bashan (Deuteronomy 3:4), but here it is associated with Hebron, possibly reflecting a conflation or a local tradition. The 'mountain of the peoples' may refer to a site of ancient burial or battle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The description of tribal lots for Judah follows the biblical pattern (Joshua 15:1–12) but includes toponyms like Libos, Senake, and Serada that are not in the standard Hebrew text, suggesting a distinct Ethiopic geographical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ ፡ ቀትል","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'lands of the dead from the slaughter' is ambiguous; it may refer to a battlefield or a necropolis. The Geʿez ቀትል (qatl) can mean 'killing' or 'slaughter', but the exact referent is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the Caleb narrative and the Judah tribal boundary list is unclear; the text may combine two sources.","Several toponyms (Libos, Senake, Serada) are unattested in the Masoretic Text and may reflect local Ethiopic or Greek traditions."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":70,"ref":"p70","source":"ወተሐውር ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ሴልሞናን ፡ ወትወፅእ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ቈላተ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ ወይከውን ፡ ሞጻእቱ ፡ ለደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡\nባሕር ፡ ወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ አዜብ ።\n\nወደወሎሙ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ጽባሕ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ባሕረ ፡ አሊቄ ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፤ ወደወሎሙ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ መስዕ ፡ እምነ\n፡ ፍኖት ፡ እንተ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ወእምነ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ኅብር ፡ ዘዮርዳንስ ።\n\nወየዐርግ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ግላዓም ፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ቦራ ፡ ወየዐርግ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ሊቶንቤዎን ፡\nዘወልደ ፡ ሮቤል ።\n\nወየዐርግ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ራብዕቱ ፡ ለቈላተ ፡ አኮር ፡ ወይወርድ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ገልገል ፡ እንተ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ማዕዶተ\n፡ አደሚን ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ አዜቡ ፡ ለቈላት ፡ ወታወፅእ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ነቅዐ ፡ ማየ ፡ ሄልዩ ፡ ወይከውን ፡ ሞጻእቱ ፡\nነቅዐ ፡ ሮጌል ።\n\nወየዐርግ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ እንተ ፡ ቈላተ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ኤኖ[ም] ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ አዜባ ፡ ለኢያቡስ ፡ እንተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡\nአያሩሳሌም ፡ ወያወፅእ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ርእሰ ፡ ደብር ፡ ዘሀለወ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ቈላተ ፡ ኤኖም ፡ ዘኀበ ፡ ባሕር ፡ እንተ\n፡ ውስተ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ኅብር ፡ ዘምድረ ፡ ረፋይን ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ መስዕ ።","english":"And it goes over Selmona, and comes out over the plains of Egypt, and its outlet will be to the sea of the Philistines, over the sea. And this is the sea of the Philistines on the side of the south.\n\nAnd the sea of the Philistines on the side of the east, all the sea of Alike as far as the Jordan. And the sea of the Philistines on the side of the west, from the road that goes to the sea, and from one bank of the Jordan.\n\nAnd the sea of the Philistines goes up over Beth-Gilam, and passes over Bora, and the sea of the Philistines goes up over Lithonbewon, son of Reuben.\n\nAnd the sea of the Philistines goes up over the fourth of the plains of Akor, and descends over Gilgal, which is before the plain of Ademin, on the side of the south of the plain, and comes out over the spring of the water of Heliu, and its outlet will be the spring of Rogel.\n\nAnd the sea of the Philistines goes up over the plain of the son of Enom, on the side of the south of Jebus, which is Jerusalem, and the sea of the Philistines comes out into the head of the mountain which is before the plain of Enom, which is by the sea, which is in one bank of the land of Rephaim, on the side of the west.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ደወሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ደወሎሙ (dawelomu) is here translated as 'sea of the Philistines', but it may also be understood as a territorial or tribal designation, reflecting a toponymic usage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ደወሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The 'sea of the Philistines' likely refers to the Mediterranean Sea, as the Philistines occupied the coastal region. This aligns with biblical geography where the Philistine plain borders the sea.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮርዳንስ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of the Jordan River (ዮርዳንስ) echoes the boundary descriptions in Joshua 15, where the Jordan serves as an eastern border for the tribe of Judah.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists a series of geographical boundaries, each introduced by 'ወደወሎሙ' (and the sea of the Philistines), forming a repetitive structural pattern typical of territorial descriptions in the Book of Joshua.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊቶንቤዎን ዘወልደ ሮቤል","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Lithonbewon, son of Reuben' is not found in the Masoretic text of Joshua; it may represent a local tradition or a scribal addition unique to the Geʿez version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሄልዩ","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym 'Heliu' (ሄልዩ) is obscure and may be a corruption or variant of a known site; its identification with a biblical location is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ደወሎሙ' is ambiguous: it could mean 'sea of the Philistines' or refer to a specific territorial entity. The translation adopts the former, but the latter is possible.","The location 'Heliu' is not clearly identified in known sources; it may be a scribal error or a local name."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":71,"ref":"p71","source":"ወይወስድ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ርእሰ ፡ ደብር ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ነቅዐ ፡ ማይ ፡ ዘነፍቶ ፡ ወያበጽሕ ፡ ውስተ ፡\nደብረ ፡ ኤፍ[ሮን] ፡ ወይወስድ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ [በዓል ፡] እንተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ሀገረ ፡ ኢያሪን ።\n\nወየኀልፍ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ በዓል ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡ እንተ ፡ ደወለ ፡ አሳሬቱስ ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡\nአዜባ ፡ ለሀገረ ፡ ኢያሪም ፡ ወመስዓ ፡ ለከሰሎን ፡ ወይወርድ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ሀገረ ፡ ኤልዩ ፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ሊባ ።\n\nወያወፅእ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ አዜባ ፡ ለዐቃሮን ፡ ወይገብእ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ መስዕ ፡ ወያወፅእ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ሶቆት\n፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ አዜብ ፡ ወያወፅእ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ሌብና ፡ ወይከውን ፡ ሞፃእቱ ፡ ለደወሎሙ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ባሕር ፤\nወደወሎሙኒ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ባሕር ፡ ዐቢይ ፡ ወሰኖሙ ።\n\nወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ ዘአውዶሙ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ።","english":"And it takes the border from that mountain peak above the water spring which flows out, and it reaches to Mount Ephron, and it takes the border above Baal, which is the city of Iyarin.\n\nAnd the border passes from Baal above the sea, and it passes the border of Asarethus, which is toward the south of the city of Iyarim, and Mesha of Kesalon, and it descends above the city of Elyu, and it passes above Liba.\n\nAnd it brings out the border above the south of Ekron, and it enters above Mesha, and it brings out the border upon Socoth, and the border passes above the south, and it brings out above Lebna, and its outlet will be for the border upon the sea. And the border which is toward the sea is the Great Sea, and their boundary.\n\nAnd this is the border of the sons of Judah which they brought out according to their tribes.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ደወሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated term ደወሎሙ (dawalomu, 'their border') structures the passage as a continuous boundary description, typical of tribal allotment narratives in the Octateuch.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢያሪን","severity":"info","text":"ኢያሪን (Iyarin) is a toponym; the English draft renders it as 'Iyarin' and later 'Iyarim', reflecting a possible variant in the Geʿez manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አሳሬቱስ","severity":"info","text":"አሳሬቱስ (Asarethus) is a place name not found in the Masoretic text of Joshua; it may represent a local tradition or a scribal variant.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The boundary description for the tribe of Judah in this passage parallels the tribal allotment lists in Joshua 15, but with toponyms that differ from the Hebrew tradition, indicating a distinct Geʿez recension.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of the Ethiopic Octateuch, a liturgical and canonical collection used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, where Joshua is read as a historical and legal text.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"በዓል","severity":"caution","text":"The name በዓል (Baal) appears in the Geʿez text; it is unclear whether this refers to a deity, a place name, or a scribal error, as the English draft treats it as a toponym.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym ኢያሪን (Iyarin/Iyarim) is inconsistently spelled in the manuscript; the reading 'Iyarin' is adopted here.","The phrase በዓል (Baal) may be a place name or a theophoric element; the context suggests a location.","The boundary's relationship to the Masoretic text of Joshua 15 is uncertain due to variant toponyms."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":72,"ref":"p72","source":"ወለካሌብ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ዬፎኔ ፡ ወሀቦ ፡ መክፈልቶ ፡ በማእከሎሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ በትእዛዘ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወወሀቦ\n፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ሀገረ ፡ አ[ር]ቦቅ ፡ ደብረ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ኤናቅ ፡ እንተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ኬብሮን ።\n\nወሠረዎሙ ፡ እምህየ ፡ ካሌብ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ዬፎኔ ፡ ለሠለስቲሆሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ኤናቅ ፡ ለ[ሡ]ሲ ፡ ወለጠ[ለ]ሚ ፡ ወለአኪማ\n።\n\nወዐርገ ፡ እምህየ ፡ ካሌብ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዳቢር ፡ ወስማ ፡ ለዳቢር ፡ ቀዲሙ ፡ ሀገረ ፡ መጽሐፍ\n።\n\nወይቤ ፡ ካሌብ ፡ ዘነሥኣ ፡ ወቀተላ ፡ ለሀገረ ፡ መጽሐፍ ፡ ወአስተጋብኣ ፡ እሁቦ ፡ አ[ስ]ካ ፡ ወለትየ ፡ ትኵኖ ፡\nብእሲተ ።\n\nወነሥኣ ፡ ጎቶንዬል ፡ ወልደ ፡ ቄኔዝ ፡ እኁሁ ፡ ለካሌብ ፡ ወወሀቦ ፡ አ[ስ]ካ ፡ ወለቶ ፡ ትኵኖ ፡ ብእሲተ ።\n\nወእምዝ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ለሐዊር ፡ ተማከረቶ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ትብል ፡ እስአሎ ፡ ለአቡየ ፡ ገራህተ ፡ ወጸርኀት ፡ በዲበ ፡ አድግ ፡\nወይቤላ ፡ ካሌብ ፡ ምንተ ፡ ኮንኪ ።","english":"And to Caleb, son of Jephone, he gave his portion in the midst of the sons of Judah, by the command of the Lord, and Joshua gave him the city of Arboq, the mountain of the giants of Enaq, which is Hebron.\n\nAnd Caleb, son of Jephone, destroyed from there the three sons of Enaq: Seshi, Talmai, and Ahiman.\n\nAnd Caleb went up from there against those who dwell in the city of Dabir, and the name of Dabir formerly was the city of the Book.\n\nAnd Caleb said, “Whoever takes and kills the city of the Book and gathers it, I will give him Aksa, my daughter, as wife.”\n\nAnd Othniel, son of Qenaz, the brother of Caleb, took her, and he gave Aksa, his daughter, as wife.\n\nAnd then, when she was about to go, she advised him, saying, “Ask my father for irrigated fields and watercourses upon the land.” And Caleb said to her, “What has happened to you?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኬብሮን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text glosses Arboq (አርቦቅ) as Hebron, equating the city of the giants with the biblical Hebron.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ለሠለስቲሆሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ኤናቅ","severity":"info","text":"The three sons of Enaq (Seshi, Talmai, Ahiman) are named in Joshua 15:14, where Caleb destroys them.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሀገረ ፡ መጽሐፍ","severity":"info","text":"Dabir is called 'city of the Book' (ሀገረ መጽሐፍ), a unique Geʿez epithet not found in the Hebrew Masoretic text, possibly reflecting a local tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"አስካ ፡ ወለቶ","severity":"info","text":"The offer of Aksa as wife to the conqueror of Dabir parallels Judges 1:12-15, where Othniel wins her by capturing the city.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ ፡ ሶበ ፡ ለሐዊር ፡ ተማከረቶ","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from conquest narrative to a domestic scene, where Aksa advises Othniel, marking a shift in genre within the chapter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ገራህተ ፡ ወጸርኀት","severity":"caution","text":"The terms 'irrigated fields' (ገራህተ) and 'watercourses' (ጸርኀት) are uncertain in Geʿez; the English draft interprets them as agricultural features, but the exact meaning is debated.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'city of the Book' (ሀገረ መጽሐፍ) may refer to a scribal center or a legendary library, but the text does not clarify.","The identity of 'Aksa' (አስካ) as Caleb's daughter is clear, but her role in the subsequent dialogue is truncated in the Geʿez."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":73,"ref":"p73","source":"ወትቤሎ ፡ ሀበኒ ፡ በረከተ ፡ እስመ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ናጌ[ብ] ፡ መጠውከኒ ፡ ሀበኒ ፡ ቦታኒስ ፡ ወወሀባ ፡ ጎኔትላን\n፡ እንተ ፡ ላዕሉ ፡ ወጎኔትላን ፡ እንተ ፡ ታሕቱ ፡ እምርስቶሙ ፡ ለነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ይሁዳ ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ዘነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ በውስተ ፡ አድዋለ ፡ ኤዶም ፡ በገዳሙ ፡ ወቤሴሌኤል ፡\nወኣራ ፡ ወአሶር ።\n\nወኢቀም ፡ ወሬግማ ፡ ወአሩሔል ።\n\nወቃዴስ ፡ ወአስሪዮኔም ፡ ወሚናን ።\n\nወ[በ]ልማናን ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nወአህጉረ ፡ አሴሮን ፡ እንተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ አሶር ።\n\nወሴን ፡ ወሰማዓ ፡ ወሞላዳ ።\n\nወሴሪ ፡ ወቤፋላድ ።\n\nወኮላሶኤዳ ፡ ወበርሳቤሕ ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nባላ ፡ ወባቆብ ፡ ወደብራቲሆን ፡ ወኣሶም ።\n\nወኤለቦሂ[ዳ]ድ ፡ ወቤቴል ፡ ወኤርማ ።\n\nወሴቄላቅ ፡ ወመከርም ፡ ወሴተነኅ ።\n\nወላቦስ ፡ ወሳሌ ፡ ወኤርሞት ፡ ዕሥራ ፡ ወትስዑ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nበውስተ ፡ ሐቅል ፡ አስጣሖል ፡ ወ[ሳ]ራ ፡ ወኣሳ ።","english":"And he said to him, \"Give me a blessing, for in the land of the south you have afflicted me; give me Botanis.\" And he gave him Gonetlan the upper and Gonetlan the lower, from the inheritance of the tribe of the sons of Judah.\n\nAnd their cities were the cities of the tribe of the sons of Judah within the districts of Edom, in its desert: and Besaleel, and Ara, and Asor.\n\nAnd Anaqem, and Regma, and Aruhel.\n\nAnd Kades, and Asrione, and Minan.\n\nAnd Belmanan, and their villages.\n\nAnd the city of Aseron, which is Asor.\n\nAnd Sen, and Samaa, and Molada.\n\nAnd Seri, and Befalad.\n\nAnd Kolasoeda, and Bersabeh, and their villages.\n\nBala, and Baqob, and their dependencies, and Asom.\n\nAnd Eletohidad, and Bethel, and Erma.\n\nAnd Seqelaq, and Mekerem, and Seteneh.\n\nAnd Labos, and Sale, and Ermot: twenty-nine cities and their villages.\n\nWithin the field of Astahol, and Sara, and Asa.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ቦታኒስ","severity":"info","text":"The toponym Botanis is not attested in the Masoretic text of Joshua; it may represent a local tradition or a scribal variant for a known site in the Negev.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጎኔትላን","severity":"info","text":"Gonetlan (upper and lower) is a toponym not found in the standard biblical text; it likely refers to a territorial division in the inheritance of Caleb's tribe.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"አድዋለ ኤዶም","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'districts of Edom' reflects a post-exilic geographical conception where Edomite territory bordered Judah; this aligns with the Septuagintal tradition of Joshua's allotments.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕሥራ ወትስዑ አህጉር","severity":"info","text":"The list concludes with a total of twenty-nine cities, a number that does not correspond to any known biblical census; the count may include villages or reflect a local scribal summation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አህጉረ አሴሮን","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the city of Aseron, which is Asor' appears redundant; it may indicate a gloss or a conflation of two similar toponyms in the transmission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ቤሴሌኤል","severity":"info","text":"Besaleel appears as a place name here, but in the Hebrew Bible it is the name of the artisan of the Tabernacle; the Ethiopic tradition may have repurposed it as a toponym.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list of cities is not directly paralleled in the Masoretic text; many toponyms are unattested or have uncertain identifications.","The phrase 'within the field of Astahol, and Sara, and Asa' may be a fragmentary geographical note or a later addition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":74,"ref":"p74","source":"ወራሜን ፡ እንተ ፡ ላዕሉ ፡ ወኢዱቶት ፡ ወመሐንስ ።\n\nወኤርሙት ፡ ወኦዶለም ፡ ወሜምራ ፡ ወሰኦኮ ፡ ወሐዜቃ ።\n\nወሰቃርም ፡ ወገዴራ ፡ ወ[ደብራቲ]ሃ ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወአርባዕ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nሴና ፡ ወአዳሳን ፡ ወመገድገድ ።\n\nወአዳለል ፡ ወመ[ስ]ፋ ፡ ወይቃሬል ፡ ወማኬሳ ።\n\nወቦሴዶት ፡ ወይዴሓ ፡ ዶሌያ ።\n\nወኮብራ ፡ ወማክስ ፡ ወመሐኮስ ።\n\nወጌዶር ፡ ወቦጋዲየል ፡ ወኖማን ፡ ወመቄደም ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወስሱ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nሌምና ፡ ወኤተቅ ፡ ወአኖክ ።\n\nወአድና ፡ ወናሲብ ።\n\nወኢለም ፡ ወአቄዝም ፡ ወበቴሳር ፡ ወኤሎም ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nአቃሮን ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሃ ፡ ወደብራቲሆን ።\n\nእምነ ፡ አቃሮን ፡ ጌማ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ ዘሀለወ ፡ ቅሩበ ፡ አሴዶት ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nአሴዬዶት ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሃ ፡ ወ[ደብራቲ]ሃ ፡ ወጋዛ ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሃ ፡ ወደብራቲሃ ፡ እስከ ፡ ፈለገ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ ወባሕር ፡\nዐባይ ፡ ትፈልጦ ።","english":"and Ramin, which is the upper, and ʿAdutot, and Maḥans.\n\nAnd Ermut, and Odolem, and Memra, and Saʿoko, and Ḥazeqa.\n\nAnd Saqarm, and Gedeira, and [Debrat]iha: twenty-four towns and their hamlets.\n\nSena, and Adasan, and Magadgad.\n\nAnd Adalel, and Me[s]fa, and Yeqarell, and Makeisa.\n\nAnd Tosedot, and Yedeḥa, Doleya.\n\nAnd Kobra, and Makis, and Maḥakos.\n\nAnd Gedor, and Togadiyel, and Noman, and Maqedem: twenty-six towns and their hamlets.\n\nLemna, and Eteq, and Anok.\n\nAnd Adna, and Nasib.\n\nAnd ʿAlam, and Aqezm, and Bateisar, and Elom: ten towns and their hamlets.\n\nAqaron, and its hamlets, and their dependencies.\n\nFrom Aqaron, Gema, and all that is near Asedot, and their hamlets.\n\nAseyedot, and its hamlets, and [Debrat]iha, and Gaza, and its hamlets, and its dependencies, as far as the river of Egypt and the great sea, which divides it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a list of toponyms and their associated hamlets and dependencies, typical of territorial descriptions in the Ethiopic Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አዕጻዳቲሆን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term አዕጻዳቲሆን (ʿaṣṣadātihon) means 'their hamlets' or 'their dependencies', indicating subsidiary settlements.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ደብራቲሃ","severity":"info","text":"The term ደብራቲሃ (debratiha) likely means 'its dependencies' or 'its villages', though the exact sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ፈለገ ግብጽ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'river of Egypt' (ፈለገ ግብጽ) likely refers to the Wadi el-Arish, the traditional boundary between Egypt and Canaan.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሕር ዐባይ","severity":"info","text":"The 'great sea' (ባሕር ዐባይ) is the Mediterranean Sea, a standard geographical reference in biblical texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ደብራቲሃ","severity":"caution","text":"The reading of ደብራቲሃ is uncertain; the brackets in the edition indicate a textual emendation or lacuna.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The exact identification of many toponyms (e.g., Ramin, Ermut) is uncertain; they may be place names from the Ethiopic tradition or corruptions of biblical names.","The term ደብራቲሃ may be a scribal error or a variant of a known term for dependencies."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":75,"ref":"p75","source":"ወአድባረ ፡ ሳሚርሂ ፡ ወኢዬቴር ፡ ወሦካ ።\n\nወሬና ፡ ወሀገረ ፡ መጽሐፍ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ዳቢር ።\n\nወአኖን ፡ ወሴቄማ ፡ ወኤሳማ ።\n\nወጎሶም ፡ ወ[ከ]ሉ ፡ ወ[ከ]ና ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወአሐቲ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nኤሬም ፡ ወሬምና ፡ ወ[ሶ]ማ ።\n\nወኢየማይን ፡ ወቤታቁ ፡ ወፋቁሕ ።\n\nወኤውማ ፡ ወአህጉረ ፡ አርቦቅ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ኬብሮን ፡ ወሶሬት ፡ ትስዑ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወደብራቲሆን ።\n\nመሖር ፡ ወኬርሜል ፡ ወኦዚብ ፡ ወኢጣን ።\n\nወኢያሪዬል ፡ ወኢያሪቅም ፡ ወዘቃይን ።\n\nወጋባ ፡ ወተምና ፡ ተስዑ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nወአ[ሉ]ዋ ፡ ወቤትሱር ፡ ወጌዶር ።\n\nወመገዶት ፡ ወቤተነም ፡ ወኤቴቁም ፡ ስሱ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nቴቆ ፡ ወኤፍራታ ፡ እንተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ልሔም ፡ ወፋጎር ፡ ወኤጣን ፡ ወቁሎን ፡ ወጠጦን ፡ ወሶቤሔ ፡ ወቃሬ ፡\nወጋሌም ፡ ወኤቴር ፡ ወመኖኮ ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ [ወአሐቲ ፡] አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ። ቃርያት ፡ በዐል ፡ እንተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ሀገረ\n፡ ኢያርም ፡ ወሶቤታ ፡ ክልኤ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወደብራቲሆን ።","english":"and the mountains of Samirhi, and ʿAyater, and Saka. And Rena, and the City of the Book, which is Daber. And Anon, and Seqema, and Esama. And Gosom, and [Ke]lu, and [Ke]na: eleven towns and their hamlets. Erem, and Remna, and [So]ma. And ʿAyamayn, and Bettaqu, and Faquḥ. And Ewma, and the town of Arboq, which is Kebron, and Soret: six towns and their hamlets. Meḥor, and Kermel, and ʿOzib, and ʿAṭan. And ʿAyariyel, and ʿAyariqem, and Zaqayn. And Gaba, and Temna: six towns and their hamlets. And A[lu]wa, and Betsur, and Gedor. And Megedot, and Betanem, and Etequm: six towns and their hamlets. Teqo, and Efrat, which is Bet Leḥem, and Fagor, and Etan, and Qulon, and Ṭeṭon, and Sobeḥe, and Qare, and Galem, and Eter, and Menoko: eleven towns and their hamlets. Qaryat Baʿal, which is the city of ʿAyarim, and Sobeṭa: two towns and their hamlets.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the territorial list from the previous passage, enumerating towns and hamlets assigned to a tribe or region, with repeated summary formulas (e.g., 'six towns and their hamlets').","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሀገረ መጽሐፍ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'City of the Book' (hagara maṣḥaf) is a Geʿez calque; here it is identified with Daber, possibly a scribal gloss or a toponym with symbolic resonance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኬብሮን","severity":"info","text":"Kebron is the Geʿez form of Hebron, a major biblical city; its inclusion here links the list to the Judean hill country.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ ልሔም","severity":"info","text":"Bet Leḥem (Bethlehem) is glossed as Efrat, following the biblical identification (Gen 35:19, Ruth 1:2).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃርያት በዐል","severity":"info","text":"Qaryat Baʿal is the Geʿez rendering of Kirjath-baal (Josh 15:60), identified with the city of ʿAyarim; the gloss aligns with the Septuagint tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Several toponyms (e.g., [Ke]lu, [Ke]na, [So]ma) are partially lacunose in the Geʿez manuscript, indicated by brackets; the English draft supplies conjectural readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise location of several towns (e.g., Samirhi, ʿAyater, Saka) is uncertain; the list may conflate biblical and local Geʿez toponyms.","The summary counts (e.g., 'eleven towns') do not always match the number of names given, suggesting possible textual corruption or scribal miscount."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":76,"ref":"p76","source":"ወባልዳጊስ ፡ ወተራበዐም ፡ ወኤሞን ።\n\nወሰኪዮዛን ፡ ወነፍላዛን ፡ ወአህጉሪሆን ፡ ሳለም ፡ ወአቃዴስ ፡ ሰብዑ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nወኢየቡሴዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም ፡ ስእንዎሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ አጥፍኦቶሙ ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ኢየቡሴዎን\n፡ ውስተ ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም ፡ እስከ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ።\n\nJosua 16\n\n16\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ዮሴፍ ፡ እምነ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ እምነ ፡ ጽባሒሁ ፡ ወየዐርግ ፡ እምነ\n፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ አድባር ፡ ዘውስተ ፡ ገዳም ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቤቴል ፡ ሉዛ ።\n\nወይወፅእ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቤቴል ፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ደወለ ፡ ከሮንቲ ።\n\nወየኀልፍ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ሰብዐቱ ፡ አፍላግ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለቤቶሮን ፡ ዘታሕትየ ፡ ወይከውን ፡ ሞጻእቶሙ\n፡ ላዕለ ፡ ባሕር ።\n\nወተወርሱ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ዮሴፍ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡ ወምናሴ ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለኤፍሬምኒ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ ወኮነ ፡ ደወለ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ጽባሒሃ ፡ ለአጣሮት ፡ ወኤሮኅ\n፡ ወቤቶሮን ፡ እንተ ፡ ላዕሉ ፡ ወጋዛራ ።","english":"and Baldagis, and Tarabaʿam, and Emon.\n\nand Sekiozan, and Neftlazan, and their villages: Salem, and Aqades: seven villages and their hamlets.\n\nAnd the Jebusites, who dwell in Jerusalem, the sons of Judah slew them, and the Jebusites dwelt in Jerusalem until this day.\n\nJoshua 16\n\n16\nAnd the lot fell for the sons of Joseph from the Jordan on the side of Jericho, from its east, and ascends from Jericho to the mountains that are in the desert, to Bethel Luza.\n\nAnd it goes out to Bethel, and passes over the lot of Keronti.\n\nAnd it passes over the lot of the seven rivers within the lot of Lower Bethoron, and their boundary becomes the sea.\n\nAnd the sons of Joseph, Ephraim and Manasseh, inherited.\n\nAnd the lot for Ephraim also was according to their tribes, and the lot of their inheritance was from the east of Ataroth and Erokh and Upper Bethoron and Gazara.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Josua 16","severity":"info","text":"The chapter heading 'Josua 16' marks a new section, but the preceding lines on the Jebusites are not part of the biblical chapter; they are an insertion from earlier tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢየቡሴዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"The note on the Jebusites in Jerusalem echoes Judges 1:21, where the tribe of Judah fails to expel them; here the sons of Judah slay them, a variant tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ባልዳጊስ","severity":"info","text":"Baldagis is a toponym not found in the Masoretic text of Joshua; it likely represents a local place name in the Ethiopic tradition, possibly from a Coptic or Syriac intermediary.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ደወሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'lot' (ደወሎሙ) reflects the biblical concept of territorial allotment by casting lots, central to the division of Canaan in Joshua 13–21.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየቡሴዎን ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም ፡ እስከ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ዕለት","severity":"info","text":"The claim that Jebusites dwelt in Jerusalem 'until this day' reflects a post-biblical tradition, possibly from Josephus or later Christian chronography, asserting continuity into the Ethiopic period.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብዑ ፡ አህጉር","severity":"caution","text":"The count 'seven villages' for Salem and Aqades is ambiguous; the preceding list names only two towns, suggesting either a textual corruption or that 'villages' includes unlisted hamlets.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list of towns before Joshua 16 is fragmentary; the number 'seven villages' may not match the named entries.","The Jebusite passage interrupts the boundary description and its source is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":77,"ref":"p77","source":"ወየኀልፍ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ባሕር ፡ እምነ ፡ መስዓ ፡ ለቴርማ ፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ጽባሕ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ቴናታ ፡\nወውስተ ፡ ኤላስ ፡ ወየኅልፍ ፡ እምነ ፡ ጽባሕ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኢያኖከ ።\n\nወውስተ ፡ መራኮ ፡ ወአጣሮት ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ፡ ወይበውእ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ ወይወፅእ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ።\n\nወእምነ ፡ [ጣ]ፉ ፡ የሐውር ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ዲበ ፡ ኬልቃና ፡ ወይከውን ፡ ሞጻእቶሙ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ባሕር ፡\nወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ለሕዝበ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ።\n\nወአህጉርኒ ፡ እለ ፡ ፈለጡ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡ በውስተ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ\n፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆሙ ።\n\nወኢያጥፍኦሙ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡ ለከናኔዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጋዜር ፡ ወነበሩ ፡ ከናኔዎን ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡\nእስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ እስከ ፡ አመ ፡ ዐርገ ፡ ፈርዖን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ ወነሥኣ ፡ ወአውዐያ ፡ በእሳት ፡ ወለከናኔዎን ፡\nወለፌሬዜዎን ፡ ወለእለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጋዜር ፡ ወግእዎሙ ፡ ወወሀባ ፡ ፈርዖን ፡ ለወለቱ ፡ ሕፄሃ ፡ ኪያሃ ።","english":"and passes, their circuit goes over the sea from the west to Therma, and passes over the east upon Tenata, and within Elas, and passes from the east within ʿUyānok, and within Merako, and Aṭārot, and their hamlets, and enters upon ʿUyāriko, and goes out upon the Jordan. And from Ṭāfu their circuit goes over the sea upon Kelqāna, and their exit is upon the sea. And this is the inheritance of the tribe of Ephraim according to their tribes. And the cities which the sons of Ephraim divided within the midst of the inheritance of the sons of Manasseh, all their cities and their hamlets. And Ephraim did not destroy the Canaanites who dwell in Gazer, and the Canaanites dwelt in Ephraim until the day, until the time when Pharaoh, king of Egypt, went up and took and burned with fire the Canaanites and the Perizzites and those who dwell in Gazer, and he smote them, and Pharaoh gave her to his daughter, Haphtseha, as her portion.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወየኀልፍ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ባሕር","severity":"info","text":"The passage continues the boundary description of the tribe of Ephraim, following the Coptic narrative pattern of listing toponyms and directional phrases.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጋዜር","severity":"info","text":"Gazer (Geʿez ጋዜር) corresponds to biblical Gezer, a Canaanite city assigned to Ephraim but not cleared of its inhabitants.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢያጥፍኦሙ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡ ለከናኔዎን","severity":"info","text":"The note that Ephraim did not destroy the Canaanites in Gazer echoes Joshua 16:10, where the Canaanites were not expelled, and anticipates the later intervention of Pharaoh.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ፈርዖን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ግብጽ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to Pharaoh king of Egypt burning Gazer and giving it to his daughter Haphtseha (Geʿez ሕፄሃ) is a non-biblical tradition, likely from Jewish or Christian legend, not in the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕፄሃ","severity":"info","text":"The name Haphtseha (Geʿez ሕፄሃ) appears in Ethiopic tradition as Pharaoh's daughter; this detail is absent from the canonical Book of Joshua and reflects later haggadic expansion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ እስከ ፡ አመ ፡ ዐርገ ፡ ፈርዖን","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'until the day, until the time when Pharaoh went up' is ambiguous: it may mean the Canaanites remained until Pharaoh's campaign, or that they dwell there to the present day in the narrative's timeframe.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The temporal clause 'እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ እስከ ፡ አመ' is ambiguous: it could mean 'until this day' (i.e., the time of writing) or 'until the day when Pharaoh went up'.","The toponyms Therma, Tenata, Elas, ʿUyānok, Merako, Aṭārot, Ṭāfu, Kelqāna are not all securely identified with known biblical sites."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":78,"ref":"p78","source":"Josua 17\n\n17\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ መናሴ ፡ እስመ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ በኵሩ ፡ ለዮሴፍ ፤\n\nለማኪር ፡ ለበኵሩ ፡ ለመናሴ ፡ አቡሁ ፡ ለገላአድ ፡ እስመ ፡ ብእሲ ፡ መስተቃትል ፡ ውእቱ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ገላአድ ፡\nወበውስተ ፡ ባሳን ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ለእለ ፡ ተርፉ ፡ በበሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ኢዬዚ ፡ ወለደቂቀ ፡ ቄሌዚ ፡ ወለደቂቀ ፡\nኢዬሪዬል ፡ ወለደቂቀ ፡ ኢሐኬም ፡ ወለደቂቀ ፡ ዖፌር ፤\n\nእሉ ፡ ተባዕቶሙ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ።\n\nወሰልጰአድ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ዖፌር ፡ አልቦ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እንበለ ፡ አዋልድ ፡ ወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ አስማቲሆን ፡ ለአዋልደ ፡\nሰልጰአድ ፡ መሐላ ፡ ወኑኃ ፡ ወሔግላ ፡ ወሜልካ ፡ ወቴርሳ ።\n\nወቆማ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ እልዐዛር ፡ ካህን ፡ ወቅድመ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወቅድመ ፡ መላእክት ፡ ወይቤላ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አዘዘ ፡\nበእደ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ከመ ፡ የሀበነ ፡ ርስተ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ አኀዊነ ፡ ወወሀብዎን ፡ በትእዛዘ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ምስለ ፡\nአኀዊሁ ፡ ለአቡሆን ።","english":"Joshua 17\n\n17\nAnd the circuit of the tribe of the sons of Manasseh was, for he was the firstborn of Joseph.\n\nFor Makir, the firstborn of Manasseh his father, the father of Gilead, for he was a man of war in the midst of Gilead and in the midst of Bashan.\n\nAnd it was for the sons of Manasseh, for those who remained in their districts, for the sons of ʿUyyezi, and for the sons of Qelezi, and for the sons of ʿUyyeriyel, and for the sons of ʿUḥakem, and for the sons of ʿOfer.\n\nThese were divided according to their districts.\n\nAnd Ṣelṗeʿad, son of ʿOfer, had no sons, but daughters; and these are the names of the daughters of Ṣelṗeʿad: Maḥela, and Nuḥa, and Ḥegla, and Melka, and Tersa.\n\nAnd she stood before Eleazar the priest, and before ʿUyesus, and before the angels, and said, “The Lord commanded through the hand of Moses that he should give us an inheritance in the midst of our brothers.” And they gave them by the command of the Lord together with the brothers of their father.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a formulaic circuit description for Manasseh, then shifts to a genealogical and legal narrative about Zelophehad’s daughters, a distinct unit within the tribal allotment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰልጰአድ","severity":"info","text":"Ṣelṗeʿad (Zelophehad) is a figure from Numbers 27 and 36, whose daughters successfully petitioned for inheritance rights. The Geʿez form reflects the Greek or Syriac intermediary.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር ፡ አዘዘ ፡ በእደ ፡ ሙሴ","severity":"info","text":"The daughters’ claim echoes Numbers 27:5–7, where Moses brings their case before God. The Geʿez text condenses the legal process into a direct divine command through Moses.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅድመ ፡ እልዐዛር ፡ ካህን","severity":"info","text":"Eleazar the priest succeeds Aaron in the Pentateuch and appears in Joshua as a leader. His presence here aligns with the post-Mosaic setting of the allotment narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ቅድመ ፡ መላእክት","severity":"info","text":"The mention of ‘angels’ (መላእክት) is unusual in this context; the Hebrew and Greek texts refer to the ‘assembly’ or ‘leaders’. This may reflect a Geʿaz exegetical tradition identifying the community of elders as angelic representatives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"caution","text":"The name ʿUyesus (ኢየሱስ) is the Geʿez form of Joshua. The spelling with initial ʿayn is consistent with Ethiopic orthography but may cause confusion with Jesus in later Christian contexts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ‘before the angels’ (ቅድመ ፡ መላእክት) is ambiguous: it may refer to the assembly of elders or to a literal angelic presence, but the Geʿez likely interprets it as the former, given the legal context.","The list of sons of Manasseh (ʿUyyezi, Qelezi, etc.) is not attested in the Masoretic text and may represent a local Ethiopic tradition or a scribal expansion."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":79,"ref":"p79","source":"ወወድቀ ፡ ሐብሎን ፡ እምነ ፡ ሐናስ ፡ ወሐቅለ ፡ ለቤቅ ፡ እምነ ፡ ገላአድ ፡ ዘማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ።\n\nእስመ ፡ አዋልደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ተወርሳ ፡ ርስተ ፡ በማእከለ ፡ አኀዊሆን ፤ ወምድረ ፡ ገላአድሰ ፡ ኮነት ፡ ለደቂቀ\n፡ መናሴ ፡ ለእለ ፡ ተርፉ ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ዴላነት ፡ እንተ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ገጾሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ሐነት ፡ ወየሐውር ፡ ላዕለ ፡\nደወሎሙ ፡ ለኢያሚን ፡ ወውስተ ፡ ኢያሲብ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ነቅዐ ፡ ተፍቶት ።\n\nለመናሴ ፡ ኮነ ፤ ወጣፌት ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለመናሴ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ኤፍሬም ።\n\nወይወርድ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ቈላተ ፡ ቃራና ፡ ዘኀበ ፡ አዜብ ፡ ወዲበ ፡ ቈላተ ፡ ኢያሪዬል ፡ ዎጤሬምንቶን ፡\nዘኤፍሬም ፡ ማእከለ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ወደወሉሂ ፡ ለመናሴ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ መስዕ ፡ እንተ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ፈለግ ፡ ወኮነ ፡ ሞጻእቱ\n፡ ባሕር ፤ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ አዜቡ ፡ ለኤፍሬም ፡ ወእንተ ፡ ኀበ ፡ መስዑ ፡ ለመናሴ ፡ ወባሕር ፡ ወሰኖሙ ፡ [ወበአሴር ፡\nይትራከቡ ፡ በመስዕ ፡ ወበይሳኮር ፡ እምጽባሕ ። ] ወይከውን ፡ ለመናሴ ፡ በይሳኮር ፡ ወበአሴር ፡ ወቶሐን ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ፡\nወእለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ዶር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሃ ፡ ወእለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ጌዶ ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሃ ፡ ወሣልስተ ፡ እዴሃ ፡\nለመ[ፌ]ታ ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሃ ።","english":"And the lot of Heblon fell from Hanas, and the field of Lebeq from Gilead, which is on the east of the Jordan.\n\nFor the sons of Manasseh inherited an inheritance among their brothers; and the land of Gilead was for the sons of Manasseh who remained.\n\nAnd the circuit of the sons of Manasseh was Delanet, which is before the face of the sons of Hanet; and their circuit passes over to the right, and within the left, upon the spring of Tefot.\n\nIt was for Manasseh; and the boundary over the circuit of Manasseh for the sons of Ephraim.\n\nAnd their circuit descends upon the valleys of Qarana, which is on the left, and upon the valleys of Uyariel, and Oteremnton of Ephraim, in the midst of the cities of Manasseh; and the circuit of Manasseh is over the south, which is toward the river; and its outlet was the sea, which is on the side of the left of Ephraim, and which is toward the south of Manasseh; and the sea is their boundary. [And in Asher they meet together in the south, and in Issachar from the east.] And it shall be for Manasseh in Issachar and in Asher, and Tohan and its daughters, and those who dwell in Dor and its daughters, and those who dwell in Gedo and its daughters, and the third part of Mefeta and its daughters.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወወድቀ ፡ ሐብሎን ፡ እምነ ፡ ሐናስ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a lot-casting formula (ወወድቀ ሐብሎን) that marks a new territorial assignment, typical of the narrative division of land in Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ደወሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"ደወሎሙ (dawalomu) is a Geʿez term meaning 'their circuit' or 'their boundary', used repeatedly to delineate tribal borders in this passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይከውን ፡ ለመናሴ ፡ በይሳኮር ፡ ወበአሴር","severity":"info","text":"This clause echoes Joshua 17:10-11, where Manasseh receives territory in Issachar and Asher, though the Geʿez text adds toponyms (Tohan, Dor, Gedo) not in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሣልስተ ፡ እዴሃ ፡ ለመ[ፌ]ታ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'the third part of Mefeta' (ሣልስተ እዴሃ ለመፌታ) reflects a fractional territorial division, possibly indicating a shared or contested region in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበአሴር ፡ ይትራከቡ ፡ በመስዕ","severity":"caution","text":"The bracketed clause 'And in Asher they meet together in the south' is marked in the source edition as a textual insertion or variant, possibly from a different manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወደወሉሂ ፡ ለመናሴ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ መስዕ","severity":"info","text":"The description of Manasseh's circuit extending 'over the south' toward the river and sea parallels the boundary descriptions in Joshua 17:9, but with Geʿez toponyms (Qarana, Uyariel) not in the Hebrew.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponyms Heblon, Hanas, Lebeq, Delanet, Qarana, Uyariel, Oteremnton, Tohan, Gedo, and Mefeta are not identifiable from the Masoretic Text and may reflect local Geʿez or Coptic traditions.","The phrase 'the third part of Mefeta' is ambiguous: it may indicate a fractional share or a specific administrative division.","The bracketed clause about Asher and Issachar is textually uncertain, possibly a later gloss or variant reading."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":80,"ref":"p80","source":"ወስእኑ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ መናሴ ፡ አጥፍኦቶን ፡ ለእላንቱ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወመጽኡ ፡ ከናኔዎን ፡ ይንበሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡\nምድር ።\n\nወጸንዕዎሙ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወቀነይዎሙ ፡ ወአጥፍኦ ፡ ባሕቱ ፡ ኢያጥፍእዎሙ ።\n\nወተዋሥእዎ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ዮሴፍ ፡ [ለኢየሱስ ፡] ወይቤልዎ ፡ በበይነ ፡ ምንት ፡ አውረስከነ ፡ አሐደ ፡ ርስተ ፡ ወአሐደ ፡\nሐብለ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ብዙኅ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ አነ ፡ ወእግዚአብሔር ፡ ባረከኒ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ዕረጉ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኦም ፡ ወአንጽሕዎ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ እመ ፡ ይጸብበክሙ ፡ ደብረ ፡ ኤፍሬም ።\n\nወይቤሉ ፡ ኢየአክለነ ፡ ደብረ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡ ወከናኔዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስቴቱ ፡ ቦሙ ፡ አፍራሰ ፡ ኅሩየ ፡ ወኀፂነ\n፡ በቤቴስ ፡ ወበአዕጻዲሃ ፡ በቈላተ ፡ [ኢይዝ]ራኤል ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ዮሴፍ ፡ እመ ፡ ብዙኅ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ አንተ ፡ ወብከ ፡ ዐቢየ ፡ ኀይለ ፡ ኢይከውነከ ፡\nአሐዱ ፡ ርስት ።\n\nእስመ ፡ ሐቅል ፡ ለከ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ እስመ ፡ ገዳም ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወታነጽሖ ፡ ለከ ፡ ወይከውነከ ፡ እስከ ፡ ታጠፍኦሙ ፡\nለከናኔዎን ፡ እስመ ፡ አፍራሰ ፡ ኅሩየ ፡ ቦሙ ፡ ወለሊከ ፡ አጽናዕካሆሙ ።","english":"And the sons of Manasseh asked to destroy those cities, and they came to the Canaanites who dwelt in that land.\n\nAnd Israel strengthened them and subdued them, and they destroyed only those whom they destroyed.\n\nAnd the sons of Joseph approached [Joshua] and said to him, “Why have you given us one inheritance and one lot, while we are a numerous people, and the Lord has blessed me?”\n\nAnd he said to them, “Go up to Mount Ephraim and clear it for yourselves, if Mount Ephraim pleases you.”\n\nAnd they said, “We have eaten Mount Ephraim, and the Canaanites who dwell in it have choice horses and are numerous in Bethes and in its villages, in the plain of [Jez]reel.”\n\nAnd Joshua said to the sons of Joseph, “If you are a numerous people and with you is great strength, one inheritance will not suffice for you.\n\nFor the field is for you, for it is a wilderness, and you will clear it for yourselves, and it will suffice for you until you destroy the Canaanites, for they have choice horses, and you have subdued them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of tribal allotments, focusing on the sons of Joseph (Ephraim and Manasseh) and their negotiation with Joshua over land.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ደብረ ፡ ኤፍሬም","severity":"info","text":"Mount Ephraim (ደብረ ፡ ኤፍሬም) is a central highland region in the biblical territory of Ephraim, often associated with the hill country of Samaria.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The dialogue between Joshua and the sons of Joseph echoes themes from Joshua 17:14-18, where the Joseph tribes complain about insufficient territory and are directed to clear forested hill country.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤቴስ","severity":"info","text":"Bethes (ቤቴስ) likely refers to Beth-shean, a Canaanite city in the Jezreel Valley, known for its strategic location and horse breeding.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version expands the biblical account with details about horses and clearing wilderness, reflecting Ethiopic exegetical interests in military and agricultural themes.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይዝራኤል","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym 'Jezreel' is partially reconstructed in the manuscript; the Geʿez reads 'ኢይዝራኤል' with a possible scribal error or abbreviation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'we have eaten Mount Ephraim' may be idiomatic for 'we have surveyed/consumed the land' or a literal claim of prior use.","The identity of 'Bethes' is uncertain; it may be Beth-shean or another site in the Jezreel plain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":81,"ref":"p81","source":"Josua 18\n\n18\nወተጋብኡ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ተዓይኒሆሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሴሎ ፡ ወተከልዋ ፡ ህየ ፡ ለደብተራ ፡ መርጡል ፡\nወአጽንዕዋ ፡ ለምድር ፡ እሙንቱ ።\n\nወተርፉ ፡ ደቂ[ቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡] እለ ፡ ኢተወርሱ ፡ ሰብዐቱ ፡ ነገድ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ እስከ ፡ ማኡዜኑ ፡ ታፀንሕዋ ፡ ለምድር ፡ ከመ ፡ ኢትትዋረስዋ ፡ እንተ ፡\nወሀበክሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ።\n\nአውፅኡ ፡ እምውስቴትክሙ ፡ ሠለስተ ፡ ዕደወ ፡ እምነ ፡ ነገድ ፡ ወይትነሥኡ ፡ ይዑድዋ ፡ ለምድር ፡ ወይጽሐፍዋ ፡\nበቅድሜየ ፡ ዘከመ ፡ ዖድዋ ።\n\nወርእይዋ ፡ ወመጽኡ ፡ ኀቤሁ ፡ ወከፈሎሙ ፡ ሰብዐተ ፡ ክፍለ ፡ ወአቀመ ፡ ሎቱ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ ደወሎ ፡ መንገለ ፡ አዜብ ፡\nወደቂቀ ፡ ዮሴፍ ፡ አቀሙ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ መንገለ ፡ መስዕ ።\n\nወአንትሙሰ ፡ ክፍልዋ ፡ ለምድር ፡ ሰብዐተ ፡ ክፍለ ፡ ወአምጽኡ ፡ ኀቤየ ፡ ዝየ ፡ ወኣበውእ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ ርስተ ፡ ቅድመ\n፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክክሙ ።","english":"And all the assembly of the children of Israel gathered at Shiloh, and they set up the Tabernacle of the Covenant there. And they strengthened the land, those ones.\n\nAnd the children of Israel who had not inherited remained, seven tribes.\n\nAnd Joshua said to the children of Israel, \"Until when will you delay the land, that you may inherit it, which the Lord our God has given you?\n\nSend out from among you three men from each tribe, and let them arise and survey the land and write it down before me, as it is surveyed.\n\nAnd they saw it and came to him, and he divided it into seven portions, and he set aside for Judah a portion toward the south, and the children of Joseph set aside for themselves a portion toward the north.\n\nAnd you, divide the land into seven portions, and bring them to me here, and I will give you an inheritance before the Lord your God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ሴሎ","severity":"info","text":"Shiloh (ሴሎ) was the central sanctuary of the Israelite tribal league before the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. The Tabernacle of the Covenant (ደብተራ መርጡል) is a distinctive Geʿez rendering of the Hebrew 'Ohel Mo'ed' (Tent of Meeting).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ደብተራ መርጡል","severity":"info","text":"ደብተራ መርጡል (Tabernacle of the Covenant) is a technical term in Geʿez for the portable sanctuary, combining ደብተራ (tabernacle) and መርጡል (covenant). It reflects the Ethiopic tradition's emphasis on the covenant motif.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብዐቱ ነገድ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of seven tribes that had not yet received their inheritance marks a structural division in the narrative, corresponding to the allotment of the land west of the Jordan. This verse sets up the subsequent distribution of territories.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትትዋረስዋ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'until when will you delay the land, that you may inherit it' echoes Joshua 18:3, where Joshua rebukes the seven tribes for their slowness in taking possession. The Geʿez verb ኢትትዋረስዋ (inherit) is a key term for land allotment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ይሁዳ","severity":"info","text":"The assignment of Judah to the south and the children of Joseph to the north reflects the later historical division of the kingdom, which Ethiopic exegetes may have read as prophetic of the divided monarchy.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢተወርሱ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'who had not inherited' (ኢተወርሱ) is ambiguous: it could mean those who had not yet received any allotment, or those who were excluded from the earlier distribution. The context favors the former, as the seven tribes are about to receive land.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'three men from each tribe' (ሠለስተ ዕደወ እምነ ነገድ) is not specified; they may be surveyors or representatives. The phrase 'and they saw it' (ወርእይዋ) could refer to the land or the survey report."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":82,"ref":"p82","source":"እስመ ፡ አልቦሙ ፡ ክፍለ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ሌዊ ፡ ምስሌክሙ ፡ እስመ ፡ ክህነቱ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ክፍሎሙ ፤ ወጋድሰ ፡\nወሮቤል ፡ ወመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ነሥኡ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ጽባሓዊ ፡ ዘወሀቦሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡\nለእግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወተንሥኡ ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ዕደው ፡ ወሖሩ ፡ ወአዘዞሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለእለ ፡ የሐውሩ ፡ ይዑድዋ ፡ ለምድር ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ሑሩ\n፡ ዑድዋ ፡ ለምድር ፡ ወግብኡ ፡ ኀቤየ ፡ ዝየ ፡ ከመ ፡ አብእ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ መክፈልተክሙ ፡ በሴሎ ።\n\nወሖሩ ፡ ወዖድዋ ፡ ለምድር ፡ ወርእይዋ ፡ ወጸሐፍዋ ፡ ውስተ ፡ መጽሐፍ ፡ በበ ፡ አህጉሪሃ ፡ ወአምጽኡ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ\n።\n\nወአብአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ በሴሎ ።\n\nወበጽሖ ፡ ክፍሉ ፡ ለብንያሚ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሁ ፡ ወረከቦሙ ፡ ደወለ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ማእከለ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡\nወማእከለ ፡ ዮሴፍ ።","english":"Because the children of Levi have no portion with you, for the priesthood of the Lord is their portion; and Gad, Reuben, and half the tribe of Manasseh took their inheritance on the eastern side of the Jordan, which Moses gave them, the children of the Lord.\n\nAnd those men arose, went, and Joshua commanded those who were to go to survey the land, and he said to them, “Go, survey the land, and return to me here, so that I may bring your allotments before the Lord at Shiloh.”\n\nAnd they went and surveyed the land, saw it, and wrote it in a book according to its cities, and brought it to Joshua.\n\nAnd Joshua brought their allotments before the Lord at Shiloh.\n\nAnd the portion of Benjamin arrived before each of his clans, and he found the lot of their allotments between Judah and Joseph.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ደቂቀ ሌዊ","severity":"info","text":"The Levites are excluded from land inheritance because their portion is the priesthood. This reflects the biblical tradition that the tribe of Levi received no territorial allotment (Deut 18:1–2).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕደው","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ዕደው (ʿadaw) means 'men' or 'those ones,' referring to the surveyors sent by Joshua. The English draft renders it as 'those men,' which is appropriate.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage consists of a narrative sequence: Joshua’s command, the survey, the return, the presentation of allotments, and the specific mention of Benjamin’s portion. The structure emphasizes orderly land division.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮርዳንስ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the eastern side of the Jordan (ጽባሓዊ ዘዮርዳንስ) echoes the biblical account of the Transjordanian tribes (Num 32:33; Josh 13:8–13).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic version of Joshua, as preserved in the Octateuch tradition, often expands on the biblical narrative with additional details about tribal allotments, reflecting its liturgical and didactic use.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወረከቦሙ ደወለ መክፈልቶሙ' is ambiguous: it could mean 'he found the lot of their allotments' or 'he found the lot of their portions.' The reading taken is that Benjamin received his allotment by lot between Judah and Joseph."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":83,"ref":"p83","source":"ወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ [ዘመንገለ ፡ መስዕ ፡] እምነ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወየዐርግ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ አዜባ ፡ ለኢየሪኮ ፡\nወይመጽእ ፡ ዲበ ፡ መስዕ ፡ ወየዐርግ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ደብር ፡ ዘኀበ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ወይከውን ፡ ሞጻእቱ ፡ መድብራይጥስ ፡ ዘቤቶን ።\n\nወየኀልፍ ፡ እምህየ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ አድባረ ፡ ሉዛ ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ዘባነ ፡ ሉዛ ፡ ዲበ ፡ አዜባ ፡ እንተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡\nቤቴል ፡ ወይወርድ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ደወለ ፡ አጣሮት ፡ ዘሆሬኅ ፡ እንተ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ አድባር ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ አዜባ ፡ ለቤቶሮን ፡\nታሕ[ታይ] ።\n\nወየኀልፍ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ኅብር ፡ ዘይኔጽር ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ባሕር ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ አዜቡ ፡ ለደብር ፡\nዘቅድመ ፡ ቤቶሮን ፡ ዘዲበ ፡ አዜብ ፡ ወይከውን ፡ ሞጻእቱ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ቀርየተ ፡ በዓል ፡ እንተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ቀርያትያርም ፡\nሀገረ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ ወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ባሕር ።","english":"And their border [on the side of the south] from the Jordan goes up to the slope of Jericho, and it comes to the south, and goes up to the mountain by the sea, and its end is at the Midbarayt of Beton.\n\nAnd it passes from there over the mountains of Luza, which are on the side of the slope of Luza, which is Bethel, and it descends to the border of Atarot of Horekh, which is over the mountains on the side of the slope of Lower Betoron.\n\nAnd their border passes over one ridge that looks toward the sea, on the side of the slope of the mountain before Betoron, which is on the south, and its end is at the town of Baal, which is Qaryatyarm, the city of the sons of Judah. And this is their border on the side of the sea.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መድብራይጥስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መድብራይጥስ (Midbarayt) likely derives from Hebrew midbar (wilderness) with an Aramaic or Greek suffix, designating a wilderness region or a specific toponym near Beton.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሉዛ","severity":"info","text":"Luza (ሉዛ) is identified in the text with Bethel, a major Canaanite and Israelite cultic site. The equation reflects a post-biblical tradition equating Luz with Bethel, as in Genesis 28:19 and later Jewish and Christian sources.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀርያትያርም","severity":"info","text":"Qaryatyarm (ቀርያትያርም) is a Geʿez rendering of Qiryat Yearim, a town in the territory of Judah, known as the place where the Ark of the Covenant was kept before being moved to Jerusalem (1 Samuel 7:1–2).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage describes the southern and western borders of the territory assigned to the tribe of Judah, following the model of the biblical Book of Joshua (chapters 15–19). The Geʿez version adapts the Hebrew toponymy to local Ethiopian geographical understanding.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is part of a larger boundary description in the Geʿez Joshua, structured as a series of directional movements (from the Jordan, up to the slope, over mountains, down to a border) typical of ancient Near Eastern territorial surveys.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ታሕ[ታይ]","severity":"caution","text":"The word ታሕ[ታይ] (Lower) is partially reconstructed in the edition; the manuscript may be damaged or illegible at this point. The reading is plausible but not certain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The precise identification of Midbarayt of Beton is uncertain; it may refer to a wilderness area near Beth-horon or a different site. The equation of Luza with Bethel is traditional but not universally accepted in all manuscript traditions. The reading of ታሕ[ታይ] is conjectural due to manuscript damage."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":84,"ref":"p84","source":"ወደወሎሙኒ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ አዜብ ፡ እምነ ፡ ቀርያተ ፡ በዓል ፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ጋይን ፡ ዲበ ፡ ነቅዐ ፡\nማይ ፡ ዘነፍቶ ።\n\nወይወርድ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ኅብር ፡ ዘቅድመ ፡ ናጴሳነም ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ገቦሃ ፡ [ለ]ኤመቀርፋይን ፡ ዘኀበ\n፡ መስዕ ፡ ወይወርድ ፡ እምነ ፡ ናጲን ፡ ዲበ ፡ ዘባነ ፡ ኢየቡሴ ፡ ዘኀበ ፡ አዜብ ፡ ወይወርድ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ነቅዐ ፡ ሮጌል ።\n\nወየኀልፍ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ነቅዐ ፡ ቤታሳሚስ ፡ ወይበውእ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ከልዮት ፡ እንተ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ዐቀበ ፡ ኤታሚን ፡ ወይወርድ ፡\nዲበ ፡ እብነ ፡ ቤዎን ፡ ዘደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ።\n\nወየኀልፍ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ዘባነ ፡ ቤተራብ ፡ ዘኀበ ፡ መስዕ ፡ ወይወርድ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ዘባነ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ዘኀበ ፡ መስዕ\n።\n\nወይከውን ፡ ሞጻእቱ ፡ ለደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ፍኖተ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ዘአሎን ፡ ዘዲበ ፡ መስዕ ፡ ወገቦሁ ፡ ለዮርዳንስ ፡ ዘኀበ\n፡ አዜብ ፡ [ዝንቱ ፡ ደወለ ፡ አዜብ ፡]፡","english":"And their border on the side of the west from Qaryata Baʿal passes, and their border goes above Gayn upon the spring of water of Nefto.\n\nAnd their border descends upon one Khebr which is before Napesanem on the side of its back of Emekarfayn which is toward the east, and it descends from Napin upon Zavana of the Jebusites which is toward the west, and it descends upon the spring of Rogel.\n\nAnd it passes upon the spring of Betasamis, and it enters upon the Keliyot which are before the heel of Etamin, and it descends upon the stone of Beon of the tribe of Rubel.\n\nAnd it passes upon Zavana of Betarab which is toward the east, and their border descends upon Zavana of the sea which is toward the east.\n\nAnd the termination of their border shall be upon the way of the sea of Alon which is toward the east, and its back of the Jordan which is toward the west. [This is the western border.]","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ደወሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ደወሎሙ (dawalomu) is a plural construct meaning 'their border' or 'their boundary'. It recurs throughout this passage as the subject of boundary descriptions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"Qaryata Baʿal","severity":"info","text":"Qaryata Baʿal (ቀርያተ በዓል) is a toponym known from the Hebrew Bible as Kirjath-baal, a city in the territory of Judah. Its mention here reflects the Geʿez adaptation of biblical geography.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"spring of Rogel","severity":"info","text":"The 'spring of Rogel' (ነቅዐ ሮጌል) corresponds to En-rogel in the Hebrew Bible (Josh 15:7; 18:16). This is a well-known landmark near Jerusalem, used in boundary descriptions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"western border","severity":"info","text":"The final sentence in brackets, '[ዝንቱ ደወለ አዜብ]' ('This is the western border'), is a scribal gloss summarizing the preceding boundary description. It is not part of the original biblical text but a Geʿez editorial addition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"external","lemma":"tribe of Rubel","severity":"info","text":"The 'tribe of Rubel' (ዘደቂቀ ሮቤል) is the Geʿez rendering of the tribe of Reuben. This boundary description parallels the tribal allotments in Joshua 15 and 18, though the specific toponyms differ.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022651900203941","label":"The legend of the Queen of Sheba in the tradition of Axum","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022651900203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"Zavana of the Jebusites","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Zavana of the Jebusites' (ዘባነ ኢየቡሴ) is ambiguous: ዘባነ may mean 'the side of' or 'the region of'. The exact location is uncertain, and the Geʿez may reflect a corrupted or variant tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym 'Gayn' (ጋይን) is not clearly identified; it may be a variant of a known site or a scribal error.","The phrase 'one Khebr' (አሐዱ ኅብር) is obscure; it could be a proper name or a common noun meaning 'a companion' or 'a group'.","The location of 'Betasamis' (ቤታሳሚስ) is uncertain; it may correspond to Beth-shemesh but the spelling is non-standard."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":85,"ref":"p85","source":"ወዮርዳንስ ፡ ወሰኖሙ ፡ እምገቦ ፡ ጽባሓዊ ፡ ወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ዘዐውዶሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ብንያሚ ፡ በበ ፡\nሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ ዘተወርሱ ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ብንያሚ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ ኢየሪኮ ፡ ወቤተ ፡ ጌዎ ፡ ወአመቃስስ ።\n\nወቤተ ፡ ባራ ፡ ወሰ[ራ ፡ ወ]ቤሰና ።\n\nወኤኢን ፡ ወፋራ ፡ ወኤፍራታ ።\n\nወቀራፋ ፡ ወቄፍራ ፡ ወሞኒ ፡ ወጎባሕ ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወክልኤ ፡ ኣህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nገባኦን ፡ ወራማ ።\n\nወመሴማ ፡ ወቢሮን ፡ ወሞቄ ።\n\nወቤራ ፡ ወቃፈን ፡ ወቃና ፡ ወሴሌቀን ፡ ወተር[ኤ]ላ ።\n\nወኢየቡሴዎን ፡ እንተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወገባኦት ፡ ወሀገረ ፡ ያሪም ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወሠላስ ፡ አህጉር ፡\nወአዕጻዳቲሆን ፡ ወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ብንያሚ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ።\n\nJosua 19\n\n19\nወበጽሖሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ስምዖን ፡ ካልእ ፡ ክፍል ፡ ወኮነ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ማእከሎሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ይሁዳ ።","english":"And the Jordan: and their border from the east side, and this is their circuit which surrounds the children of Benjamin according to their tribes which they inherited.\n\nAnd the cities of the children of Benjamin according to their tribes were: Jericho and Beth-Geyo and Amekasis.\n\nAnd Beth-Bara and Sera and Besena.\n\nAnd En and Fara and Ephrata.\n\nAnd Kerafa and Kefra and Moni and Gobah: twenty-two cities and their villages.\n\nGabaon and Rama.\n\nAnd Mesema and Beron and Moqe.\n\nAnd Bera and Kafen and Kana and Seleken and Tarela.\n\nAnd Jebus, which is the city of Jerusalem, and Gabaot and the city of Jarim: twenty-three cities and their villages. And this is the inheritance of the children of Benjamin according to their tribes.\n\nJoshua 19\n\n19\nAnd the lot of the children of Simeon, the second portion, came forth, and their inheritance was in the midst of the children of Judah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዮርዳንስ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a toponymic heading, 'And the Jordan,' which marks a boundary description for the tribe of Benjamin, consistent with the territorial allotment genre of Joshua 18–19.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢየሩሳሌም (ʾiyärusalem) is a transliteration of the Hebrew Yərūšālayim, here identified with Jebus, reflecting the pre-Davidic name of Jerusalem.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዝንቱ ውእቱ ርስቶሙ ለደቂቀ ብንያሚ","severity":"info","text":"This concluding formula echoes Joshua 18:28, summarizing the inheritance of the tribe of Benjamin by their clans, a standard closing for territorial lists in the Octateuch.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበጽሖሙ ለደቂቀ ስምዖን","severity":"info","text":"The transition to Simeon's lot (Joshua 19:1) follows the Benjaminite list, reflecting the sequential allotment of tribal territories in the biblical narrative, with Simeon's portion located within Judah's territory.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሩሳሌም","severity":"info","text":"The identification of Jebus with Jerusalem parallels the Masoretic Text of Joshua 18:28, where Jebus is glossed as Jerusalem, a common harmonization in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሰ[ራ ወ]ቤሰና","severity":"caution","text":"The text shows a lacuna in the toponym 'Sera' (ሰራ), with brackets indicating a supplied restoration; the original manuscript may have been damaged, affecting the precise reading of this city name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym 'Amekasis' (አመቃስስ) is unattested in the Masoretic Text and may represent a scribal variant or a local Ethiopic tradition; its identification remains uncertain.","The phrase 'according to their tribes' (በበ ሕዘቢሆሙ) could imply a distribution by clan rather than a single tribal list, but the text does not specify the subdivisions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":86,"ref":"p86","source":"ወረከቦሙ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ቤርሳቤሕ ፡ ወሶማሕ ፡ ወቆለደም ።\n\nወአርሶላ ፡ ወበላ ፡ ወኢያሶን ።\n\nወልዑላ ፡ ወቡል ፡ ወኤርማ ።\n\nወሲቄላቅ ፡ ወቤተ ፡ ማኬሬብ ፡ ወሰርሱሲን ።\n\nወ[በተ]ሮት ፡ ወአሕቅልቲሆን ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወሠላስ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nወሬሞን ፡ ወተልካ ፡ ወኢያቴር ፡ ወአሳ ፡ አርባዕ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nወዘዐውዶን ፡ ለእላንቱ ፡ አህጉር ፡ እስከ ፡ ባሌቅ ፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ባሜት ፡ መንገለ ፡ አዜባ ፡ ወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ\n፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ለነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ስምዖን ።\n\nእስመ ፡ ኮነ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ ዐቢየ ፡ እምነ ፡ ዚአሆሙ ፡ ወወረሱ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ስምዖን ፡ ማእከለ ፡\nመክፈልቶሙ ።\n\nወረከቦሙ ፡ ሣልስ ፡ መክፈልት ፡ ለዛቡሎን ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፤ ኮነ ፡ ደወለ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ኤሴዴ[ቅ] ፡ ጎላ ፡ ደወሎሙ\n፤\n\nእምነ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ወመጌሬላ ፡ ወይትአኀዝ ፡ ምስለ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ራባ ፡ እንተ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ቈላት ፡ እንተ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ገጸ ፡\nለኢየቀመን ።","english":"And they received their portion: Beersheba, and Somah, and Qoladem.\n\nAnd Arsela, and Bela, and Ayason.\n\nAnd Luala, and Bul, and Erma.\n\nAnd Siqelaq, and Bet Makereb, and Sersusin.\n\nAnd [Bate]rot, and their fields: twenty-three cities and their villages.\n\nAnd Remon, and Telka, and Ayater, and Asa: four cities and their villages.\n\nAnd the circuit of these cities extends to Baleq, and passes over Bameth toward the region of Azeba; and this is\n\nthe inheritance of the tribe of the children of Simeon.\n\nFor the portion of the children of Judah was greater than theirs, and the children of Simeon inherited within\n\ntheir portion.\n\nAnd they received the third portion for Zebulon according to their tribes; the boundary of their inheritance was Esedeq, Gola, their boundary.\n\nFrom the sea and Magirela, and it is joined with Bet Raba, which is in the plain, which is before the face of\n\nAyakemen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage lists territorial allotments for the tribes of Simeon and Zebulon, following the pattern of the preceding Benjaminite list. The formulaic repetition of city names and totals (e.g., twenty-three cities) marks a systematic administrative register.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መክፈልቶሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መክፈልቶሙ (mäkfältomu) means 'their portion' or 'allotment,' reflecting the division of land among the tribes. It is a key term in the Joshua narrative for territorial inheritance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of cities for Simeon (e.g., Beersheba, Siqelaq) corresponds to the southern territory of Judah, consistent with the biblical account in Joshua 19:1-9 where Simeon's inheritance lies within Judah's larger portion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወረከቦሙ ፡ ሣልስ ፡ መክፈልት ፡ ለዛቡሎን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they received the third portion for Zebulon' echoes Joshua 19:10-16, where Zebulon's allotment is described. The Geʿez text follows the Septuagint tradition in ordering the tribal inheritances.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየቀመን","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym ኢየቀመን (Ayakemen) is obscure and may be a corruption or variant of a known site. Its identification is uncertain, and the reading follows the manuscript tradition without clear geographical parallel.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of the Ethiopic Octateuch, a translation of the Greek Septuagint. The Geʿez version preserves a distinct textual tradition, with occasional expansions or variations in toponyms, reflecting its reception in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponym ኢየቀመን (Ayakemen) is unattested in other sources; its vocalization and location are uncertain.","The phrase 'their fields' (አዕጻዳቲሆን) may refer to dependent villages or agricultural lands, but the exact administrative relationship is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":87,"ref":"p87","source":"ወተመይጠ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሰዱቅ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ጽባሒሃ ፡ ለቤተ ፡ ሳሚ[ስ] ፡ ዲበ ፡ ደወለ ፡ ከሴሎቴት ፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡\nእንተ ፡ ዳቢሮት ፡ ወየዐርግ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ፌጤ ።\n\nወእምህየ ፡ የኀልፍ ፡ እንተ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ጽባሒሃ ፡ ለሀገረ ፡ ጌቤሬ ፡ እንተ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ሴም ፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ሬሞን\n፡ ዘአምተርዮዛ ።\n\nወየኀልፍ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ መስዐ ፡ አሞት ፡ ወይከውን ፡ ሞጻእቶሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ጌፋሔል ፡ እንተ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ነት ።\n\nወነባሐል ፡ ወሲሞዖን ፡ ወኢየሪከ ፡ ወሜትሜን ።\n\nዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ለነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ዛቡሎን ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nወረከቦ ፡ ለይሳኮር ፡ ራብዕ ፡ መክፈልት ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ኢያዜር ፡ ወከልሰሎት ፡ ወሱሳን ።\n\nወአጊን ፡ ወሲዮነን ፡ ወርሔቴ ።\n\nወአነከሬት ፡ ወደቢሮት ፡ ወቂሶን ፡ ወሬቤስ ።\n\nወሬመን ፡ ወኤማሬቅ ፡ ወቤርሳቤስ ።\n\nወይትአኀዝ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ጌተቦር ፡ ወላዕለ ፡ ሰሊም ፡ እንተ ፡ መንገለ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ወቤተ ፡ ሳሚ[ስ] ፡\nወይከውን ፡ ሞጻእተ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ።","english":"And it passes from the south, above before its east, for the house of Samis, upon the circuit of Kselotet, and passes through the Dabirote, and ascends above Fet.\n\nAnd from there it passes before its east for the city of Gebire, which is toward Sem, and passes upon Remon of Amteryoza.\n\nAnd their circuit passes above the meadow of Amot, and their boundary shall be above Gefahel, which is toward Net.\n\nAnd Nebahel, and Simo'on, and Ayareka, and Metmen.\n\nThis is their inheritance for the tribe of the sons of Zabulon, according to their portions: cities and their fields.\n\nAnd he found for Issachar the fourth portion.\n\nAnd their circuit was Ayazer, and Kelselot, and Susan.\n\nAnd Agin, and Siyonen, and Rheet.\n\nAnd Anakeret, and Debarot, and Qison, and Rebes.\n\nAnd Remen, and Emareq, and Bersabes.\n\nAnd their circuit shall be taken above Getebor, and above Selim, which is toward the sea, and the house of Samis, and the boundary of their circuit shall be the Jordan.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the boundary description for the tribe of Zabulon, then transitions to Issachar's fourth portion, listing cities and circuits.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ቤተ ሳሚስ","severity":"info","text":"Betä Sāmis (house of Samis) is a toponym possibly related to a temple or sanctuary, recurring in boundary descriptions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ርስቶሙ ለነገደ ደቂቀ ዛቡሎን","severity":"info","text":"This phrase explicitly identifies the inheritance as belonging to the tribe of Zabulon, confirming the tribal allotment context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ራብዕ መክፈልት","severity":"info","text":"The 'fourth portion' for Issachar echoes the biblical allotment of the land to the tribes, as in Joshua 19:17-23.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version of Joshua often expands on the Hebrew original with additional toponyms and circuit descriptions, reflecting local Ethiopian geographical traditions.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ደወሎሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'circuit' (ደወሎሙ) may refer to a territorial boundary or a processional route; the exact administrative or ritual sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of several toponyms (e.g., Kselotet, Dabirote, Amteryoza) is uncertain; they may be corruptions or local Ethiopian place names.","The phrase 'before its east' (ቅድመ ጽባሒሃ) is ambiguous: it could mean 'east of' or 'facing east'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":88,"ref":"p88","source":"ወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ለነገዶ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ይሳኮር ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ ወአህጉሪሆሙኒ ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nወረከቦሙ ፡ ኃምስ ፡ መክፈልት ፡ ለአሴር ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ኤሌኬት ፡ ወአሌፍ ፡ ወቤቶቅ ፡ ወአኬያፋ ።\n\nወአሊሜሊ ፡ ወአሚሔል ፡ ወመሐስ ፡ ወይትአኀዝ ፡ በቀርሜሎ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ወበሲዮን ፡ ወለባነት ።\n\nእምነ ፡ ጽባሒሁ ፡ ይገብእ ፡ ቤቴጌኔት ፡ ወይትአኀዝ ፡ በዛቡሎን ፡ ወእምጌጌ ፡ ወፍቴሔል ፡ ለመንገለ ፡ መስዕ ፡\nወይበውእ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሰፍቴ ፡ ቤተሜኅ ፡ ወኤኔሔል ፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኮበም ፡ ወአሶሜል ።\n\nወኤብሮን ፡ ወራአብ ፡ ወኤሜማሖን ፡ ወቀን[ተ]ኔዎስ ፡ [እስከ ፡] ሲዶኖስ ፡ ዐባይ ።\n\nወይገብእ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አራ[ማ] ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ነቅዐ ፡ መስፋጥ ፡ ወ(ስ)ጢርዮን ፡ ወይገብእ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ውስተ\n፡ ኢያሲፍ ፡ ወይከውን ፡ ደወለ ፡ ሞጻእቱ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ሌብ ፡ ወኮዞብ ።","english":"And this is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Issachar, according to their portions and their cities and their villages.\n\nAnd five portions fell to Asher.\n\nAnd their circuit was from Eleket and Aleph and Betoq and Akeyafa.\n\nAnd Alimeli and Amihel and Mehas, and it is held at Carmel on the side of the sea, and at Sion and Lebanon.\n\nFrom its east it enters Betegenet, and it is held at Zabulon, and from Gege and Ftehel on the side of the south.\n\nAnd their circuit enters into Sefte Betemekh and Enehel, and passes into Kobem and Asomel.\n\nAnd Ebron and Raab and Ememahon and Qen[te]neos [as far as] Sidon the Great.\n\nAnd their circuit enters into Ara[ma] and as far as the spring of Mesfat and (S)ṭeryon, and their circuit enters into\nUyasif, and the circuit of its outlet becomes the sea, and from Leb and Kozob.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ርስቶሙ","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the boundary descriptions of the tribal allotments, here for Issachar and Asher, following the pattern of the preceding verses.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኃምስ ፡ መክፈልት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'five portions' (ኃምስ ፡ መክፈልት) indicates the division of territory assigned to the tribe of Asher, a numerical detail not present in the Masoretic text of Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀርሜሎ","severity":"info","text":"Carmel (ቀርሜሎ) is a mountain range in northern Israel, here specified as 'on the side of the sea,' reflecting the coastal geography of the tribal allotments.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሲዶኖስ ፡ ዐባይ","severity":"info","text":"Sidon the Great (ሲዶኖስ ፡ ዐባይ) refers to the Phoenician city of Sidon, distinguished here as 'great' to differentiate it from other locations with the same name.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀን[ተ]ኔዎስ","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym Qen[te]neos is partially reconstructed; the manuscript has a lacuna or uncertain reading, and its identification with any known site is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated formula 'their circuit was' (ወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ) parallels the boundary descriptions in the Greek and Ethiopic versions of Joshua, but the list of place names differs from the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Several toponyms (e.g., Eleket, Aleph, Betoq, Akeyafa, Alimeli, Amihel, Mehas, Betegenet, Gege, Ftehel, Sefte Betemekh, Enehel, Kobem, Asomel, Ebron, Raab, Ememahon, Ara[ma], Mesfat, (S)ṭeryon, Uyasif, Leb, Kozob) are unattested in the Masoretic text and their identification is uncertain.","The phrase 'from its east it enters Betegenet' may indicate a direction of boundary, but the precise orientation is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":89,"ref":"p89","source":"ወአርኮብ ፡ ወዓፌቅ ፡ ወራዐው ።\n\nወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ለነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ አሴር ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙኒ ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆን ።\n\nወረከቦ ፡ ለንፍታሌም ፡ ሳድስ ፡ ክፍል ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ሞሐላም ፡ ወሞላ ፡ ወቤ[ሴ]ሚይን ፡ ወአርሜ ፡ ወናቦ ፡ ወኢያፍቴሜ ፡ እስከ ፡ አኦደም ፡ ወኮነ ፡\nሞጻእቶሙ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ።\n\nወይገብእ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ባሕረ ፡ አናትብሮን ፡ ወየኀልፍ ፡ እምህየ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ኢቀናቃ ፡ ወይትአኀዝ ፡ በዛቡሎን\n፡ እመንገለ ፡ አዜብ ፡ ወአሴርሂ ፡ ይትአኀዞሙ ፡ በመንገለ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ወዮርዳንስ ፡ እመንገለ ፡ ጽባሒሁ ።\n\nወአህጉረ ፡ ጢሮስሂ ፡ እለ ፡ ቅጽረ ፡ ቦን ፡ ወጢሮስሂ ፡ ወኦሞዳታቄት ፡ ወቄ[ኔ]ሬት ።\n\nወአርሜት ፡ ወአራሔል ፡ ወአሶር ።\n\nወቃዴስ ፡ ወአስራይስ ፡ ወነቅዐ ፡ አሶር ።\n\nወቄሮኅ ፡ ወሜገላሕርም ፡ ወቤታሜ ፡ ወቴሳሚስ ።\n\nወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ለነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ንፍታሌም ።","english":"And Arkob, and ʿAfeq, and Raʿaw.\n\nAnd this is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Asher, according to their portions and their cities and their villages.\n\nAnd the sixth portion fell to Naphtali.\n\nAnd their circuit was Moḥallam and Mola and Be[s]emiyin and Arme and Nabo and ʿAyafteme as far as Aodom, and their outlet was the Jordan.\n\nAnd their circuit goes up over the sea of Anathbron and passes from there over ʿUqenaqa and is joined to Zebulon on the south side, and Asher also is joined to them on the side of the sea, and the Jordan on the east side.\n\nAnd the cities of Ṭyros which are on the border, and Ṭyros, and Omodataqet, and Qe[ne]ret.\n\nAnd Armet and Arahiel and Asor.\n\nAnd Qades and Asrayis and Neqʿa Asor.\n\nAnd Qerokh and Megelaḥrm and Betame and Tesamis.\n\nAnd this is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Naphtali.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the transition from the inheritance of Asher to that of Naphtali, with a clear formulaic opening for Naphtali's portion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አርኮብ","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Arkob' is a place name in the territory of Naphtali, likely corresponding to biblical 'Ar' or 'Arboth' but uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዮርዳንስ","severity":"info","text":"The Jordan River is consistently used as a boundary marker in the tribal allotments, here as the eastern limit of Naphtali.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of cities (e.g., Ṭyros, Qades) reflects a Geʿez adaptation of the biblical toponyms from the Septuagint or a local tradition, not a direct translation of the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ቄ[ኔ]ሬት","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym 'Qe[ne]ret' is partially reconstructed; the manuscript may have a lacuna or scribal error, making the exact reading uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of Naphtali's circuit mirrors the biblical account in Joshua 19:32-39, but with variant toponyms and order, suggesting a distinct textual tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponyms 'Arkob', 'ʿAfeq', and 'Raʿaw' are not clearly identified with known biblical sites; their exact locations remain uncertain.","The phrase 'sea of Anathbron' may refer to the Sea of Galilee or another body of water, but the identification is ambiguous.","The reading 'Qe[ne]ret' is uncertain due to manuscript damage; it may correspond to biblical 'Kinnereth' or a different site."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":90,"ref":"p90","source":"ወረከቦ ፡ ለዳን ፡ ሳብዕ ፡ ክፍል ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ሰራሕት ፡ ወኣሳ ፡ ሀገረ ፡ ሳመውስ ።\n\nወሳላቢን ፡ ወአሞን ፡ ወሲላታ ።\n\nወኤሎን ፡ ወቴምናታ ፡ ወአቃሮን ።\n\nወለቃታ ፡ ወጌቤቶን ፡ ወጌቤላን ።\n\nወአዞር ፡ ወቤኔባቅጥ ፡ ወጌትሬሞ ።\n\nወእምነ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ኢየራቆን ፡ ደወል ፡ ዘቅሩበ ፡ ኢዮጴ ።\n\nወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ርስቶሙ ፡ ለነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ዳን ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙኒ ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሆሙኒ ፡\nወኢያጠቅዎሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ዳን ፡ ለአሞሬዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ያጠውቅዎሙ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ደብር ፡ ወኢያበውሕዎሙ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ ይረዱ ፡\nውስተ ፡ ቈላት ፡ ወነሥኡ ፡ እምኔሆሙ ፡ አሐደ ፡ ኅብረ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ደወለ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ።\n\nወሖሩ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ [ዳን ፡] ወቀተልዎሙ ፡ ለላኪስ ፡ ወነሥኡ ፡ ሀገሮሙ ፡ ወቀተልዋ ፡ በአፈ ፡ ኀፂን ፡ ወነበሩ ፡\nውስቴታ ፡ ወሰመዩ ፡ ስማ ፡ ለሴንዳ[ን] ፡ ወቆሙ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ ከመ ፡ ይንበሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኤ[ሎ]ም ፡ ወውስተ ፡ [ሰ]ላሚን\n፡ ወጸንዐት ፡ እዴሁ ፡ ለኤፍሬም ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ ፡ ወኮንዎሙ ፡ መጸብሔ ።","english":"And the seventh portion fell to Dan.\n\nAnd their circuit was: the district of Serah and the city of Asa of Samawes.\n\nAnd Salabin, and Ammon, and Silata.\n\nAnd Elon, and Temnata, and Aqaron.\n\nAnd Leqata, and Gebeton, and Gebelan.\n\nAnd Azor, and Benebaqt, and Gethremo.\n\nAnd from the sea of Yeraqon, the circuit which is near Yoppe.\n\nAnd this is their inheritance, for the tribe of the children of Dan, according to their portions, their cities, and their villages.\n\nAnd the children of Dan did not give tribute to the Amorites, who were exacting tribute from them in the mountain; and the Amorites did not bring them down to the lowlands, but they took from them one share from their circuit of division.\n\nAnd the children of Dan went and killed the people of Lakish, and took their city, and slew them with the edge of the sword, and dwelt therein, and named it Sendan. And the Amorites arose to dwell in Elom and in Selamin, and the hand of Ephraim prevailed over them, and he made them tributaries.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ሳብዕ ፡ ክፍል","severity":"info","text":"The seventh portion assigned to Dan concludes the tribal allotment sequence that began with Judah, following the pattern of Joshua 19.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰራሕት","severity":"info","text":"The toponym Serah (ሰራሕት) is unattested in the Masoretic text; it may reflect a local tradition or a scribal variant.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየራቆን","severity":"info","text":"The 'sea of Yeraqon' (ኢየራቆን) likely refers to the Yarkon River in the coastal plain of Israel, known in Greek as Ioppe (Joppa).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ሴንዳን","severity":"info","text":"The renaming of Lakish to Sendan (ሴንዳን) is unique to the Ethiopic tradition and may reflect a local aetiology or scribal innovation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያጠቅዎሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'did not give tribute' (ኢያጠቅዎሙ) is ambiguous: it could mean Dan refused tribute or that the Amorites failed to collect it; the context suggests the former.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ላኪስ","severity":"info","text":"The conquest of Lakish (ላኪስ) by Dan parallels the biblical account of Joshua 10, but here it is attributed to Dan, not Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The toponyms Serah, Salabin, Silata, and others are not identifiable from the Masoretic text; they may represent local Ethiopic traditions or scribal errors.","The relationship between Dan and the Amorites is unclear: the text may imply a tributary arrangement or a military standoff."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":91,"ref":"p91","source":"ወሖሩ ፡ ይኡድዋ ፡ ለምድር ፡ በውስተ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ወወሀብዎ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ክፍሎ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ በውስቴቶሙ ፡\nበትእዛዘ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወወሀብዎ ፡ ሀገረ ፡ እንተ ፡ ሰአለ ፡ እንተ ፡ [ትምናስራህ] ፡ እንተ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ደብረ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡ ወነደቃ ፡ ለይእቲ\n፡ ሀገር ፡ ወነበረ ፡ ውስቴታ ።\n\nወዝንቱ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ አክፋሊሆሙ ፡ ዘከመ ፡ አስተዋረስዎሙ ፡ እልዓዛር ፡ ካህን ፡ ወኢየሱስ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ነዌ ፡ ወመላእክተ\n፡ አበዊሆሙ ፡ ለነገደ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በበ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ በሴሎ ፡ በቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ በኀበ ፡ ኆኅተ ፡ ደብተራ ፡\nዘመርጡል ፡ ወሖሩ ፡ ይዑድዋ ፡ ለምድር ።\n\nJosua 20\n\n20\nወነበቦ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ወይቤሎ ፤\n\nንግሮሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወበሎሙ ፡ [ሀቡአ ፡ አህጉረአ ፡] ምስካይአ ፡ ዘእቤለክሙ ፡ በላዕለ ፡ ሙሴ ።\n\nምስካይ ፡ ለቀታሊ ፡ ለዘ ፡ ቀተለ ፡ ነፍሰ ፡ በኢያእምሮ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ኢይፈቅድ ፡ ወግበሩ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ምስካይ\n።","english":"And they went around the land within their circuit, and the children of Israel gave a portion to Joshua among them, by the command of God.\n\nAnd they gave him the city which he asked for, which is Timnath-serah, which is in Mount Ephraim, and he built that city and dwelt within it.\n\nAnd this is their portions, as Eleazar the priest and Joshua son of Nun and the elders of the tribes of Israel apportioned to them according to their divisions at Shiloh, before God, at the door of the tabernacle of the covenant, and they went around the land.\n\nJoshua 20\n\n20\nAnd God spoke to Joshua and said to him:\n\n\"Speak to the children of Israel and say to them, 'Give cities of refuge, which I told you through Moses.'\"\n\nA refuge for a killer, for one who kills a person unintentionally, without intending to, and make for yourselves cities of refuge.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Josua 20","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into two sections: the first concludes the allotment narrative (Joshua's personal portion), and the second introduces Joshua 20 with a divine command regarding cities of refuge.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ምስካይ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ምስካይ (mǝskay) means 'refuge' or 'asylum', here used in the context of cities of refuge for unintentional killers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሀቡአ ፡ አህጉረአ ፡ ምስካይአ","severity":"info","text":"This phrase echoes the biblical command in Joshua 20:2–3, where God instructs Joshua to establish cities of refuge for accidental homicide.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The city Timnath-serah (ትምናስራህ) is traditionally identified with Joshua's personal inheritance in Mount Ephraim, as noted in Joshua 19:50.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text includes a marginal note 'Josua 20' and a chapter number '20', indicating a later scribal insertion of chapter divisions not original to the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'በኢያእምሮ' (baʿǝyāʿǝmro) is ambiguous: it could mean 'unintentionally' or 'without knowledge', but the context of accidental killing supports the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":92,"ref":"p92","source":"ወይስኪ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አሐቲ ፡ እምነ ፡ እላንቱ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ወይቁም ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኆኅተ ፡ አንቀጸ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወይንግሮሙ ፡\nቃሎ ፡ ለሊቃናታ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወያብእ[ዎ] ፡ ሰብእ ፡ ኀቤሆሙ ፡ ወየሀብዎ ፡ መካነ ፡ ወይንበር ፡ ምስሌሆሙ ።\n\nወሶበ ፡ ዴገኖ ፡ አበ ፡ ደም ፡ ኢያግብእዎ ፡ ሎቱ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እዴሁ ፡ እስመ ፡ በኢያእምሮ ፡ ቀተሎ ፡ ለካልኡ ፡\nወእንዘ ፡ ኢይጸልኦ ፡ ቀዲሙ ።\n\nወይነብር ፡ ውስተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ሀገር ፡ እስከ ፡ ይበጽሕ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ዐውድ ፡ ይትሐተት ፡ ወእስከ ፡ አመ ፡ ይመውት ፡\nካህን ፡ ዐቢይ ፡ ዘሀለወ ፡ በእማንቱ ፡ መዋዕል ፡ ወይእተ ፡ አሚረ ፡ ይገብእ ፡ ቀታሊ ፡ ወየአቱ ፡ ሀገሮ ፡ ወውስተ ፡ ቤቱ\n፡ ወውስተ ፡ ሀገር ፡ እንተ ፡ እምኔሃ ፡ ሰከየ ። ወኢይቀትሎ ፡ አበ ፡ ደም ፡ ለቀታሊ ፡ እስከ ፡ ይቀውም ፡ ቅድመ ፡\nዐውድአ ፡ ይትሐተትአ ።\n\nወፈለጣ ፡ ለቃዴስ ፡ በገሊላ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ደብረ ፡ ንፍታሌም ፡ ወሲኬም ፡ በውስተ ፡ ደብረ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡ ወሀገረ ፡\nአርቦቅ ፡ በደብረ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ እንተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ኬብሮን ።","english":"And he goes into one of those cities, and he stands at the gate of the city, and he tells the words to the elders of that city, and he brings men to them, and they give him a place, and he dwells with them.\n\nAnd when the avenger of blood delays, they bring to him into his hand, because he killed the other unintentionally, and while he does not hate him beforehand.\n\nAnd he dwells in that city until he arrives before the altar of the sanctuary, and until the time when the high priest who was in those days dies, and that one, having completed, the killer returns and goes to his city and to his house and to the city from which he fled. And the avenger of blood does not kill the killer until he stands before the altar of the sanctuary.\n\nAnd the division of Kadesh in Galilee, in the mountain of Naphtali, and Sichem in the mountain of Ephraim, and the city of Arboq in the mountain of Judah, which is Hebron.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from narrative (the killer's procedure) to a list of cities of refuge, marking a structural break. The final paragraph enumerates Kadesh, Sichem, and Arboq (Hebron) as designated refuge cities.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያግብእዎ ሎቱ ውስተ እዴሁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they bring to him into his hand' likely refers to a formal handover of the killer to the avenger, but the syntax is ambiguous; it may indicate placing the killer under the avenger's authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አበ ደም","severity":"info","text":"'Avenger of blood' (አበ ደም) is a standard term in Geʿez legal and biblical tradition for the kinsman responsible for retributive justice, reflecting ancient Israelite blood-feud customs.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃዴስ በገሊላ","severity":"info","text":"The cities of refuge listed (Kadesh in Galilee, Shechem, Hebron) correspond to Joshua 20:7-8, though the Geʿez text adds 'Arboq' as an alternate name for Hebron.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይስኪ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አሐቲ","severity":"caution","text":"The opening 'ወይስኪ' is likely a scribal error or variant for 'ወይቤእ' (and he goes); the sense is clear from context but the reading is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage reflects the Ethiopic Christian reception of the biblical cities of refuge, integrating them into a legal framework for unintentional homicide, which is not detailed in the Masoretic text of Joshua 20.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the high priest who was in those days' is unspecified; it may refer to a contemporary high priest or be a generic temporal marker.","The phrase 'they bring to him into his hand' is ambiguous: it could mean the avenger receives the killer physically or symbolically."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":93,"ref":"p93","source":"ወበማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ኢየሪኮ ፡ ወእመንገለ ፡ ጽባሕ ፡ ወሀበ ፡ ቦሶር ፡ በሐቅለ ፡ ገዳም ፡ (ወ)እምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡\nሮቤል ፡ ወኤሬሞት ፡ በገላአድ ፡ (ወ)እምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወገውሎን ፡ በባሳን ፡ (ወ)እምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ።\n\nእላንቱ ፡ ዘኀርዩ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወለግዩርኒ ፡ ዘሀለወ ፡ ውስቴቶሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይስኪ ፡ ህየ ፡ ቀታሊ ፡ ኵሉ ፡\nዘቀተለ ፡ ነፍሰ ፡ ሰብእ ፡ በኢያእምሮ ፡ ከመ ፡ ኢይቅትሎ ፡ አበ ፡ ደም ፡ እስከ ፡ ይቀውም ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ዐውድ ፡ ወይትሐተት\n።\n\nJosua 21\n\n21\nወመጽኡ ፡ መላእክቲሆሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ሌዊ ፡ ኀበ ፡ እልዐዛር ፡ ካህን ፡ ወኀበ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ነዌ ፡ ወኀበ ፡\nመላእክተ ፡ ነገደ ፡ አብያተ ፡ አበዊሆሙ ፡ ለሕዝበ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nወይቤልዎሙ ፡ በሴሎ ፡ በምድረ ፡ ከናኦን ፡ እንዘ ፡ ይብሉ ፡ አዘዘ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ በእደ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ከመ ፡ የሀበነ ፡\nአህጉረ ፡ ዘውስቴቶን ፡ ንነብር ፡ ወፂኦታቲሆን ፡ ለእንስሳነ ።","english":"And at the crossing of the Jordan, Jericho, and from the direction of the east, and he gave Bosor in the wilderness of the desert, and from the tribe of Reuben and Eremoth in Gilead, and from the tribe of Gad and Geulon in Bashan, and from the tribe of Manasseh.\n\nThese are the ones who remained, the children of Israel, and for the proselyte who was among them, so that he might flee there from the slayer of everyone who killed a human soul unintentionally, so that the avenger of blood might not kill him until he stands before the court and is judged.\n\nJoshua 21\n\n21\nAnd the messengers of the children of Levi came to Eleazar the priest, and to Joshua son of Nun, and to the messengers of the tribes of the houses of the fathers of the people of Israel.\n\nAnd they said to them in Shiloh, in the land of Canaan, while saying, \"The Lord commanded through the hand of Moses that he give us cities within which we may dwell, and their pastures for our livestock.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ኢየሪኮ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts abruptly from the asylum narrative to a list of cities and tribes, then to a new episode (Joshua 21). The Coptic cue 'narrative' masks a composite structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ለግዩርኒ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez ለግዩርኒ (lāgəyurəni) renders Greek προσήλυτος 'proselyte' or 'convert', here a resident alien within Israel. The term is rare in the Octateuch and signals legal protection for non-Israelites.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይቅትሎ ፡ አበ ፡ ደም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'avenger of blood' (አበ ፡ ደም) reflects the biblical institution of the blood-avenger (go'el haddam), regulated in Numbers 35 and Deuteronomy 19. The text describes a city of refuge procedure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወመጽኡ ፡ መላእክቲሆሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ሌዊ","severity":"info","text":"This episode corresponds to Joshua 21:1–2, where the Levites petition Eleazar and Joshua for cities and pastures. The Geʿez expands the biblical text with the phrase 'messengers of the tribes of the houses of the fathers'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤልዎሙ ፡ በሴሎ","severity":"info","text":"Shiloh (ሴሎ) is the cultic center where the tabernacle stood in the period of the judges. The Geʿez Joshua retains this location, consistent with the Ethiopic tradition's preservation of the Masoretic geography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመንገለ ፡ ጽባሕ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'from the direction of the east' (እመንገለ ፡ ጽባሕ) is syntactically orphaned; the preceding list of cities and tribes lacks a clear main verb. The text may be corrupt or lacunose at this point.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The list of cities and tribes (Bosor, Eremoth, Geulon, etc.) is not clearly integrated into the surrounding narrative; it may be a misplaced gloss or a fragment of a territorial description.","The transition from the asylum law to the Levite petition is abrupt; the chapter division (Joshua 21) may be a later editorial insertion."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":94,"ref":"p94","source":"ወወሀብዎሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ለሌዋውያን ፡ በትእዛዘ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ እላንተ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ወፂኦታቲሆን ።\n\nወበጽሖሙ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ቃዓት ፤ ወኮነ ፡ ለካህናት ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ አሮን ፡ ወለሌዋውያን ፡ እምነ ፡\nሕዝበ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ስምዖን ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ብንያሚ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ዐሠርቱ ፡ ወሠለስቱ ፡ አህጉር ።\n\nወለደቂቀ ፡ ቃዓት ፡ እለ ፡ ተርፉ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ዳን ፡ ወእምነ ፡ መንፈቀ ፡\nነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ዐሠርቱ ፡ (ወሠለስቱ ፡) አህጉር ።\n\nወለደቂቀ ፡ ጌድሶን ፡ እምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ይሳኮር ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ አሴር ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ንፍታሌም ፡\nወእምነ ፡ መንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ በባሳን ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወሠላስ ፡ አህጉር ።\n\nወለደቂቀ ፡ ሜራሪ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡\nዛቡሎን ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወክልኤ ፡ አህጉር ።","english":"And they gave them, the children of Israel, to the Levites, by the command of God, these cities and their territories.\n\nAnd they reached their portions for the children of the people of Qahat; and it was for the priests, for the children of Aaron, and for the Levites, from the people of Judah and from the people of Simeon and from the people of Benjamin, their portions: thirteen cities.\n\nAnd for the children of Qahat who remained from among the people of Ephraim and from the people of Dan and from the half-tribe of Manasseh, their portions: thirteen cities.\n\nAnd for the children of Gershon, from the tribe of the people of Issachar and from the people of Asher and from the people of Naphtali and from the half-tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, their portions: thirteen cities.\n\nAnd for the children of Merari, according to their tribes, from the tribe of Reuben and from the tribe of Gad and from the tribe of Zebulun, their portions: twelve cities.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists the distribution of cities to Levitical clans (Qahat, Gershon, Merari) and to the priests (children of Aaron), following the command of God.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕዝበ ፡ ቃዓት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሕዝበ ፡ ቃዓት (people of Qahat) refers to the Kohathites, a major Levitical clan descended from Kohath, son of Levi.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This distribution of Levitical cities is an expansion of the biblical account (Joshua 21), where the Levites receive specific towns from each tribe.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Dillard 1994"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The totals given (13 cities for Qahat, 13 for Gershon, 12 for Merari) parallel the biblical list in Joshua 21, though the Geʿez text adds a second group of Qahat with 13 cities.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ወሠለስቱ ፡' (and three) in the third paragraph is parenthetical and may be a scribal addition; the total remains 13 cities.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage reflects the Ethiopic tradition's interest in detailing Levitical entitlements, likely for liturgical or administrative purposes.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወሠለስቱ ፡' in the third paragraph may be a scribal gloss or correction; the reading adopted treats it as parenthetical.","The identity of 'ደቂቀ ፡ ጌድሶን' (children of Gershon) is clear, but the Geʿez spelling varies from standard biblical forms."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":95,"ref":"p95","source":"ወወሀብዎሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ኤህጉረ ፡ ለሌዋውያን ፡ ወፂኦታቲሆን ፡ በከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለሙሴ ፡\nመክፈልቶሙ ።\n\nወወሀበ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡ ወነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ስምዖን ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ብንያሚ ፡ እላንተ ፡\nአህጉረ ፡ ወተሰምያ ፤\n\nለደቂቀ ፡ አሮን ፡ እምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ቃዓት ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ሌዊ ፡ እስመ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ ኮና ፡ መክፈልቶሙ ።\n\nወወሀብዎሙ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ቀራትርቦቅ ፡ ደብረ ፡ አህጉረ ፡ ኤነቅ ፡ እንተ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ኬብሮን ፡ በደብረ ፡ ይሁዳ ፡\nወፂኦታቲሃ ፡ ዐውዳ ።\n\nወአሕቅልተ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወአዕጻዳቲሃ ፡ ወሀቦሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ካሌብ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ዬፎኔ ፡ ደወሎሙ ።\n\nወለደቂቀ ፡ አሮን ፡ ወሀቦሙ ፡ ሀገረ ፡ ምስካይ ፡ ለቀታሊ ፡ ኬብሮን ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወሌምና ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡\nምስሌሃ ።\n\nወኤሎም ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወጤማ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ።","english":"And they gave them, the children of Israel, these cities and their territories to the Levites, as the Lord commanded Moses. Their portions.\n\nAnd the tribe of the children of Judah and the tribe of the children of Simeon and from the tribe of the children of Benjamin gave these cities and their names.\n\nTo the children of Aaron from the people of Qahat, for the children of Levi, because their portions were for them.\n\nAnd they gave them the land of Qaratertobq, the mountain of the cities of Enaq, which is Hebron, in the mountain of Judah, and its territories, the plain.\n\nAnd the fields of the city and its villages, and Joshua gave them to the children of Caleb, son of Yephone, as their portion.\n\nAnd to the children of Aaron he gave them the city of Miskay for the slaying of Hebron, and its river, and Lemna and its river.\n\nAnd Elom and its river, and Tema and its river.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወወሀብዎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a repeated giving formula, marking a new section in the distribution of cities to the Levites and priestly families.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃዓት","severity":"info","text":"Qahat (ቃዓት) refers to the Kohathites, a Levitical clan descended from Kohath, son of Levi, distinct from the Aaronite priests.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀራትርቦቅ","severity":"info","text":"Qaratertobq (ቀራትርቦቅ) is a Geʿez transliteration of a toponym, likely Kirjath-arba, the older name for Hebron, meaning 'city of four' or 'city of Arba'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኬብሮን","severity":"info","text":"Hebron (ኬብሮን) is identified with the city of Enaq, recalling Joshua 14:15 and 15:13, where Hebron is assigned to Caleb.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ምስካይ","severity":"info","text":"Miskay (ምስካይ) is an otherwise unattested toponym in the Geʿez Joshua, possibly a corruption or variant of a place name in the Hebron region.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሀቦሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The subject of 'he gave them' (ወሀቦሙ) in the last two sentences is ambiguous; it may be Joshua or an implied divine agent, as the Geʿez lacks an explicit subject.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the giver in the final clauses (ወሀቦሙ) is unclear; the English draft supplies 'Joshua' but the Geʿez does not name him.","The toponyms Miskay, Lemna, Elom, and Tema are not clearly identified with known biblical sites."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":96,"ref":"p96","source":"ወጌላ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወዳቢር ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ።\n\n[ወኣሳ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡] ወጣኒ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወ[ቤ]ትሰሚስ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ትስዑ ፡\nአህጉር ፡ (ወ)እምነ ፡ ክልኤቱ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ወእምነ ፡ እሉ ፡ ነገድ ።\n\nወእምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ብንያሚ ፡ ገባኦ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ [ወጋባ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ።\n\nወአናቶት ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወአልሞን ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡] አርባዕ ፡ አህጉር ።\n\nወኵሎን ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ አሮን ፡ ካህናት ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወሠላስ ።\n\nወለነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ቃዓት ፡ ለሌዋውያን ፡ እለ ፡ ተርፉ ፡ እምነ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ቃዓት ፤ ወኮነ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ ፡\nለካህናቲሆሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ኤፍሬም ።\n\nወወሀቦሙ ፡ ሀገረ ፡ ምስካይ ፡ ለቀታሊ ፡ ሲኬም ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ [ወጌዜር ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ።\n\nወቄቤሳይን ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡] ወቤቶሮን ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ አርባዕ ፡ አህጉር ።","english":"And Gela and its territories, and Daber and its territories. And Asa and its territories, and Tani and its territories, and Bet-Semis and its territories: six cities from the two tribes and from these tribes. And from the tribe of Benjamin, Gabao and its territories, and Gaba and its territories. And Anathoth and its territories, and Almon and its territories: four cities. And all their cities of the sons of Aaron the priests: thirteen. And for the tribe of the sons of Qahat, for the Levites who remained from the sons of Qahat, and their cities were for their priests from the tribe of Ephraim. And they gave them the city of Meskay to the slayer of Shechem and its territories, and Gezer and its territories, and Qebesayin and its territories, and Bet-Horon and its territories: four cities.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወጌላ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወዳቢር ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ","severity":"info","text":"The passage lists cities assigned to priestly and Levitical groups, structured in three groups: six cities from Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin; four from Benjamin; and four from Ephraim, totaling thirteen for Aaron's sons and four for Qahat's Levites.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዘፈለጡ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ዘፈለጡ (zafalāṭu) means 'its territories' or 'its districts,' indicating the dependent lands of each city, a standard formula in land-grant lists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ቃዓት","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes Joshua 21:4-6, where cities are assigned to the Kohathite Levites, though the Geʿez version adds details about priests from Ephraim not in the Masoretic Text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ምስካይ","severity":"info","text":"The city Meskay (ምስካይ) is likely Shechem, as the text mentions 'the slayer of Shechem,' referring to the Levites' role in the Shechem incident (Genesis 34). This reflects Geʿez exegetical tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Hollis 2023"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ወኮነ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ ፡ ለካህናቲሆሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ኤፍሬም","severity":"info","text":"The note that priests from Ephraim received cities for the Kohathites is unique to the Geʿez tradition, possibly reflecting later Ethiopian ecclesiastical geography or liturgical concerns.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኣሳ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ","severity":"caution","text":"The city 'Asa' (ኣሳ) is uncertain; it may be a variant of 'Aijalon' or a scribal error. The Geʿez text has brackets around this and other sections, indicating textual uncertainty in the manuscript.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Asa' (ኣሳ) is unclear; it may be a corruption of 'Aijalon' or a different toponym.","The phrase 'slayer of Shechem' (ቀታሊ ሲኬም) is ambiguous: it could refer to Levi or to a specific Levitical group.","The total count of cities (thirteen for Aaron's sons, four for Qahat's Levites) does not match the Masoretic Text's twenty-three cities for Levites."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":97,"ref":"p97","source":"ወእምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ዳን ፡ ኤልቆቴም ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ [ወገባቶን ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ። ] ወኤሎን ፡ ወዘፈለጡ\n፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወጌቴሬሞን ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ አርባዕ ፡ አህጉር ።\n\nወእምነ ፡ መንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ጠናኅ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወዬቦታ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ክልኤ ፡ አህጉር\n።\n\nወኵሉ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሆን ፡ ዘቅሩቦን ፡ ለነገደ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ቃዐት ፡ ለእለ ፡ ተርፉ ።\n\nወለደቂቀ ፡ ጌድሶን ፡ ለሌዋውያን ፡ እምነ ፡ መንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ አህጉር ፡ እለ ፡ ፈለጡ ፡ ለቀታሊ ፡ ገውሎን\n፡ በባሳን ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወቦሶር ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ክልኤ ፡ አህጉር ።\n\n[ወእምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ይሳኮር ፡ ቄስዮን ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወዳቤራት ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ።\n\nወያሬሞት ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወኤንጋን ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ አርባዕ ፡ አህጉር ። ] ወእምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ አሴር ፡\nበሴላ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወደቦ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ።","english":"And from the tribe of Dan: Elqotem and its territories, and Gebaton and its territories, and Elon and its territories, and Geteremon and its territories: four cities.\n\nAnd from the half-tribe of Manasseh: Tanakh and its territories, and Yebota and its territories: two cities.\n\nAll the cities: ten, and their territories, which are near to the tribe of the sons of Qahat for those who remained.\n\nAnd for the sons of Gershon, for the Levites, from the half-tribe of Manasseh: the cities which were allotted to Qetali Gelon in Basan and its territories, and Bosor and its territories: two cities.\n\nAnd from the tribe of Issachar: Qesyon and its territories, and Daberat and its territories, and Yaremot and its territories, and Engan and its territories: four cities. And from the tribe of Aser: Bela and its territories, and Dabo and its territories.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the allotment of Levitical cities, listing cities for the sons of Qahat and Gershon from the tribes of Dan, Manasseh, Issachar, and Asher.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'and its territories' (ዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ) is a standard formula in the Geʿez text, indicating the surrounding lands assigned with each city.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sons of Qahat and Gershon are two of the three main divisions of the Levites in the Hebrew Bible, responsible for priestly and tabernacle duties.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The list of cities for Issachar (Qesyon, Daberat, Yaremot, Engan) and Asher (Bela, Dabo) parallels the allocation in Joshua 21:28-31, though the Geʿez text includes additional territorial details.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀታሊ ፡ ገውሎን","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym 'Qetali Gelon' (ቀታሊ ፡ ገውሎን) is obscure and may be a corruption or variant of a known site; its identification is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of the Ethiopic version of Joshua, which follows the Septuagint tradition but includes unique expansions and localizations for Ethiopian Christian audiences.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'for those who remained' (ለእለ ተርፉ) is ambiguous: it may refer to Levites not yet assigned or to a specific subgroup.","The toponym 'Qetali Gelon' is not clearly identified in biblical or historical sources."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":98,"ref":"p98","source":"ወኬልቀጥ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወራአብ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ አርባዕ ፡ አህጉር ።\n\nወእምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ንፍታሌም ፡ ሀገር ፡ እንተ ፡ ፈለጡ ፡ ለቀታሊ ፡ ጋዴስ ፡ በገሊላ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወጴመት\n፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወአዔሞን ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ሠላስ ፡ አህጉር ።\n\nወኵሉ ፡ አህጉር ፡ ዘጌድሶን ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወሠላስ ፡ አህጉር ።\n\nወለነገደ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ሜራሪ ፡ ለእለ ፡ ተርፉ ፡ ሌዋውያን ፤ (ወ)እምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ዛቡሎን ፡ ማዐን ፡ ወፂኦታቲሃ ፡\nወቃዴስ ፡ ወፂኦታቲሃ ።\n\nወሴላ ፡ ወፂኦታቲሃ ።\n\nወበማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ዘመንገለ ፡ ኢየሪኮ ፡ እምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ሀገረ ፡ ምስካይ ፡ ለቀታሊ ፡ ቦሶር ፡\nበገዳም ፡ ዘሚሶን ፡ ወፂኦታቲሃ ፡ ወያዜር ፡ ወፂኦታቲሃ ፡ ወጋዴዮን ፡ ወፂኦታቲሃ ፡ ወአውሳፋ ፡ ወፂኦታቲሃ ፡ አርባዕ ፡\nአህጉር ።\n\nወእምነ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ለምስካየ ፡ ቀታሊ ፡ ራሞት ፡ በገላአድ ፡ ወፂኦታቲሃ ፡ ወቃሚን ፡ ወፂኦታቲሃ ፡\nወ[ሔ]ሴቦን ፡ ወፂኦታቲሃ ፡ ወያዜር ፡ ወፂኦታቲሃ ፡ አርባዕ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ አህጉር ።","english":"And Kelqet and its territories, and Raab and its territories: four cities.\n\nAnd from the tribe of Naphtali: the city which they divided for the slaying of Qadesh in Galilee and its territories, and Pemet and its territories, and Aemon and its territories: three cities.\n\nAnd all the cities of Gedsom according to their tribes: thirteen cities.\n\nAnd for the clan of the tribe of Merari, for those who remained of the Levites: and from the tribe of Zebulon, Maan and its suburbs, and Qadesh and its suburbs.\n\nAnd Sela and its suburbs.\n\nAnd in the plain of the Jordan on the side of Jericho, from the tribe of Reuben: the city of refuge for the slaying of Bosor in the wilderness of Mison and its suburbs, and Yazer and its suburbs, and Gadeon and its suburbs, and Ausafa and its suburbs: four cities.\n\nAnd from the tribe of Gad: the city of refuge for the slaying of Ramoth in Gilead and its suburbs, and Qamin and its suburbs, and Heshbon and its suburbs, and Yazer and its suburbs: four cities. All the cities.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኬልቀጥ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ ወራአብ ፡ ወዘፈለጡ ፡ ምስሌሃ ፡ አርባዕ ፡ አህጉር","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the systematic allocation of Levitical cities, listing territories assigned to the clans of Qahat, Gedsom, and Merari, following the pattern of the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ለቀታሊ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase ለቀታሊ (la-qatali) means 'for the slaying' and likely refers to cities of refuge for those who committed manslaughter, a concept found in biblical law (e.g., Numbers 35:6–34).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቃዴስ ፡ በገሊላ","severity":"info","text":"The city Qadesh in Galilee is mentioned in Joshua 20:7 as a city of refuge in the territory of Naphtali, consistent with this passage's allocation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕዝበ ፡ ሜራሪ","severity":"info","text":"The tribe of Merari is one of the three Levitical clans (with Gershon and Kohath), traditionally responsible for the tabernacle's structural elements; this passage assigns them cities from Zebulon and Reuben.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ራሞት ፡ በገላአድ","severity":"info","text":"Ramoth in Gilead is a city of refuge in the tribe of Gad, paralleling Joshua 20:8; the same city appears in Deuteronomy 4:43 as a place of refuge.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኬልቀጥ","severity":"caution","text":"The toponym Kelqet is unattested in the Masoretic Text of Joshua 20; it may be a scribal variant or a corruption of a known city name, possibly related to Eltekeh or a similar site.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of Kelqet is uncertain; it may be a scribal error or a variant of a known city.","The phrase 'for the slaying' (ለቀታሊ) could also be interpreted as 'for the killer' or 'for the refuge of the slayer,' but the sense of a city of refuge is clear.","The total count of cities (thirteen for Gedsom) is not fully enumerated in the text, leaving a possible lacuna or summary."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":99,"ref":"p99","source":"ወዘደቂቀ ፡ ሜራሪኒ ፡ በበ ፡ ሕዘቢሆሙ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ ፡ ለእለ ፡ ተርፉ ፡ እምነ ፡ ነገደ ፡ ሌዊ ፡ ወኮነ ፡\nደወሎሙ ፡ ዐሥሩ ፡ ወክልኤ ፡ አህጉር ።\n\nወኵሉ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ ፡ ለሌዋውያን ፡ በማእከለ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ አርብዓ ፡ ወሰማኒ ፡ አህጉር ፡\nወፂኦታቲሆን ፡ ዘአውዶን ፡ ለእማንቱ ፡ አህጉር ።\n\nለለ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ፂኦታቲሃ ፡ ዐውዳ ፡ ለሀገር ፡ ለኵሎን ፡ እላንቱ ፡ አህጉር ፤ ወፈጸመ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ከ[ፊለ] ፡ ምድር\n፡ በበ ፡ ደወሎሙ ።\n\nወወሀብዎ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ክፍሎ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ በትእዛዘ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወወሀብዎ ፡ ሀገረ ፡ እንተ ፡ ሰአለ ፡\nተምናሳረኅ ፡ ወወሀብዎ ፡ በደብረ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡ ወነደቃ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለይእቲ ፡ ሀገር ፡ ወነበረ ፡ ውስቴታ ።\n\nወነሥአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ዝክተ ፡ መጣብኀ ፡ ዘእዝኅ ፡ ዘቦቱ ፡ ገዘሮሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ለእለ ፡ ሀለዉ ፡ ምስሌሁ\n፡ ውስተ ፡ ፍኖት ፡ በገዳም ፡ እስመ ፡ ኢተገዝሩ ፡ በገዳም ፡ ወአንበሮን ፡ ውስተ ፡ ተምናሳረኅ ።","english":"And for the descendants of Merari, according to their lots, all their cities for those who remained from the tribe of Levi, and their lot was twelve cities.\n\nAnd all the cities of the Levites in the midst of the lot of the descendants of Israel were forty-eight cities, and their territories which they assigned to those cities.\n\nFor each city, they assigned its territories to all these cities; and Joshua finished [the division of] the land according to their lots.\n\nAnd the descendants of Israel gave a portion to Joshua by the command of the Lord, and they gave him the city which he asked for, Timnath-serah, and they gave it to him on Mount Ephraim; and Joshua rebuilt that city and dwelt within it.\n\nAnd Joshua took this place, the cave of the rock, which he had cut for the descendants of Israel who were with him on the journey in the wilderness, because they were circumcised in the wilderness, and he placed them in Timnath-serah.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the distribution of Levitical cities and then shifts to Joshua's personal reward and the burial of the wilderness circumcision knives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ተምናሳረኅ","severity":"info","text":"Timnath-serah (also Timnath-heres) is the city granted to Joshua; the Geʿez form reflects the Hebrew tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ዝክተ መጣብኀ","severity":"info","text":"The 'cave of the rock' (ዝክተ መጣብኀ) refers to a tradition that Joshua stored the flint knives used for circumcision in the wilderness; this detail is unique to the Ethiopic Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"Joshua 19:49-50 (MT) records Joshua receiving Timnath-serah; the Ethiopic version adds the circumcision-knife tradition not found in the Hebrew or Greek.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The circumcision-knife episode is a distinctive Ethiopic expansion, possibly reflecting local liturgical or hagiographic interests in Joshua as a type of Christ.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘእዝኅ ዘቦቱ ገዘሮሙ' could be read as 'which he had cut for them' or 'which he had cut (the knives) for them'; the translation takes the latter, but the syntax is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":100,"ref":"p100","source":"ወወሀቦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ምድረ ፡ እንተ ፡ መሐለ ፡ ለአበዊሆሙ ፡ ወተወርስዋ ፡ ወነበሩ\n፡ ውስቴታ ።\n\nወአዕረፎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ እምነ ፡ ዐውዶሙ ፡ በከመ ፡ መሐለ ፡ ለአበዊሆሙ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡ እንከ ፡ መኑሂ ፡ ዘተቃወሞሙ\n፡ ቅድመ ፡ ገጾሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ፀሮሙ ፡ እስመ ፡ አግብኦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለኵሉ ፡ ፀሮሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እዴሆሙ ።\n\nወኢተርፈት ፡ አሐቲ ፡ ቃል ፡ እምነ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሠናይት ፡ እንተ ፡ ይቤሎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ኵሉ\n፡ በጽሖሙ ።\n\nJosua 22\n\n22\nወእምዝ ፡ ጸውዖሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወለደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወለመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ለሊክሙ ፡ ሰማዕክሙ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘአዘዘክሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወሰማዕክሙ ፡ ቃልየ ፡ ኵሎ ፡\nዘአዘዝኩክሙ ።\n\nወኢኀደግሙ ፡ አኀዊክሙ ፡ በእማንቱ ፡ መዋዕል ፡ ብዙኃት ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወእስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ወዐቀብክሙ ፡\nትእዛዞ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክክሙ ።","english":"And the Lord gave to the children of Israel all the land which he had sworn to their fathers, and they inherited it and dwelt within it.\n\nAnd the Lord gave them rest from all their enemies, as he had sworn to their fathers, and there was none who could withstand them before their face from among all their enemies, for the Lord delivered all their enemies into their hands.\n\nAnd not one word of all the good things which the Lord had spoken to the children of Israel failed; all came to pass for them.\n\nJoshua 22\n\n22\nAnd after that, Joshua summoned the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and half the tribe of Manasseh.\n\nAnd he said to them, \"You have heard all that Moses commanded you, the servant of the Lord, and you have heard all my words which I commanded you.\n\nAnd you have not abandoned your brothers in those many days until this day, and you have kept the commandment of the Lord your God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Josua 22","severity":"info","text":"The chapter heading 'Josua 22' marks a new section, though the preceding verses conclude the land distribution narrative. The Geʿez text follows the Coptic tradition of inserting chapter numbers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'ኢየሱስ' (Joshua) is the Geʿez form of the Hebrew 'Yehoshuaʿ', also used for Jesus in the New Testament. Here it refers to the biblical figure Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢተርፈት ፡ አሐቲ ፡ ቃል","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'not one word failed' echoes Deuteronomy 23:5 (LXX) and reflects a common biblical trope of divine promise fulfillment. The Geʿez text emphasizes the completeness of God's covenant.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወለደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወለመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ","severity":"info","text":"The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half of Manasseh settled east of the Jordan. Their summons by Joshua here aligns with the biblical account of their return after the conquest (Joshua 22:1-6).","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ቍልዔሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"Moses is called 'servant of the Lord' (ቍልዔሁ ለእግዚአብሔር), a title emphasizing his prophetic role. In Ethiopic tradition, Moses is revered as a lawgiver and type of Christ.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ኢተርፈት ፡ አሐቲ ፡ ቃል' could be read as 'not one word remained' or 'not one word was left unfulfilled'; the English draft takes the latter sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":101,"ref":"p101","source":"ወይእዜሰ ፡ አዕረፎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክክሙ ፡ ለአኀዊክሙ ፡ በከመ ፡ ይቤሎሙ ፡ ወይእዜኒ ፡ ተመየጡ ፡ ወእትዉ ፡\nውስተ ፡ አብያቲክሙ ፡ ወውስተ ፡ ደወልክሙ ፡ ብሔረ ፡ ዘወሀበክሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ገብረ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ።\n\nወባሕቱ ፡ ተዓቀቡ ፡ ከመ ፡ ትግበሩ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ ትእዛዘ ፡ ወሕገ ፡ ዘአዘዘክሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ትግበሩ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ ቍልዔሁ ፡\nለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ከመ ፡ ታፍቅርዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ ወትሑሩ ፡ በኵሉ ፡ ፍናዊሁ ፡ ወትዕቀቡ ፡ ትእዛዞ ፡\nወትትልውዎ ፡ ወታምልክዎ ፡ በኵሉ ፡ ልብክሙ ፡ ወበኵሉ ፡ ነፍስክሙ ።\n\nወባረኮሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወፈነዎሙ ፡ ወአተዉ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አብያቲሆሙ ።\n\nወለመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ወሀቦሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡ በባሳን ፡ ወለመንፈቆሙሰ ፡ ወሀቦሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ምስለ ፡ አኀዊሆሙ ፡\nበማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ዘኀበ ፡ ባሕር ፤ ወሶበ ፡ ፈነዎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አብያቲሆሙ ፡ ወባረኮሙ ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ።","english":"And now, the Lord your God gave rest to your brothers, as he had told them. And now, they settled and entered into your houses and into your dwellings, in the land which Moses, the servant of the Lord, gave you on the other side of the Jordan.\n\nBut only be careful to observe strictly the commandment and the law which he commanded you, as you are to observe them—Moses, the servant of the Lord—that you may love the Lord our God, and walk in all his ways, and keep his commandment, and serve him, and worship him with all your heart and with all your soul.\n\nAnd Joshua blessed them and dismissed them, and they entered into their houses.\n\nAnd to half the tribe of Manasseh, Moses gave them land in Bashan; and to the other half, Joshua gave them land with their brothers on the other side of the Jordan, toward the sea. And when Joshua dismissed them into their houses, he blessed them and said to them:","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይእዜሰ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a temporal marker indicating a new phase in the narrative, transitioning from divine promise to settlement.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"በማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'on the other side of the Jordan' is a fixed geographical reference in the Ethiopic tradition, denoting the Transjordan region.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"መንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ","severity":"info","text":"The division of the tribe of Manasseh into two halves, one settled by Moses in Bashan and the other by Joshua, reflects the historical and literary tradition of tribal allotment east of the Jordan.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of the Ethiopic Octateuch, a liturgical and canonical collection that shapes the reception of Joshua in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወባሕቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text uses 'but only' to introduce a conditional admonition, but the English draft renders it as a simple imperative; the nuance of conditionality may be lost.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወሀቦሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ምስለ ፡ አኀዊሆሙ' could be read as Joshua giving land together with their brothers, or giving land to them along with their brothers; the translation opts for the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":102,"ref":"p102","source":"ወአተዉ ፡ ምስለ ፡ ብዙኅ ፡ ንዋይ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አብያቲሆሙ ፡ ወምስለ ፡ ብዙኅ ፡ እንስሶ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ ወወርቅ ፡ ወብሩር ፡\nወብርት ፡ ወኀፂን ፡ ወልብስ ፡ ብዙኅ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ ተካፈሉ ፡ በርበረ ፡ ፀሮሙ ፡ ምስለ ፡ አኀዊሆሙ ።\n\nወተመይጡ ፡ ወአተዉ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ እምነ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡\nእምነ ፡ ሴሎ ፡ እምነ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ከናአን ፡ ከመ ፡ ይሑሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ገላአድ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ደወሎሙ ፡ ወውስተ ፡\nርስቶሙ ፡ [ዘተዋረስዋ ፡] በትእዛዘ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ በእደ ፡ ሙሴ ።\n\nወበጽሑ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገላአድ ፡ ዘዮርዳንስ ፡ ዘምድረ ፡ ከናአን ፡ ወነደቁ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወመንፈቀ\n፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ በህየ ፡ ምሥዋዐ ፡ በኀበ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ዐቢየ ፡ ምሥዋዐ ፡ ዘያስተርኢ ።\n\nወሰምዑ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ከመ ፡ ነደቁ ፡ ምሥዋዐ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወመንፈቂ ፡ ነገደ ፡\nመናሴ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ደወለ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ከናአን ፡ በኀበ ፡ ገላአድ ፡ ዘዮርዳንስ ፡ በማዕዶቶሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ።","english":"And they came with much wealth into their houses, and with many cattle, much gold and silver, and bronze and iron, and many garments; they shared with their brothers according to their custom.\n\nAnd the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and half the tribe of Manasseh from the children of Israel departed and came from Shiloh, from the land of Canaan, to go into the land of Gilead, into their territory and into their inheritance [which had been allotted to them] by the command of the Lord through the hand of Moses.\n\nAnd they arrived in Gilead of the Jordan, in the land of Canaan; and the children of Gad and the children of Reuben and half the tribe of Manasseh pitched a tent there, a great tent by the Jordan, a tent that was wondrous.\n\nAnd the children of Israel heard that the children of Gad and the children of Reuben and half the tribe of Manasseh had pitched a tent in the territory of the land of Canaan, by Gilead of the Jordan, on the border of the children of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥዋዐ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ምሥዋዐ (mäśəwwaʿa) means 'tent' or 'tabernacle', often used for a provisional cultic or assembly structure. Here it denotes a large tent pitched by the Transjordanian tribes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half-Manasseh settled east of the Jordan in Gilead, a region assigned by Moses (Numbers 32). This passage reflects their return to allotted territory after the conquest of Canaan.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative unit describing the migration and settlement of the Transjordanian tribes, with a tripartite structure: arrival with wealth, departure from Shiloh, and pitching of a tent in Gilead.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The account of the Transjordanian tribes returning to their inheritance parallels Joshua 22, where the eastern tribes build an altar. The Geʿez text emphasizes the tent as a 'wondrous' structure, a detail not in the Masoretic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Book of Joshua is part of the broader Octateuch tradition, transmitted in Geʿez from a Vorlage likely based on the Septuagint. This passage shows the text's adaptation for an Ethiopian Christian audience.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase ዘተዋረስዋ (zä-täwarräsəwwa) is bracketed in the edition, indicating a textual variant or uncertain reading; it means 'which had been allotted to them' and is retained in the translation.","The location 'Gilead of the Jordan' is ambiguous: it may refer to the region east of the Jordan River, but the text also places it 'in the land of Canaan', conflating Transjordan with Cisjordan geography."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":103,"ref":"p103","source":"ወሰምዑ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወተጋብኡ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሴሎ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይዕረጉ ፡ ይትቃተልዎሙ\n።\n\nወለአኩ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ኀበ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወኀበ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወኀበ ፡ መንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡\nውስተ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ገላአድ ፡ ፊንሕስ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እልዐዛር ፡ ወልደ ፡ አሮን ፡ ካህን ፤\n\nወዐሠርቱ ፡ እምውስተ ፡ መላእክት ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ (ወ)መልአክ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ እምነ ፡ አብያተ ፡ አበዊሆሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ኵሉ ፡\nነገደ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ዕደወ ፡ መላእክተ ፡ አብያተ ፡ ኦበዊሆሙ ፡ መሳፍንት ፡ እሙንቱ ፡ ለእስራኤል ።\n\nወበጽሑ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወኀበ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወኀበ ፡ መንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገላአድ ፡\nወነገርዎሙ ፡ ወይቤልዎሙ ፤\n\nከመዝ ፡ ይቤሉ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ተዓይነ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ምንትኑአ ፡ ዛቲአ ፡ አበሳአ ፡ እንተ ፡ አበስክሙ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ አምላከ\n፡ እስራኤል ፡ ከመ ፡ ትኅድጉ ፡ ዮም ፡ ተሊዎቶ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወትንድቁ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ ምሥዋዐ ፡ ወከመ ፡ ትክሐድዎ ፡ ዮም\n፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ።","english":"And the children of Israel heard, and all the children of Israel gathered together in Shiloh, that they might go up and fight against them.\n\nAnd the children of Israel sent to the children of Reuben and to the children of Gad and to the half-tribe of Manasseh in the land of Gilead, Phinehas son of Eleazar son of Aaron the priest,\n\nand ten of the elders with him, and one elder from each of the houses of their fathers from every tribe of Israel, the elders of the houses of their fathers, the judges who were for Israel.\n\nAnd they arrived at the children of Gad and at the children of Reuben and at the half-tribe of Manasseh in Gilead, and they told them and said to them:\n\nThus say all the eyes of the Lord: What is this sin that you have sinned before the God of Israel, that you should today abandon the worship of the Lord and build for yourselves an altar, and that you should today profane the Lord?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሰምዑ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a new narrative episode: the children of Israel hear of the altar built by the Transjordanian tribes and gather at Shiloh to respond.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ፊንሕስ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እልዐዛር ፡ ወልደ ፡ አሮን ፡ ካህን","severity":"info","text":"Phinehas son of Eleazar son of Aaron the priest is sent as envoy; this priestly lineage is emphasized in the Geʿez text, reflecting the Ethiopic tradition's interest in Aaronid authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መላእክት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'malāʾəkt' here means 'elders' or 'messengers' (not angels), as indicated by the parallel with 'judges' (mesāfənt) and the context of tribal representatives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ ፡ ይቤሉ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ተዓይነ ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'all the eyes of the Lord' is a distinctive Geʿez rendering, possibly echoing a biblical idiom for divine omniscience; it does not correspond directly to a known Masoretic phrase.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage corresponds to the biblical account of the altar built by the Transjordanian tribes (Joshua 22), but the Geʿez version expands the role of Phinehas and the elders, reflecting Ethiopic exegetical traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"},{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለአኩ","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez verb 'walaʾaku' (they sent) is clear, but the following list of recipients is syntactically ambiguous: it may imply separate envoys to each group or a single delegation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'all the eyes of the Lord' is unique to the Geʿez and its exact referent is unclear; it may be a circumlocution for divine messengers or a theological epithet.","The number and identity of the 'ten elders' and 'one elder from each house' is not fully harmonized with the biblical account (Joshua 22:13-14)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":104,"ref":"p104","source":"አስተንአስክሙኑ ፡ ኀጢአቶ ፡ ለፌጎር ፡ እንተ ፡ ኢነጻሕነ ፡ እምኔሃ ፡ እስከ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወኮነ ፡ መቅሠፍት ፡ ላዕለ ፡\nትዕይንተ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወዮምኒ ፡ አንትሙ ፡ ኀደግሙ ፡ ተሊዎቶ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወእምከመ ፡ አንትሙ ፡ ዮም ፡ ክሕድክምዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡\nጌሠመ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ይከውን ፡ መቅሠፍት ።\n\nወይእዜኒ ፡ እመ ፡ ትንእሰክሙ ፡ ደወለ ፡ ምድርክሙ ፡ ዕድው ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ደወለ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ኀበ ፡ ትነብር\n፡ ህየ ፡ ደብተራሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወተወረሱ ፡ ምስሌነ ፡ ወኢትክሐድዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወኢትኅድግዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡\nእስመ ፡ ነደቅሙ ፡ ምሥዋዐ ፡ አፍአ ፡ እምነ ፡ ምሥዋዒሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ።\n\nአካኑ ፡ አካር ፡ ወልደ ፡ [ዛራ ፡] አበሰ ፡ ወጌገየ ፡ ወነሥአ ፡ እምነ ፡ ዘሕሩም ፡ ወላዕለ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ትዕይንተ ፡\nእስራኤል ፡ ኮነ ፡ መንሱት ፡ እንዘ ፡ ባሕቲቱ ፡ አበሰ ፡ ቦኑአ ፡ ባሕቲቱአ ፡ ሞተአ ፡ በኀጢአቱአ ።","english":"Did you not forget the sin of Peor, from which we have not cleansed ourselves until this day? And it became a plague upon the vision of the Lord.\n\nAnd now you have abandoned the tabernacle of the Lord; and as you have today hidden yourselves from the Lord, a plague will come upon all Israel.\n\nAnd now, if you take the land of Gad, the enemy, into the land of Gad of the Lord, where you dwell, there is the book of the Lord; and inherit with us, and do not hide from the Lord, and do not abandon the Lord, for we have set up the altar of the face from the altar of the Lord, our God.\n\nAchan, son of Zara, sinned and transgressed, and took from the forbidden thing; and upon all the vision of Israel there was a curse, while only he sinned; only he died for his sin.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ፌጎር","severity":"info","text":"The sin of Peor refers to the incident in Numbers 25 where Israelite men engaged in idolatry and sexual immorality with Moabite women at Baal Peor. This event is a recurring reproach in later biblical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መቅሠፍት","severity":"info","text":"መቅሠፍት (maqšäft) means 'plague' or 'scourge' in Geʿez, often used for divine punishment. Here it is linked to the sin of Peor and the abandonment of the tabernacle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አካኑ ፡ አካር ፡ ወልደ ፡ [ዛራ ፡]","severity":"info","text":"Achan son of Zara is the figure from Joshua 7 who sinned by taking forbidden spoils from Jericho, causing Israel's defeat at Ai. The Geʿez text here echoes that narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a speech that moves from a general accusation (forgetting Peor) to a specific warning (abandoning the tabernacle) and then to a historical example (Achan). The rhetorical pattern is typical of Geʿez homiletic expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ደወለ ፡ ምድርክሙ ፡ ዕድው","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'land of Gad, the enemy' is ambiguous: it may refer to the territory of the tribe of Gad or to a place called Gad that is hostile. The English draft interprets it as a proper name, but the Geʿez could also mean 'the land of the enemy, Gad'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez Book of Joshua is part of the broader Ethiopic Octateuch tradition, which often expands biblical narratives with homiletic and moralizing commentary. This passage exemplifies that tendency by linking past sins to present consequences.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Gad' (tribe or place) is unclear; the Geʿez 'ዕድው' could mean 'enemy' or be part of a place name.","The phrase 'altar of the face' (ምሥዋዐ ፡ አፍአ) is unusual and may be a corruption or a specific cultic term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":105,"ref":"p105","source":"ወአውሥኡ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ወይቤልዎሙ ፡ ለመላእክተ ፡ እስራኤል ፡\nእንዘ ፡ ይብሉ ፤\n\nእግዚአብሔር ፡ ውእቱ ፡ አምላክ ፡ ወእግዚእ ፡ ወአምላከ ፡ አማልክት ፡ ውእቱ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ያአምር ፡ ወለእስራኤልኒ\n፡ ውእቱ ፡ ያአምሮ ፡ ከመ ፡ አኮ ፡ ለክሒድ ፡ ወለአብሶ ፡ ዘገበርነ ፡ ቅድሜሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወእመአኮሰ ፡ ኢያድኅነነ\n፡ ዮም ።\n\nወእመኒ ፡ ምሥዋዐ ፡ ነደቅነ ፡ ለነ ፡ ከመ ፡ ንክሐዶ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ ወከመ ፡ ናዕርግ ፡ ውስቴቱ ፡\nመሥዋዕተ ፡ ቍርባን ፡ ወእመኒ ፡ ከመ ፡ ንግበር ፡ ላዕሌሁ ፡ መሥዋዕተ ፡ መድኅኒት ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ለሊሁ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡\nለይትኀሠሠነ ።\n\nእመ ፡ አኮ ፡ በበይነ ፡ ነገረ ፡ ፍርሀተ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ዘገበርናሁ ፡ ለዝንቱ ፡ እንዘ ፡ ንብል ፡ ከመ ፡ ኢይበሉ ፡\nጌሠመ ፡ ውሉድክሙ ፡ ለውሉድነ ፡ ምንተ ፡ ብክሙ ፡ ምስለ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡ እስራኤል ።","english":"And the sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad and half the tribe of Manasseh answered, and they said to the messengers of Israel, saying:\n\nThe Lord, He is God and Lord, and He is the God of gods; the Lord knows, and for Israel also He knows, that it was not for the sake of deceit or falsehood that we acted before the Lord; and if not, would He have saved us today?\n\nAnd if we have built an altar for ourselves, it is to worship the Lord our God, and to offer upon it a sacrifice of offering; and if we make upon it a sacrifice of salvation, it is the Lord alone who will judge us.\n\nIf it were not for the fear of the Lord that we have done this, while we say that they should not say, \"The land of your children for our children—what is it to you with the Lord God of Israel?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአውሥኡ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ","severity":"info","text":"This passage opens a direct speech by the Transjordanian tribes (Reuben, Gad, and half-Manasseh) in response to the preceding accusation. The speech is structured as a series of conditional and rhetorical statements defending their construction of an altar.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መሥዋዕተ ፡ መድኅኒት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'sacrifice of salvation' (መሥዋዕተ ፡ መድኅኒት) likely refers to a thank-offering or peace-offering, distinct from a regular sacrifice. The term መድኅኒት (salvation) echoes soteriological language common in Geʿez liturgical texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር ፡ ውእቱ ፡ አምላክ ፡ ወእግዚእ ፡ ወአምላከ ፡ አማልክት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Lord, He is God and Lord, and He is the God of gods' echoes the Shema and Deuteronomic monotheistic confessions (Deut 6:4), but is not a direct quotation. It reinforces the exclusive authority of God in the dispute.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ፍርሐተ ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The 'fear of the Lord' (ፍርሐተ ፡ እግዚአብሔር) is a key ethical concept in the Ethiopic Octateuch, often invoked to justify actions that might otherwise appear rebellious. Here it frames the altar-building as an act of piety, not defiance.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of the Ethiopic version of Joshua, which expands on the biblical narrative with homiletic and liturgical elements. The emphasis on altar-building and divine judgment reflects later monastic concerns about proper worship.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The final sentence is fragmentary; the phrase 'the land of your children for our children' may be a proverbial expression of territorial dispute, but its exact meaning is unclear.","The conditional structure ('if we have built... if we make...') leaves open whether the speakers are admitting to or hypothetically defending the altar."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":106,"ref":"p106","source":"እስመ ፡ አቀመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወሰነ ፡ ማእከሌክሙ ፡ ወማእከሌነ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወለደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወለመንፈቀ\n፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ [ለዮርዳንስ ፡] ወአልብክሙ ፡ ክፍለ ፡ ምስለ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወይሬስይዎሙ ፡ ነኪረ ፡ ውሉድክሙ ፡\nለውሉድነ ፡ (ከመ ፡ ኢያውፅ[እዎ]ሙ ፡) እምነ ፡ አምልኮ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወንቤ ፡ ከመ ፡ ንግበር ፡ ከመዝ ፡ ወንንድቅ ፡ ዘንተ ፡ ምሥዋዐ ፡ አኮ ፡ በበይነ ፡ ቍርባን ፡ ወአኮ ፡ በበይነ ፡\nመሥዋዕት ።\n\nአላ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይኩን ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ ስም[ዐ] ፡ ማእከሌነ ፡ ወማእከሌክሙ ፡ ወማእከለ ፡ ውሉድነ ፡ እምድኅሬነ ፡ ከመ ፡\nያምልክዎ ፡ አምልከ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ በቅድሜሁ ፡ በቍርባንክሙ ፡ ወበመሥዋዕተ ፡ መድኀኒትክሙ ፡ ወኢይበልዎሙ ፡ ውሉድክሙ ፡\nለውሉድነ ፡ ጌሠመ ፡ አልብክሙ ፡ ክፍለ ፡ ምስለ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወንቤ ፡ እመቦ ፡ ከመ ፡ ኮነ ፡ ድኅረ ፡ ወይቤሉነ ፡ ጌሠመ ፡ አው ፡ ለውሉድነ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይቤልዎሙ ፡ ናሁ ፡ ርእዩ ፡\nአምሳለ ፡ [ምሥዋዑ ፡] ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ዘገብሩ ፡ አበዊነ ፡ አኮ ፡ በበይነ ፡ ቍርባን ፡ ወአኮ ፡ በበይነ ፡ መሥዋዕት ፡\nአላ ፡ ከመ ፡ ይኩን ፡ ስምዕ ፡ ማእከሌነ ፡ ወማእከሌክሙ ።","english":"Because the Lord set up and established a boundary between you and us, for the sons of Reuben and for the sons of Gad and for half the tribe of Manasseh, [for the Jordan], and you gave a portion with the Lord, and they will inherit, your children having been estranged from our children (as they drove them out) from the worship of the Lord.\n\nAnd we said, “Shall we do thus? And shall we build this altar, not by means of offering, and not by means of sacrifice?”\n\nBut rather, let this be a witness between us and between you, and between our children after us, that they may worship the worship of the Lord before Him, with your offering and with the sacrifice of your salvation, and your children shall not say to our children, “You have taken a portion with the Lord.”\n\nAnd we said, “Where then did it happen that after this they said to us, ‘You have taken,’ or to our children, ‘Behold, see the likeness of the altar of the Lord which our fathers made, not by means of offering and not by means of sacrifice, but rather let it be a witness between us and between you’?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative of the Transjordanian tribes' defense of their altar, following the previous passage's direct speech. The Geʿez text shifts between reported speech and narrative framing, marked by ወንቤ (and we said) and ወንንድቅ (and we shall build).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥዋዐ","severity":"info","text":"ምሥዋዐ (altar) is a key term in this passage, referring to the altar built by the Transjordanian tribes. The Geʿez distinguishes it from መሥዋዕት (sacrifice), emphasizing the altar's symbolic role as a witness rather than a site of sacrifice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ስም[ዐ]","severity":"info","text":"ስም[ዐ] (witness) is a crucial term, appearing twice in the passage. The altar is intended as a witness (ስምዐ) between the tribes and their descendants, not as a functional cultic site. The Geʿez spelling varies between ስምዐ and ስምዐ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage reflects the biblical account of the altar built by the Transjordanian tribes (Joshua 22), which sparked a conflict with the other tribes who suspected it was for unauthorized sacrifice. The Geʿez text emphasizes the altar's role as a boundary marker and witness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage echoes Joshua 22:10-34, where the Transjordanian tribes defend their altar. The Geʿez text includes details not in the Masoretic Text, such as the explicit mention of the Jordan River and the phrase 'as they drove them out,' suggesting a distinct textual tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains a lacuna or unclear reading at [ለዮርዳንስ ፡] (for the Jordan) and [ከመ ፡ ኢያውፅ[እዎ]ሙ ፡] (as they drove them out). The latter is partially reconstructed; the exact verb form is uncertain, affecting the interpretation of the estrangement.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ከመ ፡ ኢያውፅ[እዎ]ሙ ፡' (as they drove them out) is partially reconstructed; the subject and object are ambiguous, possibly referring to the children being driven from worship or the tribes driving out others.","The reference to 'the Jordan' (ለዮርዳንስ) is inserted in brackets, suggesting a textual variant or gloss; its exact placement in the sentence is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":107,"ref":"p107","source":"ሐሰ ፡ ለነ ፡ እስከ ፡ ነኀድግ ፡ ተሊዎቶ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ በእላንቱ ፡ መዋዕል ፡ ዮም ፡ ከመ ፡ ንክሐዶ ፡\nለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወከመ ፡ ንንድቅ ፡ ለነ ፡ ምሥዋዐ ፡ ለቍርባን ፡ ወለመሥዋዕተ ፡ ሰላም ፡ ወለመሥዋዕተ ፡ መድኀኒት ፡ እንበለ\n፡ በውስተ ፡ ምሥዋዒሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ [ዘቅድመ ፡ ደብተራሁ ።]\n\nወሶበ ፡ ሰምዐ ፡ ፊንሕስ ፡ ካህን ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ መላእክተ ፡ ተዓይን ፡ ወመሳፍንተ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ እለ ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ ቃለ ፡\nዘይቤልዎሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ አርመሙ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ፊንሕስ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እልዐዛር ፡ ካህን ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወለደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወለመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ\n፡ ዮም ፡ አእመርነ ፡ ከመ ፡ ሀለወ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ምስሌነ ፡ እስመ ፡ ኢአበስክሙ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ዛተ ፡\nኀጢአተ ፡ ወእስመ ፡ አድኀንክምዎሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ እምእዴሁ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ።","english":"It is for us until we leave the offering to the Lord in those days. Now, as we approach the Lord and as we set for ourselves an altar for the sacrifice and for the peace offering and for the offering of salvation, without within the altar of the Lord our God [before his tablets].\n\nAnd when Phinehas the priest and all the messengers of the covenant and the princes of Israel who were with him heard the word that the sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad and half the tribe of Manasseh spoke to them,\n\nPhinehas, son of Eleazar the priest, said to the sons of Reuben and to the sons of Gad and to half the tribe of Manasseh: \"Now we know that the Lord is with us, because you have sinned before the Lord this sin, and because I have saved Israel from his hand, from the hand of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መሥዋዕተ ፡ ሰላም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'peace offering' (Geʿez: መሥዋዕተ ሰላም) corresponds to the Hebrew shelamim, a type of sacrifice expressing gratitude or covenant fellowship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መሥዋዕተ ፡ መድኀኒት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'offering of salvation' (Geʿez: መሥዋዕተ መድኀኒት) likely renders a concept of a votive or thanksgiving sacrifice for deliverance, possibly influenced by later liturgical usage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘቅድመ ፡ ደብተራሁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'before his tablets' (Geʿez: ዘቅድመ ደብተራሁ) alludes to the tablets of the Law, evoking the covenant context of the altar dispute in Joshua 22.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ፊንሕስ","severity":"info","text":"Phinehas (Geʿez: ፊንሕስ) is the high priest, son of Eleazar, who mediates the conflict over the Transjordanian altar in Joshua 22, a key episode in the Ethiopic Joshua tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage transitions from the Transjordanian tribes' speech to Phinehas's response, marking a climactic moment in the narrative of the altar dispute.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft's phrase 'from the hand of the Lord' may misrepresent the Geʿez, which reads 'from his hand, from the hand of the Lord' (እምእዴሁ ለእግዚአብሔር), possibly a double expression for emphasis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'እስከ ፡ ነኀድግ ፡ ተሊዎቶ' is ambiguous: it could mean 'until we leave the offering' or 'until we abandon the offering'; the English draft takes the former reading.","The phrase 'ወሶበ ፡ ሰምዐ ፡ ፊንሕስ' could be read as 'when Phinehas heard' or 'when Phinehas listened'; the context supports the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":108,"ref":"p108","source":"ወገብአ ፡ ፊንሕስ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እልዐዛር ፡ ወመላእክት ፡ አምነ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ ሮቤል ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወእምነ ፡ መንፈቀ\n፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ እምነ ፡ ገላአድ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ከናኣን ፡ ኀበ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወነገርዎሙ ።\n\nወአደሞሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ ነገር ፡ ወሶበ ፡ ነገርዎሙ ፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ባረክዎ ፡ ለአምላከ ፡\nደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወይቤሉ ፡ ኢንዕርግ ፡ እንከ ፡ ኀቤሆሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ንትቃተሎሙ ፡ ወከመ ፡ ናጥፍኣ ፡ ለምድረ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡\nሮቤል ፡ ወደቂቀ ፡ ጋድ ፡ ወዘመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፤ ወነበሩ ፡ ላዕሌ[ሃ] ።\n\nወሰመዮ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለውእቱ ፡ ምሥዋዕ ፡ ዘሮቤል ፡ ወዘጋድ ፡ ወዘመንፈቀ ፡ ነገደ ፡ መናሴ ፡ ወይቤሉ ፡ እስመ ፡ ስምዕ\n፡ ውእቱ ፡ ማእከሎሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ውእቱ ፡ አምላኮሙ ።\n\nJosua 23\n\n23\nወእምዝ ፡ እምድኅረ ፡ ብዙኅ ፡ መዋዕል ፡ እምድኅረ ፡ አዕረፎሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ እምነ ፡ ኵሉ ፡\nፀሮሙ ፡ ዘአውደሙ ፡ ወልህቀ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኀለፈ ፡ መዋዕሊሁ ።","english":"And Phinehas, son of Eleazar, and the angels went with the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and from half the tribe of Manasseh from Gilead into the land of Canaan to the children of Israel, and they told them.\n\nAnd they recounted this matter to the children of Israel. And when they told it to the children of Israel, they blessed the God of the children of Israel and said, \"Let us go up now to them to fight them and to destroy the land of the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and of half the tribe of Manasseh.\" And they encamped over against it.\n\nAnd Joshua named that altar the altar of Reuben and of Gad and of half the tribe of Manasseh, and they said, \"For 'Shem' (name) is the midst of them, as the Lord is their God.\"\n\nJoshua 23\n\n23\nAnd after that, after many days, after the Lord God of Israel had given them rest from all their enemies who surrounded them, Joshua grew old and his days passed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Josua 23","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into two sections: the first recounts the naming of an altar and the response of the Israelites; the second, marked by the heading 'Josua 23', introduces a later period in Joshua's life.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መላእክት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'mala'əkt' (angels) here likely refers to the 'messengers of the covenant' mentioned in the previous passage, not supernatural beings. The English draft translates it as 'angels', but the context suggests human messengers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ምሥዋዕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word 'məśwāʿ' (altar) is used for the structure named by Joshua. The English draft renders it as 'altar', consistent with its use in sacrificial contexts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The naming of the altar after the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half-Manasseh reflects the territorial disputes and tribal identities in the Transjordan region, a recurring theme in the Book of Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The second section (Joshua 23) marks a temporal shift: 'after many days' and 'Joshua grew old' indicate the narrative moves to the end of Joshua's life, distinct from the earlier altar episode.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ላዕሌ[ሃ]","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text has a lacuna or uncertain reading in 'ላዕሌ[ሃ]' (over against it). The bracketed letter suggests a manuscript variant; the English draft reads 'encamped over against it', but the exact referent is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'angels' (messengers vs. supernatural beings) is ambiguous; the context favors human messengers.","The phrase 'ላዕሌ[ሃ]' is textually uncertain, leaving the location of the encampment unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":109,"ref":"p109","source":"ወጸውዐ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ወሊቃናቲሆሙ ፡ ወመላእክቲሆሙ ፡ ወጸሐፍቶሙ ፡ ወመኳንንቲሆሙ ፡ ወይቤሎሙ ፡ ናሁ ፡\nረሣእኩ ፡ አንሰ ፡ ወኀለፈ ፡ መዋዕልየ ።\n\nወለሊክሙ ፡ ርኢክሙ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘገብረ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ እለ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ ገጽነ ፡ ከመ ፡\nእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ ፀብኦሙ ፡ ለነ ።\n\nወናሁ ፡ ርእዩ ፡ ኀደጉ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ አሕዛብ ፡ እለ ፡ ተርፉ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አድዋሊክሙ ፡ ዘዘ ፡ ሕዘቢክሙ ፡ ወዘእምነ ፡\nዮርዳንስ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ አሕዛበ ፡ ሠሮክዎሙ ፡ ወእምነ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ዐቢይ ፡ ወሰንክሙ ፡ [ምዕራበ ፡ ፀሐይ ።]\n\nወእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክክሙ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ያጠፍኦሙ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ እምቅድመ ፡ ገጽክሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ ይደመሰሱ ፡ ወይፌኑ ፡\nላዕሌሆሙ ፡ አራዊተ ፡ ሐቅል ፡ እስከ ፡ ያጠፍኦሙ ፡ ወለነገሥቶሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ቅድሜክሙ ፡ ወትወርሱ ፡ ምድሮሙ ፡ በከመ ፡\nይቤለነ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ።","english":"And he summoned all the children of Israel, their leaders, their angels, their scribes, and their judges, and said to them, “Behold, I have grown old, and my days have passed. And you have seen all that the Lord our God has done to the peoples who were before our face, how the Lord our God fought for us. And behold, you have seen that the nations that remained within your borders, from this side of your portion and from beyond the Jordan, all the nations of the east, and from the great sea, and your border [to the west of the sun]. And the Lord your God will destroy them for you from before your face until they are annihilated and the beasts of the field prevail over them until they destroy them, and their kings from before you, and you will inherit their land, as the Lord our God told us.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወጸውዐ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a formal summons formula, listing four groups (leaders, angels, scribes, judges), typical of Joshua’s farewell address in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መላእክቲሆሙ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'angels' (መላእክቲሆሙ) here likely refers to angelic beings accompanying the tribes, a distinctive feature of the Ethiopic Joshua narrative not found in the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ ፀብኦሙ ፡ ለነ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Lord our God fought for us' echoes Deuteronomy 1:30 and Joshua 10:42, reinforcing the theme of divine warfare in the conquest narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ዐቢይ","severity":"info","text":"The 'great sea' (ባሕር ፡ ዐቢይ) refers to the Mediterranean, a standard geographical marker in Ethiopic biblical texts for the western boundary of the Promised Land.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"አራዊተ ፡ ሐቅል","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'beasts of the field' (አራዊተ ፡ ሐቅል) devouring the defeated nations is a unique Ethiopic elaboration, possibly reflecting local apocalyptic or homiletic traditions.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ምዕራበ ፡ ፀሐይ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'to the west of the sun' (ምዕራበ ፡ ፀሐይ) is bracketed in the source edition, indicating a textual variant or scribal addition; its authenticity is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'angels' (መላእክቲሆሙ) is ambiguous: they may be angelic beings or, less likely, human messengers; the reading as angels is taken.","The bracketed phrase 'to the west of the sun' may be a later gloss; its inclusion is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":110,"ref":"p110","source":"ወአጽንዑ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ ከመ ፡ ትዕቀቡ ፡ ወከመ ፡ ትግበሩ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ዘጽሑፍ ፡ ውስተ ፡ መጽሐፈ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለሙሴ ፡ ከመ ፡\nኢትትገሐሡ ፡ እምኔሁ ፡ ኢለፀጋም ፡ ወኢለየማን ፤\n\nከመ ፡ ኢትባኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እሉ ፡ አሕዛብ ፡ እለ ፡ ተርፉ ፡ ምስሌክሙ ፡ ወአስማተ ፡ አማልክቲሆሙ ፡ ኢይሰመይ ፡\nበውስቴትክሙ ፡ ወኢትምሐሉ ፡ ቦሙ ፡ ወኢትስግዱ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ ወኢታምልክዎሙ ።\n\nአላ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክክሙ ፡ ትልውዎ ፡ በከመ ፡ ገበርክሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ።\n\nወውእቱ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ያጠፍኦሙ ፡ እምቅድሙ ፡ ገጽክሙ ፡ ለአሕዛብ ፡ ዐበይት ፡ ወጽኑዓን ፡ ወአንትሙሰ ፡ አልቦ ፡\nዘይትቃወመክሙ ፡ ቅድሜክሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ዕለት ።\n\nአሐዱ ፡ ብእሲ ፡ እምኔክሙ ፡ ይሰድድ ፡ ዐሠርተ ፡ ምእተ ፡ እስመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ ይፀብእ ፡ ለነ ፡ በከመ\n፡ ይቤለነ ።\n\nወተዓቀቡ ፡ ጥቀ ፡ ነፍስክሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ታፍቅርዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ።","english":"And he exhorted them greatly, saying, \"Keep and do all that is written in the book of the law of Moses, so that you may not turn away from it to the right or to the left.\n\nSo that you may not mingle with these peoples who remain among you, and the names of their gods shall not be spoken among you, and you shall not trust in them, nor bow down to them, nor worship them.\n\nBut you shall serve the Lord your God, as you have done until this day.\n\nAnd the Lord will destroy from before your face the great and strong peoples, and you have none who can stand before you until this day.\n\nOne man from among you will put to flight a thousand, because the Lord our God fights for us, as he told us.\n\nAnd keep your soul greatly, that you may love the Lord our God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአጽንዑ ፡ ጥቀ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a strong exhortation formula, marking a transition from Joshua's narrative of past victories to a series of legal and religious injunctions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መጽሐፈ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለሙሴ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'book of the law of Moses' likely refers to the Torah (Pentateuch), specifically the legal sections, echoing Deuteronomic language common in Joshua's farewell address.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትትገሐሡ ፡ እምኔሁ ፡ ኢለፀጋም ፡ ወኢለየማን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'turn away from it to the right or to the left' is a biblical idiom for strict adherence to divine law, found in Deuteronomy and Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አሕዛብ ፡ እለ ፡ ተርፉ ፡ ምስሌክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The 'peoples who remain among you' refers to non-Israelite groups left within the land after the conquest, a concern in post-exilic and Second Temple Jewish literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይሰመይ ፡ በውስቴትክሙ ፡ ወኢትምሐሉ ፡ ቦሙ ፡ ወኢትስግዱ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ ወኢታምልክዎሙ","severity":"info","text":"The prohibition against naming foreign gods, trusting, bowing, or worshipping them reflects the Ethiopic Christian emphasis on exclusive monotheism and rejection of pagan practices.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አሐዱ ፡ ብእሲ ፡ እምኔክሙ ፡ ይሰድድ ፡ ዐሠርተ ፡ ምእተ","severity":"caution","text":"The claim 'one man from among you will put to flight a thousand' is hyperbolic and may be a textual corruption or expansion; the Geʿez text here is consistent but the numerical ratio is unusual.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢትትገሐሡ እምኔሁ ኢለፀጋም ወኢለየማን' could be interpreted as a literal spatial direction or a metaphorical warning against doctrinal deviation; the reading taken is the metaphorical one.","The identity of 'the great and strong peoples' is unspecified; they may refer to the Canaanite nations or later enemies in the Ethiopic tradition."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":111,"ref":"p111","source":"ወእመሰ ፡ ተመየጥክሙ ፡ ወኀደግምዎ ፡ ትገብኡ ፡ ውስተ ፡ እሉ ፡ አሕዛብ ፡ እለ ፡ ተርፉ ፡ ምስሌክሙ ፡ ወትትዋሰቡ ፡\nምስሌሆሙ ፡ ወትዴመሩ ፡ ውስቴቶሙ ፤\n\nወለሊክሙ ፡ አእምሩ ፡ ከመ ፡ ኢያጠፍኦሙ ፡ እንከ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለእሉ ፡ አሕዛብ ፡ እምቅድሜክሙ ፡ ወይከውኑክሙ ፡\nመሥገርተ ፡ ወዕቅፍተ ፡ ወቀኖታተ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሰኰናክሙ ፡ ወይዴጕጹክሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አዕይንቲክሙ ፡ እስከ ፡ ትጠፍኡ ፡ እምነ ፡\nምድር ፡ ቡርክት ፡ እንተ ፡ ወሀበክሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክክሙ ።\n\nወአንሰ ፡ አሐውር ፡ ውስተ ፡ ፍኖት ፡ ከመ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ እለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድር ፡ ወአእምሩ ፡ በኵሉ ፡ ልብክሙ ፡ ወበኵሉ\n፡ ነፍስክሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ኢተኀድገት ፡ ወኢአሐቲ ፡ ቃል ፡ እምነ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ሠናይት ፡ እንተ ፡ ይቤለክሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡\nአምላክነ ፡ ወኵሉ ፡ በጽሐነ ፡ ወአልቦ ፡ ዘኢረከበነ ፡ እምኔሁ ።\n\nወበከመ ፡ በጽሐክሙ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ቃል ፡ ሠናይ ፡ ዘይቤለክሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክክሙ ፡ ከማሁ ፡ ያመጽእ ፡ እግዚአብሔር\n፡ አምላክክሙ ፡ ላዕሌክሙ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ቃለ ፡ እኩየ ፡ እስከ ፡ ያጠፍአክሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ ምድር ፡ ቡርክት ፡ እንተ ፡\nወሀበክሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።","english":"And if you mingle with them and abandon it, you will enter among these peoples who remain with you, and you will associate with them and dwell among them.\n\nAnd know for yourselves that the Lord your God destroyed these peoples before you, and they will become for you a stumbling block, a snare, and a punishment in your land, and they will prick your eyes until you perish from the blessed land which the Lord your God gave you.\n\nAnd I will go on the path like all who are in the land, and know with all your heart and all your soul that not a single word of all the good that the Lord our God has spoken to you has been omitted, and all has come to us, and there is nothing that has been lacking from it.\n\nAnd just as every good word that the Lord your God has spoken to you has come to you, so also the Lord your God will bring upon you every evil word until he destroys you from this blessed land which the Lord your God gave you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues Joshua's exhortation, forming a conditional threat (if-then) structure: mingling with remnant peoples leads to divine punishment, contrasting earlier promises of blessing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መሥገርተ ወዕቅፍተ ወቀኖታተ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'stumbling block, snare, and punishment' (መሥገርተ ወዕቅፍተ ወቀኖታተ) is a triadic formula emphasizing the remnant peoples as instruments of divine retribution, not merely political threats.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያጠፍኦሙ እንከ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The statement that 'the Lord your God destroyed these peoples before you' echoes Deuteronomy 9:3-5 and Joshua 23:9, where divine destruction of Canaanites is a precedent for Israel's obedience.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The warning against mingling with remnant peoples reflects post-exilic concerns in the Ethiopic tradition about maintaining communal purity and avoiding syncretism with indigenous groups.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The conditional threat structure (if you mingle, you will perish) parallels Joshua 23:12-13 in the Masoretic Text, though the Geʿez version expands the list of consequences.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is cited in Ethiopic monastic rules as a proof-text against fraternization with non-Christian communities, emphasizing the danger of spiritual contamination.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢያጠፍኦሙ እንከ' could be read as a past tense ('he destroyed') or a prophetic perfect ('he will destroy'); the English draft takes it as past, but the context of conditional threat allows either."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":112,"ref":"p112","source":"እምከመ ፡ ኀደግሙ ፡ ኪዳኖ ፡ ለአምላክክሙ ፡ ዘአዘዘክሙ ፡ እመ ፡ ሖርክሙ ፡ ወአምለክሙ ፡ አማልክተ ፡ ባዕድ ፡\nወሰገድክሙ ፡ ሎሙ ፡ ወይትመዓዕ ፡ በመዐት ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ላዕሌክሙ ፡ ወፍጡነ ፡ ያጠፍአክሙ ፡ እምነ ፡ ምድር ፡ እንተ ፡\nወሀበክሙ ።\n\nJosua 24\n\n24\nወአስተጋብኦሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለኵሉ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሴሎም ፡ ወጸውዖሙ ፡ ለሊቃናተ ፡ እስራኤል ፡\nወለመላእክቲሆሙ ፡ ወለጸሐፍቶሙ ፡ ወአቀሞሙ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ከመዝ ፡ ይቤ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡ ፈለግ ፡\nነበሩ ፡ አበዊክሙ ፡ ቀደምት ፡ ታራ ፡ አቡሁ ፡ ለአብርሃም ፡ ወአቡሁ ፡ ለናኮር ፡ ወአምለኩ ፡ ባዕደ ፡ አማልክተ ።\n\nወነሣእክዎ ፡ ለአቡክሙ ፡ ለአብርሃም ፡ እምነ ፡ ማዕዶተ ፡ ፈለግ ፡ ወወሰድክዎ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ ምድረ ፡ ከናአን ፡\nወአስተባዛኅኩ ፡ ዘርኦ ።","english":"If you abandon the covenant of your God, which He commanded you, and you go and worship the gods of another land, and bow down to them, the Lord will be angry with you in wrath, and He will swiftly destroy you from the land which He gave you.\n\nJoshua 24\n\n24\nAnd Joshua assembled all the people of Israel in Shiloh, and he summoned the elders of Israel, and their princes, and their scribes, and set them before the Lord.\n\nAnd Joshua said to all the people, \"Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel: 'On the other side of the river your fathers of old dwelt—Terah, the father of Abraham, and the father of Nahor—and they worshipped other gods.\n\nAnd I took your father Abraham from the other side of the river, and I led him throughout all the land of Canaan, and I multiplied his seed.'","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text inserts a chapter heading 'Josua 24' and a second '24' before the narrative resumes, marking a clear structural break from the preceding warning speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሴሎም","severity":"info","text":"Shiloh (ሴሎም) is the traditional assembly site for the tribes of Israel, here the location where Joshua gathers the people for a covenant renewal ceremony.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምከመ ፡ ኀደግሙ ፡ ኪዳኖ ፡ ለአምላክክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The opening conditional warning echoes the covenant language of Joshua 23:16 (LXX), where Joshua warns against abandoning God for foreign gods.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ታራ","severity":"info","text":"Terah (ታራ) is identified as the father of Abraham and of Nahor, situating the patriarchs' origins 'on the other side of the river' (the Euphrates), a standard trope in the Hebrew Bible and its Ethiopic reception.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአስተጋብኦሙ","severity":"info","text":"Joshua's assembly of the people in Shiloh parallels the covenant renewal at Shechem in Joshua 24:1 (MT), though the Geʿez text specifies Shiloh, a variant also found in some LXX manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአስተባዛኅኩ ፡ ዘርኦ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I multiplied his seed' reflects the Ethiopic tradition's emphasis on Abraham as the progenitor of a chosen line, a theme prominent in the Octateuch's reception in Geʿez liturgy.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether the assembly in Shiloh corresponds to the MT's Shechem; the reading 'Shiloh' is taken as a textual variant.","The opening conditional sentence lacks a clear antecedent in the previous passage, leaving the exact referent of 'the covenant' ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":113,"ref":"p113","source":"ወወሀብክዎ ፡ ይስሐቅሃ ፡ ወለይስሐቅ ፡ ያዕቆብ ፡ ወዔሳው ፡ ወወሀብክዎ ፡ ለዔሳው ፡ ደብረ ፡ ሴይር ፡ አውረስክዎ ፡\nወያዕቆብሰ ፡ ወደቂቁ ፡ ወረዱ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ ወኮኑ ፡ በህየ ፡ ሕዝበ ፡ ዐቢየ ፡ ወበዝኁ ፡ ወጸንዑ ፡ ወሣቀይዎሙ ፡\nግብጽ ።\n\nወቀተልክዎሙ ፡ ለግብጽ ፡ በበይነ ፡ ዘገብሩ ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ ።\n\nወእምድኅረ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ አውፅአክሙ ፡ ወአውፅኦሙ ፡ ለአበዊክሙ ፡ ወቦእክሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ባሕር ፡ ወዴገኑክሙ ፡ ግብጽ ፡\nወተለውክሙ ፡ ድኅሬሆሙ ፡ ለአበዊክሙ ፡ በአፍራስ ፡ ወበሰረገላት ፡ ውስተ ፡ ባሕረ ፡ [ኤ]ርትራ ።\n\nወጸራኅነ ፡ ኀበ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወፈነወ ፡ ደመና ፡ ወቆባ[ረ] ፡ ማእከሌነ ፡ ወማእከለ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ ወአስተጋብአ ፡\nላዕሌሆሙ ፡ ባሕረ ፡ ወደፈኖሙ ፡ ወርእያ ፡ አዕይንቲክሙ ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘገብረ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ በምድረ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ ወነበርክሙ ፡\nብዙኀ ፡ መዋዕለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገዳም ።\n\nወወሰደክሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድረ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ማዕዶተ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወተቃተሎሙ ፡ ሙሴ ፡\nወአግብኦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ውስተ ፡ እዴነ ፡ ወተወረስክሙ ፡ ምድሮሙ ፡ ወአጥፋእክምዎሙ ፡ እምቅድሜክሙ ።","english":"And I gave to him Isaac, and to Isaac Jacob and Esau, and I gave to Esau Mount Seir as an inheritance. And Jacob and his descendants went down into Egypt, and they were there a great multitude, numerous and strong, and they multiplied. And I killed the Egyptians because of what they did to them. And after this I brought you out, and I brought out your fathers, and you entered into the sea, and the Egyptians pursued you, and you fled after your fathers on horses and chariots into the Red Sea. And we cried out to the Lord, and He sent a cloud and darkness between us and the Egyptians, and He brought the sea over them and covered them, and your own eyes saw all that the Lord did in the land of Egypt, and you dwelt many days in the wilderness. And I brought you into the land of the Amorites, who dwelt in the plain of the Jordan, and Moses fought them, and the Lord delivered them into our hands, and you inherited their land, and I destroyed them before you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወወሀብክዎ ፡ ይስሐቅሃ ፡ ወለይስሐቅ ፡ ያዕቆብ ፡ ወዔሳው","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from first-person divine speech (God recounting patriarchal history) to a first-person plural narrative ('we cried out'), blending divine and communal voices. This structural shift is characteristic of the Ethiopic Joshua's homiletic expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወወሀብክዎ ፡ ለዔሳው ፡ ደብረ ፡ ሴይር","severity":"info","text":"The gift of Mount Seir to Esau echoes Genesis 36:8, but the phrasing 'I gave to Esau Mount Seir as an inheritance' is not a direct biblical quotation; it reflects a paraphrase common in Ethiopic paraphrastic retellings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምድኅረ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ አውፅአክሙ ፡ ወአውፅኦሙ ፡ ለአበዊክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The account of the Exodus crossing and Egyptian pursuit into the Red Sea, with divine intervention via cloud and darkness, expands the biblical narrative (Exodus 14) with details (horses, chariots) drawn from later Jewish or Christian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወጸራኅነ ፡ ኀበ ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The motif of crying out to God and receiving a cloud/darkness parallels the Ethiopic version of the 'Song of the Sea' (Exodus 15) and appears in other Ethiopic Old Testament paraphrases, such as the 'Kebra Nagast'.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ባሕረ ፡ [ኤ]ርትራ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'Baḥra ʾErtrā' (Red Sea) is used here, reflecting the Ethiopic tradition's identification of the sea of the Exodus with the Red Sea, consistent with the Septuagint's 'Erythra Thalassa'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተለውክሙ ፡ ድኅሬሆሙ ፡ ለአበዊክሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'you fled after your fathers' is ambiguous: it could mean the Israelites fled in pursuit of their ancestors (a temporal paradox) or that they followed their ancestors' path. The English draft resolves it as 'fled after', but the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker shifts between God and a communal narrator; the phrase 'you fled after your fathers' is temporally ambiguous; the destruction of the Egyptians is attributed to God's direct action but the narrative voice fluctuates."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":114,"ref":"p114","source":"ወተንሥአ ፡ በላቅ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ሴፎር ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ሞአብ ፡ ወተቃተሎሙ ፡ ለእስራኤል ፡ ወለአከ ፡ ወጸውዖ ፡ ለበላዓም ፡\nወልደ ፡ ቤዖር ፡ ከመ ፡ ይርግመነ ።\n\nወኢፈቀደ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክከ ፡ ያጥፍእከ ፡ ወበረከተ ፡ ባረከነ ፡ ወአድኀነነ ፡ እምነ ፡ እዴሆሙ ፡ ወአግብኦሙ ፡\nለነ ።\n\nወዐደውክሙ ፡ ዮርዳንስ ፡ ወበጻሕክሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኢያሪከ ፡ ወተቃተሉነ ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ኢያሪኮ ፡ ወአሞሬዎን\n፡ ወከናኔዎን ፡ ወፌሬዜዎን ፡ ወኤዌዎን ፡ ወኢያቡሴዎን ፡ ወኬጤዎን ፡ ወጌርጌሴዎን ፡ ወአግብኦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ውስተ ፡\nእዴነ ።\n\nወፈነወ ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ ፡ እምቅድሜነ ፡ ዐኮተ ፡ ወአስዐሮሙ ፡ እምቅድሜነ ፡ ለዐሠርቱ ፡ ወክልኤቱ ፡ ነገሥት ፡ ዘአሞሬዎን ፡\nአኮ ፡ በሰይፍከ ፡ ወአኮ ፡ በቀስትከ ።\n\nወወሀበክሙ ፡ ምድረ ፡ እንተ ፡ ኢጻመውክሙ ፡ ባቲ ፡ ወአህጉረ ፡ እለ ፡ ኢነደቅሙ ፡ ነበርክሙ ፡ ውስቴቶን ፡ ወአዕጻደ ፡\nወይን ፡ ወዘይት ፡ ዘኢተከልክሙ ፡ ትበልዑ ፡ አንትሙ ።","english":"Then Balak, son of Sephor, king of Moab, arose and fought against Israel and against Ake, and summoned Balaam, son of Beor, to curse them.\n\nBut the Lord your God did not wish to destroy you; rather, he blessed us and saved us from their hands, and delivered them to us.\n\nAnd we crossed the Jordan and entered into Jericho, and we fought against those who dwelt in Jericho, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, the Jebusites, and the Girgashites, and the Lord delivered them into our hands.\n\nAnd he sent before us a hornet against them, and he confounded before us the eleven kings of the Amorites, some by your sword and some by your bow.\n\nAnd he gave you the land which you desired in it, and the cities which you burned, and you dwelt in them, and you planted vineyards, olives, and fruit trees, and you eat of them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"በላቅ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ሴፎር","severity":"info","text":"Balak, son of Sephor, is the Moabite king known from Numbers 22–24. The Geʿez form reflects the Septuagintal spelling Σεπφωρ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተንሥአ ፡ በላቅ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ሴፎር ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ሞአብ","severity":"info","text":"This passage echoes Numbers 22:2–6, where Balak summons Balaam to curse Israel. The Geʿez text condenses the biblical narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዐኮተ","severity":"info","text":"The hornet (ዐኮተ) sent before Israel is a motif not found in the canonical Joshua account; it may derive from haggadic or apocryphal traditions about the conquest.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a first-person divine speech recounting salvation history, a rhetorical device common in Ethiopic expansions of biblical books.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአስዐሮሙ ፡ እምቅድሜነ ፡ ለዐሠርቱ ፡ ወክልኤቱ ፡ ነገሥት","severity":"info","text":"The list of eleven Amorite kings recalls Joshua 10:5–6, where five kings are defeated at Gibeon; the number eleven is unique to this Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of the Ethiopic Octateuch, a liturgical compilation that expands the biblical text with homiletic and legendary material.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'Ake' (አከ) is unclear; it may be a place or a group.","The phrase 'some by your sword and some by your bow' may be a formulaic expression of divine agency."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":115,"ref":"p115","source":"ወይእዜኒ ፡ ፍርህዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወአምልክዎ ፡ በጽድቅ ፡ ወበርትዕ ፡ ወአሰስሉ ፡ አማልክተ ፡ ነኪር ፡ ዘአምለኩ ፡\nአበዊክሙ ፡ በማዕዶተ ፡ ፈለግ ፡ ወበግብጽ ፡ ወአምልክዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወእመሰ ፡ ኢፈቀድክሙ ፡ ታምልክዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ኅረዩ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ ዮም ፡ መነ ፡ ታመልኩ ፡ እመ ፡ አኮ ፡ አማልክተ\n፡ አበዊክሙ ፡ እለ ፡ ማዕዶተ ፡ ፈለግ ፡ ወእማእኮ ፡ አማልክተ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድሮሙ ፡ ሀሎክሙ ፡ ወአንሰ\n፡ ወቤትየ ፡ እግዚአብሔርሃ ፡ ናመልክ ፡ እስመ ፡ ቅዱስ ፡ ውእቱ ።\n\nወአውሥኡ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ወይቤሉ ፡ ሐሰ ፡ ለነ ፡ እስከ ፡ ነኀድጎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወናመልክ ፡ ባዕደ ፡ አማልክተ ።\n\nለነሰ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ እስመ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ አምላክ ፡ ወውእቱ ፡ አውፅአነ ፡ ለነ ፡ ወለአበዊነ ፡ እምነ ፡\nግብጽ ፡ እምነ ፡ ቤተ ፡ ቅኔት ፡ ወኵሎ ፡ ዘገብረ ፡ ለነ ፡ ተአምረ ፡ ዐበይተ ፡ ወዐቀበነ ፡ በኵሉ ፡ ፍኖት ፡ እንተ ፡\nባቲ ፡ ሖርነ ፡ በውስተ ፡ ኵሉ ፡ አሕዛብ ፡ እለ ፡ ኀለፍነ ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ ።","english":"And now, fear the Lord your God and worship him in righteousness and uprightness, and abandon the foreign gods which your fathers worshipped on the banks of the river and in Egypt, and worship the Lord your God.\n\nAnd if you wish to worship the Lord your God, choose for yourselves today whom you will worship: whether the gods of your fathers, those of the banks of the river, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land you dwell; as for me and my house, we worship the Lord our God, for he is holy.\n\nAnd the people answered and said, \"It is true for us, until we abandon the Lord our God and worship other gods.\"\n\nFor us, the Lord is our God, for he is God, and he brought us out, us and our fathers, from Egypt, from the house of bondage, and all the great miracles he did for us, and he guarded us on every path on which we traveled among all the peoples over whom we passed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The people's response is ironic: they affirm the truth of the exhortation only until they abandon the Lord for other gods, highlighting the tension between confession and practice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ማዕዶተ ፈለግ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'banks of the river' likely refers to the Euphrates, evoking the patriarchal period before the Exodus, as in Joshua 24:2.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The exhortation to abandon foreign gods and worship the Lord echoes Joshua 24:14-15, where Joshua calls Israel to choose whom to serve.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'house of bondage' (ቤተ ቅኔት) for Egypt is a standard Geʿez trope, emphasizing the Exodus as a foundational liberation narrative.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage forms a rhetorical climax in the speech, moving from historical recital to a direct challenge, then to the people's ambivalent response.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The choice between the gods of the fathers and the Amorite gods parallels the Deuteronomistic theme of covenant renewal and rejection of foreign cults.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ማዕዶተ ፈለግ' could refer to the Euphrates or the Jordan; the context of crossing the Jordan in the previous passage suggests the latter, but the patriarchal reference favors the former.","The people's response 'ሐሰ ለነ' is ambiguous: it may mean 'it is true for us' or 'yes, for us,' but the following conditional clause indicates a concessive reading."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":116,"ref":"p116","source":"ወአውፅኦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ለአሞሬዎን ፡ ወለኵሉ ፡ አሕዛብ ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምድር ፡ እምቅድሜነ ፡ ወከማሁ\n፡ ንሕነሂ ፡ ናመልኮ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ እስመ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ አምላክነ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ ኢትክሉ ፡ አምልኮቶ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ እስመ ፡ ቅዱስ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወእምከመ ፡\nአቅናእክምዎ ፡ ኢየኀድግ ፡ ለክሙ ፡ ኀጣይኢክሙ ፡ ወአበሳክሙ ።\n\nእምከመ ፡ ኀደግምዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወአምለክሙ ፡ ባዕደ ፡ አማልክተ ፡ ወየሐውር ፡ ወይሣቅየክሙ ፡ ወያጠፍአክሙ ፡\nህየንተ ፡ ዘአሠነየ ፡ ላዕሌክሙ ።\n\nወይቤልዎ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ዳእሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ናመልክ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ [ኢየሱስ ፡] ለሕዝብ ፡ ለሊክሙ ፡ ስምዕ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ርእስክሙ ፡ ከመ ፡ ለሊክሙ ፡ ኀሬክምዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር\n፡ ታምልክዎ ፡ ወይቤሉ ፡ ሰማዕነ ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ይእዜኒ ፡ አሰስሉ ፡ አማልክተ ፡ ነኪር ፡ ዘኀቤክሙ ፡ ወአርትዑ ፡ ልበክሙ ፡ ኀበ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላከ\n፡ እስራኤል ።","english":"And the Lord drove out the Amorites and all the peoples who dwelt in the land before us, and likewise we also worship the Lord, for he is our God.\n\nAnd Joshua said to the people, “Do not abandon the worship of the Lord, for he is holy; and since you have pleased him, he will forgive you your sins and your transgressions.\n\nBut if you abandon the Lord and worship foreign gods, he will go away and mock you and destroy you, instead of the good he has done for you.”\n\nAnd the people said to Joshua, “Indeed, we worship the Lord.”\n\nAnd Joshua said to the people, “Listen to yourselves, since you have chosen the Lord, you shall worship him.” And they said, “We have listened.”\n\nAnd he said to them, “Now then, cast out the foreign gods that are with you, and direct your hearts toward the Lord, the God of Israel.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the conclusion of a longer speech by Joshua, following the people's declaration of worship. The repeated pattern of Joshua's exhortation and the people's response marks a liturgical or catechetical structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez form ኢየሱስ (ʾIyāsus) represents Joshua, not Jesus. In the Ethiopic Octateuch, Joshua is consistently rendered with this spelling, distinct from ኢየሱስ ክርስቶስ for Jesus Christ.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አማልክተ ነኪር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'foreign gods' (አማልክተ ነኪር) echoes the biblical prohibition of foreign worship, cf. Joshua 24:23, where Joshua calls the people to reject foreign gods and serve the Lord.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Amorites and peoples dwelling in the land before Israel reflects the conquest narrative of Joshua, but the Geʿez text here emphasizes a theological contrast between the Lord and foreign gods, typical of Ethiopic homiletic expansions.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage, with its call to cast out foreign gods and direct hearts to the Lord, resonates with later Ethiopic Christian polemics against pagan practices, as seen in the Kebra Nagast and other homiletic works.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1696Joshua","label":"source edition: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has a lacuna: after ወይቤሎሙ, the name ኢየሱስ is supplied in brackets in the edition, indicating a possible scribal omission. The English draft interprets the people's response 'Indeed, we worship the Lord' as a direct affirmation, but the Geʿez ዳእሙ could also be read as a particle of emphasis ('truly') rather than a separate clause."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":117,"ref":"p117","source":"ወይቤልዎ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክነ ፡ ናመልክ ፡ ወቃለ ፡ ዚአሁ ፡ ንሰምዕ ።\n\nወተካየዶሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ በይእቲ ፡ ዕለት ፡ ወወሀቦሙ ፡ ሕገ ፡ ወፍትሐ ፡ በሴሎም ፡ በቅድመ ፡ ደብተራሁ ፡\nለአምላከ ፡ እስራኤል ።\n\nወጸሐፎ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለዝንቱ ፡ ነገር ፡ ውስተ ፡ መጽሐፈ ፡ ሕጉ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወነሥአ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ እብነ ፡ ዐቢየ\n፡ ወአቀማ ፡ መትሕተ ፡ ዕፀ ፡ ጤሬብንቶስ ፡ ቅድመ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ።\n\nወይቤሎሙ ፡ ለኵሉ ፡ ሕዝብ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ናሁ ፡ ዛቲ ፡ እብን ፡ ስምዕ ፡ ላዕሌክሙ ፡ እስመ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ሰማዕተ ፡ ኵሉ\n፡ ዘተብህለ ፡ በኀበ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ዘከመ ፡ ተናገ[ረ]ክሙ ፡ ዮም ፡ ወትኩንክሙ ፡ ይእቲ ፡ ስም[ዐ] ፡ ላዕሌክሙ ፡\nበደኃሪ ፡ መዋዕል ፡ ለእመ ፡ ሐሰውክምዎ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ አምላክየ ።\n\nወፈነዎሙ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ለሕዝብ ፡ ወአተዉ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ ውስተ ፡ በሓውርቲሆሙ ።","english":"And the people said to Joshua, “We worship the Lord, our God, and we hear his word.”\n\nAnd Joshua disputed with the people on that day, and he gave them law and judgment in Shiloh, before the tabernacle of the God of Israel.\n\nAnd Joshua wrote this matter in the book of the law of the Lord. And Joshua took a great stone and placed it under a terebinth tree before the Lord.\n\nAnd Joshua said to all the people, “Behold, this stone will be a witness against you, for it is a witness of everything that was spoken before the Lord, as I have spoken to you today. And it will be a witness against you in the latter days, if you deny the Lord, my God.”\n\nAnd Joshua dismissed the people, and they all went to their dwellings.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተካየዶሙ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'disputed' (ተካየዶሙ) introduces a legal or covenantal dispute, marking a shift from narrative to juridical action.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሕገ ወፍትሐ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'law and judgment' (ሕገ ወፍትሐ) is a fixed legal formula in Geʿez, denoting the giving of Torah and judicial rulings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"በሴሎም","severity":"info","text":"Shiloh (ሴሎም) was the religious center of Israel before Jerusalem, housing the tabernacle; its mention here aligns with the biblical setting of Joshua's covenant renewal.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022646510203941","label":"The text of the Ethiopic version of the Octateuch, with special reference to the age and value of the Haverford manuscript","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022646510203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነሥአ ኢየሱስ እብነ ዐቢየ","severity":"info","text":"The erection of a stone under a terebinth as a witness echoes Joshua 24:26-27, where Joshua sets up a stone at Shechem as a covenant witness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ዘከመ ተናገርክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The stone as a witness against future denial of God reflects later Ethiopic homiletic traditions emphasizing covenant fidelity and divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ተናገ[ረ]ክሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The verb 'spoken' (ተናገረክሙ) is partially restored; the manuscript may have a lacuna or scribal error here, affecting the exact wording of Joshua's speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'before the tabernacle of the God of Israel' (በቅድመ ደብተራሁ ለአምላከ እስራኤል) could refer to the physical tent or metaphorically to the divine presence; the text does not clarify.","The stone's location 'under a terebinth tree' (መትሕተ ዕፀ ጤሬብንቶስ) may be a topographical detail or a symbolic reference to a sacred tree; the Geʿez is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]},{"i":118,"ref":"p118","source":"ወአምለክዎ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ በኵሉ ፡ መዋዕሊሁ ፡ ለኢየሱስ ፡ ወበኵሉ ፡ መዋዕሊሆሙ ፡ ለሊቃናት ፡ እለ ፡\nአንኁ ፡ መዋዕሊሆሙ ፡ እምድኅረ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወኵሎሙ ፡ እለ ፡ ርእዩ ፡ ግብሮ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ኵሎ ፡ ዘገብረ ፡\nለእስራኤል ።\n\nወኮነ ፡ እምድኅረ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ ወሞተ ፡ ኢየሱስ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ነዌ ፡ ገብረ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወምእት ፡ ወዐሠርቱ ፡ ዓመቲሁ\n።\n\nወቀበርዎ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ደወለ ፡ ርስቱ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ተምናሳረኅ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ደብረ ፡ ኤፍሬም ፡ እመንገለ ፡ መስዑ ፡ ለደብረ\n፡ ገላአድ ፤ ህየ ፡ ወደዩ ፡ ምስሌሁ ፡ ውስተ ፡ መቃብሩ ፡ ኀበ ፡ ቀበርዎ ፡ መጣብሐ ፡ ዘእዝኅ ፡ እለ ፡ ቦንቱ ፡ ገዘሮሙ\n፡ ለደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ በገልጋላ ፡ አመ ፡ ወፅኡ ፡ እምነ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ በከመ ፡ አዘዞ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ወህየ ፡ ሀለዋ ፡\nእስከ ፡ ዮም ።\n\nወአዕጽምቲሁኒ ፡ ለዮሴፍ ፡ ዘአውጽኡ ፡ እምነ ፡ ግብጽ ፡ ወከረዩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሰቂማ ፡ ውስተ ፡ አሐዱ ፡ ኅብር ፡\nዘገራህት ፡ እንተ ፡ ተሣየጠ ፡ ያዕቆብ ፡ እምነ ፡ አሞሬዎን ፡ እለ ፡ ይነብሩ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ሰቂማ ፡ በምእት ፡ አባግዕ ፡\nወወሀቦ ፡ ለዮሴፍ ፡ ክፍሎ ።","english":"And Israel worshipped the Lord all the days of Joshua, and all the days of the judges who were after Joshua, and all those who saw the works of the Lord, all that he did for Israel.\n\nAnd after this, Joshua son of Nun, the servant of the Lord, died, being one hundred and ten years of age.\n\nAnd they buried him in the land of his inheritance, in Timnath-serah, in Mount Ephraim, on the north side of Mount Gilboa. There they placed with him in his tomb, where they buried him, the knives of flint with which he had circumcised the children of Israel at Gilgal when they came out of Egypt, as the Lord had commanded him; and there they remain to this day.\n\nAnd the bones of Joseph, which they brought out of Egypt, they buried in Shechem, in one plot of ground which Jacob had purchased from the Amorites who dwelt in Shechem for a hundred lambs, and he gave it to Joseph as his portion.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the Ethiopic Book of Joshua with a narrative epilogue covering Joshua's death, burial, and the burial of Joseph's bones.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"ምእት ወዐሠርቱ ዓመቲሁ","severity":"info","text":"Joshua is said to have died at 110 years, a traditional lifespan found in later Jewish and Christian sources, not in the biblical Book of Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መጣብሐ ዘእዝኅ","severity":"info","text":"The 'knives of flint' (መጣብሐ ዘእዝኅ) for circumcision at Gilgal reflect a tradition linking Joshua to the rite, possibly from the Ethiopic reception of the Joshua cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ዮሴፍ","severity":"info","text":"The burial of Joseph's bones in Shechem, purchased by Jacob for a hundred lambs, parallels the account in the Testament of Joseph or later hagiographic expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This epilogue is unique to the Ethiopic version, not found in the Masoretic or Septuagint Joshua, showing a developed hagiographic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch","label":"gap dossier: Ethiopic Octateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-octateuch"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ደወለ ርስቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'land of his inheritance' (ደወለ ርስቱ) is ambiguous; it may refer to Timnath-serah or a broader territory, but the Geʿez text specifies Timnath-serah in Mount Ephraim.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The location 'Timnath-serah' (ተምናሳረኅ) is a variant of Timnath-heres; the Geʿez spelling may reflect a local tradition.","The phrase 'knives of flint' (መጣብሐ ዘእዝኅ) could be interpreted as circumcision knives or ritual flints; the context supports circumcision."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":119,"ref":"p119","source":"ወኮነ ፡ እምድኅረ ፡ ዝንቱ ፡ ወእልዐዛር ፡ ወልደ ፡ አሮን ፡ ሊቀ ፡ ካህናት ፡ ሶበ ፡ ሞተ ፡ ወቀበርዎ ፡ ውስተ ፡\nምድረ ፡ [ገ]ባኦር ፡ እንተ ፡ ወሀቦ ፡ ለፊንሕስ ፡ ወልዱ ፡ በደብረ ፡ ኤፍሬም ። ወይእተ ፡ አሚረ ፡ ነሥኡ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡\nእስራኤል ፡ ታቦቶ ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ወወሰድዋ ፡ ምስሌሆሙ ፡ ወፊንሕስ ፡ ኮነ ፡ ሊቀ ፡ ካህናት ፡ ህየንተ ፡ እልዐዛር ፡\nአቡሁ ፡ እስከ ፡ አመ ፡ ሞተ ፡ ወከረዩ ፡ ሎቱ ፡ ውስተ ፡ ገባኦር ፡ ውስተ ፡ ምደሮሙ ። ወአተዉ ፡ ኵሎሙ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡\nእስራኤል ፡ ውስተ ፡ አብያቲሆሙ ፡ ወውስተ ፡ አህጉሪሆሙ ። ወአምለኩ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ አስጣርጤን ፡ ወሳጣሮት ፡\nወአማልክተ ፡ አሕዛብ ፡ እለ ፡ ዐውዶሙ ፡ ወአግብኦሙ ፡ እግዚአብሔር ፡ ውስተ ፡ እደ ፡ ኤቅሎን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ሞአብ ፡ ወቀነዮሙ\n፡ ዐሠርተ ፡ ወሰመንተ ፡ ዓመተ ።","english":"And it came to pass after this, and Eleazar son of Aaron, the high priest, died, and they buried him in the land of Gibeon, which he had given to Phinehas his son, on Mount Ephraim. And when this was finished, the children of Israel took up the tabernacle of the Lord and carried it with them, and Phinehas became high priest in place of Eleazar his father until he died, and they mourned for him in Gibeon, in their land. And all the children of Israel returned to their houses and to their cities. And the children of Israel worshipped Astarte and Ashtaroth and the gods of the peoples whom the Lord had delivered and brought into the hand of Eglon, king of Moab, and he ruled over them for eighteen years.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነ ፡ እምድኅረ ፡ ዝንቱ","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the Ethiopic Book of Joshua, recounting the deaths of Joshua and Eleazar, the succession of Phinehas, and Israel's apostasy, forming a narrative epilogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ገባኦር","severity":"info","text":"The toponym 'Gibeon' (ገባኦር) appears here as the burial place of Eleazar, distinct from the Timnath-serah of Joshua in the previous passage, reflecting a local tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አስጣርጤን ፡ ወሳጣሮት","severity":"info","text":"The names 'Astarte' and 'Ashtaroth' (አስጣርጤን ወሳጣሮት) echo Canaanite deities condemned in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Judg 2:13, 1 Sam 7:4), here marking Israel's idolatry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤቅሎን ፡ ንጉሠ ፡ ሞአብ","severity":"info","text":"Eglon, king of Moab, is a figure from Judges 3:12-30, where he oppresses Israel; this passage links Joshua's era to the subsequent period of the judges, explaining the 18-year rule.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአምለኩ ፡ ደቂቀ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ አስጣርጤን","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic tradition uniquely includes Israel's worship of foreign gods as a post-Joshua apostasy, a moralizing addition not found in the Masoretic or Septuagint versions of Joshua.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወከረዩ ፡ ሎቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they mourned for him' (ወከረዩ ሎቱ) is ambiguous: it may refer to Eleazar or Phinehas; the English draft takes it as Eleazar, but the Geʿez allows either reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1696Joshua","label":"betmas: Book of Joshua","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1696Joshua"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'they mourned for him' (ወከረዩ ሎቱ) is unclear: it could be Eleazar (just buried) or Phinehas (who succeeded him). The English draft assumes Eleazar.","The phrase 'in their land' (ውስተ ምደሮሙ) after Gibeon may refer to the land of the Israelites or of the Gibeonites; the context favors the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[{"kind":"lacuna","severity":"caution","text":"The source is fragmentary here: the edition marks a break or an editorial bracket, and the English carries across it. Treat the bridge as supplied, not translated."}]}]}