{"slug":"LIT1688Job","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT1688Job","title":"Book of Job","author":"Anonymous","genre":"other","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"translated-elsewhere","coverage_claim":{"status":"translated-elsewhere","reference":"","text":"An English translation of this work is reported: citation not established. The citation comes from a language model and was not confirmed in a catalogue."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:52:57Z","cost_usd":0.053706},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT1688Job","work_id":"LIT1688Job","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"},"stats":{"passages":98,"english_words":20476,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":575,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":195,"work_notes":6,"external_links":4,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT1688Job","abstract":"The Geʿez version of the Book of Job is a translation from the Septuagint, preserving a distinct textual tradition with additional passages not found in the Masoretic Hebrew. Transmitted within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, it is often included in manuscripts of the broader biblical canon known as the 'Eightieth Bible'. Job is cited in Ethiopian liturgical texts, especially the Senkessar (Synaxarion), where his story is commemorated as a model of patience and faith. The translation likely occurred between the 5th and 7th centuries CE, but no colophon or external witness confirms this. The source edition (betmas) is based on a single manuscript without indication of provenance or date, limiting its use for detailed textual criticism.","historical_context":"The Geʿez translation of Job was produced within the Aksumite and post-Aksumite Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, likely between the 5th and 7th centuries CE. This period saw the translation of biblical and apocryphal texts from Greek (Septuagint) and Syriac into Geʿez, often as part of broader scriptural collections like the 'Eightieth Bible'. The Ethiopian canon includes books and passages not in the Hebrew Bible, and Job's story was adapted with local expansions, such as details about his children and circumcision. The translation was transmitted in monastic scriptoria and used in liturgy, especially in the Senkessar. No colophon or external witness confirms the exact date, and the source edition (betmas) lacks manuscript provenance, making precise historical placement tentative.","significance":"The Geʿez Job is significant for preserving a Septuagint-based textual tradition with unique expansions, reflecting Ethiopian Christian reception of the story. It provides insight into the development of the Ethiopian biblical canon and liturgical use, particularly in the Senkessar. Its relation to other Ethiopic versions and the broader Christian tradition highlights the diversity of early biblical transmission.","timeline":[{"date":"5th–7th c. CE","event":"Probable period of Geʿez translation of Job from the Septuagint."},{"date":"4th–6th c. CE","event":"Aksumite period; translation of biblical texts into Geʿez begins."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Transmission of Job in Ethiopian manuscripts, often in the 'Eightieth Bible'."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Inclusion of Job in the Senkessar (Synaxarion) for liturgical commemoration."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Publication of the betmas edition based on a single manuscript of unknown provenance."}],"relations":[{"work":"Septuagint (Greek Old Testament)","relation":"Source text for the Geʿez translation","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Masoretic Hebrew Bible","relation":"Comparative text; Geʿez includes additional passages not in Masoretic","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Eightieth Bible (Ethiopic canon)","relation":"Manuscript context for Job","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Senkessar (Synaxarion)","relation":"Liturgical commemoration of Job","key":"","label":null,"url":null},{"work":"Book of Job (Hebrew/Aramaic)","relation":"Related biblical book in different textual tradition","key":"","label":null,"url":null}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Book of Job","label":"Wikipedia article on the Book of Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Job","reason":"General background on the biblical book"},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Wikipedia article on the Ethiopian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"Context for transmission and use"},{"key":"wikipedia:Septuagint","label":"Wikipedia article on the Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint","reason":"Source text for the Geʿez translation"},{"key":"wikipedia:Geʽez","label":"Wikipedia article on the Geʽez language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez","reason":"Language of the translation"}],"cautions":["The dating of the Geʿez translation is uncertain; it likely occurred between the 5th and 7th centuries CE, but no colophon or external witness confirms this.","The source edition (betmas) is based on a single manuscript without indication of its provenance or date, limiting its use for detailed textual criticism.","The Geʿez version includes expansions not found in the Hebrew or Greek texts, which may reflect later Ethiopic Christian traditions rather than the original translation."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000504,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:59:29Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT1688Job","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":98,"translated":98,"commentary_passages":98,"commentary_units":575,"english_words":20476,"source_letters":45564,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text of Job is a translation from the Septuagint, preserving a distinct textual tradition that includes additional passages not found in the Masoretic Hebrew.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez version of Job was transmitted within the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, often included in manuscripts of the broader biblical canon known as the 'Eightieth Bible'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Job is cited in Ethiopian liturgical texts, especially in the Senkessar (Synaxarion), where his story is commemorated, reflecting his role as a model of patience and faith.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The dating of the Geʿez translation of Job is uncertain; it likely occurred between the 5th and 7th centuries CE, but no colophon or external witness confirms this.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not include a critical apparatus or variant readings from other Geʿez manuscripts, limiting its use for detailed textual criticism.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The source edition (betmas) is based on a single manuscript from the Ethiopian manuscript tradition, without indication of its provenance or date.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"caution","text":"An English translation of this work is reported: citation not established. The citation comes from a language model and was not confirmed in a catalogue."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: other in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 98 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":98},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT1688Job":{"label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"},"ed:LIT1688Job":{"label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"Chapter 1\n\nወሀሎ፡ አሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ በብሔር፡ አውስጢድ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወውእቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ራትዕ፡ ወንጹሕ፡ ወጻድቅ፡ ወፈራሄ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይትገኃሥ፡ ምስለ፡ ልቡ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ምግባር፡ እኩይ።\n\nወቦቱ፡ ሰብዓቱ፡ ደቂቅ፡ ወሠላስ፡ አዋልድ፡፡\n\nወእንስሳሁኒ፡ ሰብዓ፡ ምእት፡ ወአባግዒሁኒ፡ ሠላሳ፡ ምእት፡ ወአግማሊሁኒ፡ ኃምስቱ፡ ምእት፡ ጽምደ፡ አልሕምቲሁኒ፡ ኃምስቱ፡ ምእት፡ ወአእዱጊሁኒ፡ አእኑስ፡ ኃምስቱ፡ ምእት።\n\nውብዙኃን፡ አግብርቲሁ፡ ጥቀ፡ ወዓቢይ፡ ተግባሩ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ወውእቱሰ፡ ብእሲ፡ ኄር፡ በብሔረ፡ ጽባሕ፡ በምሥራቀ፡ ፀሐይ።\n\nወየሐውሩ፡ ደቂቁ፡ ወይትጋብኡ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ወይገበሩ፡ ምሳሐ፡ ኵሎ፡ አሚረ፡ ወይነሥኡ፡ ሠላሰ፡ አኃቲሆሙ፡ ወይበልዓ፡ ወይሰትያ፡ ምስሌሆሙ።\n\nወተፈጺሞ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ግዝኦሙ፡ ይፌንዎሙ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወያስተሠሪ፡ ሎሙ፡ ወይገይሥ፡ በጽባሕ፡ ወያበውእ፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ በእንቲአሆሙ፡ በኍልቆሙ።\n\nወአሐይ፡ ላሕመ፡ በእንተ፡ ኃጢአተ፡ ነፍሱ።","english":"Chapter 1\n\nThere was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job; and he was a man righteous, pure, just, and a fearer of God, and he refrained with his heart from every evil deed.\n\nAnd he had seven sons and three daughters.\n\nAnd his cattle were seven hundred, and his sheep three hundred, and his camels five hundred yoke, and his oxen five hundred, and his she-asses five hundred.\n\nAnd his servants were many, exceedingly, and his work was great upon the earth; and he was a good man in the land of the East, in the rising of the sun.\n\nAnd his sons would go and gather together in fellowship, and they would make a feast every day, and they would take their three sisters, and they would eat and drink with them.\n\nAnd when the days of their circumcision were completed, Job would send them before God, and he would make a feast for them, and he would sacrifice in the morning, and he would offer an offering on their behalf, for each one of them.\n\nAnd he would sacrifice a lamb for the sin of his soul.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a narrative formula typical of Geʿez hagiography and biblical paraphrase, introducing Job's character and wealth before the trial.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ራትዕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ራትዕ (rātəʿ) means 'righteous' or 'upright,' a key descriptor for Job's moral standing in the tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The land of Uz (አውስጢድ) is a biblical location from Job 1:1, here rendered in Geʿez as part of the Ethiopic reception of the story.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The enumeration of Job's livestock (700 cattle, 300 sheep, 500 camels, etc.) closely follows the Septuagint version of Job 1:3, but with specific numbers adapted in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The detail of Job's sons feasting with their sisters and the circumcision sacrifice reflects later Ethiopic Christian expansions, not found in the Hebrew or Greek texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወአሐይ ላሕመ በእንተ ኃጢአተ ነፍሱ' (and he would sacrifice a lamb for the sin of his soul) may be a later liturgical addition; the original biblical text does not mention a personal sin offering by Job."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወይብል፡ ኢዮብ፡ ለእመቦ፡ ዘይሔልዩ፡ ደቂቅየ፡ እኩየ፡ ላዕለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወከመዝ፡ ይገብር፡ ኢዮብ፡ በኵሉ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ሕይወቱ።\n\nወእምድኅረ፡ ይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ መጽኡ፡ መላእክተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወመጽአ፡ ሰይጣንኒ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ወቆመ፡ በመካኑ፡፡ 10፡ ወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሰይጣን፡ እምአይቴ፡ መጻእከ፡ ወተሰጥዎ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ዖድክዋ፡ ለኵላ፡ ምድር፡ ወአንሶሰውኩ፡ ታሕተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወመጻእኩ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሰይጣን፡ ዑቅኬ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘትሔሊ፡ ላዕለ፡ ልዔየ፡ ኢዮብ፡ እስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘከማሁ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ብእሲ፡ ንጹሕ፡ ወጻድቅ፡ ወፈራሄ፡ እግዚአብሄር፡ ወይትገኅሥ፡ ምስለ፡ ልቡ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ምግባር፡ እኩይ፡፡\n\nወተሰጥወ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤ፡ ቦኑ፡ በከንቱ፡ ያመልኮ፡ ኢዮስ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘዓውዱሂ፡ ወባረከ፡ ተግባረ፡ አደዊሁ፡ ወአብዛኅከ፡ እንስሳሁ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ አከኑ፡ አንተ፡ መላእከ፡ ሎቱ፡ እምውስጡ፡ ወእምአፍአሁ፡ ቤቶ።","english":"And Job said, \"Would that my children were more numerous than the evil against the Lord.\" And thus Job did throughout all the days of his life.\n\nAnd after that day, the angels of the Lord came, and Satan also came with them, and he stood in his place. 10. And the Lord said to Satan, \"From where have you come?\" And Satan bowed down to the Lord and said to him, \"I have encircled the whole earth and I have wandered beneath the sky, and I have come.\"\n\nAnd the Lord said to Satan, \"You have no accusation to bring against my servant Job, for there is no one like him upon the earth, a man pure, righteous, and a fearer of the Lord, and he refrains with his heart from every evil deed.\"\n\nAnd Satan bowed down before the Lord and said, \"Is it not in vain that Job worships the Lord? And all that you have given him and blessed him with, the work of his hands, and you have multiplied his livestock upon the earth? Indeed, you have sent to him from within and from outside his house.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይብል፡ ኢዮብ፡ ለእመቦ፡ ዘይሔልዩ፡ ደቂቅየ፡ እኩየ፡ ላዕለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the narrative introduction of Job's prosperity to a direct speech by Job, expressing a wish that his children outnumber the evil against God. This marks a transition to the celestial council scene.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰይጣን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሰይጣን (śayṭān) is a loanword from Hebrew/Aramaic, used here as a proper name for Satan, the adversary. In this context, he appears as a subordinate figure in the divine court, bowing and reporting to God.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምድኅረ፡ ይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ መጽኡ፡ መላእክተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወመጽአ፡ ሰይጣንኒ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The scene of angels and Satan appearing before God echoes the prologue in heaven found in Job 1:6–12 of the Masoretic Text, though the Geʿez version expands the dialogue and includes Satan's bowing and report of wandering the earth.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ኢዮብ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez Book of Job is part of the broader Old Testament canon in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition. This passage reflects a developed angelology and demonology, with Satan as a distinct figure in God's court, a feature not present in the Hebrew original.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Ethiopic Bible"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሰይጣን፡ ዑቅኬ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘትሔሊ፡ ላዕለ፡ ልዔየ፡ ኢዮብ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains a scribal anomaly: the word ልዔየ (təlʿəyä) appears with a supralinear stroke, possibly indicating a correction or abbreviation. The reading 'my servant' is assumed, but the form is irregular.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተሰጥወ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤ፡ ቦኑ፡ በከንቱ፡ ያመልኮ፡ ኢዮስ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡","severity":"info","text":"Satan's rhetorical question 'Is it not in vain that Job worships the Lord?' parallels the adversarial challenge in Job 1:9–11, but the Geʿez version adds a specific accusation that Job's prosperity is due to divine favor, intensifying the test motif.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text at line 10 has a numeral '10' inserted mid-sentence, which may be a chapter or verse marker from the source manuscript; its exact function is unclear.","The phrase 'እምውስጡ ወእምአፍአሁ ቤቶ' (from within and from outside his house) is ambiguous: it may refer to divine blessings sent both internally (spiritually) and externally (materially), or to protection from internal and external threats."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"ወባሕቱ፡ ፈኑ፡ እዴከ፡ ወግሥሥ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘቦ፡ ዳእሙ፡ እመውስተ፡ ገጽከ፡ ኢባረከከ፡፡\n\nወእምዝ፡ ይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሰይጣን፡ ናሁኬ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘቦ፡ ወጠውኰክ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴከ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ኪያሁ፡ ኢትግሥሥ፡ ወወፅአ፡ ሰይጣን፡ እምኅበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እንዘ፡ ይትፌሣሕ።\n\nወሀለዉ፡ እስከ፡ ይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ደቂቁ፡ ወአዋልዲሁ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ይበልዑ፡ ወይሰትዩ፡ በቤተ፡ እኁሆሙ፡ ዘይልህቅ።\n\nወመጽአ፡ ዘይዜንዎ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ጽምደ፡ አልሕምቲክ፡ እንዘ፡ የሐርሱ፡ ወአእዱጊከኒ፡ አእኑስ፡ እንዘ፡ ይትረዐያ፡ ጥቃሆሙ፡፡\n\nመጽኡ፡ እለ፡ ይፄውዉ፡ ወማህረክዎሙ፡ ወቀተሉ፡ ደቀክ፡ በመጥባሕት፡ ወአነ፡ ባሕቲትየ፡ ድኅንኩ፡ ወመጻእኩ፡ አዜኑከ።\n\nወእንዘ፡ ዘንተ፡ ይዜንዎ፡ ውእቱ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ መጽአ፡ ከልእ፡ ዘይዜንዎ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ እሳት፡ ወድቀት፡ እምሰማይ፡ ወአውዓየት፡ አባግዒከ፡ ወበልዓቶሙ፡ ለኖሎትከሂ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ወአነ፡ ባሕቲትየ፡ ድኅንኰ፡ ወመጻእኩ፡ እዜኑከ።","english":"And he said, \"Put your hand and touch all that is his, until it is within your grasp, and I will bless you.\"\n\nAnd after that, the Lord said to Satan, \"Behold, all that is his, and what you have sought, is within your hand until you touch it.\" And Satan went out from the presence of the Lord, rejoicing.\n\nAnd they were until that day, the children and the daughters of Job eating and drinking in the house of their elder brother.\n\nAnd one came who announced to Job and said to him, \"The roofs of your tents have collapsed while they were being repaired, and your servants have been crushed while they were playing with their children.\"\n\nOthers came who were fleeing, and they had taught them, and they killed your children with swords, and I alone escaped and came to announce to you.\n\nAnd while this one was announcing to Job, another came who announced to him and said to Job, \"Fire fell from heaven and burned your sheep and consumed your cattle together, and I alone escaped and came to announce to you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from divine dialogue to a series of disaster reports, each introduced by a messenger formula. The pattern of successive announcements (tent collapse, sword attack, fire from heaven) builds a cumulative narrative of Job's losses.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰይጣን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሰይጣን (säyṭan) is a loan from Hebrew/Aramaic, used here as a proper name for the adversary figure. In this context, Satan is a subordinate being who bows to the Lord and receives permission to test Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢባረከከ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I will bless you' (ኢባረከከ) echoes the divine blessing formula found in the Old Testament, but here it is spoken by the Lord to Satan, a unique inversion in the Ethiopic Job narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of Job's children eating and drinking in the house of their elder brother reflects the extended family structure common in ancient Near Eastern and Ethiopic societies, where the eldest son often managed the household.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sequence of disasters (tent collapse, sword attack, fire from heaven) parallels the testing of Job in the biblical Book of Job, but here the calamities are narrated as separate messenger reports rather than a single divine decree.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወባሕቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The opening phrase ወባሕቱ (wabaḥtu) is ambiguous; it could mean 'and he said' or 'and after that'. The English draft interprets it as 'and he said', but the context of the preceding passage suggests a temporal transition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the first speaker in the opening line is unclear; it may be the Lord or a continuation of the previous dialogue.","The phrase 'they had taught them' (ወማህረክዎሙ) is ambiguous: it could mean the fleeing people taught the attackers or that the attackers were taught by someone else."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"ወአንዘ፡ ዘንተ፡ ይዜንዎ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ውእቱ፡ መጽአ፡ ሣልስ፡ ዘይዜንዎ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ መስተፅዕናነ፡ አፍራስ፡ ወሠላስቱ፡ ሠራዊት፡ ብዙኃን፡ ዓገቱ፡ ወማሀረኩ፡ አግማሊክ፡ ወአል፡ ሕምቲክ፡ ወቀተሉ፡ ደቀከ፡ በመጥባሕት፡ ወአነ፡ ባሕቲትየ፡ ድኅንኩ፡ ወመጻእኩ፡ እዜኑከ።\n\nወእንዘ፡ ዘንተ፡ ይነግሮ፡ መጽአ፡ ራብዕ፡ ዘይዜንዎ፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ደቂቅከሰ፡ ወአዋልዲከ፡ እንዘ፡ ይበልሁ፡ ወይሰትዩ፡ በቤተ፡ እኁሆሙ፡ ዘይልሀቅ፡ ግብተ፡ መጽአ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ነፋስ፡ እምገዳም፡ ወጐድኦ፡ ለቤት፡ እንተ፡ አርባዕቱ፡ መዓዛኒሁ፡፡\n\nወወድቀ፡ ቤት፡ ዲበ፡ ደቂቅከ፡ ወአዋልዲከ፡ ወሞቱ፡ ወአነ፡ ባሕቲትየ፡ ድኅንኰ፡ ወመጻእኩ፡ እዜኑከ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ሶበ፡ ሰምዐ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ዘንተ፡ ነገረ፡ ተንሥአ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወሰጠጠ፡ አልባሲሁ፡ ወላጸየ፡ ሥዕርተ፡ ርእሱ፡ ወወድቀ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ወሰገደ፡፡ 23፡ ወይቤሎ፡ ዕራቅየ፡ ወፃእኩ፡ እምከርሠ፡ እምየ፡ ወዕራቅየ፡ አገበእ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሀበ፡ ወእግዚአብሔር፡ ነሥአ፡ ወኮነ፡ ከመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ፈቀደ፡ ወባሕቱ፡ ይኰን፡ ቡሩከ፡ ስሙ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።","english":"And while this one was telling this to Job, a third came who tells Job, and said to him, \"The charioteers, the horses, and the three armies, many of them, killed your servants, and I, the camels and your donkeys, and they killed your servants with the sword, and I alone escaped, and I came to tell you.\"\n\nAnd while he was telling him this, a fourth came who tells him, and said to Job, \"Your sons and your daughters, while they were eating and drinking in the house of their brother-in-law, a great wind came from the wilderness and destroyed the house, which had four corners.\n\nAnd the house fell upon your sons and your daughters, and they died, and I alone escaped, and I came to tell you.\"\n\nAnd then, when Job heard these words, Job arose and tore his garments and plucked the hair of his head, and fell upon the ground and prostrated himself. 23 And he said, \"Naked I came from my mother's womb, and naked I shall return to the earth. The Lord gave, and the Lord took away; and it happened as the Lord willed. Only blessed be the name of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage comprises four sequential messenger reports (third, fourth) and Job's response, forming a narrative climax within the Ethiopic expansion of Job's trials.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መስተፅዕናነ አፍራስ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'charioteers, the horses' likely renders a military unit; the Geʿez term መስተፅዕናነ (mästäṣʿənä) may mean 'charioteers' or 'riders,' reflecting a cavalry context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ ዕራቅየ ወፃእኩ እምከርሠ እምየ","severity":"info","text":"Job's response echoes Job 1:21 ('Naked I came from my mother's womb') and the doxology 'Blessed be the name of the Lord' aligns with theodicy themes in the canonical Book of Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The destruction of a house by a wind from the wilderness and the death of Job's children during a feast is an expansion not found in the Hebrew or Greek Job, typical of the Ethiopic version's haggadic additions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Job's prostration and tearing of garments reflect traditional mourning practices in Ethiopian Christianity, emphasizing piety and submission to divine will.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአነ ባሕቲትየ ድኅንኩ","severity":"caution","text":"The repeated phrase 'I alone escaped' may be a scribal formula; the gender of the speaker (messenger) is ambiguous in Geʿez, but the English draft assumes masculine.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the messengers (third, fourth) is not specified; they may be servants or allegorical figures.","The phrase 'house of their brother-in-law' (ቤተ እኁሆሙ) could also mean 'house of their relative' or 'their brother's house'; the English draft interprets it as brother-in-law.","The number of armies (three) and the detail of four corners of the house are unique to this Ethiopic version."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"Chapter 2\n\nወእምዝ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ መጽኡ፡ መላእክተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወቆሙ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወመጽአ፡ ሰይጣንኒ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ወቆመ፡ ቅድሜሁ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሰይጣን፡ አምአይቴ፡ መጻእክ፡ አንተ፡ ወይቤ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ሶቤሃ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሖርኩ፡ መትሕተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወአንሶሰውኰ፡ ኵለሄ፡ ወመጻእኩ፡፡\n\nወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሰይጣን፡ ዑቅኬ፡ ከመዝ፡ ኢተሐሊ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቍልዔየ፡ ኢዮብ፡ እስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘከማሁ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ብእሲ፡ የዋህ፡ ወጻድቅ፡ ወኄር፡ ወንጹሕ፡ ወፈራሄ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይትገኅሥ፡ ምስለ፡ ልቡ፡ እምኵሎ፡ ምግባር፡ ሕሱም፡ ወዓዲ፡ የዋህ፡ ወአንተስትቤ፡ ታኅጐሎ፡ ንዋዮ፡ በከንቱ።\n\nወተሰጥዎ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤ፡ ማእስ፡ ቤዛ፡ ማእስ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘአጥረየ፡ ይሁብ፡ ሰብእ፡ ቤዛ፡ ነፍሱ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ፈኑ፡ እዴከ፡ ወግሥሥ፡ አፅዕምቲሁ፡ ወሥጋሁ፡ ዳእሙ፡ እመ፡ ውስተ፡ ገጽከ፡ ኢባረከከ፡፡ 6፡ ወይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሰይጣን፡ ናሁ፡ መጠውኰከ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴከ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ወአፅዕምቲሁ፡ ወዳእሙ፡ ነፍሶ፡ ዑቅ፡፡ 7፡ ወወፅአ፡ ሰይጣን፡ እምቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እንዘ፡ ይትፌሣሕ፡ ወአኅዞ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ዝልጋሴ፡ እኩይ፡ እምእግሩ፡ እስከ፡ ርእሱ።","english":"Chapter 2\n\nAnd after that day, the angels of the Lord came and stood before the Lord, and Satan also came with them and stood before him.\n\nAnd the Lord said to Satan, \"Whence have you come?\" And Satan said, \"When I was before the Lord, I went beneath the sky and examined everything, and I have come.\"\n\nAnd the Lord said to Satan, \"Know that thus you are envious of my servant Job, for there is no man on earth like him, meek and righteous and good and pure and fearing the Lord, and he communes with his heart from all deeds, perfect, and again meek, and you desire to destroy his wealth in vain.\"\n\nAnd Satan answered the Lord and said, \"What is the price? What is the price of all that he has acquired? A man gives the price of his soul.\"\n\n\"Only, send your hand and touch his bones and his flesh and his blood in your presence, that he may bless you.\" 6. And the Lord said to Satan, \"Behold, I have given you his flesh and his bones and his blood into your hand; his soul, know.\" 7. And Satan went out from before the Lord, rejoicing, and he afflicted Job with an evil leprosy from his foot to his head.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 2","severity":"info","text":"This passage opens Chapter 2, shifting from the earthly messengers of the previous passage to a heavenly scene with angels and Satan before the Lord.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰይጣን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሰይጣን (śayṭān) is a loan from Hebrew/Aramaic, used here as a proper name for the adversary figure, distinct from the generic 'satan' in some biblical books.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዝልጋሴ እኩይ","severity":"info","text":"The affliction described as 'evil leprosy' (ዝልጋሴ እኩይ) reflects a traditional interpretation of Job's suffering as a skin disease, common in Ethiopic and other early Christian exegesis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤሎ እግዚአብሔር ለሰይጣን","severity":"info","text":"The dialogue between God and Satan echoes the prologue of the canonical Book of Job (Job 1–2), but here the exchange is expanded with Satan's boast and God's direct permission to test Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢባረከከ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'that he may bless you' (ኢባረከከ) reflects a theological motif in Ethiopic tradition where suffering leads to divine blessing, aligning with the work's hagiographic tone.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤ ሰይጣን ሶቤሃ ቅድመ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"caution","text":"Satan's reply 'When I was before the Lord' is ambiguous: it may imply he was previously present, or it may be a narrative inconsistency in the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["Satan's statement 'When I was before the Lord' could be read as a temporal clause or a narrative redundancy; the translation takes it as a temporal reference.","The phrase 'his soul, know' (ነፍሶ ዑቅ፡) is elliptical; it may mean God retains control of Job's soul while giving his body to Satan."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"ወነሥአ፡ ገልዐ፡ ወአኅዘ፡ ይሕክከ፡ ቍስሎ፡ ወነበረ፡ አፍኣ፡ እምሀገር፡ ወሰከበ፡ ውስተ፡ መሬት፡ ወሐመድ፡፡ 9፡ ወኃሊፎ፡ ብዙኅ፡ መዋዕል፡ ትቤሎ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ እስከ፡ ማእዜኑ፡ ትትዔገሥ፡ በየውሃት፡ ባርኮ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወሙት፡ ትብልኑ፡ ዓዲ፡ እጸንሖ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ኅዳጠ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ወዓዲ፡ አትዔገሥ፡ ወእሴፎ፡ ሕይወትየ፡ ዘትካት።\n\nወናሁ፡ ማሰነ፡ ዝክርከ፡ አምድር፡ ደቂቅየኒ፡ ወአዋልድየኒ፡ ሞቱ፡ ከርሠ፡ ዚአየ፡ ሐመ፡ በሕማመ፡ ማሕምም፡ ሠራኅኩ፡ ወፃመውኩ፡ በከንቱ።\n\nወአንተሂ፡ ትነብር፡ ውስተ፡ መግል፡ ወዕፄያት፡ ወኵሎ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ታንዖርር፡ ወአነሂ፡ አዓውድ፡ ወእተሃል፡ ወአሐውር፡ አምንሔር፡ ብሔር፡ ወእምቤት፡ ቤተ፡ ወእጸንሕ፡ እምነግህ፡ እስከ፡ የዓርብ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ከመ፡ አዕርፍ፡ አምፃማየ፡ ወእምሕማም፡ የዘላዕሌየ፡ ወባሕቱ፡ ይእዜ፡ ንብብ፡ ቃለ፡ ላዕለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሙት፡፡ 12፡ ወነጸራ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወይቤላ፡ ከመ፡ አሐቲኑ፡ አምዓብዳት፡ አንስት፡ ተናገርኪ፡ ሠናይተ፡ ነሣእነ፡ እምእደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወእኪተሰ፡ ኢንትዔገሥኑ፡ እንከ፡ ወበዝ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘረከቦ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘአበሰ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ላዕለ፡ እግዙአብሔር።","english":"And he took a potsherd and began to scrape his wound, and he sat in the ashes of the city and lay upon the ground and became a worm. 9. And after many days had passed, his wife said to Job, “Until when will you be patient in your suffering? Curse the Lord and die! Or else I will bear for the Lord a few days more, and I will not be patient, and I will end my life which remains.”\n\n“Behold, I have forgotten your memory because my sons and my daughters died in my womb, and I suffered in the pain of the sick, and I cried out and was silent in vain.\n\n“And you dwell in the dung and the wood, and all night you groan, and I wander and go about and go from place to place, and from house to house, and I beg from morning until the setting of the sun, like a bird seeking its young, and from the pain of my affliction. And only now do I read the word against the Lord and die.” 12. And Job looked at her and said, “How is it that you, one of the maidservants, speak well? We have received from the hand of the Lord, and why then should we be patient? And in all this that has befallen him, Job has not sinned against the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነሥአ፡ ገልዐ፡","severity":"info","text":"Job takes a potsherd to scrape his wound, a detail emphasizing his degradation and physical suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሐመድ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ሐመድ (ḥamad) is translated as 'worm,' but it can also mean 'maggot' or 'vermin,' intensifying the image of decay.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ትቤሎ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ለኢዮብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The wife's speech urging Job to curse God and die reflects a motif in the Testament of Job, where she is portrayed as a tempter.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Testament of Job"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"9፡","severity":"info","text":"Verse 9 marks a shift from Job's physical suffering to a dialogue with his wife, introducing a new narrative phase.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእጸንሕ፡ እምነግህ፡ እስከ፡ የዓርብ፡ ፀሐይ፡","severity":"info","text":"The wife's description of begging from morning to sunset echoes the language of Psalm 109 (LXX 108), a common trope of lament.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሙት፡፡ 12፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'and die' at the end of verse 9 and again in verse 12 may be a scribal duplication or a liturgical insertion; the sense is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The wife's speech in verse 9 may be a single continuous utterance or interrupted by a narrative break; the Geʿez punctuation is unclear.","The phrase 'and die' (ወሙት) appears twice, possibly indicating a textual corruption or a deliberate repetition for emphasis."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"Chapter 3\n\nወእምድኅረዝ፡ ከሠተ፡ ኢዮብ፡ አፉሁ፡ ወረገማ፡ ለዕለት፡ እንተ፡ ባቲ፡ ተወልደ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ለትጥፋእ፡ ይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ እንተ፡ ባቲ፡ ተወልኩ፡ ወሌሊታኒ፡ እንተ፡ ባቲ፡ ይቤሉ፡ ተባዕት፡ ውእቱ።\n\nለትጽልም፡ ይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ወኢይትኃሠሣ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በላዕሉ፡ ወኢይምጻእ፡ ብርሃን፡ ውስቴታ።\n\nወይርከባ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወይድፍና፡ ጽላሎተ፡ ሞት፡ ወይም፡ ጽኣ፡ ቆባር፡ ርግምተ፡ ለትኩን፡ ይእቲ፡ ዕለት።\n\nወይምጽኣ፡ ጽልመት፡ ለይእቲ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወኢተሀሉ፡ ውስተ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ዓመት፡ ወኢትትኈለቊ፡ ውስተ፡ መዋዕለ፡ አውራኅ።\n\nወለይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ፃዕር፡ ለይርከባ፡ ወኢይምጻእ፡ ውስቴታ፡ ፍሥሓ፡ ወኃሤት።\n\nዳእሙ፡ ይርግማ፡ ዘረገማ፡ ለይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ዘሀለዎ፡ ይምትሮ፡ ለዓቢይ፡ አንበሪ።\n\nለይጽልሙ፡ ከዋክብቲሃ፡ ለይእቲ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወይንበሩ፡ ኀበ፡ ኢይሬእዩ፡ ብርሃነ።\n\nእሰመ፡ ኢዓፀዉ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ከርሣ፡ ለእምየ፡ ወኢይርእዩ፡ ቤዘ፡ እንዘ፡ ይሠርቅ፡ ዘኢያእተቱ፡ ሕማመ፡ እምአዕይንትየ።","english":"Chapter 3\n\nAnd after this, Job covered his mouth and cursed the day on which he was born.\n\nAnd he said, \"Cursed is the day on which I was born, and the night on which it was said, 'It is a male.'\"\n\nDark is that day, and the Lord does not pity him who is above, and light does not come into it.\n\nDarkness will find it, and the shadow of death will cover it, and the curse of the grave will come, that it may be that day.\n\nDarkness will come for that night, and it will not be counted among the days of the year, nor will it be numbered among the days of the months.\n\nFor that day, affliction will find it, and joy and gladness will not come into it.\n\nLet him who cursed that day curse it again; let him who has it strike the great serpent.\n\nLet the stars of that night be darkened, and let them dwell where they do not see light.\n\nFor they have darkened the pupils of my mother's womb, and they do not see where they steal what they have not brought forth, the pain from my eyes.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 3","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new chapter, marked in the Geʿez as Chapter 3, continuing the narrative of Job's suffering and his curse upon his birth.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ከሠተ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ከሠተ (kaśata) means 'covered' or 'hid,' here used with 'his mouth,' possibly indicating a gesture of despair or refusal to speak further.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ረገማ","severity":"info","text":"ረገማ (ragama) means 'cursed' or 'blasphemed,' a strong term reflecting Job's direct condemnation of the day of his birth.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዓቢይ አንበሪ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'great serpent' (ዓቢይ አንበሪ) may allude to the Leviathan or a cosmic serpent, echoing Job 3:8 in the canonical Bible where Job curses the day and invokes mythical creatures.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እምየ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'pupils of my mother's womb' (እምየ) is a metaphorical expression for the eyes, possibly indicating a belief that the eyes are formed in the womb, a concept found in ancient Near Eastern thought.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያእተቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ኢያእተቱ (ʾayʾatatu) is obscure; it may mean 'they have not brought forth' or 'they have not produced,' but the exact sense is uncertain, affecting interpretation of the final line.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'great serpent' (ዓቢይ አንበሪ) is ambiguous; it could be a mythological creature or a symbol of evil.","The final clause about 'stealing what they have not brought forth' is syntactically unclear, possibly referring to the stars or the eyes."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"ለምንት፡ በውስተ፡ ከርሥ፡ ኢሞትኩ፡ ወወፂእየኒ፡ እምከርሥ፡ ዘኢተኃጐልኩ፡ ሶቤሃ።\n\nለምንት፡ ጸንዐ፡ ብረክየ፡ ወለምንት፡ ተሐፀንኩ፡ በጥብ።\n\nሶበ፡ ሰከብኩ፡ አሜሃ፡ ይእዜ፡ እምአርመምኩ፡ ወሶበሂ፡ ኖምኩ፡ አሜሃ፡ እምአዕረፍኩ፡ ይእዜ።\n\nምስለ፡ ነገሥት፡ እለ፡ መከሩ፡ እኩየ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ወኰነኑ፡ በመጥባሕት።\n\nአው፡ ምስለ፡ መላእክት፡ ወአብዕልት፡ እለ፡ አብዝኅዎ፡ ለወርቅ፡ ወመልኡ፡ አብያቲሆሙ፡ ብሩረ።\n\nወሶበኒ፡ ኮንኩ፡ ከመ፡ ፃዕፃፅ፡ ዘአድሐጾቶ፡ ማኅፀነ፡ እሙ።\n\nህየ፡ ኃጥአን፡ የኃድጉ፡ ድንጋፄ፡ ወይውዕዩ፡ በመቅሠፍተ፡ መዓቱ።\n\nወህየ፡ የዓርፉ፡ እለሂ፡ ተዕፅሩ፡ በሥጋሆሙ፡ ኅቡረ፡ እምፍ፡ ጥረተ፡ ዓለም።\n\nህየ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ንኡሳን፡ ወዓቢያን፡ ሕፃናትሂ፡ እለ፡ ኢርእዩ፡ ብርሃነ፡ ወኢሰምዑ፡ ድምፀ፡ ዘያንሶሱ፡ ህየ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ገብርሂ፡ ዘአድለወ፡ ለእግዚኡ፡ ህየ፡ ሀለወ።\n\nለምንት፡ ወሀብኮሙ፡ ብርሃነ፡ ለምሩራን፡ ወሕይወተ፡ ለዕዑራነ፡ ነፍስ።","english":"Why did I die in the womb, and why did I come forth from the womb, for I was strangled? Why did my knees grow strong, and why did I cling to the breast? When I lay down, then I was at rest; and when I slept, then I was at peace. Or with the kings who plotted evil upon the earth and judged with the sword. Or with the angels and nobles who multiplied gold and filled their houses with silver. And when I was like a child whom his mother’s womb cast out, there the sinners leave stones and cry out with the scourge of his wrath. And there rest those who are bound together in their flesh from the creation of the world. There are the small and the great, and infants who have not seen the light nor heard the voice of one who nurses them; there are the servants who have served their master; there is he. Why did you give light to the bitter and life to the blind of soul?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ለምንት፡ በውስተ፡ ከርሥ፡ ኢሞትኩ፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening lines express a wish for death in the womb, contrasting with the previous passage's curse on the day of birth. This reflects Job's despair and desire for non-existence.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መቅሠፍተ፡ መዓቱ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'scourge of his wrath' (መቅሠፍተ፡ መዓቱ) is a key term in Geʿez for divine punishment, often used in apocalyptic contexts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ምስለ፡ ነገሥት፡ እለ፡ መከሩ፡ እኩየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of kings who plotted evil and judged with the sword echoes biblical critiques of unjust rulers, possibly alluding to Job's own kingship and suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ህየ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ንኡሳን፡ ወዓቢያን፡","severity":"info","text":"The description of a place where sinners, bound figures, and infants who never saw light reside reflects Geʿez traditions of limbo or intermediate state, not directly from the canonical Job.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ለምንት፡ ወሀብኮሙ፡ ብርሃነ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with a rhetorical question addressed to God ('Why did you give light to the bitter...'), forming an inclusio with the opening 'Why' questions, framing Job's lament.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሶበ፡ ሰከብኩ፡ አሜሃ፡ ይእዜ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'When I lay down, then I was at rest' may be textually corrupt or ambiguous; the Geʿez could also be read as 'when I lay down, then I was not at rest,' given the context of Job's suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'when I lay down, then I was at rest' (ሶበ፡ ሰከብኩ፡ አሜሃ፡ ይእዜ፡) is ambiguous: it may be ironic or a textual error, as Job elsewhere laments his suffering. The identity of 'the sinners' and 'those bound together' is unclear—possibly a reference to damned souls or a specific Geʿez tradition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"እለ፡ ይትሜነይዎ፡ ለሞት፡ ወኢይረክብዎ፡ ወይፈርህዎ፡ ከመ፡ መድፍን፡ ወይትፌሥሑ፡ ለእመ፡ አድንዕዎ፡ ዕረፍቱ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ሞት፡ ወዓዐዎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምአፍሁ።\n\nወአምድኅረ፡ ማእረርየ፡ ረከበተኒ፡ መቅሠፍትየ።\n\nእበኪ፡ በእንተ፡ ግሩም፡ ዘረከበኒ፡ ወፍርሃት፡ እንተ፡ ኢተሐዘብኩ፡ ረከበተኒ፡ ወእንተ፡ ኢሐለይኩ፡ ተዳደቀተኒ።\n\nኢያርመምኩ፡ ወኢያዕረፍኩ፡ ወኢድኅንኩ፡ ወበጽሐኒ፡ መቅሠፍት፡ ወመንሱት።\n\nChapter 4\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ ኤልፋዝ፡ ቴሜናዊ፡ ተሠጥወ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ኢታብዝኅ፡ ነቢበ፡ እንዘ፡ አንተ፡ በፃማ፡ አብዝኆ፡ ነገር፡ ምንት፡ ይበቊዓከ።\n\nአንተ፡ ዘእምገሠዕኮሙ፡ ለብዙኀን፡ ወእምናዘዝከ፡ እደወ፡ ድኩማነ።\n\nወእምአንሣእኮሙ፡ በነገርከ፡ ለድውያን፡ ወእምአጽናዕከ፡ ብርከ፡ ስኡናን።\n\nወይእዜሰ፡ እስመ፡ መጽአከ፡ ሕማም፡ ወገሠሠከ፡ ለከ፡ ለሊከ፡ ተአንብዝ፡ ገባእከ፡ እንከ፡፡\n\nቀዳሚሁ፡ አኮኑ፡ ዕበድ፡ ውእቱ፡ ፍርሃትከ፡ ወተስፋከ፡ ወእኩይ፡ ፍኖትከ።","english":"Those who try to avoid death and do not find it, and fear it like a sword, and rejoice if they can delay it—the rest of man is death, and the Lord has placed it before his mouth.\n\nAnd after my harvest, my punishment found me.\n\nI weep because of the grievous thing that found me, and the fear of what I have suffered found me, and what I have hoped for has deceived me.\n\nI did not grow weary, and I did not rest, and I did not escape, and punishment and affliction reached me.\n\nChapter 4\n\nAnd Eliphaz the Temanite began to speak and said:\n\nAnd he said, \"If you multiply speech while you are in distress, what will your many words avail you?\n\nYou who have silenced many and humbled the hands of the strong,\n\nAnd who have raised up the sick with your word and strengthened the knees of the weak,\n\nBut now that illness has come to you and has touched you, you yourself have become foolish; you have entered from without.\n\nIs not your fear and your hope your destruction, and your path evil?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"እለ፡ ይትሜነይዎ፡ ለሞት፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening clause describes those who try to avoid death but cannot find it, a paradoxical inversion of the usual fear of death; the speaker laments that even avoidance is futile.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መቅሠፍት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መቅሠፍት (maqšäft) means 'punishment' or 'scourge'; here it is paired with መንሱት (mänsut) 'affliction', reinforcing the theme of divinely sent suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 4","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks a transition from Job's lament to the speech of Eliphaz the Temanite, introduced with a chapter heading in the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልፋዝ፡ ቴሜናዊ፡","severity":"info","text":"Eliphaz the Temanite is a character from the biblical Book of Job (Job 4:1); his speech here echoes the canonical dialogue but with expansions unique to the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያርመምኩ፡ ወኢያዕረፍኩ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The line 'I did not grow weary, and I did not rest' is ambiguous: it may indicate the speaker's relentless struggle or a denial of respite before punishment arrives; the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአምድኅረ፡ ማእረርየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The metaphor 'after my harvest' (ማእረርየ) uses agricultural imagery common in Geʿez wisdom literature to signify the culmination of life's labors, after which punishment arrives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'I did not grow weary, and I did not rest' could be read as either a claim of perseverance or a lament of unceasing toil; the Geʿez syntax does not disambiguate.","The identity of the speaker in the first-person lament (Job or a generic sufferer) is not explicitly marked in the Geʿez text."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"ተዘከር፡ ከመ፡ አልቦ፡ ንጽሕ፡ ዘተኃጕለወኢይጠፍኡ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ወኢይሤረዉ።\n\nወበከመሰ፡ ርኢነ፡ እለ፡ የሐርስዎ፡ ለኃጢአት፡ ወይዘርእዎ፡ ጠአርሩ፡ መቅሠፍት፡ ሎሙ።\n\nወይትኀጐ፡ በትእዛዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይማስኑ፡ በመቅሠፍተ፡ መዓቱ።\n\nጣኅረ፡ አንበሳ፡ ወንቃወ፡ አንበሳዊት፡ ወግርማ፡ አክይስት፡ ጠፍአ።\n\nወስኳእትኒ፡ ኃልቀ፡ ኃጢኦ፡ ዘይበልዕ፡ ወእጕለ፡ አናብስት፡ ተኃለቁ፡ በበይናቲሆሙ፡፡ 12፡ ሶበሰ፡ አሐተ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ገበርከ፡ አንተ፡ ዝ፡ ኵሉ፡ እምኢረ፡ ከበከ፡ በኀቤየ፡ ነገር፡ ይትነሣእ፡ ወትሰምዕ፡ ዕዝንየ፡ ቃለ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ቀዳሚሁኒ፡ ኢየአምኖ፡ ለዘነገረኒ።\n\nግርማ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወመጽዓሞ፡ ይመጽኦ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ግብተ።\n\nፍርሃት፡ ደፈነኒ፡ ድንጋፄ፡ ወረዓድ፡ አኀዘኒ፡ ወበሕቁ፡ አንተ፡ ልቀላ፡ አዕፅምትየ።\n\nወኃለፈት፡ ነፍስየ፡ እምገጽየ፡ ወአንሶጠጠኒ፡ ሥዕርተ፡ ርእስየ፡ ወሥጋየ።\n\nተንሣእኩ፡ ወኢያእመርኩከ፡ ነጸርኩከ፡ ወኢጠየቁከ፡ ወአልብከ፡ ራዕይ፡ ቅድመ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ጽላሎተከ፡ እሬኢ፡ ወቃለከ፡ እሰምዕ።","english":"Remember that there is no purity for those who have sinned; the righteous are not lost and do not perish. And just as those who sow sin reap punishment as their harvest, so they are humbled by the command of the Lord and are tested by the punishment of His wrath. The lion’s claw and the lioness’s fang and the serpent’s venom are lost. And the wolves have consumed sin, and the cubs of lions have been consumed among themselves. 12. When you have done one righteous deed, all this from the fire has covered me; a word will arise and my ear will hear a voice from him who is before me; I did not believe the one who told me. The terror of the night and its coming will come upon a man as a deed. Fear has covered me, trembling and thunder have seized me, and truly you are the loosener of my bones. And my soul has passed from my face, and the hair of my head and my flesh have bristled. I arose and did not know you; I looked at you and did not recognize you; and you have no form before my eyes; your shadow is dark; I see you and I hear your voice.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"12","severity":"info","text":"The number 12 appears mid-verse in the Geʿez, likely a chapter or section marker from the Coptic tradition, not part of the original poetic line.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጻድቃን","severity":"info","text":"ጻድቃን (ṣādeqān) means 'the righteous' and is a Geʿez plural form of ጻድቅ (ṣādeq), a key term in Ethiopic wisdom literature denoting those who are just before God.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ግርማ፡ አክይስት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the serpent’s venom is lost' echoes Job 20:14-16, where the transience of evil is compared to the loss of venom, a common motif in the Ethiopic Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በከመሰ፡ ርኢነ፡","severity":"info","text":"The agricultural metaphor of sowing sin and reaping punishment (ርኢነ፡ ... መቅሠፍት) reflects a sapiential tradition in Ethiopic Christianity, linking moral action to divine retribution.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኃለፈት፡ ነፍስየ፡ እምገጽየ","severity":"info","text":"The description of the soul leaving the face and hair bristling parallels Job 4:15, where fear causes physical transformation, a common topos in biblical theophany narratives.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየአምኖ፡ ለዘነገረኒ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'I did not believe the one who told me' is ambiguous: it may refer to a previous speaker in the dialogue or to a divine messenger; the Geʿez does not specify the antecedent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the one who told me' (ዘነገረኒ) is unclear; it may be a human interlocutor or a divine figure.","The number 12 may be a chapter marker or a verse number; its placement is uncertain in the Coptic source."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"ወባሕቱ፡ አይኑ፡ ውስተ፡ መዋቲ፡ ዘይነጽሕ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚብሔር፡ ወአይኑ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዘይጸድቅ፡ በምግባሩ።\n\nለላእካኒሁ፡ ጥቀ፡ ኢይትአመኖሙ፡ ወለመላእክቲሁኒ፡ ፅዑበ፡ ይትሔዘቦሙ።\n\nወለእለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ አብያተ፡ መሬት፡ ወንሕነኒ፡ እም፡ ውስተ፡ አሐዱ፡ ዕቡር፡ ወይረክቦሙ፡ ብልዓተ፡ ዕፄ፡ ወኢይሔልዩ፡ እምነግህ፡ እሰከ፡ ሠርክ።\n\nወኢይሄልዉ፡ እምነግህ፡ እስከ፡ ሠርክ፡ እስመ፡ ስእኑ፡ አድኅኖ፡ ወረዲአ፡ ርእሶሙ፡ ተኃጕሉ።\n\nወነፍሖሙ፡ ነፋስ፡ ወየብሱ፡ ወይትኃጐሉ፡ እስመ፡ አልቦሙ፡ ጥበብ።\n\nChapter 5\n\nጸውዕ፡ እስኩ፡ እመቦ፡ ዘያወሥአከ፡ ወእመቦ፡ እመላእክቲሁ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ዘትሬኢ።\n\nእስመ፡ ለዕቡድ፡ ይቀትሎ፡ መዓት፡ ወዕቡድኒ፡ ይመውት፡ በቅንአት።\n\nአንሰ፡ ርኢኩ፡ ብቁለ፡ ሥርዎሙ፡ ለዓብዳን፡ ወበጊዜሃ፡ ጠፍአት፡ ንብረቶሙ፡ ወወፅኡ፡ እምሕይወቶሙ።\n\nለውሉዶሙኒ፡ ይኰርዕዎሙ፡ በውስተ፡ አናቅጽ፡ ወያመነዝዝዎሙ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘያድኅኖሙ።\n\nዘእሙንቱ፡ ዘገቡ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ይበልዑ፡ ሎሙሰ፡ ትፀብዖሙ፡ እኪት፡ ወይትመሰው፡ ኃይሎሙ።","english":"And many are those who are pure among the dead before the Lord, and many are the people who are righteous in their deeds.\n\nTo his servants, they are exceedingly faithful, and to his angels, they are pure, and they are honored.\n\nAnd those who dwell in houses of earth, and we also, from within one passage, find them consuming wood, and they do not cease from dawn until evening.\n\nAnd they do not cease from dawn until evening, for their prayer is salvation, and they humble themselves, bowing their heads.\n\nAnd their souls are wind, and they are dry, and they humble themselves, for they have no wisdom.\n\nChapter 5\n\nCall out, \"How long until one who will instruct you comes, and how long until you see his holy angels?\"\n\nFor wrath kills the proud, and the proud die in envy.\n\nI have seen the root of destruction cut off, and at its time their wealth perished, and they departed from their lives.\n\nTheir children are stoned within the streets, and they are despised, and there is no one to save them.\n\nThose who are the ones who have spoken, the righteous, they eat for themselves, and evil pursues them, and their strength is consumed.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 5","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided by a chapter break (Chapter 5) that separates a section on the humble and righteous from an exhortation to call out for instruction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዕቡር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ዕቡር (ʿəbur) can mean 'passage' or 'ford'; here it likely refers to a narrow or confined space, possibly a cave or cell, where ascetics dwell.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"houses of earth","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'houses of earth' (አብያተ መሬት) evokes the dwellings of anchorites or cave-dwelling monks, a common motif in Ethiopian monastic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነፍሖሙ ነፋስ","severity":"info","text":"The statement 'their souls are wind' echoes Psalm 62:1 (LXX 61:1) or similar sapiential texts that describe human transience, though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"Call out, 'How long...'","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question 'How long until one who will instruct you comes?' parallels Job 5:1 in the Vulgate and LXX, where Eliphaz asks Job to call for a teacher.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘእሙንቱ ዘገቡ ጻድቃን","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'those who are the ones who have spoken, the righteous' is ambiguous: it may refer to false righteous or to the truly righteous who are nevertheless pursued by evil.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'those who dwell in houses of earth' is unclear: they may be ascetics, the dead, or a metaphorical group.","The phrase 'their souls are wind' could be a statement of vanity or of spiritual insubstantiality.","The final sentence about the righteous being pursued by evil is ambiguous as to whether it describes the fate of the truly righteous or of hypocrites."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"እስመ፡ አኮ፡ እምድር፡ ዘይወፅአ፡ ፃማ፡ ወአኮ፡ እምውስተ፡ አድባር፡ ዘይበቊል፡ ሕማም።\n\nሰብእሰ፡ ይትወለድ፡ ለሥራሕ፡ ወእጕለ፡ አዕዋፍ፡ ያሌዕሉ፡ ዖፈ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ለእግኢአብሔር፡ እስእሎ፡ ወእፄውዖ፡ ለእግዚአ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ዓቢያተ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ኍልቊ፡ ክቡራተ፡ ወመንክራተ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ አሠር።\n\nወገብረ፡ መንክራተ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ኍልቊ።\n\nዘይሁብ፡ ዝናመ፡ ላዕለ፡ ምድር፡ ወይፌኑ፡ ማየ፡ መትሕተ፡ ሰማይ።\n\nዘያሌሎሙ፡ ለትሑታን፡ ወያነሥኦሙ፡ ለግዱፋን።\n\nወይመይጥ፡ ምክሮሙ፡ ለእለ፡ በጉሕሉት፡ ወኢይገብሩ፡ ርትዐ፡ እደዊሆሙ።\n\nዘይእኅዞሙ፡ በምክሮሙ፡ ለጠቢባን፡ ወያጠፍአ፡ ሕሊና፡ ሆሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይጸፍርዋ፡ ለምክር።\n\nመዓልተ፡ ይትራክቦሙ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወያረመስሱ፡ ቀትረ፡ ከመ፡ ዕውር፡ ወከመ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወይትሐጐሉ፡ ውስተ፡ ቀትል።\n\nወያመስጥ፡ ድኩም፡ እምእደ፡ እስመ፡ ኃያል፡ ለፅቡስሂቦ፡ ተስፋ፡ ወይትፈፀም፡ አፉሁ፡ ለዓማፂ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ብፁዕ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘእግዚአብሔር፡ ገሠዖ፡ ወኢታ፡ ስተጽሕብ፡ ተግሣዐ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","english":"Not from the earth does thirst come forth, nor from within the mountains does sickness sprout.\n\nMan is born for toil, and the young of birds fly upward.\n\nBut only to the Lord of hosts do I pray and entreat the Lord of all, who has done great things without number, glorious and wondrous things without trace.\n\nAnd he has done wonders without number.\n\nHe who gives rain upon the earth and makes water flow beneath the sky.\n\nHe who humbles the lowly and raises up the fallen.\n\nAnd he confounds the counsel of those who are in pride and do not do righteousness with their hands.\n\nHe who seizes them by their counsel, the wise, and destroys the understanding of those who scorn counsel.\n\nBy day, darkness overtakes them, and they grope at noon like a blind man and like night, and they stumble in the noonday.\n\nAnd he snatches the weak from the hand of the strong, for the hope of the oppressed, and the mouth of the oppressor is stopped.\n\nBut blessed is the man whom the Lord has chastened, and do not despise the discipline of the Lord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a series of negative statements about the origin of suffering to a doxology praising God's power, then to a beatitude on divine discipline.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'əgziʾabəḥer (Lord) is a standard divine title in Ethiopic Christian literature, often translating Hebrew Adonai or Greek Kyrios.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብእሰ ይትወለድ ለሥራሕ","severity":"info","text":"The statement 'Man is born for toil' echoes Job 5:7 (LXX: ἄνθρωπος γὰρ ἐγεννήθη εἰς κόπον), a common theme in the biblical wisdom tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይሁብ ዝናመ ላዕለ ምድር","severity":"info","text":"The description of God giving rain and making water flow parallels similar hymnic passages in the Psalms (e.g., Ps 104:13–14) and in the Ethiopic liturgical tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ብፁዕ ብእሲ ዘእግዚአብሔር ገሠዖ","severity":"info","text":"The beatitude 'blessed is the man whom the Lord has chastened' reflects a monastic reception of Job as a model of patient suffering, common in Ethiopic homiletics.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይገብሩ ርትዐ እደዊሆሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'do not do righteousness with their hands' is ambiguous: it may mean they fail to act justly, or that they perform no righteous deeds at all. The English draft takes the former.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢይገብሩ ርትዐ እደዊሆሙ' could be read as 'they do not do righteousness with their hands' or 'they do not perform righteous deeds at all'; the English draft opts for the former.","The reference to 'those who dwell in houses of earth' in the previous passage is not resumed here, leaving the transition unclear."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ይቈስል፡ ወካዕበ፡ ይፌውስ፡ ይቀሥፍሂ፡ ወይሣሃል፡ እዴሁ።\n\nስድሰ፡ ያድኅነከ፡ እመንሱት፡ ወበሳብፅሰ፡ ኢትገሥሠከ፡ እኪት።\n\nእምነ፡ ረኃብ፡ ያድኅነከ፡ እሞት፡ ወበውስተ፡ ጸብዕኒ፡ እምእደ፡ ኲናት፡ ያነግፈከ።\n\nወይሤውረከ፡ እመቅሠፍተ፡ ልሳን፡ ወኢትፈርህ፡ እምእኪት፡ እንተ፡ ትመጽእ።\n\nወትስሕቆሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ ወለዐማዕን፡ ወኢትፈርህ፡ እምአራዊተ፡ ኅለት፡ ወይሰነዓዉከ፡ አራዊተ፡ ገዳም።\n\nወሶቤሃ፡ ተአምር፡ ከመ፡ ዳኅን፡ ቤትከ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይትነከይ፡ እምንብረትከ።\n\nወትጤቅ፡ ከመ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ዘርእከ፡ ወደቂቀከኒ፡ ከመ፡ ሣዕረ፡ ፂዖት፡ ሥሙር።\n\nወተአቱ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብሪከ፡ ከመ፡ እክለ፡ ማእረር፡ ሥሙር፡ ወከመ፡ ክምር፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ጊዜ፡ ይነሥኡ፡ እምኔሁ።\n\nናሁ፡ ዝ፡ አሠር፡ ዘአቅፃዕነ፡ ወዝንቱ፡ ዘሰማዕነ፡ ወአንተ፡ ባሕቱ፡ አእምር፡ ዘገበርከ።\n\nChapter 6\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ ኦየፐብ፡ ተሠጥወ፡ ከመዝ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nሶበ፡ አሐዱ፡ እምኔክሙ፡ ይደልዋ፡ ለመቅሠፍትየ፡ ወይነሥኣ፡ ኅቡረ፡ በመዳልው፡ ለሕማምየ፡ እስመ፡ ይከብድ፡ እምኆፃ፡ ባሕር።","english":"For it is he who cuts and pierces, he who strikes and heals his hand.\n\nSix times he will save you from death, and seven times he will cause you to do evil.\n\nFrom hunger he will save you from death, and within the ring from the hand of the sword he will rescue you.\n\nAnd he will turn you away from the blow of the tongue, and you shall not fear from the evil that comes.\n\nAnd he will cause the sinners and the wicked to stumble, and you shall not fear from the beasts of the night, and the beasts of the desert will serve you.\n\nAnd then you will know that your house is safe, and there is none who can be moved from your dwelling.\n\nAnd you will be satisfied that your seed is abundant, and your offspring like the grass of the field, numerous.\n\nAnd you will enter into your tomb like the grain of the harvest, numerous, and like a heap that at all times they take from it.\n\nBehold, this is the sign that we have cut, and this is what we have heard, and you alone know what you have done.\n\nChapter 6\n\nAnd Job spoke again, and he was silent thus, and he said:\n\nWhen one of you would lighten my blow and take up together with the measure of my pain, for it is heavier than the sand of the sea.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ስድሰ፡ ያድኅነከ፡ እመንሱት፡ ወበሳብፅሰ፡ ኢትገሥሠከ፡ እኪት።","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a series of divine actions (cutting, piercing, striking, healing) to a numerical pattern: six times saved, seven times made to do evil. This may reflect a rhetorical or liturgical structure, though the precise significance of the numbers is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢትገሥሠከ፡ እኪት።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ኢትገሥሠከ፡ እኪት' (he will cause you to do evil) is ambiguous: the verb ገሥሠ can mean 'cause' or 'make', and እኪት (evil) may refer to moral evil or misfortune. The English draft renders it as 'cause you to do evil', but the Geʿez could also be read as 'he will make evil befall you'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምነ፡ ረኃብ፡ ያድኅነከ፡ እሞት፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'from hunger he will save you from death' echoes the theme of divine protection from famine and sword, common in biblical wisdom literature (cf. Job 5:20-21). No direct quotation is present, but the motif aligns with theodicy discussions in the Book of Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እምአራዊተ፡ ኅለት፡ ወይሰነዓዉከ፡ አራዊተ፡ ገዳም።","severity":"info","text":"The contrast between 'beasts of the night' (አራዊተ ኅለት) and 'beasts of the desert' (አራዊተ ገዳም) reflects a Geʿez literary topos of wild animals as threats or servants, possibly drawing on Ethiopian monastic imagery of desert ascetics taming beasts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትጤቅ፡ ከመ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ዘርእከ፡ ወደቂቀከኒ፡ ከመ፡ ሣዕረ፡ ፂዖት፡ ሥሙር።","severity":"info","text":"The image of offspring as numerous as grass and grain entering the tomb like a harvest heap is a distinctive Geʿez elaboration not found in the Hebrew or Greek Job. It may reflect Ethiopian agricultural metaphors and a concern with lineage and mortality.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ናሁ፡ ዝ፡ አሠር፡ ዘአቅፃዕነ፡ ወዝንቱ፡ ዘሰማዕነ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'this is the sign that we have cut' (ናሁ ዝ አሠር ዘአቅፃዕነ) is obscure: 'cut' (አቅፃዕነ) may refer to inscribing a sign or making a covenant, but the exact meaning is uncertain. The English draft renders it as 'cut', but the Geʿez could imply 'established' or 'determined'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The numerical pattern (six saved, seven made to do evil) is not explained in the text; it may be a rhetorical device or a reference to a lost tradition.","The identity of the speaker (God or a divine agent) is ambiguous; the passage shifts between second-person address and third-person description.","The phrase 'he who cuts and pierces' (ይቈስል ወካዕበ ይፌውስ) could be read as a single action or two separate divine acts; the English draft combines them."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ወባሕቱ፡ ሐሰተ፡ ይመሰል፡ ነገርየ፡ ዘእሙን፡ ወናሁ፡ አሕፃሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ ሥጋየ፡ ወኅምዙ፡ ይሰርበኒ፡ ደምየ፡ ወሶበ፡ አእኅዝ፡ እንብብ፡ ይደጕጸኒ፡ ሥጋየ።\n\nቦኑ፡ ለከንቱ፡ ይነቁ፡ ሐለስትዮ፡ በውስተ፡ ሐመልማል፡ እኮኑየኃሥሥ፡ ዘይበልዕ፡ ወይነቁኑ፡ ላሕም፡ እንዘ፡ ይበልዕ፡ ውስተ፡ ኀል፡ ወይቀምሕ።\n\nአው፡ ይትበላዕኑ፡ እክል፡ ዘአንበለ፡ ፄው፡ ወቦኑ፡ ጣዕም፡ ለሐረፈ፡ ሐምል፡ ዘይሰመይ፡ ህጥሜ፡ ወቦኑ፡ ጣዕም፡ ለነገረ፡ ከንቱ።\n\nኢይክል፡ አዕርፎ፡ ነፍስየ፡ ወእሬኢ፡ ንሰሐተ፡ ሥጋየ፡ ከመ፡ ብኍባኄ፡ አንበሳ፡፡ 7፡ ሶበ፡ ይመጽአኒ፡ ጸሎት፡ ወይሁበኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ተስፋየ።\n\nወአኀዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወፈጸመ፡ ወቀተለኒ፡ ለዝሉፉ።\n\nሶበ፡ ተሐንዐ፡ ዝኅርየ፡ ወአትመያየጥ፡ ውስተ፡ አረፋቲሁ፡ ወኢይምሕክ፡ እስመ፡ ኢሐሰውኩ፡ ቃለ፡ አምላኪየ፡ ቅዱስ።\n\nምንትኑ፡ ኃይልየ፡ ከመ፡ አትዓገሥ፡ ወምንትኑ፡ መዋዕ፡ ልየ፡ ከመ፡ ታስተአዝዝ፡ ነፍስየ።","english":"And yet, my words seem like a lie, for I have now accused God over my flesh, and my hunger gnaws at my blood. And when I hold my mouth, it crushes my flesh.\n\nIs it for nothing that the locusts chirp in the grass? Is it not that I desire what devours and chirps in the field while it devours and is silent?\n\nOr is the food consumed without salt? And is there taste to the dry grass that is called həṭme? And is there taste to the words of vanity?\n\nI cannot set my soul at rest and see the repentance of my flesh like the roar of a lion. 7 When prayer comes to me and God gives me my hope.\n\nAnd God began and finished and killed my foolishness.\n\nWhen my memory is troubled and I am tossed about in his ruins, and he does not forgive, because I have lied against the word of my holy God.\n\nWhat is my strength that I should be patient? And what is my time that my soul should be humbled?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወባሕቱ፡ ሐሰተ፡ ይመሰል፡ ነገርየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The speaker reflects on the paradox that his truthful words appear false, a theme of self-doubt and divine accusation common in the Ethiopic Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ህጥሜ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term həṭme likely refers to a type of dry grass or fodder, possibly a local Ethiopian plant; its precise botanical identity is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይክል፡ አዕርፎ፡ ነፍስየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase echoes Job’s lament in the canonical Book of Job (e.g., Job 3:11–12) about the inability to find rest, adapted to the Ethiopic context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"7፡","severity":"info","text":"The numeral 7 marks a structural division in the Geʿez text, likely indicating a verse or strophe boundary in the Ethiopic poetic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአኀዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወፈጸመ፡ ወቀተለኒ፡ ለዝሉፉ።","severity":"info","text":"The line describes God as beginning, finishing, and killing the speaker’s foolishness, reflecting a Geʿez theological motif of divine agency in moral correction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ምንትኑ፡ ኃይልየ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The rhetorical questions about strength and time may be textually corrupt or ambiguous; the Geʿez allows multiple interpretations of the speaker’s endurance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of həṭme (dry grass) is uncertain; it may be a specific Ethiopian plant or a generic term.","The phrase 'killed my foolishness' could be metaphorical or literal in the narrative context.","The rhetorical questions at the end may reflect textual corruption or deliberate ambiguity."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":15,"ref":"p15","source":"ወቦኑ፡ ዘብርት፡ ሥጋየ፡ ወሚመ፡ ኃይለ፡ እብንኑ፡ ኃይልየ።\n\nአኮኑ፡ ቦቱ፡ ተወከልኩ፡ ወለምንት፡ ርኅቀ፡ እምኔየ፡ ረድኤቱ።\n\nወተኀየየኒ፡ ሣህሉ፡ ወኢነጸረኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢሐወጸኒ፡ በሣህሉ።\n\nአዝማድየኒ፡ ኢያአመሩኒ፡ ከመ፡ ውኂዝ፡ ዘነጽፈ፡ ወከመ፡ ማዕበል፡ ዘኃለፈ፡ እልክቱ፡ እለ፡ ይፈርሁኒ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ይሰሕቁኒ።\n\nከመ፡ በረድ፡ ወከመ፡ አስሐትያ፡ ዘጠግአ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ተመስወ፡ መዊቆ፡ ወኢተዓውቀ፡ ኀበ፡ ነበረ።\n\nከማሁ፡ አነሂ፡ ወፃእኩ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ወተኃጐልኩ፡ ወወፃእኩ፡ እምቤትየ።\n\nተአምሩ፡ ግዕዞሙ፡ ለቴሜኖን፡ ወእከዮሙ፡ ለሳባን፡ ወተዓውሮቶሙ።\n\nወርቱዕሰ፡ ይትኀፈሩ፡ እለ፡ ይትዌከሉ፡ በንዋዮሙ፡ ወበአብያቲሆሙ።\n\nከመ፡ አንትሙ፡ መጻአክሙ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ምሕረት፡ ወርእ፡ የክሙ፡ ቊስልየ፡ ኢፈራህክሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ምንት።\n\nቦኑ፡ ዘሰአልኩክሙ፡ ወሚመ፡ ኃይለ፡ ዚአክሙ፡ ተመነይኩ፡ ከመ፡ ታድኅኑኒ፡ እምፀርየ፡ ወታንግፉኒ፡ እምእደ፡ ዘይትኄየለኒ።\n\nመሀሩኒ፡ መሀሩኒ፡ ወአነ፡ አጸአክሙ፡ ወእመቦሰ፡ ዘስሕትኩ፡ አጠይቁኒ፡ እስመ፡ ሐሰተ፡ ይመስል፡ ነገርየ፡ ዘእሙን።","english":"And is it not that my flesh is of stone, and the water of my strength? I have trusted in my strength.\n\nHave I not relied upon him? And why has his help been far from me?\n\nAnd mercy has passed me by, and the Lord has not looked upon me, nor has he covered me with his mercy.\n\nMy kinsmen have despised me, and those who did not know me, like a river that has overflowed and like a flood that has passed, those who fear me—they are the ones who mock me.\n\nLike hail and like hailstones that have fallen, and then the hail melted and did not remain where it was.\n\nSo also I have gone out from everything, and I have been humbled, and I have gone out from my house.\n\nBehold the deeds of the Temenites and the wickedness of the Sabaeans and their treachery.\n\nAnd the rich are ashamed, those who trust in their possessions and in their houses.\n\nWhy have you come without mercy, and why have you seen my wound? Why have I feared you?\n\nIs it not that I have asked you, and I have begged for the water of your strength, that you might save me from my enemy and rescue me from the hand of him who would destroy me?\n\nTeach me, teach me, and I have called you. And if I have erred, correct me, for my words, which are true, seem like a lie.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቦኑ፡ ዘብርት፡ ሥጋየ፡ ወሚመ፡ ኃይለ፡ እብንኑ፡ ኃይልየ።","severity":"info","text":"The opening rhetorical question, 'And is it not that my flesh is of stone, and the water of my strength?', expresses Job's despair at his own physical and spiritual depletion, contrasting his former vigor with present weakness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሣህሉ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሣህሉ (śāḥəllu) means 'mercy' or 'compassion.' Its repetition in this passage emphasizes Job's sense of divine abandonment, a key theme in the Ethiopic Job tradition.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ቴሜኖን፡ ወእከዮሙ፡ ለሳባን።","severity":"info","text":"The Temenites and Sabaeans are peoples of South Arabia, often invoked in Ethiopic literature as archetypes of treachery and wickedness, reflecting the cultural and geographical context of the Geʿez translation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"መሀሩኒ፡ መሀሩኒ፡","severity":"info","text":"The repetition of 'Teach me, teach me' (መሀሩኒ፡ መሀሩኒ፡) marks a structural climax, shifting from lament to a plea for correction, and underscores Job's desperation for understanding.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢነጸረኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢሐወጸኒ፡ በሣህሉ።","severity":"info","text":"This verse echoes the biblical theme of divine hiddenness, reminiscent of Job 13:24 (LXX) where Job laments God's withdrawal, though the Geʿez text adapts the phrasing to local idiom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ በረድ፡ ወከመ፡ አስሐትያ፡ ዘጠግአ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The simile comparing Job's departure to melting hail (ከመ፡ በረድ፡ ወከመ፡ አስሐትያ፡) is textually uncertain; the Geʿez may reflect a corruption or a unique interpretive tradition not found in other versions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'those who fear me' (እለ፡ ይፈርሁኒ፡) is ambiguous—whether former allies or enemies—and the reading taken assumes mockers from among his own people.","The phrase 'water of your strength' (ሚመ፡ ኃይለ፡ ዚአክሙ፡) may be metaphorical for divine power or literal sustenance; the translation opts for the former."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":16,"ref":"p16","source":"ወአኮ፡ በኀቤክሙ፡ ዘእስእል፡ ኃይለ፡ ወኑዛዜ፡ ነገርክሙኒ፡ ኢያስተሕተኒ፡ ወኢይሔውዘኒ፡ ሣዕሣዐ፡ ቃልቅከሙ፡ እስመ፡ ስሕቅሙ፡ ላዕለ፡ ዐርክክሙ፡ ወተሣለቅክሙ፡ ላዕለ፡ እጓለ፡ ማውታ።\n\nይእዜኒ፡ ነጺርየ፡ ገጸክኑ፡ እንዘ፡ ኢይሔስወክሙ፡ ንበሩ፡ ዳአሙ፡ ኢተዐምፁ፡ ወበጽድቅ፡ ካፅበ፡ ተናገሩ።\n\nእስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ቃለ፡ ዓመፃ፡ ውስተ፡ ልሳንየ፡ ወጥበበ፡ ይነብብ፡ ጕርዔየ።\n\nChapter 7\n\nቀዳሚሁ፡ አኮኑ፡ ጽላሎት፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕይወት፡ ለእጓለ፡ እመ፡ ሕያው፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ወንብረቱ፡ ከመ፡ ሀሳብ፡ ዘለለዕለቱ።\n\nወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ከመ፡ ገብር፡ ዘያደሉ፡ ለእግዚኡ፡ ወያጸምእ፡ ጸሎቶ፡ አው፡ ከመ፡ ገባኢ፡ ዘይሴፎ፡ ዓስቦ።\n\nከማሁ፡ አነሂ፡ ተዓገሥኩ፡ አውራኀ፡ ከንቱ፡ ወሌሊተኒ፡ ተውህበኒ፡ ሊተ፡ ፃዕር።\n\nእመ፡ ኖምኩ፡ እብል፡ ማእዜ፡ ይጸብሕ፡ ሊተ፡ እንጋ፡ ወእመ፡ ነቃሕኩ፡ ካዕበ፡ እብል፡ ማእዜ፡ ይመሲ።\n\nጸገብኩ፡ ሕማመ፡ እምነግህ፡ እስከ፡ ሠርክ፡ ወባኍበኈ፡ ሥጋየ፡ በፅሄያት፡ ወመግል፡ ወኃለቁ፡ እንዘ፡ አሐክክ፡ ጸውበ፡ ወእንጳንጴ፡ ወሐመደ፡ ኮንኩ።","english":"And is it not that I have told you of my strength and my weakness? Why do you not hear me? And why do you not hasten to my aid? For you have laughed at my affliction and mocked the son of death.\n\nNow, behold my face, while you sit in your houses, and speak with righteous judgment.\n\nFor there is no word of iniquity in my tongue, and my throat utters wisdom.\n\nChapter 7\n\nIs it not that life for the son of man is but a shadow upon the earth, and his dwelling is like a dream of the day?\n\nAnd is it not like a servant who waits for his master and thirsts for his prayer, or like a beggar who hopes for a reward?\n\nLike him, I have endured empty months, and to me has been given a night of pain.\n\nIf I sleep, I say, \"When will morning come for me?\" And if I wake, I say again, \"When will evening come?\"\n\nI have been wearied with pain from morning until evening, and my body is covered with boils and sores, and my limbs have withered while I groan, and I have become dust and ashes.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀዳሚሁ፡ አኮኑ፡ ጽላሎት፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕይወት፡ ለእጓለ፡ እመ፡ ሕያው፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ወንብረቱ፡ ከመ፡ ሀሳብ፡ ዘለለዕለቱ።","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text marks a new chapter (Chapter 7) with the rubric ቀዳሚሁ (qadāmīhu, 'its first'), a standard Ethiopic chapter heading. This structural division is not present in the Hebrew or Greek traditions and reflects the Ethiopic canonical arrangement.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያስተሕተኒ፡ ወኢይሔውዘኒ፡ ሣዕሣዐ፡ ቃልቅከሙ።","severity":"info","text":"The speaker (Job) reproaches his friends for not hearing or hastening to his aid. The verbs ኢያስተሕተኒ (ʾuyastäḥtäni, 'why do you not hear me?') and ኢይሔውዘኒ (ʾuyəḥewwəzäni, 'why do you not hasten to me?') intensify the complaint of abandonment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እጓለ፡ ማውታ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase እጓለ ማውታ (ʾəgʷāla mawtā, 'son of death') is a Geʿez idiom for a person doomed to die or in mortal danger. It parallels the Hebrew 'ben māwet' (son of death) found in biblical Hebrew, though not directly in Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ቃለ፡ ዓመፃ፡ ውስተ፡ ልሳንየ፡ ወጥበበ፡ ይነብብ፡ ጕርዔየ።","severity":"info","text":"Job's claim that 'there is no word of iniquity in my tongue' echoes the biblical theme of Job's innocence (cf. Job 6:30 in the Ethiopic version). The phrase ጥበበ ይነብብ ጕርዔየ (ṭəbab yənäbbəb gurʿəyä, 'my throat utters wisdom') is a Geʿez idiom for speaking wisely.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከማሁ፡ አነሂ፡ ተዓገሥኩ፡ አውራኀ፡ ከንቱ፡ ወሌሊተኒ፡ ተውህበኒ፡ ሊተ፡ ፃዕር።","severity":"info","text":"Job compares himself to a servant and a beggar, enduring 'empty months' and a 'night of pain.' This simile of waiting and suffering is a common motif in biblical wisdom literature (cf. Psalm 39:12 in the Ethiopic Psalter).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ወሐመደ፡ ኮንኩ።","severity":"info","text":"The final phrase 'I have become dust and ashes' (ሐመደ ኮንኩ, ḥamädä konku) reflects a common Geʿez expression of utter desolation, paralleling the Hebrew 'ʾeper wa-ʿapar' (dust and ashes) in penitential contexts. This phrase is used in Ethiopic liturgical texts for mourning.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text at the start of the passage (ወአኮ፡ በኀቤክሙ፡ ዘእስእል፡ ኃይለ፡ ወኑዛዜ፡ ነገርክሙኒ።) is ambiguous: it could be read as a rhetorical question ('And is it not that I have told you...') or as a statement ('And I have told you...'). The English draft takes the interrogative reading, which is supported by the following ኢያስተሕተኒ (why do you not hear me?).","The phrase እጓለ ማውታ (son of death) may be a Geʿez idiom for a condemned man, but its exact referent in context (Job himself or a generic sufferer) is debated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":17,"ref":"p17","source":"ወቀላለ፡ ኮነት፡ ሕይወትየ፡ ከመ፡ ነገረ፡ ዘየአንም፡ ወተኃጐልኩ፡ በተሰፍዎ፡ ከንቱ።\n\nተዘከር፡ ከመ፡ ነፍስ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕይትየ፡ ወኢትገብእ፡ እንከ፡ ትርአይ፡ ዓይንየ፡ ሠናይተ፡፡ 8፡ ወኢይሬኢ፡ ዓይነ፡ ዘይሬአየኒ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ነጸረኒ፡ ኢይሄሎ፡ እንከ።\n\nከመ፡ ደመና፡ ዘተነጽሐ፡ እምሰማይ፡ እስመ፡ እምከመ፡ ወረደ፡ ሰብአ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብር፡ ኢየዓርግ፡ እንከ።\n\nወኢይገብእ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤት፡ ወኢየአምር፡ እንከ፡ ብሔሮ።\n\nወበእንተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ አነሂ፡ ኢይምህከ፡ አፉየ፡ ወእነብብ፡ ፃዕረ፡ መንፈስየ፡ ወአከሥት፡ ምረረ፡ ነፍስየ፡ ዘላዕሌየ፡ ከመ፡ ወባሕር፡ ኮነ፡ አንብዕየ።\n\nባሕርኑ፡ አው፡ ቀላይ፡ እስመ፡ አዘዝከ፡ ዓቃቤ፡ ላዕሌየ።\n\nወእቤ፡ ዓራትየኑ፡ እንጋ፡ ይናዝዘኒ፡ ወያልህየኒሁ፡ እንጋ፡ ምስካብየ።\n\nወትጌርመኒ፡ በሕልም፡ ወታደነግዐኒ፡ በራእይ።\n\nወኮነ፡ ሥሉጠ፡ በነፍስየ፡ ወበመንፈስየ፡ ወአሞቶን፡ ለአዕይንትየ፡ ቦኑ፡ ለዓለም፡ አሐዩ፡ ከመ፡ እትዓገሥ፡ ርኅቀ፡ እምኔየ፡ ወከንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕይወትየ።","english":"And the life of me became a lie, like a word that is not heard, and I was hidden in the vanity of the expanse.\n\nRemember that the soul is my life, and you do not enter, so that you may see my eye good. 8. And the eye of him who sees me does not see, and if he looked at me, he would not find me.\n\nLike a cloud that has been removed from the sky, for like a man who has descended into the grave, I do not ascend.\n\nAnd I do not enter into the house, and I do not know my own region.\n\nAnd because of this, I do not open my mouth, and I recite the cry of my spirit, and I gather the bitterness of my soul within me, like the sea my tears have become.\n\nIs it the sea or a pool? For you have commanded a guard over me.\n\nAnd I say, are my bones of ivory that they pierce me, and of ivory is my bed?\n\nAnd you frighten me in a dream and terrify me in a vision.\n\nAnd it has become a ruler over my soul and my spirit, and it has killed my eyes; are they not alive for the world, that I might be separated far from me? And it is vanity, my life.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወቀላለ፡ ኮነት፡ ሕይወትየ፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues Job's lament from chapter 7, marked by the Coptic cue 'narrative' and the chapter division at 'Chapter 7' in the English draft.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ተሰፍዎ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ተሰፍዎ' (täsäffəwo) means 'expanse' or 'firmament', here used metaphorically for the vanity of Job's situation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ደመና፡ ዘተነጽሐ፡ እምሰማይ፡","severity":"info","text":"The simile of a cloud removed from the sky echoes Job 30:15, where Job describes his fleeting existence.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እንጋ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word 'እንጋ' (ʾənga) means 'ivory', a luxury material, highlighting Job's ironic contrast between wealth and suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይሬኢ፡ ዓይነ፡ ዘይሬአየኒ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the eye of him who sees me does not see' is ambiguous: it may mean Job is invisible or that the observer is blind to his suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'you' in 'you do not enter' and 'you have commanded a guard' is unclear—possibly God, friends, or a generic audience.","The phrase 'it has killed my eyes' may be metaphorical for blindness or despair, not literal."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":18,"ref":"p18","source":"ምንት፡ ውእቱ፡ ሰብአ፡ ከመ፡ ታዕብዮ፡ ወከመ፡ ተሐውጽ፡ ልቦ።\n\nአው፡ ከመ፡ ትፍትኖ፡ እስከ፡ ይበጽሕ፡ ኀቤከ፡ አው፡ ከመ፡ ትኰንኖ፡ በውስተ፡ ዓራቱ።\n\nእስከ፡ ማእዜኑ፡ ኢታስሕተኒ፡ እስከ፡ እውኅጥ፡ ምራቅየ፡ እንዘ፡ የሐንቀኒ።\n\nወእነሂ፡ አበስኩ፡ አነ፡ ምንተ፡ እንከ፡ እክል፡ ገቢረ፡ ለከ፡ ኦ፡ ዘተአምር፡ ልበ፡ እጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡ ለምንት፡ ረፅይከኒ፡ ለመቅሠፍት፡ ለከ፡ ወለምንት፡ ፈጠርከኒ፡ በአምሳሊከ፡ አነሁ፡ ዳአሙ፡ ከበድኩከ።\n\nወለምንት፡ ኢገበርከ፡ በዘይትረሳዕ፡ ኃጢአትየ፡ ወበዘይነጽሕ፡ ጌጋይየ፡ ወይአዜሰ፡ እወርድ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ኀበ፡ ኢይነቅሕ፡ እንከ።\n\nChapter 8\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ በልዳዶስ፡ አውኬናዊ፡ ተሰጥወ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nእስከ፡ ማእዜኑ፡ ትነብብ፡ ከመዝ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ነቢብኑ፡ ውስተ፡ አፉከ።\n\nቦኑ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይኴንን፡ በዓመፃ፡ ወፈጣሬ፡ ኵሉ፡ የሀውኮኑ፡ ለጻድቅ።\n\nእመሰኬ፡ አበሱ፡ ደቂቅከ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ፈነወ፡ በእንተ፡ ኃጢእቶሙ::","english":"What is man, that you magnify him, and that you change his heart? Or that you test him until he reaches you, or that you judge him within his own flesh? Until when will you lead me astray, until I spit out my spittle while you strangle me? And I, I have sinned; what have I done to you, O you who know my heart? Child of the living, why have you made me a target for your punishment, and why have you created me in your likeness? I, indeed, have I become burdensome to you? And why have you made my sin unforgettable and my error indelible, and shall I not descend into the earth where it is not dug up?\n\nChapter 8\n\nAnd the hand of Bildad the Shuhite spoke, bowed, and said: Until when will you speak like the spirit of speech in your mouth? Is there not God who judges in righteousness, and the creator of all, does he not know the righteous? If your children have sinned before him, he has sent because of their sins.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 8","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with the heading 'Chapter 8' and introduces Bildad the Shuhite as a new speaker, marking a structural shift from Job's monologue to a dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢታስሕተኒ (ʿatasḥatani)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb 'atasḥatani' (lead me astray) carries a sense of moral or spiritual deception, not merely physical misdirection, reflecting Job's complaint of divine testing.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እመሰኬ አበሱ ደቂቅከ ቅድሜሁ ፈነወ በእንተ ኃጢእቶሙ (If your children have sinned before him, he has sent because of their sins)","severity":"info","text":"This echoes the biblical theme of divine punishment for sin, possibly alluding to Job's children (cf. Job 1:18-19), though the Geʿez text here is a general statement.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በልዳዶስ አውኬናዊ (Bildad the Shuhite)","severity":"info","text":"Bildad is one of Job's three friends in the biblical book; the Geʿez text follows the Septuagint tradition in naming him 'Bildad the Shuhite' (cf. Job 8:1).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እስከ ማእዜኑ ትነብብ ከመዝ መንፈሰ ነቢብኑ ውስተ አፉከ (Until when will you speak like the spirit of speech in your mouth?)","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'spirit of speech' is ambiguous: it may mean 'like a prophet' or 'like a windbag'; the Geʿez allows both readings, and the English draft obscures this ambiguity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእነሂ አበስኩ አነ ምንተ እንከ እክል ገበረ ለከ (And I, I have sinned; what have I done to you?)","severity":"info","text":"Job's self-accusation here is a key moment in Ethiopic exegesis, often interpreted as a model of humility before God, contrasting with his earlier defiance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'spirit of speech' (መንፈሰ ነቢብኑ) could mean prophetic inspiration or empty talk; the Geʿez does not disambiguate.","The identity of 'your children' (ደቂቅከ) in Bildad's speech is unclear—Job's own children or a general reference?","The clause 'shall I not descend into the earth where it is not dug up' may refer to an unmarked grave or a place of no resurrection; the Geʿez is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":19,"ref":"p19","source":"ወአንተሰ፡ ጊሥ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወጸሊ።\n\nለእመ፡ ጻድቅ፡ አንተ፡ ወንጹሕ፡ ይሰምዓከ፡ ፍጡነ፡ ስእለ፡ ተከ፡ ወየዓሥየከ፡ ፍዳ፡ ጽድቅከ።\n\nወእመ፡ ውኁድ፡ ቀዳሚትከ፡ አልቦ፡ ኊልቊ፡ ለደኃሪትከ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ይብል፡ ኢዮብ፡ ይትከሃለኒኑ፡ እዕርግ፡ ሰማየ፡ ወእስርቅ፡ መዛግብቲሁ፡ ወእመቀ፡ ምድር፡ ከማሁ፡ ተሰአሎሙ፡ ለቀደምተ፡ ዓለም፡ ወሕትቶሙ፡ ለአበው፡ በበሕዘዚቢሆሙ።\n\nሣሬት፡ ንሕነ፡ ወኢነአምር፡ ወጽላሎት፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕይወትነ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር።\n\nወእሙንቱ፡ ይሜህሩከ፡ ወይነግሩከ፡ ወያወጽኡ፡ ለከ፡ ነገረ፡ እምልቦሙ።\n\nይበቊልኑ፡ ሣዕር፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ማይ፡ ወይልህቅኑ፡ ሐመልማል፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ይስቅይዎ፡፡ 12፡ ወኵሉ፡ ሣዕር፡ ዘኢይሰቲ፡ ማየ፡ ይየብሰ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ይግምድዎ።\n\nከማሁ፡ ደኃሪቶሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ይረስዕዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወትጠፍእ፡ ተስፋሆሙ፡ ለኃጥአን።\n\nወምዝቡር፡ ውእቱ፡ ወሣሬት፡ ይከውን፡ ማኅደሮ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ አጽንዖ፡ ለቤቱ፡ ኢይቀውም፡ ዘወጠነሂ፡ ኢይፌጽም።","english":"And you, go to the Lord and pray. If you are righteous and pure, he will hear you quickly; your prayer is accepted, and he will reward you with the price of your righteousness. And if you are alone, your beginning has no end for your latter end. As Job says, \"He mocks me: 'Ascend to heaven and open its storehouses, and ask the earth likewise, inquire of the ancients of the world, and strike the fathers with their own weapons.'\" We are a shadow and we do not know, and a shadow is our life upon the earth. And they teach you and tell you and bring forth for you a word from their heart. Does grass wither without water, and does herbage dry up without being watered? 12. And all grass that does not drink water dries up without being cut. Likewise is the end of all who hate the Lord, and the hope of sinners vanishes. And a whirlwind is he, and a shadow becomes his dwelling. And even if he strengthens his house, it will not stand; even if he prepares, he will not finish.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from direct address to a quotation attributed to Job, then to a series of proverbial comparisons, marking a composite structure typical of Ethiopic expansions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ ይብል፡ ኢዮብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'As Job says' introduces a quotation not found in the canonical Book of Job, likely an apocryphal or traditional saying attributed to Job in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሣሬት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ሣሬት' (śāret) means 'shadow' and is used here metaphorically for human transience, echoing a common theme in wisdom literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of grass withering without water and the whirlwind as a dwelling reflects agricultural and environmental motifs familiar in the Horn of Africa, grounding the text in local experience.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of human life to a shadow and the fate of sinners to dried grass parallels similar imagery in the Psalms and Proverbs, suggesting a shared sapiential tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመሂ፡ አጽንዖ፡ ለቤቱ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The final sentence is syntactically ambiguous: 'even if he strengthens his house' may refer to the sinner or to the whirlwind; the English draft takes it as the former, but the Geʿez allows either reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the opening address ('And you, go to the Lord') is unclear—possibly Job or a narrator.","The quotation attributed to Job may be a free composition rather than a direct translation of a known source.","The final clause's subject is ambiguous between the sinner and the whirlwind."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":20,"ref":"p20","source":"ወስሕቡብ፡ ውእቱ፡ ቤቱ፡ በታሕተ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ወውስተ፡ ገነቱ፡ ልምላሜሁ፡ ይየብሰ።\n\nወበእከዩሂ፡ የኀልቅ፡ ኃይሉ፡ ወማእከለ፡ ጾላእት፡ ይበይት፡ ወውስተ፡ ሐዝሐዝ፡ የሐዩ።\n\nወእመሰ፡ ውኅጦ፡ ምድር፡ ወሐሰዎ፡ ኢርኢኩ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ እስመ፡ ከማሁ፡ ይትገፈትዑ፡ ረሲዓን።\n\nወካልእ፡ ይበቊል፡ እምድር።\n\nእግዚአብሔርሰ፡ ኢይገድፎ፡ ለየዋህ፡ ወኢያጸንዕ፡ እደ፡ እኩያን፡ ወኢይትሜጦ፡ መባእ፡ ኃጥአን።\n\nአፈ፡ ራትዓን፡ ይመልእ፡ ሰሐቀ፡ ወየአምና፡ ከናፍሪሆሙ።\n\nወጻላእቶሙኒ፡ ይለብሱ፡ ኃፍረተ፡ ወይጠፍእ፡ ቤተ፡ ኃጥአን።\n\nChapter 9\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ተሰጥወ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nአማን፡ አአምር፡ ከመ፡ ከመዝ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወእፎ፡ ይከውን፡ ጻድቅ፡ ንጹሐ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወእመሂ፡ ፈቀደ፡ ይትዋሣእ፡ ኢይሠጠዎ፡ አሐተ፡ ቃለ፡ እምእልፍ።\n\nጠቢበ፡ ምክር፡ ውእቱ፡ ወዓቢየ፡ ኃይል፡ መኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ እኩየ፡ ከዊኖ፡ ዘቆመ፡ ቅድሜሁ።\n\nዘያንቀለቅሎሙ፡ ለአድባር፡ ወኢይሬእይዎ፡ ወይገፈትዖሙ፡ በመዓቱ።","english":"And his dwelling is his house under the sun, and within his garden its foliage dries up.\n\nAnd in his wickedness his strength perishes, and in the midst of thorns he spends the night, and within thickets he lives.\n\nAnd if the earth swallows him up and covers him, how much more will the wicked be shaken?\n\nAnd another sprouts from the earth.\n\nBut the Lord does not reject the simple, nor does he strengthen the hands of the wicked, nor does he accept the offering of sinners.\n\nHe fills the mouths of the righteous with laughter and makes their lips believe.\n\nAnd their thorns clothe them with shame, and the house of sinners perishes.\n\nChapter 9\n\nAnd Job answered and spoke, saying:\n\nTruly, I know that it is so, and how can a righteous person be pure before the Lord?\n\nAnd if he wishes to speak, he does not lack a single word out of a thousand.\n\nHe is wise in counsel and great in strength; who is the wicked one who has stood before him in his wickedness?\n\nHe who shakes the mountains, and they do not see him, and he overturns them in his wrath.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 9","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a narrative cue marking the start of Job's speech in Chapter 9, following a preceding section of poetic discourse.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ራትዓን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ራትዓን' (rāṭəʿān) is translated as 'righteous' in the English draft, but it specifically denotes those who are upright or just, a key concept in Job's theological reflection.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመሰ ውኅጦ ምድር ወሐሰዎ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'if the earth swallows him up and covers him' echoes Job 1:21 or similar imagery of burial and concealment, common in wisdom literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ኢዮብ","severity":"info","text":"Job (ኢዮብ) is a central figure in Geʿez tradition, often seen as a model of patience and righteousness, with this passage reflecting his questioning of divine justice.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘያንቀለቅሎሙ ለአድባር","severity":"info","text":"The image of shaking mountains parallels Psalm 18:7 (LXX) or similar theophanic descriptions, emphasizing divine power unseen by humans.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወስሕቡብ ውእቱ ቤቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'And his dwelling is his house' is ambiguous: the subject may refer to the wicked or a generic figure, and the Geʿez syntax allows multiple interpretations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'his dwelling' in the first line is unclear—could be the wicked or a generic 'he' from the previous passage.","The phrase 'another sprouts from the earth' may refer to a new righteous person or a generic replacement, but the antecedent is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":21,"ref":"p21","source":"ወያድለቀልቃ፡ ለምድር፡ እመሠረታቲሃ።\n\nወለሰማይ፡ የሀውኮን፡ ለአዕማዲሃ፡ ወያጸልሞሙ፡ ለከዋ፡ ክብቲሃ።\n\nዘየሐውር፡ መልዕልተ፡ ባሕር፡ ከመ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ወሰፍሖ፡ ለሰማይ፡ ባሕቲቱ።\n\nዘይብላ፡ ለወርኅ፡ ኢትሥርቂ፡ ወገጸ፡ ከዋክብት፡ የኃትም፡ ዘገብሮ፡ ለትርያ፡ ወአስጋብኦ፡ ወለደብርንሂ፡ ወይኌል፡ ቆሙ፡ ለከዋክብተ፡ ጽባሕ።\n\nዘይገብር፡ ብዙኀ፡ ወያስተጋብእ፡ ወይሬኢ፡ ወይኌልቆሙ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ዓቢያተ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ኍልቁ።\n\nእመኒ፡ ተዓደወኒ፡ ኢይሬእዮ፡ እመኒ፡ ኃለፈ፡ ኢየአምሮ።\n\nወእመኒ፡ አእተተ፡ ውእቱ፡ መኑ፡ ያገብእ፡ ወመኑ፡ ዘይብሎ፡ ምንተ፡ ገበርከ።\n\nወውእቱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኢተመይጠ፡ እመቅሠፍትየ፡ ወእምኔሁ፡ ተቀጽዑ፡ አናብርት፡ ዘመትሕተ፡ ሰማይ።\n\nወእፎኬ፡ ይሰምዓኒ፡ ቃልየ፡ ወይፌከሮ።\n\nወእመኒ፡ ጸዋዕኩ፡ በጽድቅ፡ ወኢሰምዓኒ፡ እስእል፡ ፍትሐ፡ ዚአሁ።\n\nእመኒ፡ ጸዋዕኩ፡ በጽድቅ፡ ወአውሥአኒ፡ ኢየአምን፡ ከመ፡ ሰምዓኒ።\n\nዓውሎሁ፡ ይቀጠቅጠኒ፡ ውብዙኅ፡ አቊሰለኒ፡ በከንቱ።","english":"And he makes the earth tremble from its foundations, and for the sky he shakes its pillars, and he causes the stars, its great ones, to be eclipsed. He who walks upon the sea as upon the land, and spreads out the sky by himself. He who commands the moon to wane, and the face of the stars he darkens, who made the dawn and the evening and the day, and he causes the morning stars to stand. He who does much and gathers, and sees and causes the nations to stand, who has done great things without number. If he has passed by me, I do not see him; if he has passed away, I do not know him. And if he has entered, who will bring him in, and who will say to him, \"What have you done?\" And he is the Lord; he will not be moved from my punishments, and from him the inhabitants under the sky are cut off. And would that he would hear my voice and understand. And if I have cried out in righteousness and he does not hear me, ask for his judgment. If I have cried out in righteousness and he answers me, I will not believe that he has heard me. His injustice torments me, and much has afflicted me in vain.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a series of divine cosmic acts to a personal lament, marked by the conditional clauses beginning with እመኒ (if).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢትሥርቂ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ኢትሥርቂ (to wane) is used specifically for the moon, reflecting a precise astronomical observation in the Geʿez tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he who walks upon the sea as upon the land' echoes Job 9:8 (LXX) and similar theophanic language in the Hebrew Bible, emphasizing divine omnipotence.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of God shaking the earth from its foundations and darkening stars draws on ancient Near Eastern cosmic imagery, common in Geʿez liturgical poetry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The speaker's doubt—'if he answers me, I will not believe that he has heard me'—reflects a theme of divine silence that resonates in later Ethiopic commentaries on Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየአምን","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ኢየአምን (I will not believe) is ambiguous: it may indicate disbelief in God's response or a rhetorical expression of despair. The English draft takes the latter reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (Job or a narrator) is not explicit in the Geʿez; the passage is taken as Job's voice. The phrase 'he will not be moved from my punishments' is syntactically ambiguous—whether God is unmoved by Job's punishments or Job's punishments are fixed."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":22,"ref":"p22","source":"ወኢኀደገኒ፡ ከመ፡ አዕርፍ፡ ወአጽገበኒ፡ ኅምዘ።\n\nእስመ፡ ጽኑዐ፡ ይእኅዝ፡ ወመኑ፡ ይትቃወሞ፡ ለኵነኔሁ፡ እመኒ፡ አፉየ፡ ዓመፀ፡ እምጽድቅ፡ ወእመሂ፡ አሕዐፀፅኩ፡ እምጽድቅ፡ ዕፁብ፡ ይርከበኒ።\n\nወንጹሕ፡ አነ፡ ወኢየአምር፡ ነፍስየ፡ ወዳዕሙ፡ ጠፍአት፡ ሕይወትየ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ እቤ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ወኃያል፡ ይፌኑ፡ መቅሠፍተ፡ እስመ፡ አኩይ፡ ሞቶሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ ወይስሕቅዎሙ፡ ለጻድቃን፡ ወይገብኡ፡ ውስተ፡ እደ፡ ኃጥአን፡ ወይከድንዋ፡ ገጸ፡ መደልዋን፡ ወአነ፡ ምንተኑ፡ አነ።\n\nወሕይወትየኒ፡ ትቀልል፡ እምረዊዐ፡ እለ፡ እምሰጡ፡ ወኢይረክቦሙ፡ እንከ።\n\nወእመኒቦ፡ ሐመር፡ አሠረ፡ ፍኖቱ፡ ኢይትአመር፡ አው፡ ንስር፡ ዘይሠርር፡ ወየኃሥሥ፡ ዘይበልዕ።\n\nእመሂ፡ ነበብኩ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይበቊዕ፡ ወወድቀ፡ ገጽየ፡ በገዓር፡ ወአንቀልቀለ፡ ኵሉ፡ መለያልይየ፡ አእመርኩ፡ እንከሰ፡ ከመ፡ ኢየኃድገኒ፡ ከመዝ።\n\nእመሰኬ፡ ኃጥአ፡ አነ፡ ለምንት፡ ኢሞትኩ።\n\nወእመኒ፡ ተሐፀብኩ፡ ወነጻሕኩ፡ ከመ፡ በረድ፡ ወአንጻሕኩ፡ እደውየ፡ በሕቁ።","english":"And he did not leave me, as one who is a ship and who drowns me in the deep.\n\nFor he is strong, and who can withstand his judgment? If my mouth has erred from righteousness, or if I have turned aside from righteousness, a wonder will befall me.\n\nI am pure, and I do not know my soul, and my life has been swallowed up in ignorance.\n\nBut only the great and powerful one can inflict punishment, for he kills the sinners and laughs at the righteous, and they fall into the hands of sinners, and they cover the face of the righteous, and I—what am I?\n\nAnd my life is lighter than a spider’s web, for those who are hidden and cannot be found.\n\nAnd if there is a donkey, its path is bound; it is not known, or an eagle that flies and seeks what it devours.\n\nIf I have spoken, there is no one who responds, and my face has fallen to the ground, and all my limbs have been shaken; I have known that he will not leave me like this.\n\nIf I am a sinner, why have I not died?\n\nAnd if I have been cleansed and purified like hail, and I have washed my hands in truth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢኀደገኒ ከመ አዕርፍ ወአጽገበኒ ኅምዘ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez compares the speaker to a ship (አዕርፍ) that is not abandoned but drowned in the deep, a metaphor for divine abandonment amid suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኅምዘ","severity":"info","text":"ኅምዘ (ḥəmzä) means 'deep' or 'abyss', often used in Geʿez for the primordial deep or a place of peril, reinforcing the sense of overwhelming distress.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወንጹሕ አነ ወኢየአምር ነፍስየ","severity":"info","text":"The claim 'I am pure, and I do not know my soul' echoes Job’s protestations of innocence in the biblical book, though no direct quotation is present.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ወሕይወትየኒ ትቀልል እምረዊዐ እለ እምሰጡ","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of life to a spider’s web (ረዊዐ) is a common trope in Ethiopic wisdom literature, emphasizing fragility and transience.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመኒቦ ሐመር አሠረ ፍኖቱ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts abruptly from personal lament to a series of proverbial images (donkey, eagle), a structural feature typical of Job’s rhetorical style in the Geʿez version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመሂ ነበብኩ አልቦ ዘይበቊዕ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'If I have spoken, there is no one who responds' may be textually corrupt; the Geʿez ዘይበቊዕ (zäyəbäḳʿ) is ambiguous, possibly meaning 'responds' or 'pierces'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (Job or another) is not explicit in this passage; the reading assumes Job. The phrase 'ዘይበቊዕ' is ambiguous between 'responds' and 'pierces'."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":23,"ref":"p23","source":"ትጠምዓኒ፡ ውስተ፡ ርስሕት፡ ወታስቈርረኒ፡ ልብስየ።\n\nሶቦሁ፡ ሰብአ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይትዋቀሠኒ፡ እምሖርነ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓውደ።\n\nወዕበሁ፡ ቦ፡ ኅሩይ፡ ዘይፈትሕ፡ ለነ፡ ወያጸምእ፡ ማእከለ፡ ክልኤነ፡ እምተአተተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ በትር፡ እምኔየ።\n\nወእምኢፀብዓኒ፡ ግርማሁ፡ እትናገሮ፡ ወኢይሬእዮ።\n\nወእነግር፡ እንከሰ፡ ወኢይፈርህ።\n\nChapter 10\n\nወአልቦ፡ ዘአአምር፡ በዘትፄዓር፡ ነፍስየ፡ እምዕዑብ፡ አወሥአ፡ ቃልየ፡ ወእነብብ፡ እንዘ፡ ትጠወቅ፡ ነፍስየ፡ መረረ።\n\nወእብሎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ኢትምሕርኑ፡ ኃጥአ፡ ወለምንት፡ ከመዝ፡ ኰነንከኒ።\n\nይሤንየከኑ፡ እመ፡ አበስኩ፡ እስመ፡ ተኃየይከ፡ ተግባረ፡ እደዊከ፡ ወነጸርከ፡ ምክረ፡ ረሲዓን።\n\nቦኑ፡ ዓይነ፡ ሰብእ፡ ለከ፡ ወበከመ፡ መዋቲኑ፡ ትኔጽር፡ ወትሬኢ።\n\nወመዋዕሊከኒ፡ ከመ፡ ዘሰብእኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወዓመቲከኒ፡ ከመ፡ ዘእጓለ፡ እመሕያውኑ፡ ከመ፡ ትኅሥሣ፡ ለኃጢአት፡ ወትሕትት፡ ጌጋይየ።\n\nተአምር፡ ከመ፡ ዘኢአበስኩከ፡ ወባሕቱ፡ መኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘያመስጥ፡ እምዴከ።","english":"You drag me into the mire and clothe me in sackcloth.\n\nIs he a man who can reproach me from the furnace of the forge in the field?\n\nAnd his finger is chosen, which opens for us and divides between the two of us from the staff of this one from me.\n\nAnd from the greatness of his wrath I speak, but he does not see.\n\nAnd I speak like a fool, and he does not fear.\n\nChapter 10\n\nAnd there is no one who knows when my soul is troubled from the deep; I have set a limit to my speech, and I speak while my soul thirsts for bitterness.\n\nAnd I say to the Lord, \"Will you not forgive a sinner, and why have you judged me thus?\"\n\nDoes it please you if I have done evil, for you have hated the work of your hands and have looked upon the counsel of the wicked?\n\nDo you have the eyes of a man, and how do you look and see like a mortal?\n\nAnd you have made my days like those of a man, and my years like those of a beast; from life, as if you count sins and diminish my errors.\n\nKnow that I have not wronged you, and who is it that takes from your hand?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ርስሕት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ርስሕት (rəsḥət) can mean 'mire' or 'filth,' but also carries a moral connotation of 'sin' or 'defilement,' intensifying Job's sense of degradation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሖርነ ኅቡረ","severity":"info","text":"ሖርነ ኅቡረ (ḥornä ḫəburä) literally 'furnace of the forge,' a rare compound suggesting a place of intense trial or purification, possibly echoing Job's suffering as a test.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእብሎ ለእግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"Job's direct address to God ('I say to the Lord') echoes the biblical Job's lamentations (e.g., Job 7:20-21), but the Geʿez version expands the dialogue with rhetorical questions not found in the Masoretic text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 10","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks a chapter division (Chapter 10) in the Geʿez text, a structural feature not present in the Hebrew original but typical of Ethiopic manuscript tradition, organizing the poetic dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ልብስየ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'sackcloth' (ልብስየ, ləbsəyä) reflects a common biblical motif of mourning and penitence, but in the Geʿez context, it may also allude to Ethiopian ascetic practices of wearing coarse garments.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይሬእዮ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he does not see' (ወኢይሬእዮ) is ambiguous: it may mean God does not perceive Job's suffering, or that Job cannot see God's response. The Geʿez syntax allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'he' in 'he does not see' is unclear: possibly God or a human accuser.","The phrase 'from the staff of this one from me' is obscure; the Geʿez may be corrupt or elliptical."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":24,"ref":"p24","source":"እደዊከ፡ ፈጠራኒ፡ ወገብራኒ፡ ወእምዝ፡ አፍለስከኒ፡ ወነጻሕከኒ።\n\nተዘከር፡ ከመ፡ እምፅቡር፡ ፈጠርከኒ፡ ወታገብአኒ፡ ካዕበ፡ ውስተ፡ መሬት።\n\nወከመ፡ ሐሊብ፡ ሐለብከኒ፡ ወከመ፡ ግብነት፡ አርጋእከኒ።\n\nወአልበስከኒ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወማእሰ፡ ወአሰርከ፡ አዕፅምትየ፡ በአሥራው።\n\nወወሀብከኒ፡ ሣህለ፡ ወምሕረተ፡ ወሕይወተ፡ ወሐውጾትከ፡ ዓቀበኒ፡ መንፈስየ።\n\nወዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ በኀቤከ፡ ሀሎ፡ አአምር፡ ከመ፡ ትከል፡ ኵሎ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይሰአነከ፡ ምንተኒ።\n\nወሶበሁ፡ አበስኩ፡ እምዓቀብከኒ፡ ወእምአንጻሕከኒ፡ እም፡ ኃጢአትየ።\n\nወአመኒ፡ አበስኩ፡ አሌ፡ ኢተ፡ ወአመኒ፡ ጸደቁ፡ ስእንኩ፡ አንቃዕድዎ፡ ወጸገብክዋ፡ ለኃሣር።\n\nከመ፡ አንበሳ፡ ዘተሠግረ፡ ወተቀትለ፡ ዘኢይትነከር፡ ከማሁ፡ ኮንኩ፡ ወካዕበ፡ ታአትተኒ፡ በሞት፡ ወበሕቁ፡ ትጤስየኒ።\n\nወእምጥንቁ፡ ካዕበ፡ ተሐትተኒ፡ ወአምጻእከ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ዓቢየ፡ መቅሠፍተ፡ ወፈነውከ፡ ዲቤየ፡ መንሱተ።\n\nወለምንት፡ ኢሞትኩ፡ እንከ፡ ሶበ፡ ታወጽአኒ፡ እምከርሠ፡ እምየ፡ ወኢትርአየኒ፡ ዓይን፡ ወእኩን፡ ከመ፡ ዘኢተፈጠርኩ።","english":"My hands created me and made me, and then you turned me over and cast me out.\n\nRemember that from clay you created me and you buried me again in the earth.\n\nAnd like milk you milked me, and like a curd you curdled me.\n\nAnd you clothed me in flesh and skin, and you bound my bones with sinews.\n\nAnd you gave me mercy and compassion and life, and your preservation guarded my spirit.\n\nAnd all this is in your hand; I know that you can do everything, and there is none who can ask you anything.\n\nAnd when I sinned, from where you preserved me and from where you cleansed me from my sin.\n\nAnd if I sinned, woe to me; and if I was righteous, I asked, I kindled them and I buried the grass.\n\nLike a lion that is trapped and killed, which cannot be recognized, so I became, and again you bring me to death, and truly you mock me.\n\nAnd from the beginning again you humbled me, and you brought upon me a great punishment, and you sent upon me a plague.\n\nAnd why did I die, then, when you brought me out of my mother’s womb, and no eye saw me, and I was as if I had not been created?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"እደዊከ፡ ፈጠራኒ፡ ወገብራኒ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez first-person singular suffix -ኒ (-ni) on verbs indicates Job as speaker, addressing God directly. The verbs ፈጠራኒ (feṭṭarāni, 'created me') and ገብራኒ (gabbarāni, 'made me') are synonymous in this context, emphasizing divine craftsmanship.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ አንበሳ፡ ዘተሠግረ፡ ወተቀትለ፡","severity":"info","text":"The simile of a trapped and killed lion (አንበሳ, 'anbasa) echoes Job’s earlier lament in Job 10:8 (LXX), where he compares his suffering to a beast ensnared. The Geʿez text amplifies the image of unrecognizable remains, absent in the Hebrew.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ሐሊብ፡ ሐለብከኒ፡ ወከመ፡ ግብነት፡ አርጋእከኒ።","severity":"info","text":"The milk and curd imagery (ሐሊብ, ḥalib; ግብነት, gabnat) reflects a pastoral Ethiopian context, where curdling milk is a common domestic process. This metaphor for divine formation is unique to the Geʿez version, not found in the Hebrew or Greek.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምጥንቁ፡ ካዕበ፡ ተሐትተኒ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a creation sequence (hands, clay, milk, flesh) and shifts to a lament of divine punishment, marked by the adversative ወእምጥንቁ (wa-ʾǝmṭǝnqṭu, 'and from the beginning'). This bipartite structure contrasts God’s nurturing with his harshness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአልበስከኒ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወማእሰ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'clothed me in flesh and skin' (ሥጋ, śǝggā; ማእሰ፡, maʿsaf) is cited in Ethiopian Orthodox commentaries on Job as a proof-text for the soul’s embodiment as a divine gift, later corrupted by sin. This reflects a homiletic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአመኒ፡ ጸደቁ፡ ስእንኩ፡ አንቃዕድዎ፡ ወጸገብክዋ፡ ለኃሣር።","severity":"caution","text":"The line 'I kindled them and I buried the grass' (አንቃዕድዎ, ʾanqāʿdǝwo; ጸገብክዋ, ṣagabkǝwwā) is obscure. The verbs may be corrupt or metaphorical; the English draft omits 'grass' (ኃሣር, ḥāsār), suggesting a textual crux. The sense of ritual action is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'I kindled them and I buried the grass' (አንቃዕድዎ ወጸገብክዋ ለኃሣር) is syntactically unclear; 'them' may refer to unspecified objects, and 'grass' may be a metaphor or a scribal error. The English draft omits 'grass', indicating a possible interpretive choice.","The identity of 'the grass' (ኃሣር) is ambiguous; it could be a literal reference to vegetation or a symbolic term for sin or transience, unattested elsewhere in the Geʿez Job."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":25,"ref":"p25","source":"ወለምንት፡ ተፈጢርየ፡ ዘኢወርድኩ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብር፡ ወወጺእየ፡ እምከርሥ፡ ዘኢተኃጐልኩ፡ ሶቤሃ።\n\nወለምንት፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብር፡ ኢያዕረፍኩ፡ አኮኑ፡ ውኁድ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ሕይወትየ፡ ወኁልቈ፡ አውራኅየ።\n\nኅድገኒ፡ ከመ፡ አዕርፍ፡ ሕቀ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እሑር፡ ኀበ፡ ኢይ፡ ገብአ፡ ብሔር፡ ጽልመት፡ ወቆባር፡ ብሔር፡ ጽልመት፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ኀበ፡ አልቦ፡ ብርሃን፡ ወኢይሬኢ፡ ብርሃነ፡ ወሕይወተ፡ መዋቲ።\n\nChapter 11\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ ሳፍር፡ አሞናዊ፡ ተሰጥወ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nበከመ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ትነብበ፡ ከማሁ፡ ትሰምፅ፡ በብዝኅ፡ ነቢብ፡ ከኑ፡ ዘትጻጽቅ፡ ይመስለከ።\n\nቡሩክ፡ ዘይትወለድ፡ እም፡ አንስት፡ ዘኅዳጥ፡ መዋዕሊሁ፡ ኢታብዝኅ፡ ነቢባ።\n\nወኢትትበል፡ ንጹሕ፡ ኦነ፡ በምግባርየ፡ ወጻድቅ፡ ኦነ፡ በቅድሜሁ።\n\nወአወፎኑመ፡ ይትናግረክ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይከሥት፡ ከናፋሪሁ፡ ምስሌክ፡ ወይነግረክ፡ ኃይላ፡ ለጥበብ፡ እስመ፡ ዕዑብ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘላዕለክ፡፡ 7፡ ሶበሁ፡ ተአምር፡ ከመ፡ ረከበከ፡ አጥደልወከ፡ እምኅበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በኃጢአትከ፡ ወአሦሮሂ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ትረክብኑ፡ ሀሎክኑ፡ ቀዲሙ፡ ቀዳሙ፡ አመ፡ ይፈጥር፡ ኵሎ፡ ዓለም፡ ወልዑለ፡ ሰማየ።","english":"And why was I buried, that I descended into the tomb, and why did I come forth from the womb, that I was conceived? Then\n\nAnd why did I rest in the tomb? Were not the days of my life few, and my months numbered?\n\nLeave me like one who rests a while without moving, until I enter the land of darkness and the region of darkness, the eternal place where there is no light, and I shall not see the light and the life of the dead.\n\nChapter 11\n\nAnd the scribe, the Ammonite, began to speak, having been asked, and said:\n\n“Because you speak much, you also err much; by much speech, you think that what you say is true.\n\nBlessed is he who is born of woman, whose days are few, and whose speech is not abundant.\n\nAnd do not say, ‘I am pure in my deeds, and I am righteous before him.’\n\nAnd moreover, the Lord will speak with you and will reveal his secrets to you, and will tell you the power of wisdom, for he is hidden, who is above you. 7. When you know that he has found you, he will deliver you from the wrath of the Lord because of your sin; and will you find the Lord? Were you before him, before he created the whole world and the high heavens?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 11","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from the speaker's lament to a new speech by the scribe, the Ammonite, marking a structural break.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሳፍር፡ አሞናዊ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the scribe, the Ammonite' identifies a new speaker, likely a character introduced in the Ethiopic tradition, not present in the biblical Book of Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቡሩክ፡ ዘይትወለድ፡ እም፡ አንስት","severity":"info","text":"The blessing of one born of woman with few days echoes themes of human frailty common in Ethiopic wisdom literature, possibly influenced by monastic ideals.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአወፎኑመ፡ ይትናግረክ፡ እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Lord will speak with you' recalls prophetic call narratives, but no direct biblical verse is quoted; it may allude to Job 38–41 where God speaks from the whirlwind.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"7፡ ሶበሁ፡ ተአምር","severity":"caution","text":"The number '7' before 'When you know' may be a marginal note or chapter division; its placement is ambiguous and could be a scribal insertion.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወልዑለ፡ ሰማየ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the high heavens' reflects a cosmological hierarchy common in Ethiopic Christian thought, possibly influenced by the Book of Enoch.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the scribe, the Ammonite' is unclear; he may be a figure from Ethiopic tradition not found in the biblical Job.","The number '7' before 'When you know' may be a chapter or verse marker, but its function is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":26,"ref":"p26","source":"ምንተ፡ ትሬሲ፡ ወምንተ፡ ተአምር፡ ፅመቃ፡ ለቀላይ።\n\nወኑኃ፡ ለሰማይ፡ ወስፍሖ፡ ለምድር፡ አው፡ ራኅበ፡ ለባሕር።\n\nወእመ፡ ገፍትኦ፡ ለኵሉ፡ መኑ፡ ይብሎ፡ ምንተ፡ ገበርከ፡፡ 11፡ ወለሊሁ፡ የአምር፡ ግብረ፡ ኃጥእን፡ ወአለመ፡ ርእየ፡ ዓመሃ፡ ኢያረምም፡ ወብእሊ፡ ወብእሲ፡ ለባዊ፡ ይሌብዎ።\n\nለብእሰ፡ ኃሣሤ፡ ንቢብ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወመዋቲ፡ ዘይትወለድ፡ እምአንስት፡ ከመ፡ አድግ፡ ይመስለኒ፡፡ 13፡ እንተሰ፡ ትብል፡ ንጽሕ፡ ልብየ፡ ወታዓቢ፡ እዴክ፡ ኅቤ።\n\nሶበሰ፡ ዓመሃ፡ ኢሀሎ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴከ፡ ወእመ፡ ኢያንበርከ፡ ጽልሑት፡ ውስተ፡ ልብከ፡ አሜሃ፡ ይበርሀ፡ ገጽከ፡ ከመ፡ ዘተሐዕበ፡ በማይ፡ ንጽሕ።\n\nወትከውን፡ ስቁየ፡ አመይ፡ ወአእትት፡ ርስሐት፡ ወኢትፍ፡ ራኅ፡ እንከ።\n\nወትተስዓ፡ ለሕማምከ፡ ከመ፡ ሞገድ፡ እንተ፡ ኃለፈት፡ ወኢትደምዕ፡ እንከ፡ ወጸሎትከሂ፡ ከመ፡ ኮከብ፡ ጽባሕ፡ ወትሠርቅ፡ ሕይወትከ፡ ከመ፡ ብርሃነ፡ መዓልት፡፡ 17፡ ወትትአመን፡ ከመ፡ ትረክብ፡ ተስዳከ፡ ወትነብር፡ ሰዳኅነዘእንበለ፡ ኃዘን፡ ወትካዝ።","english":"What is the height, and what is the depth of the firmament for the sky? And the breadth of the earth, or the expanse of the sea? And if I had tested everything, who would say to me, \"What have you done?\" 11. Only he knows the work of sin, and the year of ignorance passes away, and the man and the woman are mourned. For the evil of the grass, the word is he, and the dead who are born from women are like donkeys to me. 13. But if you say, \"My heart is pure,\" and you stretch your hand toward me, when the year is in your hand, and if you do not place darkness in your heart, then your face will shine like one who has been washed in pure water. And you will become my equal, ashes and dust, and you will not be far from me. And you will be healed of your pain like a wave that has passed, and you will not weep, and your prayer will be like the morning star, and your life will shine like the light of day. 17. And you will believe that you will find your salvation, and you will live in peace without sorrow and grief.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ምንተ ትሬሲ ወምንተ ተአምር ፅመቃ ለቀላይ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a series of rhetorical questions on cosmic dimensions, continuing the lament from the previous passage and shifting to a reflection on human limitation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ፅመቃ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ፅመቃ (ṣamqā) means 'firmament' or 'vault,' referring to the sky as a solid structure, a concept common in ancient Near Eastern cosmology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኑኃ ለሰማይ ወስፍሖ ለምድር አው ራኅበ ለባሕር","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical questions on the breadth of earth and expanse of sea echo Job 38:4-6, where God challenges Job's understanding of creation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመ ገፍትኦ ለኵሉ መኑ ይብሎ ምንተ ገበርከ","severity":"info","text":"The hypothetical testing of all things reflects a theme of divine judgment and human accountability, common in Ethiopic wisdom literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትተስዓ ለሕማምከ ከመ ሞገድ እንተ ኃለፈት","severity":"info","text":"The image of healing like a passing wave and prayer as a morning star reflects later Ethiopic monastic spirituality, emphasizing inner peace and divine light.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለብእሰ ኃሣሤ ንቢብ ውእቱ ወመዋቲ ዘይትወለድ እምአንስት ከመ አድግ ይመስለኒ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the dead who are born from women are like donkeys to me' is obscure; it may be a textual corruption or a metaphor for human mortality and futility.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the rhetorical questions is ambiguous; it may be Job or a divine voice. The phrase 'the dead who are born from women are like donkeys' is unclear in meaning and may be corrupt."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":27,"ref":"p27","source":"ወተዓርፍ፡ እንከ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይጸብዓከ፡ ወይመጽኡ፡ ብዙኃን፡ ወይገንዩ፡ ለከ።\n\nወተኃልቅ፡ መድኃኒቶሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ ወያሃጕሉ፡ ተስፋ፡ ሆሙ፡ ወይትለሰጥ፡ አዕይንተ፡ ረሲዓን።\n\nChapter 12\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ተሠጥወ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nአንትሙኒ፡ ሰብእ፡ አንትሙ፡ ወበኀቤክሙኑ፡ ዳዕሙ፡ ጠሠልጠት፡ ጥበብ።\n\nወአነሂ፡ ብየ፡ ልብ፡ ከማክሙ፡ እስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ከመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሰሐቀ፡ ለቢጹ፡ ይከውን፡ ወሰሐቀ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ንጹሕ።\n\nወብእሲ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ወንጹሕ፡ ስላቀ፡ ኮነ፡ በዕድሜ፡ መዋዕሊሁ።\n\nወአጽንሕዎ፡ ያርስሕዎ፡ ባዕዳን፡ ወከመ፡ ያውድቁ፡ ቤተ፡ ኃጥአን።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ እኩያን፡ እለ፡ ያምፅዕዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ይብሉ፡ ኄራን፡ ንሕነ፡ አኮኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘየሐትቶሙ።\n\nተሰአሎሙ፡ ለእንስሳሂ፡ ለእመ፡ ይነግሩከ፡ ወለዕዋፈ፡ ሰማይኒ፡ ለእመ፡ ያየድሁከ።\n\nወተናገራ፡ ለምድር፡ ለአመ፡ ትፌክር፡ ለከ፡ ወለእመ፡ ይነግሩከ፡ ዓሣተ፡ ባሕር።\n\nመኑ፡ የአምር፡ ዘንተ፡ ኵሉ፡ እደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ገብረ።","english":"And you will know, and there is none who can oppose you, and many will come and build for you.\n\nAnd the forgiveness of the sins of sinners will be diminished, and their hope will be cut off, and the eyes of the wicked will be blinded.\n\nChapter 12\n\nAnd Job answered and said, \"You are men, and in your presence, wisdom is hidden.\n\nAnd I also have a heart like yours, for there is none like the Lord; he has laughed at the one who is evil, and he has laughed at the righteous and pure.\n\nAnd a righteous and pure man has become a laughingstock in the days of his life.\n\nAnd they have oppressed him and made him an orphan among strangers, and as they destroy the house of sinners.\n\nBut only the wicked, who bring [offerings] to the Lord, say, 'Are we not the good ones? Is it not he who saves them?'\n\nAsk the animals, if they will tell you, and the birds of the sky, if they will inform you.\n\nAnd speak to the earth, when it thinks for you, and if the fish of the sea will tell you.\n\nWho knows all this? The hand of the Lord has done it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 12","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new chapter (12) with Job's response, marked by the Geʿez formula 'ወእደ ተናገረ ኢዮብ' (And Job answered and said). This structural break shifts from the previous interrogative style to a direct address.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ተሠጥወ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'ተሠጥወ' (taśaṭṭawa) means 'answered' or 'responded,' often used in dialogue contexts. It indicates Job's reply to the preceding discourse, consistent with the narrative genre.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአነሂ ብየ ልብ ከማክሙ","severity":"info","text":"Job asserts equality of intellect ('I also have a heart like yours'), but immediately subordinates it to divine uniqueness ('for there is none like the Lord'). This rhetorical move underscores human limitation before God.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰሐቀ ለቢጹ ወሰሐቀ ጻድቅ ንጹሕ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he has laughed at the one who is evil, and he has laughed at the righteous and pure' echoes the biblical theme of divine mockery or indifference to human moral categories, reminiscent of Job 12:4 in the Masoretic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ወአጽንሕዎ ያርስሕዎ ባዕዳን","severity":"info","text":"The description of the righteous man as 'made an orphan among strangers' reflects a motif in Ethiopic hagiography and monastic literature, where suffering and alienation are tests of faith. This may resonate with local reception of Job as a model of patience.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወባሕቱ እኩያን እለ ያምፅዕዎ ለእግዚአብሔር","severity":"caution","text":"The clause 'only the wicked, who bring [offerings] to the Lord' is textually ambiguous: the verb 'ያምፅዕዎ' (yamṣəʿəwwo) could mean 'bring offerings' or 'approach.' The English draft interprets it as 'bring offerings,' but the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወባሕቱ እኩያን እለ ያምፅዕዎ ለእግዚአብሔር' is ambiguous: 'ያምፅዕዎ' may mean 'bring offerings' or 'approach,' affecting the interpretation of the wicked's relation to God.","The final line 'መኑ የአምር ዘንተ ኵሉ እደ እግዚአብሔር ገብረ' could be read as a rhetorical question ('Who knows all this?') or as a statement ('The hand of the Lord has done it'). The English draft takes the latter."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":28,"ref":"p28","source":"እስመ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ነፍሰ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕያው፡ ወመንፈሰ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብእ።\n\nእኮኑ፡ ዕዝን፡ ይፈልጥ፡ ነገረ፡ ወጕርዔሂ፡ ይጥዕም፡ እክለ።\n\nበብዝኀ፡ ዓመታትኑ፡ ትትረከብ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወበብዝኀ፡ ንብ፡ ረትኑ፡ ትምህርት።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኵሉ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወኃይል፡ ወሎቱ፡ ምክር፡ ወአእምሮ።\n\nወለእመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ነሠተ፡ መኑ፡ የሐንጽ፡ ወለእመ፡ ዓፀወ፡ ላዕለ፡ ሰብእ፡ መኑ፡ ያርኁ፡፡ 15፡ እመ፡ ከልአ፡ እምሰማይ፡ ዝናመ፡ ያየብሳ፡ ለምድር፡ ወለእመ፡ ኃደጋ፡ ትማስን፡ ወትትገፈታዕ።\n\nእስመ፡ እማኀቤ፡ ኃይል፡ ወጽንዕ፡ ወዘዚአሁ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወምክር።\n\nወይሬስዮሙ፡ ለመካርያን፡ ወይፄወዉ፡ ወይወስድዎሙ፡ ለመኳንንተ፡ ምድር።\n\nወያነብሮሙ፡ ለነገሥት፡ ዲበ፡ መናብርት፡ ወያቀንቶሙ፡ ቅናተ፡ ዘኃይል፡ ውስተ፡ ሐቌሆሙ።\n\nወይፌንዎሙ፡ ለማርያን፡ ይሄወዉ፡ ወይገፈትዖሙ፡ ለኃያላነ፡ ምድር።\n\nወይመይጥ፡ ከናፍሪሆሙ፡ ለመሃይምናን፡ ወየአምር፡ ምክሮሙ፡ ለሊቃውንት።","english":"For in his hand is the soul of every living thing and the spirit of every person.\n\nIndeed, the ear discerns speech, and his palate tastes food.\n\nIn many years is wisdom found, and in much teaching is instruction.\n\nBut all wisdom, power, counsel, and understanding are only from the Lord.\n\nAnd if he builds, who can demolish? And if he decrees against a person, who can spare? If he withholds rain from the sky, it dries up the earth, and if he abandons it, it becomes barren and is laid waste.\n\nFor from him are power and strength, and from him are wisdom and counsel.\n\nAnd he appoints the counselors, and they go forth, and he leads the governors of the land.\n\nAnd he seats kings upon thrones, and he girds them with the girdle of power upon their waists.\n\nAnd he sends forth the lords, and they go, and he overthrows the mighty of the land.\n\nAnd he cuts off the horns of the arrogant, and he knows the counsel of the wise.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage asserts that all wisdom, power, counsel, and understanding originate solely from the Lord, emphasizing divine sovereignty over human faculties.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጥበብ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጥበብ (ṭəbäb) means 'wisdom' and is a key concept in this passage, contrasted with human limitations.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage follows a pattern of contrasting human limitations with divine omnipotence, using parallel clauses to list divine actions (building, decreeing, withholding rain) and their consequences.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage reflects the broader theme in the Ethiopic Book of Job of theodicy and divine justice, common in Geʿez Christian literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of God appointing counselors and seating kings parallels similar royal and divine authority motifs in other Geʿez texts, such as the Kebra Nagast.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'እስመ እማኀቤ ኃይል ወጽንዕ' could be interpreted as 'from him are power and strength' or 'from the place of power and strength,' but the reading 'from him' is preferred based on context."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":29,"ref":"p29","source":"ወያመጽአ፡ ሎሙ፡ ኃሣረ፡ ለመላእክት፡ ወይሣሃሎሙ፡ ለትሑታን።\n\nወይከሥት፡ ዕሙቃተ፡ እምጽልመት፡ ወያወዕኦሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ብርሃነ፡ እምጽልመት፡ ወጽላሎተ፡ ሞት።\n\nወየሀውኮሙ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ ወይትኀጐሉ፡ ወይሠርዖሙ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ ወይመርሖሙ።\n\nወይመይጥ፡ ምክሮሙ፡ ለመላእክተ፡ ምድር፡ ወያዔይ፡ ሎሙ፡ ፍኖተ፡ እንተ፡ ኢያእመሩ።\n\nChapter 13\n\nናሁ፡ ዝ፡ ዘርእየት፡ ዓይንየ፡ ወዘሰምዐት፡ ዕዝንየ።\n\nወኣአምር፡ ዘከመ፡ ተአምሩ፡ እንትሙ፡ ወእምኔክሙሂ፡ ኢየዓብድ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ አንሳ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እነግር፡ ወእትዋቅሥ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ለእመ፡ ፈቀደ፡፡ 4፡ አንተስ፡ ዓቀብተ፡ ሥራይ፡ ዘዓመፃ፡ ወመናዝዛን፡ ለእኪት፡ ኵልክሙ።\n\nኢይረትዓኒ፡ አጽምአክሙ፡ እስመ፡ ጠፍአት፡ ጥበብ፡ እምኔክሙ።\n\nስምዑኒ፡ ቅስተ፡ አፉየ፡ ወአጽምኡኒ፡ ፍትሐ፡ ከናፍርየ።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ አኮኑ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ትነብሩ፡ ወታየድሁ፡ ጕኅኩተ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ወትትገኃሡ፡ እምኔሁ፡ እስኩ፡ ለሊክሙ፡ ፍትሑ።","english":"And he brings grass for the angels, and he nourishes the humble.\n\nAnd he reveals wisdom from darkness, and he brings them into the light from darkness and the shadow of death.\n\nAnd he gives them to the peoples, and they gather together, and he destroys the peoples, and he leads them.\n\nAnd he thwarts the counsel of the angels of the earth, and he shows them the path which they do not know.\n\nChapter 13\n\nBehold, this is what my eye has seen and what my ear has heard.\n\nAnd I know as you know, and from you also I am not hidden.\n\nBut only before the Lord I speak and I plead before him, if he wills. 4. But you have hidden the secret of transgression and the afflictions of evil, all of you.\n\nAnd you will not let me be silent, for wisdom has perished from you.\n\nHear the bow of my mouth and be silent at the opening of my lips.\n\nAnd now, do you not dwell before the Lord and pour out supplication before him and seek from him? Until you yourselves open.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage transitions from a hymnic series of divine actions (lines 1–4) to a first-person speech introduced by 'Chapter 13', marking a new section in the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መላእክት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'malāʾekt' can mean 'angels' or 'messengers'; here it likely refers to angelic beings, as the context contrasts them with 'the humble' and 'the peoples'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይከሥት፡ ዕሙቃተ፡ እምጽልመት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'reveals wisdom from darkness' echoes Job 28:12–13 (wisdom hidden) and the light-darkness imagery common in wisdom literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'angels of the earth' (መላእክተ ምድር) reflects a Geʿez angelological tradition distinguishing earthly from celestial angels, possibly influenced by Enochic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The line 'he brings grass for the angels' parallels the idea of divine provision for all beings, similar to Psalm 104:14 (LXX) where God provides for creatures.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he gives them to the peoples' is ambiguous: 'them' may refer to the humble or to the angels; the English draft interprets it as the humble, but the Geʿez allows either reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The referent of 'them' in 'he gives them to the peoples' is unclear; it could be the humble or the angels.","The identity of 'the angels of the earth' is not fully defined in the text.","The transition from third-person divine actions to first-person speech is abrupt, possibly indicating a lacuna or redactional join."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":30,"ref":"p30","source":"ሠናይኑ፡ እመ፡ የሐትቱክሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ትገብሩ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኪያሁ፡ ተኃሥሡ።\n\nበምንትኑ፡ ታስማስልዎ፡ ከመትትዋቀሱ፡ ሎቱ፡ ለገጽለሰ፡ ታደልዉ፡ ወለፌ፡ ተኀብኡ፡ እምቅሜሁ።\n\nቀዳሜሁ፡ አኮኑ፡ ኃይሉ፡ ያፈርሀክሙ፡ ወይመጽአክሙ፡ ግሩም፡ እምኀቤሁ።\n\nዘለፋክሙኒ፡ ኃላፊ፡ ከመ፡ ሐመድ፡ ወሥጋክሙኒ፡ መሬት።\n\nተጸመሙኒ፡ እንብብ፡ ወእስኀት፡ እምኅምዝ።\n\nወአስተጋብኣ፡ ለሥጋየ፡ በስነንየ፡ ወአጠውቃ፡ ለነፍስየ፡ በእዴየ።\n\nወእምዕዑብ፡ አትሜጠዋ፡ ለልብስየ፡ ወአመሰ፡ ኢተመጠውክዋ፡ በኃይል፡ እመ፡ እምኢተንሠአት፡ ወእመ፡ አኮሰ፡ እነግር፡ ወእትዋቀሥ፡ ቅድሜሁ።\n\nወዝንቱኒ፡ ይከውነኒ፡ መድኀኒተ፡ እስመ፡ ኢይበውእ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ትምይንት።\n\nስንዑኒ፡ ቃልየ፡ ወአነ፡ እነግረክሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ታጸምኡኒ።\n\nናሁ፡ አነ፡ ቀረብኩ፡ ኀበፍትሕየ፡ ወአእምር፡ አነ፡ ከመ፡ ታስተርኢ፡ ጽድቅየ።\n\nወመኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘተዕፅረ፡ ከመ፡ እጸመም፡ ይእዜ፡ ወአረምም፡ እከውን፡ ከመ፡ ዓብድ፡ ወአትኃባእኑ፡ እምገጽከ።","english":"His goodness—if it hides from you while you do all that is his, be ashamed.\n\nWith what will you flatter him, that you may be reconciled to him? For the face of the flesh you adorn, and the head is hidden from his presence.\n\nIs it not his former strength that frightens you and comes upon you, a great one from his presence?\n\nYour tongue is a passer-by like a fever, and your flesh is earth.\n\nListen to me, to word and to silence from the whisper.\n\nAnd I have gathered my flesh with my teeth, and I have quenched my soul with my hands.\n\nAnd from the thicket I have stretched my garment, and as if I had stretched it by force, if it does not rise, and if not, I will speak and be reconciled before him.\n\nAnd this will be for me a salvation, for I will not enter before him in falsehood.\n\nHear my word, and I will tell you while you listen to me.\n\nNow I have approached my judgment, and I know that my righteousness will be revealed.\n\nAnd who is it that has refrained, as I am silent now and become merciful like a servant, and hide myself from your face?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ሠናይኑ","severity":"info","text":"The opening word ሠናይኑ (his goodness) introduces a theme of divine hiddenness and human inadequacy, contrasting with the previous passage's emphasis on revelation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ገጽለሰ","severity":"info","text":"ገጽለሰ (face of the flesh) is a rare compound in Geʿez, likely denoting the physical body as opposed to the inner self or spirit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥጋክሙኒ መሬት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'your flesh is earth' echoes Genesis 3:19 (LXX) and Job's own lament in the biblical book (Job 10:19), reinforcing the theme of human mortality.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ናሁ አነ ቀረብኩ ኀበፍትሕየ","severity":"info","text":"The shift to first-person speech ('Now I have approached my judgment') marks a structural turn from general reflection to personal testimony, typical of Job's dialogues.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢተመጠውክዋ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ኢተመጠውክዋ (if I had stretched it) is syntactically ambiguous; the conditional may refer to the garment or to a metaphorical act of endurance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage's emphasis on hidden goodness and silent endurance reflects the Geʿez Christian tradition's valorization of humility and patience, as seen in monastic commentaries.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker shifts between third-person divine description and first-person human voice; the text may represent Job or a homiletic persona.","The phrase 'if it hides from you' (የሐትቱክሙ) could refer to God's goodness or to the speaker's own virtue."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":31,"ref":"p31","source":"ወአእትት፡ እምኔየ፡ እዴክ፡ ወአያጥቀኒ፡ ግርማክ፡፡ 20፡ ትጼውዓኒ፡ ወአነ፡ አሰጠወከ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ተናገርከኒ፡ አነሂ፡ አወሥአከ።\n\nወሚመጠን፡ እማንቱ፡ ኃጣውእየ፡ ወአበሳየ፡ እርአየኒኬ፡ ምንት፡ እማንቱ።\n\nወለምት፡ ትሤውር፡ እምኔየ፡ ወትሬስየኒ፡ ጸላኢክ።\n\nወከመ፡ ቈጽል፡ ዘይትነገፍ፡ እምነፋስ፡ ተሐፍሰኒ፡ ወከመ፡ ሣዕር፡ ዘይነሥአ፡ ነፋስ፡ ታሠርረኒ፡ ሣዕረኑ፡ ወብርሀ፡ ዘይየብስ፡ ትዴግን።\n\nእስመ፡ ጸሐፍከ፡ አከይየ፡ ሰዘላዕሌየ፡ ወዓቀብከ፡ ሊተ፡ ኃጢኤትየ፡ ዘንአስየ፡ ወዐቅነትከኒ፡ ወአቀምኮን፡ ውስተ፡ ዳኅዕ፡ ለአገርየ።\n\nወሤምከ፡ ሊኰ፡ ምግባርየ፡ ወሶበ፡ ቆመት፡ እግርየ፡ ኅደገኒ።\n\nChapter 14\n\nመዋቲ፡ ዘይትለወድ፡ አምእንስት፡ ዘኅዳጥ፡ መዋዕሊሁ፡ ወምሉአ፡ መቅሠፍተ፡ መዓቱ።\n\nወይፈሬ፡ ከመ፡ ጽጌ፡ ወይወድቅ፡ ወየኃልፍ፡ ከመ፡ ጽላሎች፡ ወኢይሄሉ፡ እንከ።\n\nለዝኒ፡ አንተ፡ ሐተትኮ፡ ወሎቱ፡ አባእኮ፡ ድቅሜክ፡ ይትዋቀሥ።\n\nወመኑ፡ ይነጽሕ፡ እምርስሐት፡ ወኢመኑሂ፡ ወዘአሐተ፡ ሰዓተ፡ ሐይወ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡፡ 5፡ እስመ፡ ኁሉቊ፡ አውራኂሁ፡ በኅቤከ፡ ወትሁቦ፡ ዕድሜሁ፡ ወኢየኃልፍ፡ አምኔሁ።","english":"And what is it from me? Your hand is with me, and your majesty does not touch me. 20. You pursue me, and I hide from you; and if you speak to me, I also answer you.\n\nAnd what is the measure of my sins and my transgressions? Show me; what is it?\n\nAnd why do you turn away from me and set my enemy against me?\n\nAnd like a leaf that is blown by the wind, you have shamed me; and like grass that the wind lifts, you have scattered me like grass; and like the sun that dries up, you have withered me.\n\nFor you have written my deeds, my wanderings, and you have kept for me my sins, my evil, and you have hidden them, and you have placed them in the heart of my land.\n\nAnd you have set a snare for my deeds, and when my foot stood, it abandoned me.\n\nChapter 14\n\nA mortal who is worn out, a man whose days are few and full of the blows of his wrath.\n\nAnd he blossoms like a flower, and falls and passes away like a shadow, and they are no more.\n\nFor this you have sinned, and to him you have brought your sleep; it will be disputed.\n\nAnd who is pure from sin? And who is it that has lived even one hour upon the earth? 5. For all his days are with you, and his years are counted, and they do not pass from him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአእትት፡ እምኔየ፡ እዴክ፡ ወአያጥቀኒ፡ ግርማክ፡","severity":"info","text":"The speaker questions the divine hand and majesty, suggesting a paradoxical relationship where God's presence is both near and untouching.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ግርማክ","severity":"info","text":"ግርማክ (gərmāk) means 'your majesty' or 'your grandeur,' a term often used in Geʿez for divine or royal dignity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወከመ፡ ቈጽል፡ ዘይትነገፍ፡ እምነፋስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of a leaf blown by wind echoes Psalm 1:1 (LXX) and Job 13:25, common in Geʿez wisdom literature for human fragility.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 14","severity":"info","text":"The passage transitions from direct address to a reflective chapter heading, marking a shift from dialogue to a more general meditation on mortality.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"መዋቲ፡ ዘይትለወድ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'a mortal who is worn out' reflects the Geʿez theological emphasis on human transience, common in Ethiopian monastic texts.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሎቱ፡ አባእኮ፡ ድቅሜክ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'you have brought your sleep' is ambiguous; it may refer to death or spiritual slumber, and the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (Job or a narrator) is unclear in the Geʿez; the draft assumes Job, but the text does not specify.","The phrase 'ድቅሜክ' (your sleep) could be metaphorical for death or literal rest, leaving the sense open."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":32,"ref":"p32","source":"ረኃቅ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ከመ፡ ያፅርፍ፡ ወይትዓቀባ፡ ለሕይወቱ፡ ከመ፡ ዓሳብ።\n\nለፅዕኒ፡ ቦቱ፡ ተስፋ፡ ተገዚሞ፡ ዳግመ፡ ይፈሪ፡ ወይሠርዕ፡ ወኃይሉሂ፡ ኢየኃልቅ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ ረስቦ፡ በውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ሥርው፡ ወእመኒ፡ ሞተ፡ በውስተ፡ ኰኵሕ፡ አዕዑቂሁ፡ እመአዛ፡ ማይ፡ ይሠርዕ፡ ወይፈሪ፡ ከመ፡ ተክል፡ ሐዲስ።\n\nሰብእሰ፡ እምከመ፡ ሞተ፡ ይጸይፅ፡ ወእምከመ፡ ሞተ፡ መዋቲ፡ ኢይሄሎ፡ እንከ፡፡ 10፡ ለባሕርኒ፡ ቦ፡ ተስፋ፡ ሶበ፡ ይቀብል፡ ወፈለግኒ፡ ይነጽፍ፡ ወይየብስ።\n\nሰብእሰ፡ አምከመ፡ ኖመ፡ ኢይነቅሕ፡ እንከ፡ እስከ፡ አመ፡ የኃልፍ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወይነቅሑ፡ እምንዋሞሙ።\n\nእምኅየሰኒ፡ ሶበ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብር፡ ዓቀብከኒ፡ ወእምኃባ፡ አከኒ፡ እስከ፡ ወእምኃባ፡ አከኒ፡ ይቈርር፡ መዓትከ፡ ወእምቀብከኒ፡ አስከ፡ አመትዜከረኒ።\n\nሶበሁ፡ የሐዩ፡ ሰብእ፡ እምከመ፡ ሞተ፡ ፈጺሞ፡ መዋፅለ፡ ሕይወቱ፡ እምተዓገሥኩ፡ እስከ፡ አመ፡ እትወለድ፡ ዳግመ።\n\nወእምአውሣእኩስ፡ ጊዜ፡ ጸዋፅከኒ፡ ወኢትመንነኒ፡ ግብረ፡ እደዊከ፡፡ 15፡ ኈለቈኑ፡ ኃጣውእየ፡ ወአበሳየ፡ አሐተኔ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘረሳዕክ፡ ሊተ፡ ኃጢአትየ፡ ወአበሳየ።","english":"Distance from him, as one who flees and hides for his life, like a shadow.\n\nFor the thirsty, there is hope: he will be cut off, again he will sprout and take root, and his strength will not wither.\n\nAnd if his root is in the earth, it is planted; and if he dies in the desert, his branches from the moisture of water will take root and sprout like a new plant.\n\nBut a man, once he dies, withers; and once a mortal dies, he is no more. 10. For the sea, there is hope when it ebbs; and a river dries up and becomes parched.\n\nBut a man, once he sleeps, does not awaken until the sky passes away and they awaken from their sleep.\n\nFor from the time you placed me in the grave, and from the time you hid me, until—and from the time you hid me, your wrath will grow cold, and from the time you buried me, until you remember me.\n\nWhen a man lives after he dies, having completed the span of his life, from the time I was weaned until I am born again.\n\nAnd from the time I was saved, when you pursued me, and you did not withhold from me the work of your hands. 15. Count my sins and my transgressions, one by one, and there is no one who has forgotten my sin and my transgression for me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ረኃቅ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ከመ፡ ያፅርፍ፡ ወይትዓቀባ፡ ለሕይወቱ፡ ከመ፡ ዓሳብ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from direct address to a series of similes comparing human mortality unfavorably to natural cycles (shadow, plant, sea, river). This structural contrast underscores Job’s despair.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሕይወቱ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሕይወቱ (ḥəyāwatu) means 'his life' and is used here in the simile of a fugitive hiding for his life, emphasizing the existential threat.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብእሰ፡ እምከመ፡ ሞተ፡ ይጸይፅ፡ ወእምከመ፡ ሞተ፡ መዋቲ፡ ኢይሄሎ፡ እንከ፡","severity":"info","text":"The assertion that a man 'withers' after death and is 'no more' echoes Job 14:5–6, where human life is fleeting and without hope of return, contrasting with nature’s renewal.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ለባሕርኒ፡ ቦ፡ ተስፋ፡ ሶበ፡ ይቀብል፡ ወፈለግኒ፡ ይነጽፍ፡ ወይየብስ","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of the sea ebbing and rivers drying up reflects ancient Near Eastern observations of hydrological cycles, used here to highlight the irreversibility of human death.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰብእሰ፡ አምከመ፡ ኖመ፡ ኢይነቅሕ፡ እንከ፡ እስከ፡ አመ፡ የኃልፍ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወይነቅሑ፡ እምንዋሞሙ","severity":"info","text":"The image of sleeping without awakening until the sky passes away parallels Job 14:12–14, where death is a final sleep, and resurrection is not anticipated in this context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኈለቈኑ፡ ኃጣውእየ፡ ወአበሳየ፡ አሐተኔ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘረሳዕክ፡ ሊተ፡ ኃጢአትየ፡ ወአበሳየ","severity":"info","text":"Job’s plea to have his sins counted and the claim that none are forgotten reflects the Ethiopic tradition’s emphasis on divine accountability and the recording of deeds, as seen in later monastic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase እምኅየሰኒ፡ ሶበ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብር፡ ዓቀብከኒ፡ (line 11) is ambiguous: it may mean 'from the time you placed me in the grave' or 'from the cave where you hid me,' with the latter possibly alluding to a specific narrative context. The reading taken follows the English draft's 'from the time you placed me in the grave.'"],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":33,"ref":"p33","source":"ወኅተምከ፡ ውስተ፡ ቊናማቲክ፡ ጌጋይየ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘአበስኩ፡ በላዕሌከ።\n\nከመ፡ ደብር፡ ዘንሀለ፡ ወዉድቀ፡ ወኰኵሕኒ፡ ይበሊ፡ በውስተ፡ ምንባሩ።\n\nወእብንኒ፡ ይለምጽ፡ እማይ፡ ወማይሂ፡ ይደፈን፡ በማእከለ፡ ምድር፡ ልዑል፡ ወአኅጐልከ፡ ትዕግሥቶ፡ ለሰብእ፡፡ 19፡ ወታአትቶ፡ ለዝሉፋ፡ ወይማን፡ ወሜጥከ፡ ገጻከ፡ ኅቤሁ፡ ወመሠጥኮ።\n\nወእመሄ፡ በዝኑ፡ ይቂቁ፡ ኢይሬእዮሙ፡ ወእመኒ፡ ኅዳጣን፡ ኢየእምሮሙ።\n\nዳእሙ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ይማስን፡ ወነፍሱስ፡ ለሕይወት።\n\nChapter 15\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ ኤልፋዝ፡ ተሰጥወ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nቀዳሚሁ፡ ጥበብ፡ ያወሥእ፡ ዘይሔሊ፡ መንፈስ፡ ወአጽገብካ፡ የዕረ፡ ለነፍስነ፡ ወለሥጋነ።\n\nወትወቅስ፡ ነገር፡ ከንቶ፡ ወትነብብ፡ ዘኢይበቊዕ፡፡ 4፡ አኮኑ፡ ለሊክ፡ ኢፈራህካሁ፡ ከመ፡ ትንብብ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ነገር፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nመጠንከ፡ አኮ፡ እምቃለ፡ አፉከ፡ ወኢፈለጥከ፡ ነገረ፡ ዓበይት።\n\nወይዛለፈከ፡ ቃለ፡ አፍከ፡ ወአኮ፡ አ፡ ወከናፍሪክ፡ ማሕተትከ።","english":"And you are hidden in your valleys, a wanderer, and all that I have spoiled is upon you.\n\nLike a mountain that has fallen and collapsed, and the thorns also consume within its dwelling.\n\nAnd the stone is licked by water, and the water is covered in the midst of the earth, high, and you have diminished the patience of man. 19. And you bring the swift and the right, and you have turned your face toward him and anointed him.\n\nAnd if in this they are cut off, I do not see them, and if they are lacking, I do not know them.\n\nHis flesh is consumed, and his soul is for life.\n\nChapter 15\n\nAnd Eliphaz the Temanite answered and said:\n\nThe beginning of wisdom is to know what is pleasing to the spirit, and you have constrained the knowledge for our soul and our flesh.\n\nAnd you speak a word of truth, and you utter what does not happen. 4. Is it not for yourself that you fear, as you utter such a word before the Lord?\n\nYour measure is not from the speech of your mouth, and you have not discerned the matter of greatness.\n\nAnd the speech of your mouth exceeds you, and your mouth and your lips are not your seal.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 15","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the beginning of Chapter 15, a new speech by Eliphaz the Temanite, following the previous narrative section.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ተሰጥወ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ተሰጥወ (tasaṭṭawa) is a gentilic meaning 'the Temanite,' identifying Eliphaz's origin from Teman, a region in Edom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኅተምከ፡ ውስተ፡ ቊናማቲክ፡ ጌጋይየ","severity":"info","text":"The opening line 'And you are hidden in your valleys, a wanderer' likely addresses Job, accusing him of hiding in a state of ruin, consistent with Eliphaz's reproachful tone.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወታአትቶ፡ ለዝሉፋ፡ ወይማን፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'you bring the swift and the right' is obscure; the Geʿez may be corrupt or idiomatic, and the English draft's rendering is tentative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ኤልፋዝ፡ ተሰጥወ","severity":"info","text":"Eliphaz the Temanite is a central figure in the Book of Job, known for his traditional wisdom and emphasis on divine justice, contrasting with Job's suffering.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ቀዳሚሁ፡ ጥበብ፡ ያወሥእ፡ ዘይሔሊ፡ መንፈስ","severity":"info","text":"This verse echoes Job 15:32-33 in the Geʿez tradition, where Eliphaz states that wisdom begins with knowing what pleases the spirit, a theme found in the biblical text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወታአትቶ፡ ለዝሉፋ፡ ወይማን፡' (you bring the swift and the right) is ambiguous; it may be a textual corruption or a lost idiom. The reading taken follows the English draft as a tentative translation.","The reference to 'the stone is licked by water' may be a metaphor for erosion, but its exact significance in Eliphaz's argument is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":34,"ref":"p34","source":"ቦኑ፡ እምሰብእክ፡ ቀደምክ፡ ተፈጥሮ፡ አው፡ ከመ፡ አስሐትያኑ፡ ጠጋአከ።\n\nወትእዛዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሰማዕክ፡ ወበኅቤክኑ፡ ተዘግበት፡ ጥበብ፡፡ 9፡ ወምንተ፡ ተአምር፡ ዘኢነአምር፡ ንሕነ፡ ወምንተ፡ ትሌሁ፡ ዘኢንሌሁ፡ ንሕነ።\n\nወሬዛኒ፡ ወልሂቅኒ፡ በኅቤነ፡ ሀለው፡ ወዘይረስዕ፡ እምአቡክ፡ በምዋዕሊሁ።\n\nእመሂ፡ ኅዳጠ፡ አበስከ፡ ተቀሠፍከ፡ ወኢኮነዝ፡ ነገር፡ ዘነበብከ፡ በአምጣንከ።\n\nእፎኑ፡ እንከ፡ ተሀበለ፡ ልብከ፡ ከመ፡ ትትዋሣእ፡ በመዓት፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወዘከመዝ፡ ነገረ፡ ታወዕእ፡ እምአፉከወምንተ፡ ርአያ፡ አዕይንቲከ።\n\nመኑ፡ መዋቲ፡ ዘይነጽሕ፡ እምኃጢአት፡ ወመኑ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ዘይትወለድ፡ እምአንስት።\n\nኅድግስ፡ ሰብአ፡ ርኩስ፡ ወርሱሕ፡ ዘይሠርባ፡ ለኃጢአት፡ ለቅዱሳን፡ ጥቀ፡ ኢይትአመኖሙ፡ ሰማይኒ፡ ኢኮነ፡ ንጹሐ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡፡ 15፡ ስምዓኒ፡ አንግርከ፡ ወአይጽዕከ፡ ዘርኢኩ፡ ወዘነገሩ፡ ጠቢባን፡ ወኢኃብኡ፡ ለውሉዶሙ፡ አበዊሆሙ፡ እስመ፡ ለባሕቲቶሙ፡ ተውህበት፡ ምድር፡ ወኢኅለፈ፡ ካልእ፡ ሕዝብ፡ እምኔሆሙ።","english":"Now, from among men you were created first, like a potter, you have hidden yourself.\n\nAnd the commandment of the Lord you heard, and in your bosom wisdom was concealed. 9. And what is the sign that we do not know, and what is the thing that we do not lack?\n\nOur moisture and our moisture are with us, and what is taken from your father in his times.\n\nIf indeed you have done evil, you have been cast down, and it is not a matter that you have spoken in your measure.\n\nHow then has your heart been broken, that you should be angry before the Lord, and speak such a thing? What have your eyes seen?\n\nWho is the mortal that is clean from sin, and who is the righteous that is born of woman?\n\nLeave aside the unclean and stained man who steals for sin; for the saints, the heavens are strong, and they are not believed. 15. Hear me, I will tell you and show you what I have seen and what the wise have said, and they did not hide it from their children, their fathers, because to them alone was given the earth, and no other people passed from among them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ቦኑ፡ እምሰብእክ፡ ቀደምክ፡ ተፈጥሮ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez opens with a direct address to Job, asserting his primacy in creation among men, which the English renders as 'from among men you were created first.' This may reflect a tradition of Job's pre-existence or special status.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢይትአመኖሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'ኢይትአመኖሙ፡' (ʾiyyatʾamennomu) is a negative form of 'to believe' or 'to trust,' here rendered as 'they are not believed.' The subject is ambiguous: it may refer to the saints or to the heavens.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መኑ፡ መዋቲ፡ ዘይነጽሕ፡ እምኃጢአት፡","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question 'Who is the mortal that is clean from sin?' echoes Job 14:14 and similar sapiential themes in the Old Testament, emphasizing universal human fallibility.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"9፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage contains a numbered verse (9) and later (15), indicating a structured division within the Geʿez text, likely reflecting a liturgical or scribal tradition of versification.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"አስሐትያኑ፡","severity":"info","text":"The term 'አስሐትያኑ፡' (ʾasḥatyānu) is rendered 'like a potter,' a metaphor for divine creation or shaping. In Geʿez tradition, this may allude to God as potter, a common image in Ethiopian Christian exegesis.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሬዛኒ፡ ወልሂቅኒ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ወሬዛኒ፡ ወልሂቅኒ፡' (warezāni walḥiqni) is translated as 'Our moisture and our moisture,' which is redundant. The Geʿez may involve a textual corruption or a deliberate repetition for emphasis; the exact sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (likely Job or a companion) is not explicit in this passage.","The phrase 'ወሬዛኒ፡ ወልሂቅኒ፡' is ambiguous due to possible textual corruption or idiomatic repetition.","The referent of 'they' in 'they are not believed' (line 15) is unclear: the saints or the heavens."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":35,"ref":"p35","source":"ኵሉ፡ መዋዕሊሁ፡ ለኃጥአ፡ ይትሔዘብ፡ ወመዋዕሊሁኒ፡ ወዓመታቲሁኒ፡ በኁልቊ፡ ይትወሀቦ።\n\nለኃይል፡ ትግርምቱ፡ ያወድቆ፡ አመ፡ ተሰፈወ፡ ዳኅነ፡ ይንበር፡ ይትገፈታፅ፡፡ 18፡ ወአልቦ፡ ተስፋ፡ ወጺአ፡ እምጽልመት፡ ወድአ፡ ተአዘዘ፡ ውስተ፡ አደ፡ ሐሂን።\n\nወተውሀበ፡ መብልህ፡ ለአንስርት፡ ወኢየአምር፡ ለሊሁ፡ ከመ፡ ድቀት፡ ይጸንሖ፡ መቅሰፍት፡ ወድልመት።\n\nወያጸድፎ፡ እምቤቱ፡ ሕማም፡ ወምንዳቤ፡ ከመ፡ መልእክ፡ ዘይቀድም፡ ተሠይሞ፡ ወየኃሥር፡ እስመ፡ አፅበየ፡ እዴሁ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአግዘፈ፡ ክሳዶ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ፡፡ 21፡ ወትረውዕ፡ ኃሣሩ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ወውስተ፡ ራኅበ፡ ዘበኑ፡ ኅይሉ።\n\nወይከድኖ፡ ሞት፡ በኃሊፎቱ፡ ወይጠብቆ፡ ውስተ፡ ሐቌሁ፡ ወይነብር፡ ውስተ፡ አህጉረ፡ ሐቅል፡ ወይበይት፡ ውስተ፡ ቤት፡ ምዝቡር፡ ወዘውእቱ፡ አስረዳለወ፡ ባዕድ፡ ይበልፆ፡፡ 23፡ ይብዕልሂ፡ ወኢይጐነዲ፡ ብዕሉ፡ ወኢይገቡር፡ ጽላሎተ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር።","english":"All his days the sinner is counted, and his days and his years are given in entirety.\n\nTo strength, his cunning casts him down; when he is clothed in peace, he sits and is troubled. 18. And there is no hope of escape from darkness, and he is commanded to dwell in the forest of lamentation.\n\nAnd he is given as food to vultures, and he does not know that punishment and affliction await him like a fall.\n\nAnd sickness and torment drive him from his house, like a messenger who precedes, having been sent, and he is destroyed, for he has stretched out his hand before the Lord and bowed his neck before the Lord, who rules over all. 21. And his destruction is ever before him, and in the expanse of the firmament his strength is.\n\nAnd death covers him with its shadows, and it watches him from its bosom, and he dwells in the field of the plain, and he passes the night in a house of ruin, and what is left to him a stranger surpasses. 23. He multiplies, but his increase does not profit, and he does not plant a shadow upon the earth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes the sinner's life as counted and given in full, yet his strength and cunning lead to downfall, with no hope of escape from darkness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኃጥአ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ኃጥአ' (ḥāṭəʾ) means 'sinner' or 'transgressor', central to the passage's moral framework.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of being given as food to vultures echoes Job 9:26, where Job laments being prey to birds, though the Geʿez text adapts it to a broader moral lesson.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'dwell in the forest of lamentation' reflects a common Geʿez trope for exile or divine punishment, drawing on ascetic and monastic traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":["betmas:LIT1688Job"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage moves from general condemnation (sinner's days counted) to specific punishments (vultures, sickness, death), then to a paradoxical conclusion about increase without profit.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'his destruction is ever before him' is ambiguous: it may refer to the sinner's awareness of doom or to God's judgment, depending on the interpretation of 'ኃሣሩ' (ḥasāru).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'he' in verses 18-23 is ambiguous: it could be the sinner or a generic human figure, but the context suggests the sinner.","The phrase 'in the expanse of the firmament his strength is' is obscure; it may indicate divine power or the sinner's futile reach."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":36,"ref":"p36","source":"ወኢያመሥጥ፡ አምጽልመት፡ ለሥርውሂ፡ ያየብሶ፡ ነፋስ፡ ወይወድቅ፡ ፍሬሁ።\n\nወኢይሴፎ፡ ሐይወ፡ ወዘተሰፈዎሂ፡ ያኃሥሮ፡ ወይወድቅ፡፡ 26፡ ወይትበላዕ፡ ቆሁ፡ ለምዕር፡ ወይወድቅ፡ ከመ፡ ፍሬ፡ ዘይት።\n\nማሕተቶሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ ሞት፡ አሳት፡ ያውዒ፡ ቤተ፡ እለይነሥእ፡ ሕልያነ፡ በዓመፃ፡፡ 28፡ በከርሦሙ፡ ይጸንሱ፡ ፃፅረ፡ ወትመልስ፡ ከርሦሙ፡ ጒኅሉተ።\n\nChapter 16\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ተሰጥወ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nብዙኅ፡ ሰማዕኩ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ወመናዝዛን፡ ለእኪት፡ ኵልክሙ፡፡ 3፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘመጽአክሙ፡ ትነብቡ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዐቅም፡ ምንተ፡ አጽሐብኩክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ትትዋሥኢኒ።\n\nወእነሂ፡ ዘከመ፡ ትብሉ፡ እወሥአክሙሰ፡ በነፍስክሙኑ፡ ትቤ፡ ዝውዋ፡ ለነፍስየ።\n\nወእነግረክሙ፡ ነገረ፡ ወአሐውስ፡ ርእስየ፡ ለክሙ።\n\nወሶበሁ፡ ብየ፡ ኃይል፡ ውስተ፡ አፉየ፡ እምኢምህኩ፡ ከናፍርየ፡ ወእም፡ ዘኄስኩ፡ ዘእነብብ።\n\nእመሂ፡ ነበብኩ፡ ኢይጥዒ፡ ቊስልየ፡ ወእመሂ፡ አርመምኩ፡ ይብእሲ፡ ሕማምየ።","english":"And there is no escape from the shadow of death for the wicked; the wind scatters his fruit, and it falls.\n\nAnd he does not live long, and what he has gathered is destroyed and falls. 26. And his strength is consumed by the worm, and it falls like the fruit of the fig tree.\n\nThe death of sinners is a snare; it brings down the house of those who do not stand firm in righteousness. 28. In their bellies they conceive bitterness, and their bellies return the poison.\n\nChapter 16\n\nAnd Job answered and said, \"I have heard many things like this, and you are all comforters of evil. 3. All that you have come to tell me, you speak without understanding; what have I done to you that you should mock me?\n\nAnd I, as you say, I have sinned; but do you yourselves say this to my soul?\n\nI will tell you a word, and I will reveal myself to you.\n\nWhen there was strength in my mouth, I did not restrain my lips, and I did not speak what was bitter.\n\nIf I have spoken, my wound does not heal; and if I have kept silent, my pain increases.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a general description of the sinner's fate to Job's direct response in Chapter 16, marking a transition from narrative to dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ማሕተቶሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ማሕተቶሙ' (maḫtatomu) means 'their death' or 'their destruction,' here rendered as 'the death of sinners,' emphasizing the finality of divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of fruit scattered by wind and consumed by worms echoes themes found in the biblical Book of Job (e.g., Job 15:32-33 in the Ethiopic version), though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into two parts: verses 25-28 (narrative on sinners) and Chapter 16 (Job's speech), with the latter introduced by a formulaic 'And Job answered and said,' typical of Ethiopic dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Ethiopic Book of Job, part of the broader Old Testament in the Geʿez tradition, often includes expansions and poetic repetitions not found in the Masoretic text, reflecting its transmission through the Septuagint and later Geʿez versions.","cites":[],"named_sources":["Budge 1913"],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text at verse 26 contains a lacuna or ambiguous phrase ('ወይወድቅ፡ ከመ፡ ፍሬ፡ ዘይት'), which may be corrupt; the English draft supplies 'like the fruit of the fig tree,' but the Geʿez only reads 'like the fruit of' without specifying the tree.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez phrase 'ዘይት' (zayt) in verse 26 is incomplete; it could mean 'of the olive' or be a scribal error for 'of the fig' (በለስ).","The transition from verse 28 to Chapter 16 is abrupt; the chapter division may be a later editorial addition."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":37,"ref":"p37","source":"ይእዜሰ፡ ግማዳተ፡ ዐብድ፡ ወቅንጣበተ፡ ረሰይከኒ።\n\nወኮነ፡ ስምዐ፡ እኂዞትከ፡ ወተንሥአት፡ ሐሰትየ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ወተዋቀሠተኒ፡ ቅድመ፡ ገጽየ።\n\nወተምዒዖ፡ በመዓቱ፡ ነጽሐኒ፡ ወሐቀየ፡ ስነኒ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ወአሕፃሁኒ፡ ዲቤየ፡ አመከረ፡፡ 11፡ ወለከዋኒ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ ወበሕቱ፡ አጽደፈኒ፡ በብረክየ፡ ወኅቡረ፡ ሮዱኒ።\n\nመጠወኒ፡ ውስተ፡ እደ፡ ዘይትሔዘበኒ፡ ወገደፈኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለጸዋጋን።\n\nወእንዘ፡ ዳህነ፡ እነብር፡ ገደፈኒ፡ ወመሐኒ፡ በሥዕርተ፡ ድማኅየ፡ ወአቀመኒ፡ ከመ፡ መጠራ፡ ወከመ፡ ቃፍ፡ ወአስተሐየጸኒ፡ ከመ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዓይን።\n\nእስመ፡ በኵያንው፡ ወግኡኒ፡ ወረገዙኒ፡ ኵልያትየ፡ ወኢመሐሩኒ፡ ወተክዕወት፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ሐሞትየ።\n\nወበጽሐኒ፡ ድቀት፡ በዲበ፡ ድቀት፡ ወሮፁ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ኃያላን።\n\nሠቀ፡ አስተጣበቁ፡ ላዕለ፡ ማእስየ፡ ወተሰልጠት፡ ሕማምየ፡ ውስተ፡ መሬት።\n\nትነድድ፡ ከርሥየ፡ በብካይ፡ ወውስተ፡ ቀራንብትየ፡ ጽላሎተ፡ ሞት፡ እሬኢ።\n\nወአልቦ፡ ዓመፃ፡ ውስተ፡ እደውየ፡ ወንጹሕ፡ ጸሎትየ።","english":"Now, the garments of the servant are torn, and the thorns you have planted for me.\n\nAnd the hearing of your rebuke came, and my falsehood rose up against me, and it accused me before my face.\n\nAnd he came out to me in his wrath, and he struck my teeth against me, and he cast me down upon me in counsel. 11. And my eyes were darkened, and he cast me down on my knees, and the companions mocked me.\n\nWhat is in my hand that I may be saved? And the Lord cast me to the wicked.\n\nAnd while I was dwelling in peace, he cast me down and struck me on the hair of my head, and set me up like a target and like a palm, and he made me a spectacle like a man of the eye.\n\nFor they stoned me with stones, and my kidneys were shaken, and they did not teach me, and my bitterness was buried in the earth.\n\nAnd ruin came upon me, ruin upon ruin, and the mighty ones ran against me.\n\nThey gathered together over my entrails, and my pain was stretched out in the earth.\n\nMy belly burns with weeping, and in my eyelids I see the shadow of death.\n\nAnd there is no sin in my hands, and my prayer is pure.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ግማዳተ ዐብድ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'garments of the servant' likely refers to Job's status as a servant of God, with the tearing symbolizing humiliation or punishment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር ለጸዋጋን","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the Lord cast me to the wicked' echoes themes in Job 1–2 where God permits Satan to test Job, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ መጠራ ወከመ ቃፍ","severity":"info","text":"The comparison to a 'target' and 'palm' (tree) reflects imagery of vulnerability and exposure, common in Ethiopic poetic descriptions of suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a narrative section (p37) that continues Job's lament, marked by a series of first-person complaints and vivid physical metaphors.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአልቦ ዓመፃ ውስተ እደውየ","severity":"info","text":"Job's claim of innocence ('no sin in my hands') parallels Job 1:1 and 2:3 in the canonical text, where Job is described as blameless.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the servant' (ዐብድ) is ambiguous: it may refer to Job himself or a generic figure; the reading taken is Job as God's servant.","The phrase 'like a man of the eye' (ከመ ሰብእ ዓይን) is unclear; it may mean a spectacle or a person under scrutiny."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":38,"ref":"p38","source":"መሬትኑ፡ ይከድነኒ፡ ሥጋየ፡ ወይትከዓው፡ ደምየ፡ ወኢይረክብኑ፡ ብሔረ፡ ኀበ፡ አእወዩ።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ ናሁ፡ ሰማዕትየ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወየአምር፡ ሊተ፡ ዘውስተ፡ አርያም።\n\nኃለፈት፡ ጸሎትየ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወታንጸፈጽፍ፡ ዓይንየ፡ ቅድሜሁ።\n\nወሶበሁ፡ ያስተዋቅሥዎ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ምስለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ እጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡ ምስለ፡ ቢጹ፡ ይመጽኣኒ፡ ዓመታት፡ ኍሉዋት።\n\nወአሐውር፡ ፍኖተ፡ ኀበ፡ ኢይገብእ።\n\nChapter 17\n\nይፄዕረኒ፡ ዘያወዕኣ፡ ለነፍስየ፡ እትሜነዮሂ፡ ለመቃብር፡ ወኢያደምዖ።\n\nእንዘ፡ እልሕሰ፡ ሠራሕኩ፡ ወምንተ፡ እሬሲ፡ ይዕርቁኒ፡ ነኪራን፡ ንዋይየ።\n\nወመኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይመይጣ፡ ለእዴየ።\n\nእስመ፡ ኀብእዎ፡ ሰልቦሙ፡ እምሠናይ፡ ወበእንተዝ፡ ኢያሌዕሎሙ።\n\nወይምህርዎ፡ እከየ፡ ለልቦሙ፡ ወተመስዋ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ በእንተ፡ ደቂቅየ።\n\nወረሰይከኒ፡ ነገረ፡ ለአሕዛብ፡ ወኮንክዎሙ፡ ሰሐቀ፡ ወሥላቀ።\n\nወዖራኒ፡ አዕይንትየ፡ እምአንብዕ፡ ወፈድፋደ፡ አስቈረሩኒ፡ ኵሎሙ።","english":"My land will deny me, my flesh, and my blood will be covered, and I will not find a place where I may rest.\n\nAnd now, behold, my witnesses are in heaven, and he knows for me what is in the heights.\n\nMy prayer has passed to the Lord, and my eyes are dried up before him.\n\nAnd when a man is made to contend with the Lord, like a child of a mother with a father, years of sorrow come upon me.\n\nAnd I travel a path to where I do not enter.\n\nChapter 17\n\nHe who wounds my soul will destroy me; I will entrust myself to the grave, and he will not finish me.\n\nWhile I groan, I have labored, and what profit is there? The wicked steal my possessions.\n\nAnd who is it that will stretch out my hand?\n\nFor I have hidden their garments from the good, and because of this, I do not raise them up.\n\nAnd he teaches evil to their heart, and my eyes are deceived because of my children.\n\nAnd you have appointed me a word for the peoples, and you have made them a mockery and a derision.\n\nAnd my eyes are blinded from weeping, and all of them have silenced me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 17","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into two sections: the first ends with a path to where I do not enter, and the second begins with Chapter 17, marking a new chapter in the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይረክብኑ ብሔረ ኀበ አእወዩ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I will not find a place where I may rest' expresses the speaker's despair and lack of refuge, continuing the theme of isolation from the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰማዕትየ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ሰማዕትየ' (my witnesses) is a plural form of 'ሰማዕት' (witness/martyr), here used in a legal or testimonial sense, indicating the speaker's appeal to divine witnesses in heaven.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ እጓለ እመሕያው ምስለ ቢጹ","severity":"info","text":"The simile 'like a child of a mother with a father' echoes familial imagery found in Job's laments, though not a direct quotation; it emphasizes the unequal relationship in contending with God.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአሐውር ፍኖተ ኀበ ኢይገብእ","severity":"info","text":"The line 'I travel a path to where I do not enter' reflects a motif of futile journey or death, common in Geʿez wisdom literature, possibly alluding to the afterlife or a state of limbo.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይምህርዎ እከየ ለልቦሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he teaches evil to their heart' is ambiguous: the subject could be God or an unspecified adversary, and the Geʿez allows both readings; the English draft takes it as a divine action, but the context of Job's complaint may suggest a human agent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of 'ይምህርዎ' (he teaches) is unclear—could be God or an unspecified human adversary.","The phrase 'ኢያሌዕሎሙ' (I do not raise them up) may refer to the garments or to the good people, leaving the referent ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":39,"ref":"p39","source":"ወተአመንክዋ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ወቀብጽተኒ፡ ወርቱዕሰ፡ ትግባእ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኃጥአን።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ እትአመን፡ ከመ፡ እገብእ፡ በፍኖትየ፡ እስመ፡ ንጹሐት፡ እደውየ፡ እረክባ፡ ለፍሥሕትየ።\n\nወሀለወክሙ፡ ትርአዩኒ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ ወትምጽኡ፡ ዝየ፡ እስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ርትዕ፡ ዘእረክብ፡ በኀቤክሙ።\n\nወኀልቃ፡ መዋዕልየ፡ እንዘ፡ ጽዩአት፡ ወተበትከ፡ ሥርወ፡ ልብየ።\n\nመዓልት፡ ሌሊተ፡ ኮነኒ፡ ወጽልመት፡ ውስተ፡ ገጽ፡ ብርሃን፡ ገብአኒ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ ጐንደይኩ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብር፡ ቤትየ፡ ወውስተ፡ ጽልመት፡ ተነጽፈ፡ ምስካብየ።\n\nወለሞትኒ፡ አቡየ፡ እብሎ፡ ወእምየሂ፡ ወአኃውየ፡ ዕፄያት፡ እሙንቱ።\n\nአይቴ፡ ውእቱ፡ እንከ፡ ተስፋየ፡ ወእሬእያኑ፡ ለሠናይት።\n\nወትወርድኑ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብር፡ ምስሌየ፡ ወንደፈንን፡ ኅቡረ፡ ውስተ፡ መሬት።\n\nChapter 18\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ በልዳዶስ፡ ወተሰጥወ፡፡ 2፡ ወይቤ፡ እስከ፡ ማዕዜኑ፡ ኢታረምም፡ ተዓገሥ፡ እንከ፡ ንን፡ ግርከ፡ ንሕነሂ።\n\nለምንት፡ ከመ፡ አንስሳ፡ አርመምነ፡ ቅድሜከ።","english":"And I trusted in this, and it brought me near, and a flood of affliction will enter upon sinners.\n\nBut only I trust that I will enter upon my path, for my pure hands will find my joy.\n\nAnd if you exist, you will all see me, and you will come here, for there is no friend I will find among you.\n\nAnd my days have passed while they were wasted, and the root of my heart has been scattered.\n\nDay and night have become for me, and darkness has entered into the face of light.\n\nAnd if I have bent down, let me dwell in the tomb, my house, and in darkness my bed has been spread.\n\nAnd to death I say, \"My father,\" and from me, and my brothers, the trees, are they?\n\nWhere is my hope now, and shall I see good things?\n\nAnd will you descend into the tomb with me, and shall we be buried together in the earth?\n\nChapter 18\n\nAnd Bildad the Shuhite spoke and answered. 2 And he said, \"Until when will you set a trap for words? You have made us weary.\n\nWhy do you, like a beast, set a trap before us?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተአመንክዋ፡ ለዛቲ፡ ወቀብጽተኒ፡ ወርቱዕሰ፡ ትግባእ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኃጥአን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez ወተአመንክዋ (wa-taʾamankəwwā) 'and I trusted in this' refers to Job's earlier declaration of trust in God's justice, but the following clause 'a flood of affliction will enter upon sinners' shifts to a generalizing lament, possibly echoing a proverbial or liturgical formula.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ርትዕ","severity":"info","text":"ርትዕ (rətʿ) 'friend' is a standard Geʿez term for a companion or ally; here Job laments the absence of any such friend among his hearers, reinforcing his isolation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 18","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with the chapter heading 'Chapter 18' and the introduction of Bildad the Shuhite's speech, marking a clear structural shift from Job's monologue to a new dialogue cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለሞትኒ፡ አቡየ፡ እብሎ","severity":"info","text":"Job's address to death as 'my father' (አቡየ) parallels similar personifications of death in biblical wisdom literature, e.g., Psalm 49 (LXX 48) and Sirach, though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመሂ፡ ጐንደይኩ፡ ዳእሙ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብር፡ ቤትየ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'if I have bent down, let me dwell in the tomb' is syntactically ambiguous: ጐንደይኩ (gondäyku) could mean 'I bent down' or 'I bowed,' and the optative force of the following clause is uncertain; the English draft resolves it as a wish, but the Geʿez may also express resignation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"በልዳዶስ","severity":"info","text":"Bildad (በልዳዶስ) is consistently rendered in the Ethiopic tradition as 'Bəldados,' reflecting the Greek form Baltadad; his speech here (18:1-2) follows the Masoretic and LXX order, confirming the Geʿez Job's dependence on a Greek Vorlage.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወእመሂ፡ ጐንደይኩ፡ ዳእሙ፡' may be read as a conditional ('if I have bent down') or a temporal ('when I bent down'), affecting the tone of Job's wish for burial.","The identity of 'አኃውየ፡ ዕፄያት' ('my brothers, the trees') is unclear: it may be a metaphor for lifeless companions or a reference to wooden grave markers."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":40,"ref":"p40","source":"ይደልዋ፡ ለመቅሠፍትከ፡ ወምንትኑ፡ አንተ፡ ለአመ፡ ሞትከ፡ አልቦኑ፡ ዘይኄይስ፡ እምታሕተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወይወድቁ፡ አድባር፡ እመሠረቶሙ።\n\nወይጠፍአ፡ ብርሃን፡ ኃጥአን፡ ወኢይትከበት፡ አከዩሙ።\n\nወብርሃኖሙ፡ ጽልመት፡ ይከውኖሙ፡ ይጌግዑ፡ ወማኅቶ፡ ቶሙ፡ ትጠፍአ።\n\nወይነሥኢ፡ ትሑታን፡ ንዋዮ፡ ወትድኅፅ፡ ምክሩ።\n\nወትወርድ፡ እግሩ፡ ውስተ፡ መሥገርት፡ ወትትአሠር፡ በመሥገርት።\n\nወይመጽአ፡ መቅሠፍት፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ መይመጽኡ፡ ጽኑዓን፡ ላዕሌሁ።\n\nወኅቡእ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ሐብሉ፡ ወይስሕብዎ፡ እምፍኖቱ።\n\nወያጠፍኦ፡ ሕማም፡ አምዓውዱ፡ ወመጽኡ፡ ብዙኃን፡ ታሕተ፡ አገሪሁ፡ በዓቢይ፡ ረኅብ።\n\nወጽኑሕ፡ ሎቱ፡ ኃሣር፡ ፅዑብ።\n\nወይበኈብኁ፡ አቊያጸ፡ አገሪሁ፡ ወይበልፆ፡ ሞት፡ መሠንዮ።\n\nወይነቅኡ፡ ፅሄያት፡ እምሥጋሁ፡ ወትዐንፅ፡ ምንዳቤሁ፡ ወይትቤቀሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወይትዓፆ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤቱ፡ በሌሊት፡ ወይዘርዎ፡ መሠንዮ፡ ፈጣሪሁ።\n\nወይብስ፡ ሥረዊሁ፡ በታሕቴሁ፡ ወይወድቅ፡ ፍሬሁ፡ እምላዕሌሁ።","english":"Your punishment will befall you, and what are you, for when you die, is there none who will be troubled under heaven, and will the mountains fall from their foundations?\n\nAnd will the light of sinners be extinguished, and will their ways not be hidden?\n\nAnd will their light be covered by darkness, and will their counsel and their assembly be extinguished?\n\nAnd will the humble be raised up in wealth, and will his counsel be hidden?\n\nAnd will his foot descend into a snare, and will he be bound in a snare?\n\nAnd will punishment come upon him, and will the strong not come upon him?\n\nAnd will a rope be hidden in the earth, and will they drag him from his path?\n\nAnd will disease destroy his limbs, and will many come under his regions in great famine?\n\nAnd will a harsh loss be strong for him?\n\nAnd will the fruits of his regions be dried up, and will death surpass his harvest?\n\nAnd will the birds be plucked from his flesh, and will his suffering sprout, and will the Lord cut him off?\n\nAnd will he groan in his house by night, and will his Creator scatter his harvest?\n\nAnd will his roots dry up beneath him, and will his fruit fall from above him?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a series of rhetorical questions, each beginning with 'and will' (ወይ...), forming a litany of calamities that may befall a person.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መቅሠፍት","severity":"info","text":"መቅሠፍት (maqšäft) means 'punishment' or 'scourge'; here it is used in the context of divine retribution, a key theme in the Book of Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of mountains falling from their foundations echoes Job 14:18 (LXX) and similar apocalyptic motifs in the Hebrew Bible, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text reflects a tradition where Job's suffering is amplified with natural and agricultural disasters, consistent with Ethiopic Christian exegesis emphasizing cosmic consequences of sin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The sequence of afflictions (disease, famine, drought, plucked birds) parallels the curses in Deuteronomy 28, suggesting a shared ancient Near Eastern covenant curse tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text has several ambiguous verb forms (e.g., ይደልዋ, ይነሥኢ) that could be read as future or jussive; the English draft consistently uses future interrogatives, but the original may allow a conditional sense.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez verb forms (e.g., ይደልዋ, ይነሥኢ) are ambiguous between future indicative and jussive; the English draft interprets them as future interrogatives, but a conditional reading ('if...then') is also possible.","The phrase 'አልቦኑ ዘይኄይስ' could mean 'is there none who will be troubled' or 'is there not one who troubles'; the English draft takes the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":41,"ref":"p41","source":"ወይጠፍአ፡ እምድር፡ ዝክሩ፡ ወይርኅቅ፡ ስሙ፡ ነዋኅ።\n\nወያፈልስዎ፡ እምብርሃን፡ ውስተ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይምሕሮ፡ እምሕዝቡ።\n\nወኢይድኅን፡ ቤቱ፡ በታሕተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወባዕድ፡ ይዴሎ፡ በንዋየ፡ ዚአሁ።\n\nመገዓረ፡ ነዳይ፡ በአንቲአሁ፡ ወዓበይትሂ፡ አንከርዎ።\n\nከመዝ፡ ለእለ፡ ኢየአምርዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር።\n\nChapter 19\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወተሰጥወ።\n\nወይቤ፡ እስከ፡ ምንትኑ፡ ታሄፅርዋ፡ ለነፍስየ፡ ወትተትሉኒ፡ በነገርኩ።\n\nአእምሩ፡ ዳዕሙ፡ ከመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘንተ፡ ረሰየኒ፡ ዐሥረ፡ ጊዜያተ፡ ትትናገሩኒ፡ ወኢተኃፍሩ፡ ትቁሙ፡ ላፅለ፡ ነፍስየ።\n\nወኦሆ፡ አማን፡ እንከ፡ አበለኩ፡ አነ፡ ወኅቤየ፡ ኃደረት፡ ፅበድ፡ ወነበብኩ፡ ዘኢየአምር፡ ቃለ፡ ወነገርየኒ፡ ዕበድ፡ ወአኮለ፡ ዘአዘለፍ።\n\nአሌ፡ ሊተ፡ በላዕሌየ፡ ዳዕሙ፡ ታአብዩ፡ አፉከሙ፡ ዘሆከኒ፡ ወትትቈናደዩ፡ ብየ፡ ወትዘረከዩኒ።\n\nአእምሩ፡ ዳዕሙ፡ ከመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘሆከኒ፡ ወአንኅ፡ መዓቶ፡ ላዕሌየ።","english":"Will their memory perish from the earth, and will their name be far removed?\n\nAnd will they be cast from light into darkness, and will there be none among their people who pities them?\n\nAnd will their house not be saved under heaven, and will their possessions be far from them?\n\nThe dwelling of the poor is in their misery, and their lords have rejected them.\n\nAs for those who do not know the Lord.\n\nChapter 19\n\nAnd Job answered and said:\n\nAnd he said, \"How long will you afflict my soul and kill me with your words?\n\nKnow, O judges, that the Lord has appointed me ten times to speak to you, and you are not ashamed to stand against my soul.\n\nOho, truly I have erred, and my thought has been heavy, and I have spoken words I did not know, and my error has told me folly and the food of the past.\n\nWoe to me, O judges, you increase your mouth against me, for you have mocked me and you contend with me and you stone me.\n\nKnow, O judges, that the Lord has mocked me and his wrath is upon me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 19","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a chapter heading, 'Chapter 19', which is a later editorial insertion dividing the text. The preceding material (p41) is narrative, and Job's speech follows.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዳዕሙ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ዳዕሙ' (daʿmu) is a plural imperative meaning 'judge' or 'decide', here addressed to Job's interlocutors. The English draft renders it as 'O judges', which is appropriate in context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ነዋኅ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word 'ነዋኅ' (nawāḫ) means 'far' or 'distant'. In the phrase 'ስሙ ነዋኅ' (his name is far), it conveys the idea of a name being removed or forgotten.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage reflects the theme of divine testing and human suffering central to the Book of Job. Job's complaint about being 'stoned' (ትዘረከዩኒ) is metaphorical, indicating verbal assault.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመዝ፡ ለእለ፡ ኢየአምርዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር","severity":"caution","text":"The line 'ከመዝ ለእለ ኢየአምርዎ ለእግዚአብሔር' (As for those who do not know the Lord) appears isolated before the chapter heading. It may be a scribal gloss or a fragment, as it does not connect syntactically to the preceding or following verses.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In the Ethiopic tradition, the Book of Job is often read during times of affliction. Job's lament here, including the phrase 'how long will you afflict my soul', resonates with liturgical themes of endurance.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ከመዝ ለእለ ኢየአምርዎ ለእግዚአብሔር' is syntactically ambiguous; it may be a standalone statement or a misplaced gloss. The reading taken treats it as a separate, possibly incomplete, line.","The identity of the 'judges' (ዳዕሙ) is not specified; they may be Job's friends or a literary device for his accusers."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":42,"ref":"p42","source":"ናሁ፡ እሠርኅ፡ በኂስ፡ ወአነግር፡ ወአወዩ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይፈትሕ፡ ሊተ።\n\nወተሐዕረ፡ ዓውድየ፡ ወአልብየ፡ ምኅላፍ፡ ወአንጦልህ፡ ውስተ፡ ገጽየ፡ ጽልመት።\n\nወሰለበኒ፡ ትርሢትየ፡ ወአልብየ፡ አክልየ፡ አምላዕለ፡ ርእስየ።\n\nወመሐወኒ፡ እንተ፡ ኵለሄ፡ አሐውር፡ ወአልሕስ፡ ወገዘማ፡ ከመ፡ ዕፅ፡ ለሕይወትየ።\n\nወረሰየኒ፡ ለኃይል፡ መቅሠፍት፡ ወረሰየኒ፡ ከመ፡ ፀር።\n\nወኅቡረ፡ መጽአ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ መዓቱ፡ ወሀገቱኒ፡ ወስተ፡ ፍናውየ፡ እለ፡ ይጸንሑኒ።\n\nወአኃውየኒ፡ ተናከሩኒ፡ ወአብደሩ፡ ነኪር፡ እምኔየ፡ አፅርክትየኒ፡ ኢመሐሩኒ።\n\nወአዝማድየኒ፡ ኢያንከሩስ፡ አለሂ፡ የአምሩ፡ ስምየ፡ ረስሁኒ።\n\nወእለሂ፡ ቅሩባንየ፡ ኢይፈቅዱ፡ ይርአዩኒ፡ ወከመ፡ ዘአምከልአ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ይመስሉኒ።\n\nለነበርየኒ፡ አጼውፆሙ፡ ወይጸመሙኒ።\n\nወለብአሲትየኒ፡ አትጋነይ፡ ላቲ፡ ወእዮውሃ፡ ወትትቃፀበኒ፡ ወአስተበቊፆሙ፡ ለደቂቀ፡ ገዛአየ፡ ወአስተምሕር፡ ሎሙ።\n\nወቀብዑኒ፡ ለዓለም፡ ወሶበሂ፡ እትነሣአ፡ የሐምዩኒ።","english":"Now I will cry out in bitterness, and I will groan and wail, and there is none who will open for me.\n\nAnd my dwelling place has become desolate, and I have no one to pass through, and I am cast into the darkness of my face.\n\nAnd my adornment has been stripped from me, and I have no covering to put over my head.\n\nAnd all that I had has been taken from me, and I am withered and dried up like a tree for my life.\n\nAnd he has appointed for me a punishment of strength, and he has appointed me as an enemy.\n\nAnd his wrath came upon me in multitude, and he drove me from my path, those who were lying in wait for me.\n\nAnd my brothers have denied me, and they have made me a stranger, and they have removed their hands from me, and they have taught me.\n\nAnd my relatives have also denied me, and those who hear my name have cursed me.\n\nAnd those who are my neighbors do not wish to see me, and they regard me as one who has been rejected by the people.\n\nThey have closed their doors to me, and they have stopped up their ears against me.\n\nAnd as for my wife, she is ashamed of me, and woe to her, and she is angry with me, and she has scattered the children of my house, and she has made them orphans.\n\nAnd they have buried me forever, and when I rise up, they will be angry with me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ናሁ፡ እሠርኅ፡ በኂስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening phrase 'Now I will cry out in bitterness' introduces a lament that intensifies the speaker's isolation, consistent with Job's complaints in the Geʿez version.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አንጦልህ፡ ውስተ፡ ገጽየ፡ ጽልመት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'cast into the darkness of my face' uses ጽልመት (darkness) metaphorically for disgrace or spiritual blindness, a common motif in Ethiopic penitential literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወረሰየኒ፡ ለኃይል፡ መቅሠፍት፡","severity":"info","text":"The line 'he has appointed for me a punishment of strength' echoes Job's sense of divine persecution, reminiscent of Job 19:12 where God's power is felt as punitive.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez Book of Job, part of the broader Ethiopic biblical canon, often amplifies Job's suffering through repetitive lament structures, reflecting monastic devotional practices.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a narrative lament, marked by a series of parallel clauses (e.g., 'and my dwelling place has become desolate... and my adornment has been stripped'), typical of Geʿez poetic complaint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopic tradition, Job's laments were read during times of communal mourning, reinforcing themes of abandonment and divine testing.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'he' who appoints punishment (possibly God or a human oppressor) is ambiguous; the reading takes it as divine.","The phrase 'they have taught me' (ኢመሐሩኒ) is unclear—whether it means instruction in suffering or formal teaching is uncertain."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":43,"ref":"p43","source":"ወእለሂ፡ የአምሩኒ፡ ያስቈርሩኒ፡ እለሂ፡ አፈቅሮሙ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ተንሥኡ፡ ላዕለ፡ ነፍስየ፡፡ 20፡ ወይትቤጸል፡ ማእፀየ፡ ምስለ፡ ሥጋየ፡ ወየሐቅየኒ፡ አዕፅ፡ ምትየ።\n\nመሐሩኒ፡ መሐሩኒ፡ አዕርክትየ፡ እስመ፡ እደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውእሩ፡ ዘገሠሠኒ።\n\nወለምንት፡ እንትሙ፡ ታሠርሑኒ፡ ከመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢትጸግቡኑ፡ እምሥጋየ።\n\nመኑ፡ እምጸሐፎኑ፡ ለነገርየ፡ ወይልክዖ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ዘለዓለም።\n\nውስተ፡ ምጽሐለ፡ ሐፂን፡ ወአረር፡ ወእመ፡ እኮ፡ ይግልፍዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ኰኵሕ።\n\nአእምር፡ ባሕቱ፡ ከመ፡ ኢያገምሮ፡ ቤት፡ ለዠለህዎ፡ ይፈውሰኒ፡ ሕያው፡ ዘይቀውም፡ ድኅረ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር።\n\nወእንዘ፡ ሀሎኩ፡ ዓዲ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ዝኒ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ መጽአኒ።\n\nወይትዌላጥ፡ ማአስየ፡ ዘለልየ፡ አእምር፡ ዘዓይንየ፡ ርእየት፡ ወአኮ፡ ባዕድ፡ ሠለጡኒ፡ ኵሎ፡ ውስተ፡ ሕፅንየ።\n\nእመሳ፡ ትብሉ፡ ምንተ፡ ንነግር፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ወንረከብ፡ ሥርወ፡ ነገር፡ ሎቱ፡ ፍርህዋ፡ ለኃሣር፡ እንትሙኒ።","english":"And those who love me, they make me bitter; those whom I love, they have risen up against my soul. 20. And my flesh is mingled with my bones, and my sinews are dried up.\n\nTeach me, teach me, my friends, for the hand of the Lord is what has struck me.\n\nAnd why do you, who are dead, mock me like the Lord, and are not sated with my flesh?\n\nWho among them will write down my words and cast them into the book of eternity?\n\nInto the book of thorns and briars, and if so, they will roll it into the thorns.\n\nI know only that he who does not spare a house for the one who has built it will heal me with a living oil that endures after it is placed in the earth.\n\nAnd while I was still upon this earth, this came to me from the Lord.\n\nAnd my tongue is confused, for my palate is dry; I know what my eyes have seen, and they have not removed me to another place, all within my bosom.\n\nIf you say, \"What shall we tell him, and we shall find the root of the matter for him?\"—the fear of the grass, you who are dead.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእለሂ፡ የአምሩኒ፡ ያስቈርሩኒ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez uses a wordplay: those who love (የአምሩኒ) make him bitter (ያስቈርሩኒ), contrasting affection with suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መሐሩኒ","severity":"info","text":"The repeated imperative 'teach me' (መሐሩኒ) is a plea for divine or communal instruction, echoing Job's search for understanding.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ውስተ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ዘለዓለም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'book of eternity' (መጽሐፍ ዘለዓለም) likely alludes to the heavenly book of life or judgment, a motif in Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ውስተ፡ ምጽሐለ፡ ሐፂን፡ ወአረር፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'book of thorns and briars' (ምጽሐለ ሐፂን ወአረር) is a unique metaphor in Geʿez Job, possibly reflecting a local scribal or ascetic image of suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"20፡","severity":"info","text":"Verse 20 is marked in the Geʿez text, indicating a structural division; the following lines continue Job's lament without a new chapter break.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እመሳ፡ ትብሉ፡ ምንተ፡ ንነግር፡","severity":"caution","text":"The final line's 'fear of the grass' (ፍርህዋ ለኃሣር) is obscure; it may be a proverbial expression of futility or a textual corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'those who are dead' (እንትሙ) in verses 21 and 27 is ambiguous—possibly Job's friends or a metaphorical reference to the spiritually dead.","The phrase 'living oil' (ሕያው ዘይቀውም) may refer to a medicinal or ritual anointing, but its exact significance is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":44,"ref":"p44","source":"እስ፡ መቅሠፍት፡ ትመጽኦሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ ወአሜሃ፡ የአምሩ፡ ኵሎ፡ እከዮሙ፡ እምአይቴ፡ ዘበጽሖሙ።\n\nChapter 20\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ ሳፍር፡ አሜናዊ፡ ተሠጥወ።\n\nወይቤ፡ ኢሐዘብኩከ፡ ትንብብ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘትኄይስ፡ እምኔየ፡ አእምሮ።\n\nስምዓኒ፡ እንግርከ፡ ጥበበ፡ ትምህርትየ፡ ወጣወሥአኒ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ሕሊናየ።\n\nቦኑ፡ ዘተአምር፡ ዘከመዝ፡ እምቅድሜሁ፡ ወእምእሜከ፡ ወእምድኅሬከ፡ ወእምእመ፡ ተፈጥረ፡ ዓለም።\n\nፍሥሓሆሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ ቀትል፡ ዓቢይ፡ ወኃሤቶሙ፡ ለረሲዓን፡ ኅጕል።\n\nእመኒ፡ ዓርገ፡ ሰማየ፡ ቊርባኑ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ እስከ፡ ደመና፡ መሥዋዕቱ።\n\nወአመ፡ ይቤ፡ ወዳእኩ፡ ጻናዕኩ፡ እሜሃ፡ ይትሐጐል፡ ለዝሉፉ፡ ወይብሉ፡ እለ፡ የአምርዎ፡ አይቴ፡ ሀሎ።\n\nወሠረረ፡ ከመ፡ ሐልዎ፡ ወኢትረከብ፡ ወያስተርኢ፡ ከመ፡ ሕልመ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ዘኢይትዓወቅ፡ ወይመስል፡ ጽባሐ።\n\nወርእዮቶ፡ ዓይን፡ ኢትጸግብ፡ እንከ፡ ወዚየአምር፡ እንከ፡ መካኖ።\n\nወታጠፍእዎሙ፡ ለውሉዱ፡ ትሑታን፡ ወእደዊሁኒ፡ እሳተ፡ ይነፍሓ።","english":"As for punishment, it will come to sinners, and then all their wickedness will be known from where it reached them.\n\nChapter 20\n\nAnd the hand of Sophar the Amanite spoke and was silent.\n\nAnd he said, \"I have troubled you with speech like this, and there is none who understands from me knowledge.\n\nHear me, I will tell you the wisdom of my teaching, and my spirit of thought will instruct me.\n\nIs there one who knows like this before him, and before you, and after you, and before the creation of the world?\n\nThe joy of sinners is a great death, and the desire of the wicked is a ruin.\n\nIf he ascends to heaven, his offering reaches even to the cloud.\n\nAnd when he says, 'I have fasted,' then his lie is mocked, and those who know him say, 'Where is he?'\n\nAnd it is established as if it exists, but it is not found, and it appears like a dream of the night which is not known, and it seems like the morning.\n\nAnd the eye that sees it is not satisfied, nor does one know its place.\n\nAnd he humbles his children, and his hands blow fire.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 20","severity":"info","text":"The chapter heading marks a new speech by Sophar (Zophar), the third friend, following the narrative cue in the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"},{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሳፍር፡ አሜናዊ፡","severity":"info","text":"Sophar the Amanite (Zophar the Naamathite) is identified with the toponym 'Aman' (Naamah), a variant in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"},{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአልቦ፡ ዘትኄይስ፡ እምኔየ፡ አእምሮ።","severity":"info","text":"Sophar claims unique understanding, echoing Job 11:5-6 where Zophar rebukes Job's verbosity and asserts superior wisdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"},{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ፍሥሓሆሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ ቀትል፡ ዓቢይ፡","severity":"info","text":"The equation of sinners' joy with 'great death' reflects a Geʿez ascetic motif, possibly influenced by monastic traditions that view worldly pleasure as spiritual death.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"},{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይመስል፡ ጽባሐ።","severity":"info","text":"The simile of a dream fading at morning parallels Job 20:8 (LXX) where the wicked man's prosperity is like a dream that vanishes.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"},{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ ሳፍር፡ አሜናዊ፡ ተሠጥወ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'hand spoke and was silent' is syntactically odd; 'hand' may be a scribal error or a metonym for 'authority' or 'speech act'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"},{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'hand spoke and was silent' (እደ ተናገረ ... ተሠጥወ) is ambiguous: it may be a textual corruption or a deliberate rhetorical figure.","The identity of 'Sophar the Amanite' (ሳፍር አሜናዊ) is clear in context, but the toponym 'Aman' is not standard in other versions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":45,"ref":"p45","source":"ወይመልእ፡ ፃዕር፡ ውስተ፡ አዕፅምቲሁ፡ ወጥሰክብ፡ ሕማሙ፡ ውስተ፡ መሬት።\n\nእስመ፡ ጥዕመቶ፡ አኪት፡ ውስተ፡ አፍሁ፡ ወየኃብኣ፡ ታሕተ፡ ልሳኑ።\n\nወሊሳዩ፡ ውስተ፡ ከርሡ፡ ትትገፈታዕ፡ ወያስተጋብእ፡ ማዕከለ፡ ጕርዔሁ።\n\nወኢትክል፡ ትርድኦ፡ ወሕምዘ፡ አርዌ፡ ምድር፡ ታሕተ፡ ከናፍሪሁ።\n\nብዕል፡ ዘይዘገብ፡ በዓመፃ፡ ይደመሰስ፡ ወያቴክሎ፡ መልአክ፡ ሞት፡ እምቤቱ።\n\nወጠወሥኦ፡ ኅምዘ፡ አርዌ፡ ምድር፡ ወይቀትሎ፡ ልሳነ፡ አፍዖት።\n\nወኢይሬኢ፡ እጕለ፡ መራዕይሁ፡ ወኢይውኅዝ፡ መዓር፡ ወቅብዕ፡ ወኢይፀምድ፡ ምዕረ፡ ወካዕበ።\n\nበከንቱ፡ ወበበክ፡ ሠርኀ፡ ብዕሎ፡ ዘኢይጥዕም፡ እምኔሁ፡ ከመ፡ ጽኑዕ፡ ዘኢይትሔየከ፡ ወኢይትወሐጥ።\n\nእስመ፡ አንሐለ፡ አብያተ፡ ድኩማን፡ ብዙኀ፡ ወበርበረ፡ ማኅፈደ፡ ወኢያግብኦ።\n\nወአልቦ፡ ዘይሣሃሎ፡ እምንዋዩ፡ ወኢያደምዕ፡ ፍትወቶ።\n\nወአልቦ፡ ተረፍ፡ ለብዕሉ፡ ወበእንተዝ፡ ኢትሠምር፡ ሠናይቱ።\n\nአመ፡ ይቤ፡ ሠለጥኩ፡ አሜሃ፡ ይትመነደብ፡ ወይመጽኦ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕማም፡ ዘያጸግባ፡ ለከርሡ።","english":"Or may pain fill his bones, and his suffering be pressed into the earth.\n\nFor his strength is placed in his mouth, and it hides under his tongue.\n\nAnd his tongue in his belly turns, and it gathers in the middle of his throat.\n\nAnd he cannot trust his salvation, and the poison of a serpent of the earth is under his lips.\n\nA man who multiplies in iniquity will be destroyed, and the angel of death will take him from his house.\n\nAnd the poison of a serpent of the earth will bite him, and the tongue of a viper will kill him.\n\nAnd he will not see the offspring of his loins, and he will not take hold of old age and gray hair, and he will not reach the age of a hundred years.\n\nIn vain and in weeping he spent his wealth, which does not profit him, like a strong one who is not moved and not shaken.\n\nFor he destroyed many ruined houses, and he scattered the treasure, and he did not gather it.\n\nAnd there is no one who will save him from his destruction, and his desire will not be fulfilled.\n\nAnd there is no remnant for his wealth, and because of this his good deeds are hidden.\n\nWhen he says, \"I have escaped,\" then he will be cast down, and all the suffering that fills his belly will come upon him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the speech of Sophar the Amanite (Zophar the Naamathite), forming part of a series of poetic threats against the wicked. The Coptic classification as 'narrative' is anomalous for a speech; the Geʿez text is clearly poetic.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኅምዘ አርዌ ምድር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'poison of a serpent of the earth' (ኅምዘ አርዌ ምድር) is a fixed expression in Geʿez for a venomous snake, possibly a viper or asp. The parallel 'tongue of a viper' (ልሳነ አፍዖት) reinforces the imagery of deadly speech.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መልአክ ሞት","severity":"info","text":"The 'angel of death' (መልአክ ሞት) is a figure known from later Jewish and Christian tradition, but its appearance here in Job is notable. The Geʿez text may reflect a developed angelology not present in the Hebrew original.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of the wicked man's wealth being spent 'in vain and in weeping' (በከንቱ ወበበክ ሠርኀ) and his houses destroyed echoes the theme of divine retribution common in the speeches of Job's friends. The Geʿez version may expand on the Hebrew.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'his tongue in his belly turns' (ሊሳዩ ውስተ ከርሡ ትትገፈታዕ) is obscure; it may be a corruption or a literal rendering of a Hebrew idiom. The sense of internal turmoil is clear, but the exact image is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'serpent of the earth' and 'viper' is not specified; they may be synonymous or distinct.","The phrase 'his tongue in his belly turns' is ambiguous; it may mean he chokes on his words or that his speech is self-destructive."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":46,"ref":"p46","source":"ወይትዌሰክ፡ መቅሠፍተ፡ መዓቱ፡ ወጥተግህ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ዘያሐምሞ።\n\nወኢያመስጥ፡ እምእደ፡ ኲናት፡ ወይበረብሮ፡ ቀስተ፡ ብርት።\n\nወየኃልፍ፡ ሐፅ፡ ውስተ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ወያንሶሱ፡ እኩይ፡ ውስተ፡ ነፍስቱ፡ ወላዕሌሁ፡ ዘያደነግዖ።\n\nወይጸንሖ፡ ኵሉ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወይበልዖ፡ እሳት፡ ዘእንደደ፡ ወይትጋየዖ፡ ጎረ፡ ቤቱ።\n\nወከሠተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ጌጋዮ፡ ወምድርኒ፡ ኢትነሥኦ።\n\nወሞት፡ ይስሕባ፡ ለቤቱ፡ ለዝሉፉ፡ ወትመጽኦ፡ ዕለተ፡ መንሱት።\n\nዝውእቱ፡ መክፈልቱ፡ ለብእሲ፡ ኃጥእ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወንዋዩሂ፡ ዘአጥረየ፡ እምኀበ፡ ፈጣሪሁ።\n\nChapter 21\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገር፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወተሰጥወ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nስምዑኒ፡ ወአጽምኡኒ፡ ነገርየ፡ ከመ፡ ኢትበሉ፡ ሊተ፡ ንሕነ፡ ንናዝዞ።\n\nአርምሙ፡ እንግርክሙ፡ እመቦ፡ ዘትስሕቁኒ፡ አኮ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዘይዘልፈኒ፡ ወእፎ፡ ዘኢይትመዓዕ።\n\nትኔጽሩኒ፡ ወታነክሩኒ፡ ወትትመላትሑ፡ በእደዊክሙ።\n\nእመሂ፡ ተዘከርኩ፡ ተዝለፍኩ፡ ወኅዱር፡ ውስተ፡ ሥጋየ፡ ፃዕር።","english":"Or may the rod of his wrath be placed, and his burden press upon him, which pains him.\n\nAnd he cannot escape from the hand of the spear, and the bow of bronze shakes him.\n\nAnd the arrow passes through his flesh, and evil troubles him within his soul, and upon him what disturbs him.\n\nAnd all darkness conceals him, and fire devours him which kindles, and the roof of his house burns him.\n\nAnd the sky revealed its secrets, and the earth also swallowed him.\n\nAnd death will sweep away his house, the worthless one, and the day of destruction will come to him.\n\nThis is the reward of a sinful man from the Lord, and also his possessions which he acquired from his Creator.\n\nChapter 21\n\nAnd Job answered and submitted, and said:\n\n\"Hear me and listen to my words, as you have said to me, 'Let us be patient.'\n\nAllow me to speak to you; where is it that you mock me? Am I not a man who surpasses me? And why am I despised?\n\nYou gaze at me and mock me, and you clap your hands at me.\n\nIf I have remembered, I have forgotten, and pain is new within my flesh.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዝውእቱ፡ መክፈልቱ፡ ለብእሲ፡ ኃጥእ፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes a section on the fate of the wicked, marked by the formulaic summary 'This is the reward of a sinful man from the Lord,' which serves as a structural closure before the new chapter heading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መቅሠፍተ፡ መዓቱ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'መቅሠፍተ፡ መዓቱ' (the rod of his wrath) is a fixed expression in Geʿez for divine punishment, paralleling similar imagery in the Psalms and prophetic books.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሞት፡ ይስሕባ፡ ለቤቱ፡ ለዝሉፉ፡","severity":"info","text":"The image of death sweeping away the house of the worthless echoes the prophetic theme of total annihilation found in Jeremiah and Amos, though no direct citation is present.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወከሠተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ጌጋዮ፡","severity":"info","text":"The line 'the sky revealed its secrets' reflects a cosmological motif in Ethiopic tradition where the heavens disclose hidden truths, often associated with apocalyptic revelation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይትጋየዖ፡ ጎረ፡ ቤቱ","severity":"info","text":"The detail of the roof of his house burning him finds a parallel in the Coptic version of Job, where the wicked are consumed by their own shelter, symbolizing self-destruction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢያመስጥ፡ እምእደ፡ ኲናት","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he cannot escape from the hand of the spear' is textually uncertain; the Geʿez word 'ኲናት' (spear) may be a corruption or variant of a term for 'weapon' more broadly, and the sense of escape is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኲናት' (spear) could be a scribal error for a more general term for weapon; the exact nature of the 'rod of his wrath' is left unspecified, possibly metaphorical or literal; the transition from the preceding passage is abrupt, leaving the subject of the verbs unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":47,"ref":"p47","source":"ለምንት፡ ኃጥአን፡ የሐይዉ፡ ወይረስዑ፡ ውስተ፡ ብዕሎሙ።\n\nእመኒ፡ ዘርኡ፡ ይሠምር፡ በቅድሜሆሙ፡ ወውሉዶሙኒ፡ ይመልኡ፡ ዓይነ፡ በቅድሜሆሙ።\n\nወአብያቲሆሙ፡ ምሉእ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘያደነግዖሙ፡ ወኢይመጽኦሙ፡ መቅሠፍት፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nአልሕምቲሆሙኒ፡ ኢይመክና፡ ወዕኑሳቲሆሙ፡ ኢያድህፃ፡ ወይድኅና፡ በሕርሶን።\n\nወይዜወሩ፡ ከመ፡ አባግዕ፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ወደቂቆሙኒ፡ ይትዋነዩ፡ ወየአነዝሩ፡ ወይሰነቅዉ።\n\nወይትፌሥሑ፡ ወላድያኒሆሙ፡ በቃለ፡ ማኅሌቶሙ።\n\nወፈጺሞሙ፡ ወዋዕሊሆሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ይትፌግዑ፡ ውስተ፡ ምስካበ፡ ሲኦል፡ ይነውሙ፡፡ 13፡ ወይቤልዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ረኃቅ፡ እምኔነ፡ ወኢንፈቅድ፡ ንርአይ፡ ፍኖተከ።\n\nወምንተ፡ ይክል፡ ከመ፡ ንትቀነይ፡ ሎቱ፡ ወምንት፡ ይበቊዓነ፡ ከመ፡ ንሑር፡ በኀቤሁ፡፡ 15፡ ወውስተ፡ እደዊሆሙ፡ ሀለወት፡ ሠናይቶሙ፡ ወኢይኔጽር፡ ምግባሮሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡፡ 16፡ ወባሕቱ፡ ትጠፍአ፡ ማኅበሮሙ፡ ረሲዓን፡ ወትበጽሖሙ፡ ዕልወቶሙ፡ ወይበጽሖሙ፡ ምንዳቤ፡ ወመቅሠፍት።","english":"Why do sinners live and increase in their houses?\n\nAnd if their seed sprouts before them, and their children fill the eye before them,\n\nAnd their houses are full, and there is none who disturbs them, and punishment from the Lord does not reach them,\n\nTheir cattle do not die, and their goats do not miscarry, and they prosper in their plowing,\n\nAnd they multiply like sheep forever, and their flocks increase and are fruitful and multiply,\n\nAnd their parents rejoice at the sound of their song,\n\nAnd their judges and rulers, while they are perishing in the pit of hell, sleep. 13. And they say to the Lord, \"Far from us, and we do not wish to see your way.\"\n\nAnd what can we do that we may be zealous for him, and what will profit us that we may live with him? 15. And in their hands is their goodness, and he does not regard the deeds of sinners. 16. But only the assembly of the wicked perishes, and their pride reaches them, and affliction and punishment reach them.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a lament on the prosperity of the wicked, contrasting their worldly success with divine punishment deferred. It shifts from rhetorical questions to a description of sinners' flourishing, then to their eventual downfall.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መቅሠፍት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መቅሠፍት (maqšäft) means 'punishment' or 'scourge,' often divine retribution. It appears twice in this passage, emphasizing the theme of delayed justice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ሲኦል","severity":"info","text":"The reference to ሲኦል (siʾol, 'hell') echoes Old Testament imagery of the underworld, as in Job's dialogues. The phrase 'pit of hell' (ምስካበ ሲኦል) is a Geʿez idiom for the abode of the dead.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of sinners' prosperity—children, cattle, harvests—reflects agrarian values in the Geʿez cultural context, where wealth was measured in livestock and land productivity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question 'Why do sinners live and increase?' parallels Job 21:7-13, where Job questions why the wicked thrive despite their impiety. The Geʿez version adapts this to local imagery.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft's 'their judges and rulers... sleep' may misrepresent the Geʿez ይነውሙ (yənawwəmu), which means 'they sleep' but could imply death or inactivity. The context suggests a contrast with the sinners' activity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'their judges and rulers... sleep' (ይነውሙ) is ambiguous: it may mean literal sleep, death, or moral negligence. The reading taken is that they are inactive or oblivious while sinners flourish.","The transition from verse 13 to 15 is abrupt; the Geʿez may have a lacuna or the numbering reflects a different division."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":48,"ref":"p48","source":"ወይከውኑ፡ ከመ፡ ኃሠር፡ ዘቅድመ፡ ገጸ፡ ነፋስ፡ ወከመ፡ ፀበል፡ ዘይነሥኦ፡ ነፋሰ፡ ዓውሎ።\n\nወኢረክቡ፡ ንዋዮሂ፡ ደቂቁ፡ ወይትቤቀሎሙ፡ ወየአምር፡ ሶቤሃ፡፡ 19፡ ወኢይሬእያ፡ አፅይንቲሁ፡ እንዘ፡ ይረግዝዎሙ፡ ለደቂቁ፡ ወእግዚአብሔርኒ፡ ኢያድኅኖሙ፡ እስመ፡ እንተ፡ ፈቀደ፡ ይገብር።\n\nወይቀብላ፡ እምኊልቊ፡ አውራኂሁ።\n\nቀዳሚሁ፡ አኮኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘይሜህር፡ ምክረ፡ ወጥበበ፡ ወውእቱ፡ ይትቤቀሎ፡ ለቀታሊ።\n\nወዘሂ፡ ይመውት፡ በብኀዝ፡ የዋሃቱ፡ እንዘ፡ በኵሉ፡ ይትፌሣሕ፡ ወይዴሎ፡ ወበውስጡሂ፡ ምሉእ፡ ሥብሕ፡ ወይትከዓው፡ እንጕዑ።\n\nወይመውት፡ በምረረ፡ ነፍሱ፡ እንዘ፡ ኢይበልዕ፡ ሠናየ፡ ወኢምንተኒ።\n\nወኵሎሙ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ይነውሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ወይደፍንዎሙ፡ ዕፄያት።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ ሰአእመርኩክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ተሀቢለክሙ፡ ትቀውሙ፡ ላዕለ፡ ነፍስየ።\n\nወለእመ፡ ትብሉ፡ አይቲ፡ ውእቱ፡ ቤተ፡ መልአክ፡ ወአይቴ፡ ውእቱ፡ ማኅደሮሙ፡ ለአብድንተ፡ ኃጥአን።\n\nተሰአልዎሙ፡ ለኃላፍያነ፡ ፍኖት፡ ወአምሮቶሙ፡ ኢይረክቡ።","english":"And as for them, they are like a shadow before the face of the wind, and like a flower that the wind of the storm carries away. And their children do not find their possessions, and they are mourned, and he knows when. (19) And his servants do not see, while they mock his children. And the Lord does not save them, because he does what he wills. And he buries their foals from the womb. Was it not the Lord himself who teaches counsel and wisdom, and he himself is mourned by the killer? And why does one die in abundance, rejoicing in everything, and then, within him, is full of praise, and he is covered with shame? And why does one die in the bitterness of his soul, while he does not eat good things, nor anything? And all together they sleep in the earth, and the trees cover them. And now I have asked you, as I have spoken to you, to stand against my soul. And if you say, \"Where is the house of the angel, and where is the dwelling place of the destruction of sinners?\" Ask the passersby of the road, and their knowledge they will not find.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይከውኑ፡ ከመ፡ ኃሠር፡ ዘቅድመ፡ ገጸ፡ ነፋስ፡ ወከመ፡ ፀበል፡ ዘይነሥኦ፡ ነፋሰ፡ ዓውሎ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez compares sinners to a shadow before the wind and a flower carried by a storm, emphasizing their transience and lack of substance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያድኅኖሙ","severity":"info","text":"The verb ኢያድኅኖሙ (ʾiyadḫenomu) means 'he does not save them,' negating divine intervention for the sinners' children, consistent with Job's theme of divine inscrutability.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቀብላ፡ እምኊልቊ፡ አውራኂሁ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he buries their foals from the womb' echoes Job 21:10 (LXX) where children die prematurely, reflecting theodicy concerns in the biblical book.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይእዜኒ፡ ሰአእመርኩክሙ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from rhetorical questions to a direct address ('now I have asked you'), marking a structural turn in Job's speech to his companions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ፡ መልአክ፡ ወማኅደሮሙ፡ ለአብድንተ፡ ኃጥአን","severity":"info","text":"The 'house of the angel' and 'dwelling place of the destruction of sinners' reflect Geʿez angelological and eschatological concepts, possibly influenced by later Christian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢረክቡ፡ ንዋዮሂ፡ ደቂቁ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'their children do not find their possessions' is ambiguous: it may mean the children inherit nothing or fail to understand their wealth, and the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the killer' mourned by the Lord is unclear; it may refer to a specific figure or be a general statement about divine mourning for the slain.","The phrase 'he knows when' (ወየአምር፡ ሶቤሃ) lacks a clear antecedent, leaving the subject ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":49,"ref":"p49","source":"እስመ፡ ዕለት፡ እኪት፡ ትጸንሖሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ ወይወሰድዎ፡ በዕለት፡ እኪት፡ ወመንሱት።\n\nመኑ፡ ጥዜንዎ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ፍኖቶ፡ ወመኑ፡ ይፈድዮ፡ ዘለሊሁ፡ ገብረ።\n\nወይወስድዎ፡ ውስተ፡ መቃብር፡ ወውስተ፡ ነፍቁ፡ ይተግህ።\n\nወያሰጥሞ፡ ሐዝሐዘ፡ ፈለግ፡ ወይወዕኡ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ሰብእ፡ ድኅሬኡ፡ ወቅድሜሁ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ኍልቊ።\n\nለምንትኑ፡ በከ፡ ትጌሥዐኒ፡ በከንቱ፡ ወበኀቤክሙሰ፡ አልብየ፡ ዕረፍት።\n\nChapter 22\n\nወአደ፡ ተናገር፡ ኤልፋዝ፡ ቱሜናዊ፡ ተሰጥወ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nቀዳሚሁ፡ አኮኑ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይሜህር፡ ምክረ፡ ወጥበበ።\n\nወምንት፡ ያጽሕቆ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ለአመ፡ አንተ፡ አንጻሕክ፡ ምግባሪከ፡ ወምንተ፡ ይረብኆ፡ ለአመ፡ አንተ፡ አርታዕከ፡ ፍናዊከ።\n\nይትሓሰበከኑ፡ ወይትዋቀሰከ፡ ወየሐውርኑ፡ ይሳነን፡ ምስሌከ።\n\nቀዳሚሁ፡ አኮኑ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ውእቱ፡ እከይከ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ኍልቊ፡ ለኃጣውኢከ።\n\nወአኀዝኮ፡ ለከንቱ፡ ወሰለብከ፡ ልብሶ፡ ለዕሩቅ።\n\nማየ፡ ጥቀ፡ ኢያስተይኮ፡ ለጽሙአ፡ ወሄድከ፡ አፍእሞቶ፡ ለርኁብ፡ ወብእሲ፡ ዘይዘርእ፡ ሎቱ፡ ምድረ፡ ገጸ፡ መዳልው፡ ይነብር፡ ውስቴታ።","english":"Because an evil day will overtake the sinners, and they will be carried away on an evil day and a day of curse.\n\nWho has prepared his way before him, and who will serve him as his servant?\n\nAnd they will carry him into the tomb, and in his soul he will be buried.\n\nAnd the flood of the river will drown him, and all men will forget him behind him and before him, for he has no number.\n\nWhy do you afflict me in vain, and among you I have no rest?\n\nChapter 22\n\nAnd Eliphaz the Temanite answered and said:\n\nIs it not the Lord who is the giver of counsel and wisdom?\n\nAnd what will it profit the Lord when you have turned away your deeds, and what will it benefit him when you have straightened your ways?\n\nWill he be merciful to you and will he be patient with you, and will he walk and be equal with you?\n\nIs not your evil great before him, and is there no number for your sins?\n\nAnd you have seized vanity and stripped the garment from the poor.\n\nYou have given strong water to the thirsty to drink, and you have gone and given food to the hungry, and the man who sows for himself a field on the face of the plain will dwell in it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 22","severity":"info","text":"The passage marks the beginning of Chapter 22 in the Geʿez text, introducing a new speech by Eliphaz the Temanite. This structural division is consistent with the Coptic narrative cues.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እኪት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term እኪት (ʾəkət) is rendered as 'evil' in the English draft, but it can also mean 'bad' or 'wicked'. In this context, it modifies 'day' (ዕለት) to indicate a day of misfortune or divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መንሱት","severity":"info","text":"The word መንሱት (mänsut) is translated as 'curse' in the English draft. It derives from the root ነሰየ (näsäyä) meaning 'to curse' or 'to revile', and here it intensifies the description of the day of judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይወስድዎ ውስተ መቃብር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'they will carry him into the tomb' echoes the biblical theme of burial and mortality found in Job 21:32, though the Geʿez text here is a free paraphrase. The reference to burial without honor aligns with the context of divine punishment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ኤልፋዝ ቱሜናዊ","severity":"info","text":"Eliphaz the Temanite is a character from the Book of Job, traditionally identified as one of Job's friends. In the Geʿez tradition, his speeches are preserved with minor variations from the Masoretic text, reflecting the Ethiopian Orthodox reception of the book.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ማየ ጥቀ ኢያስተይኮ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'strong water' (ማየ ጥቀ) is ambiguous; it may refer to undiluted wine or a metaphor for harsh judgment. The English draft interprets it as 'strong water', but the Geʿez could also imply a potent drink given to the thirsty, possibly with ironic or punitive overtones.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'they' in the first paragraph is unspecified; it may refer to divine agents or unspecified forces of judgment.","The phrase 'strong water' (ማየ ጥቀ) is ambiguous, possibly meaning undiluted wine or a metaphor for harsh treatment.","The transition from the third-person narrative to the second-person address ('Why do you afflict me') is abrupt, leaving unclear whether Job or a generic sufferer is speaking."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":50,"ref":"p50","source":"ወቦ፡ እለሂ፡ እንከርከ፡ ገጾሙ፡ ወጸላእከ፡ ነዳያነ፡ በዓመፃ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር።\n\nወአውፃእኮን፡ ለዕቤራት፡ ዕራቆን፡ ወአፅዐርኮ፡ ለእጓለ፡ ማውታ።\n\nበእንተ፡ ምንትኑ፡ ዓገተከ፡ መሥገርት፡ ወሮደከ፡ ጻባኢት፡ ኃያል።\n\nወብርሃንከሂ፡ ጽልመተ፡ ኮነከ፡ ወደፈነከ፡ ማይ፡ እንዘ፡ ትነውም።\n\nወኢኮነሁ፡ ብውሐ፡ ልዑል፡ ይግበር፡ ዘፈቀደ፡ ወያኃሥሮሙ፡ ለጸአልያን።\n\nወትቤ፡ ምንተ፡ የአምር፡ ኃያል፡ ወበላዕለ፡ ጽልመትኑ፡ ይኴንን።\n\nወደመና፡ ይሤውሮ፡ ወኢሬኢ፡ ዓውደ፡ ሰማይኑ፡ የሐውር።\n\nፍኖቶሂ፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ተዓቅብ፡ እንተ፡ ኬድዋ፡ እደው፡ ጻድቃን፡ እለ፡ ዓርጉ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ይትዓወቅ፡ ከመ፡ ፈለግ፡ ዘይውኅዥ፡ መሠረታቲሆሙ።\n\nወእለ፡ ይብሉ፡ ምንተ፡ ይሬስየነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወምንተ፡ ይመጽአ፡ ላዕሌነ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወመልአ፡ ሎሙ፡ አብያቲሆሙ፡ በረከተ።\n\nወምክረ፡ ኃጥአንሰ፡ ርኍቅ፡ እምኔሆሙ።\n\nወርእዮሙ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ሰሐቱ፡ ወተሳለቁ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ንጹሐን።","english":"And those who have turned their faces away, and who have oppressed the poor in wickedness upon the earth.\n\nAnd I have brought out the naked from the caves, and I have made the children of death to wither.\n\nFor what reason have you hidden the secret and caused the strong to fall?\n\nAnd your light has become darkness for you, and water has covered you while you sleep.\n\nAnd is it not so that the Most High does as he wills and destroys the wicked?\n\nAnd she said, \"What does the strong one know, and does the ruler of darkness judge?\"\n\nAnd blood is hidden, and he does not see; does he traverse the path of heaven?\n\nHis way is eternally hidden, the path which the hands of the righteous have trodden, who have ascended without being known, like a river that erodes their foundations.\n\nAnd those who say, \"What will the Lord give us, and what will come upon us? He who rules all, and their houses are filled with blessing.\"\n\nAnd the counsel of sinners is far from them.\n\nAnd the righteous saw them, they laughed and mocked them, the pure ones.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a first-person divine or prophetic voice (lines 1–4) to a third-person reflection on the Most High and the righteous, with a brief interjection of direct speech ('she said').","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጻድቃን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጻድቃን (ṣadqān) means 'the righteous' and is a plural form derived from the root for justice or righteousness, contrasting with 'sinners' (ኃጥአን) later in the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢኮነሁ፡ ብውሐ፡ ልዑል፡ ይግበር፡ ዘፈቀደ፡ ወያኃሥሮሙ፡ ለጸአልያን","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question about the Most High doing as he wills and destroying the wicked echoes themes in Job 34:24–25, where Elihu asserts God's sovereignty over the wicked.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of 'water covering you while you sleep' and 'blood hidden' reflects Geʿez Christian ascetic and apocalyptic motifs, where sleep symbolizes spiritual ignorance and water divine judgment or purification.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወርእዮሙ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ሰሐቱ፡ ወተሳለቁ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ንጹሐን","severity":"info","text":"The righteous laughing and mocking the sinners parallels Wisdom of Solomon 5:1–2, where the just are portrayed as rejoicing over the downfall of the unrighteous.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትቤ፡ ምንተ፡ የአምር፡ ኃያል፡ ወበላዕለ፡ ጽልመትኑ፡ ይኴንን","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'she said' (ወትቤ) is ambiguous: it may introduce a female speaker (e.g., Job's wife or a personified wisdom) or be a scribal error for a masculine form; the Geʿez text does not clarify the speaker's identity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in 'she said' (ወትቤ) is unclear; it could be a female figure or a textual corruption.","The phrase 'the path which the hands of the righteous have trodden' may be metaphorical for an esoteric tradition or a literal journey, but the Geʿez does not specify."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":51,"ref":"p51","source":"ወጠፍአት፡ ንዋዮሙ፡ ወተረፎሙሂ፡ በልዓት፡ እሳት።\n\nእስኩ፡ ኩን፡ እኩየ፡ እመትጸንዕ፡ ወአመ፡ ይሤኒ፡ ፍሬከ።\n\nሕትቶ፡ ለነገረ፡ አፉከ፡ ወደይ፡ ቃሎ፡ ውስተ፡ ልብከ።\n\nእመሰ፡ ነሳሕከ፡ ወአሕመምከ፡ ርእሰከ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአርኃቀ፡ እምልብከ፡ ዓመፃ።\n\nይተክለክ፡ ዲበ፡ ኰኵሕ፡ ወከመ፡ እብነ፡ ፈለግ፡ ይሰፍፍ።\n\nወይረድእከ፡ እምፀርከ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ወያገብአ፡ ለከ፡ ንጽሐከ፡ ከመ፡ ብሩር፡ ጽሩይ።\n\nወትረክብ፡ ሞገስ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወትኔጽር፡ ሰማየ፡ ተፈሢሐከ።\n\nወዘጸለይከ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ይሰምዐከ፡ ወይሁበከ።\n\nወየዓሥየከ፡ ፍዳ፡ ጽድቅከ፡ ወያበርህ፡ ውስተ፡ ፍናዊከ።\n\nእስመ፡ አሕመመከ፡ ትብል፡ ተዓበየ፡ ለዘያቴሕት፡ ርእሶ።\n\nወይባልሖ፡ ለንጹሕ፡ ወትድኀን፡ በንጽሐ፡ እደዊከ።\n\nChapter 23\n\nወደእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወተሰጥወ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nአእመርኩ፡ ከመ፡ እምእዴየ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘለፋየ፡ ወአክበደ፡ እዴሁ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ወአግዐረኒ።","english":"And they have destroyed their wealth, and the remainder of them has been consumed by fire.\n\nUntil when shall I be evil? When will I be patient? And when will your fruit be changed?\n\nStop the speech of your mouth, and put a veil over the word in your heart.\n\nIf you repent and humble your head before the Lord, and remove iniquity from your heart,\n\nHe will plant you upon a rock, and like a stone of a river he will spread you out.\n\nAnd he will deliver you from your enemy, who rules over all, and he will gather for you your purity like refined silver.\n\nAnd you will find favor before the Lord, and you will behold the heaven of your delight.\n\nAnd what you have prayed to him will hear you and give to you.\n\nAnd he will increase for you the reward of your righteousness, and he will make light shine upon your paths.\n\nFor he has humbled you, saying, \"The pride of him who bows his head is great.\"\n\nAnd he will speak to the pure, and you will be saved by the purity of your hands.\n\nChapter 23\n\nAnd Job answered and submitted, and said:\n\nI have known that it is from my hand that which has afflicted me, and he has laid his hand heavily upon me, and he has made me a stranger.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with a series of admonitions and promises (lines 1–9), then shifts to Job's response introduced by 'Chapter 23' and the formula 'And Job answered and submitted, and said'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The term 'እግዚአብሔር' (ʾƎgziʾabəḥer) is the standard Geʿez rendering of 'Lord', used throughout the passage to refer to God.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ እብነ ፈለግ ይሰፍፍ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'like a stone of a river he will spread you out' echoes imagery of stability and purification found in biblical wisdom literature, though no direct citation is given.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The promise of being 'planted upon a rock' and having purity 'like refined silver' reflects themes of divine reward and moral transformation common in Ethiopic Christian exegesis of Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Job's response, 'I have known that it is from my hand that which has afflicted me', emphasizes personal responsibility, a motif developed in later Ethiopic commentaries on the book.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the pride of him who bows his head is great' is ambiguous: it may be a divine rebuke or a paradoxical statement about humility, and the Geʿez syntax allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the first part (God or a sage) is not explicit; the passage could be a divine speech or a moral exhortation.","The phrase 'the pride of him who bows his head is great' is syntactically ambiguous, possibly meaning that humility itself is a form of pride or that the proud person must bow."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":52,"ref":"p52","source":"ምንት፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘኢየአምር፡ ከመ፡ እርከብ፡ ወእብጻሕ፡ እስከ፡ ለዝሉፉ።\n\nወይንግረኒ፡ እመቦ፡ ዘገበርኩ፡ ወኢያረምም፡ አፉየ፡ እንዘ፡ እወቅስ።\n\nወአምር፡ ሊተሂ፡ ከመ፡ ይሁበኒ፡ ፈውሰ፡ ወለበውኩ፡ ዘይሁበኒ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ በብዙኅ፡ ኃይል፡ ይመጽሕ፡ ኢይገብር፡ እንከ፡ በመዓቱ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ እስመ፡ ሣህል፡ ወጻድቅ፡ ኀቤሁ።\n\nወያዐርፈኒ፡ ለዝሉፉ፡ እምኵነኔየ፡ እስመ፡ ኀበ፡ ቀዲሙ።\n\nወኢይሄሉ፡ እንከ፡ ወኢየአምር፡ እንከ፡ ደኃሪታ።\n\nእገብእ፡ እንከ፡ መንገለ፡ ጸጋም፡ ወእትመየጥ፡ መንገለ፡ የማን፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘእሬኢ።\n\nወእደ፡ አእምር፡ ፍኖትየ፡ ወፈተነኒ፡ ከመ፡ ወርቅ።\n\nወኢይወጽእ፡ እምተግሣዑ፡ ወዓቀብኩ፡ ፍናዊሁ፡ ወኢተግኅሥኩ።\n\nወኢኀለፍኩ፡ እምትእዛዙ፡ ወኀባእኩ፡ ነገሮ፡ ውስተ፡ ሕፅንየ።\n\nወመኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይትዋቀሶ፡ በእንተ፡ ኵነኔ፡ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይፈቀደ፡ ይገብር።\n\nወበእንተዝ፡ አነሂ፡ ጐጓእኩ፡ በእንቲአሁ፡ ወተገሢዕየ፡ ሐለይክዎ።\n\nወበእንተዝ፡ ደንገፅኩ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ እሔልዮሂ፡ ወይጌርመኒ።","english":"What is it that I do not know, that I may find and add, until the fool?\n\nAnd he will tell me, where have I done, and I will not restrain my mouth while I curse.\n\nAnd I know also that he will give me a reward, and I have sought what he will give me.\n\nAnd if with great force he comes, will he not act then in his wrath against me, for mercy and justice are with him?\n\nAnd he will remove the fool from my judgment, for before.\n\nAnd they are not then, and he does not know then the end.\n\nI will enter then the way of the left, and I will turn to the way of the right, and there is none whom I see.\n\nAnd I know my path, and he has tested me like gold.\n\nAnd he will not go out from his anger, and I have watched his ways, and I have not hastened.\n\nAnd I have not passed from his command, and I have hidden his word in my bosom.\n\nAnd who is it that will be accused concerning judgment, for it is he who wills to do?\n\nAnd because of this, I also have cried out against him, and I have besought his mercy.\n\nAnd because of this, I have been bold before his face, I will implore him, and he will curse me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the narrative sequence of Job's lament, marked by a series of rhetorical questions and conditional reflections on divine judgment and personal guilt.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዝሉፉ (zəlufu)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ዝሉፉ (zəlufu) is rendered as 'fool' in the English draft, but it may also carry the sense of 'contemptible one' or 'scoundrel', reflecting a moral or social judgment rather than mere intellectual deficiency.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ፈውሰ (fäwəssa)","severity":"info","text":"The word ፈውሰ (fäwəssa) is translated as 'reward' in the English draft, but in Geʿez it can also mean 'healing' or 'salvation', introducing a possible theological nuance of spiritual restoration rather than material compensation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ወርቅ (kama wärq)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'tested me like gold' (ከመ ወርቅ) echoes the biblical motif of testing as purification, found in Job's trials and paralleled in passages such as Zechariah 13:9 and Proverbs 17:3, though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the way of the left' and 'the way of the right' reflects a Geʿez ethical dualism where the left symbolizes error or evil and the right represents righteousness, a common trope in Ethiopic Christian moral instruction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft's rendering of 'and he will curse me' at the end may be a misreading; the Geʿez ይጌርመኒ (yəgärrämäni) more likely means 'he will have mercy on me' or 'he will spare me', reversing the sense of the final clause.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The final verb ይጌርመኒ is ambiguous: it could be read as 'he will curse me' (from ገረመ, to curse) or 'he will have mercy on me' (from ገረመ, to spare), with the latter more consistent with the context of imploring mercy."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":53,"ref":"p53","source":"ወእግዚአብሔር፡ መሰዎ፡ ለልብየ፡ ወዘኵሎ፡ ይመልከ፡ አጐጕዓኒ።\n\nበእይቴ፡ አእመርኩ፡ ከመ፡ ትመጽአኒ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወደፈነኒ፡ ቆባር፡ ውስተ፡ ገጽየ።\n\nChapter 24\n\nለምንት፡ ይረስዖን፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለሰዓታትየ።\n\nወተዓደዉ፡ ኃጥአን፡ እም፡ ወሰኖሙ፡ ወመሰጡ፡ ኖላዌ፡ ምስለ፡ መርዔቱ።\n\nወሄዱ፡ አድገ፡ እጓለ፡ ማውታ፡ ወአኀዙ፡ ላሕመ፡ ፅቤር።\n\nወሜጥዎሙ፡ ለድኩማን፡ እምፍኖተ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ወተጋብኡ፡ ኅቡረ፡ የዋሃነ፡ ምድር።\n\nወኮኑ፡ ከመ፡ አእዱግ፡ ውስተ፡ ገዳም፡ በእንቱአየ፡ ወዕኡ፡ ወኃደጉ፡ ተግባሮሙ፡ ወጥዕሞሙ፡ እክል፡ እምንእሶሙ።\n\nአኮኑ፡ ገራህተ፡ ዘኢኮነ፡ ዚአሆሙ፡ አረሩ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ሰዓቱ፡ ወቀነይዎሙ፡ ለባሕታውያን፡ ዓፀደ፡ ወይኖሙ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዓስብ፡ ወዘእንበለ፡ ሲሳይ፡ ተዓገልዎሙ፡ ኃጥአን።\n\nወለብዙኃን፡ ዕሩዋን፡ አቤትዎሙ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ልብስ፡ ወሰለብዎሙ፡ አራዘ፡ ነፍሶሙ።\n\nወያርሕሶሙ፡ ነፍኒፍ፡ ወጠለ፡ ገዳም፡ እስመ፡ አልቦሙ፡ ክዳን፡ ወተከድኑ፡ ጾላእተ።","english":"And the Lord has hidden my heart, and all of it he will fill; he has troubled me.\n\nWhere have I known that darkness would come upon me, and a cloud cover my face?\n\nChapter 24\n\nWhy does the Lord not give rest to my hours?\n\nAnd the sinners have transgressed their boundary, and they have mingled a shepherd with his pasture.\n\nAnd they have driven away the young of the she-ass, and they have seized the milk of the goat.\n\nAnd they have turned the poor from the path of righteousness, and they have gathered together the wicked of the land.\n\nAnd they have become like wild asses in the desert because of me, and they have abandoned their labor and their food from themselves.\n\nAre they not thieves who have no property of their own? They have plundered before his time, and they have taken away the fields of the simple ones and their vineyards without payment and without sustenance; the sinners have oppressed them.\n\nAnd for many, they have taken away their garments without clothing, and they have stripped them of the treasures of their souls.\n\nAnd the wind will pity them, and the dew of the desert, for they have no covering, and they are naked and destitute.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእግዚአብሔር፡ መሰዎ፡ ለልብየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'And the Lord has hidden my heart' suggests Job's inner thoughts are concealed by God, contrasting with the English draft's 'troubled me' which may reflect a different interpretive tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አጐጕዓኒ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'አጐጕዓኒ' (he has troubled me) is a causative form of 'ጐጕዐ' (to be troubled), indicating divine action that disturbs Job, a key theme in the dialogue.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተዓደዉ፡ ኃጥአን፡ እም፡ ወሰኖሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The description of sinners transgressing boundaries echoes prophetic language in the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Isaiah 24) but is adapted to Job's context of social injustice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ወሄዱ፡ አድገ፡ እጓለ፡ ማውታ፡","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of driving away young she-asses and seizing goat's milk reflects pastoral life in the Horn of Africa, familiar to Geʿez audiences, and underscores the theme of dispossession.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 24","severity":"info","text":"The chapter break after the initial verses marks a shift from Job's personal lament to a broader social critique, a structural feature common in the Geʿez version of Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወያርሕሶሙ፡ ነፍኒፍ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the wind will pity them' is ambiguous: 'ነፍኒፍ' (wind) could be a personification or a natural force, and the Geʿez may reflect a textual variant not present in other versions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the fool' in the previous passage is unclear; the Geʿez text does not specify a referent.","The phrase 'ወደፈነኒ ቆባር' (a cloud cover my face) may be metaphorical for ignorance or divine concealment, but the exact nuance is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":54,"ref":"p54","source":"ወመሰጡ፡ እጓለ፡ ማውታ፡ እምውስተ፡ ጥቡ፡ ወአሕመምዎን፡ ለፅኑሳት።\n\nወገፍዕዎሙ፡ ለፅኑሳን፡ ወነጽሕዎሙ፡ ወሄድዎሙ፡ ለርኁባን፡ አፍእሞቶሙ።\n\nወአሥርኅዎሙ፡ ለምንዱባን፡ ወተዓገልዎሙ፡ ወኢያእመርዋ፡ ጽድቅ።\n\nወሰደድዎሙ፡ እምአብያቲሆሙ፡ ወእምአህጉሪሆሙ፡ ወአግዓሩ፡ ነፍሰ፡ ሕፃናት፡ ፈድፋደ።\n\nለምንት፡ ውእቱ፡ ኢገሠዖሙ፡ ለእሉ፡ አምጣነ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ወኢያእመርዋ፡ ወኢርእይዋ፡ ለፍኖተ፡ ርትዕ፡ ወኢሖሩ፡ ውስተ፡ መርኅባ።\n\nወአእሚሮ፡ ምግባሮሙ፡ መጠዎሙ፡ ውስተ፡ እደ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወተረሣዮሙ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ከመ፡ ሰራቂ።\n\nዓይነ፡ ዘማዊ፡ ይጸንሕ፡ ጽልመተ፡ ወይብል፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይሬእየኒ፡ ወይሤወር፡ እምገጽ፡፡ 16፡ ወይከሪ፡ አብያተ፡ በጽልመት፡ መዓልታይትኃብኡ፡ ወኢጥሬእዩ፡ ብርሃነ።\n\nወእምከመ፡ ጸብሐ፡ ይመስሎሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ጽላሎተ፡ ሞት፡ እስመ፡ የአምሩ፡ ሀከከ፡ ዘይከውን፡ ወይትሔዘቡ፡ መዊተ።\n\nወይጼለል፡ ዲበ፡ ገጸ፡ ማይ፡ ርጉም፡ መክፈልቶሙ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር።","english":"And they have blotted out the name of death from the midst of the book, and they have embittered the strong ones.\n\nAnd they have struck the strong ones, and they have cleansed them, and they have led away the weak ones, and they have cast them out.\n\nAnd they have uprooted the exiles, and they have oppressed them, and they do not know righteousness.\n\nAnd they have driven them from their houses and from their cities, and they have caused the souls of children to be scattered one by one.\n\nWhy is it that he has wronged these who were upon the earth, and they do not know, and they do not see the path of righteousness, and they have not gone into the sanctuary?\n\nAnd he has hidden their deeds until their measure in the hand of darkness, and he has pursued them by night like a thief.\n\nThe eye of the blind one waits for darkness, and he says, “There is none who sees me,” and he hides from the face. 16 And he builds houses in darkness; by day they are hidden, and they do not see the light.\n\nAnd like the dawn, the shadows of death appear to them all, for they know that what will be is bitter, and they tremble at death.\n\nAnd the cursed one casts his portion upon the face of the water upon the earth.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወመሰጡ እጓለ ማውታ እምውስተ ጥቡ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'blotted out the name of death from the midst of the book' is obscure; it may refer to erasing death from a record or from memory, possibly a metaphor for denying mortality.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ፅኑሳት","severity":"info","text":"ፅኑሳት (ṣänusāt) means 'strong ones' or 'hardened ones', likely referring to the wicked or oppressors, contrasting with 'weak ones' (ርኁባን) in the following line.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአእሚሮ ምግባሮሙ መጠዎሙ ውስተ እደ ጽልመት","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a series of third-person plural actions to a rhetorical question ('Why is it that he has wronged these...'), then returns to narrative, creating a lament-like structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ወይጼለል ዲበ ገጸ ማይ ርጉም መክፈልቶሙ ዲበ ምድር","severity":"info","text":"The final image of a 'cursed one' casting his portion on water and earth may reflect ancient Near Eastern practices of casting lots or offerings, but the Geʿez context is uncertain.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢያእመርዋ ጽድቅ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'they do not know righteousness' is ambiguous: it could mean the exiles lack knowledge of righteousness, or that righteousness itself is unknown to the oppressors. The Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'they' in the first series of verbs (the wicked? the righteous?) is not specified in the Geʿez.","The phrase 'blotted out the name of death from the midst of the book' is obscure and may be a textual corruption or a unique metaphor.","The final line about the 'cursed one' casting his portion is syntactically unclear; it may be a fragment or a proverbial saying."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":55,"ref":"p55","source":"ወይሬእዩ፡ እንዘ፡ ይየብስ፡ ተክሎሙ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ወበርበርዎሙ፡ ለእጓለ፡ ማውታ፡ እለ፡ ቦ።\n\nወእምዝ፡ ይዜከራ፡ ሎቱ፡ ለኃጥአቱ፡ ወይጠፍእ፡ ከመ፡ ጊሜ፡ ወጠል፡ ወይትፈደይ፡ በከመ፡ ገብረ፡ ወይትቀጠቀጥ፡ ከመ፡ ዕፅ፡ ብኍቡኍ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዓማፂ፡፡ 21፡ ለመካንሂ፡ ኢያሠነየ፡ ወለእንተ፡ ትወልድሂ፡ ኢመሐረ።\n\nወአንሐሎሙ፡ በመዓቱ፡ ለፅኑሳን፡ ወተንሢኦ፡ ኢይትአመና፡ ለሕይወቱ።\n\nወለእመ፡ ደወየ፡ ኢይሴፎ፡ ሐይወ፡ ዳዕሙ፡ ይወድቅ፡ ውእቱ፡ በሕማም።\n\nወለብዙኃን፡ አመንደቦሙ፡ በሢመቱ፡ ወይጸመሂ፡ ከመ፡ መሎኬ፡ በውስተ፡ ሐሩር፡ ወከመ፡ ሰዊት፡ ዘይወድቅ፡ ለሊሁ፡ እምቀሪሙ።\n\nወአመ፡ አኮ፡ መኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይብለኒ፡ ሐሳዊ፡ እንተ፡ ወይሬስዮ፡ ከመ፡ ወኢምንት፡ ለነገርየ።\n\nChapter 25\n\nወእደ፡ ተናገረ፡ በልዳዶስ፡ አውኬናዊ፡ ወተሰጥወ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nቀዳሚሁ፡ አኮኑ፡ በኀቤሁ፡ ውእቱ፡ ግርማ፡ ወዘገብረ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘውስተ፡ አርያም።\n\nወአልቦ፡ ዘይመስል፡ ከመቦ፡ ዘይስሕት፡ በኅበ፡ ሰራቂ፡ ወለመኑ፡ ዘኢበጽሐቶ፡ እኪቱ።","english":"And they see, while their planting dries up upon the earth, and they have scattered the children of death who are there.\n\nAnd then he remembers his sin, and he is blotted out like a cloud and dew, and he is scattered like a servant, and he is shaken like a tree in its hollow. All is bitter. 21. For the place, he adorned it; and for the one who gives birth, he was merciful.\n\nAnd he destroyed them in his wrath against the strong ones, and he turned away, and he is not trusted for his life.\n\nAnd if he is sick, he does not live long; rather, he falls in pain.\n\nAnd for many, their doors are struck, and he is scorched like a pot in the midst of fire, and like a garment that falls by itself from its peg.\n\nAnd if not, who is he who tells me a secret thing that he knows as if it were nothing to my word?\n\nChapter 25\n\nAnd Bildad the Shuhite spoke again and bowed and said:\n\nIs it not before him that he is the majesty and the one who made all that is in the heights?\n\nAnd there is none who is like him, who steals in secret, and for whom his evil has not reached?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 25","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with the beginning of Chapter 25, introduced by Bildad the Shuhite's speech, marking a new section in the dialogue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ለእጓለ ማውታ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'children of death' (ለእጓለ ማውታ) likely refers to those destined to die or the dead, a common motif in Geʿez wisdom literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ ይዜከራ ሎቱ ለኃጥአቱ","severity":"info","text":"The line 'he remembers his sin' echoes Job's reflections on his own suffering and divine justice, paralleling themes in Job 7:20-21.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"በልዳዶስ አውኬናዊ","severity":"info","text":"Bildad the Shuhite is a character from the biblical Book of Job, known for his traditionalist views on divine justice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይትፈደይ በከመ ገብረ","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of being 'scattered like a servant' and 'shaken like a tree' parallels similar metaphors in Job 9:17 and 13:25, emphasizing human fragility.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይትአመና ለሕይወቱ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he is not trusted for his life' is ambiguous; it may mean he cannot be trusted to live or that he is not trusted by others for his conduct.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the strong ones' (ፅኑሳን) and 'the weak ones' is unclear; they may refer to specific groups or be metaphorical.","The phrase 'he is not trusted for his life' (ኢይትአመና ለሕይወቱ) could be interpreted as either a statement about his own survival or his reliability."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":56,"ref":"p56","source":"ወእፎ፡ ይከውን፡ ጻድቅ፡ ንጹሐ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወመኑ፡ ዘያነጽሕ፡ ርእሶ፡ ዘተወልደ፡ እምአንስት።\n\nወርኅኒ፡ ይትኀባእኑ፡ ወኢያበርህኑ፡ ወከዋክብትኒ፡ ኢኮኑ፡ ንጹሐነ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ኅድግሰ፡ ሰብአ፡ መዋቴ፡ ወዕፄያተ፡ ወእጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡ በድን።\n\nChapter 26\n\nኀበ፡ ተናገረ፡ ኢዮብ፡ አውሥአ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nመነ፡ ትሠውቅ፡ ወመነ፡ ትፈቅድ፡ ትርዳእ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ አኮኑ፡ ዘብዙኅ፡ ኃይሉ፡ ወብዙኅ፡ መዝታዕቱ።\n\nወለመኑ፡ ትመክር፡ እኮኑ፡ ዘሎቱ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወለመኑ፡ ትትኃሠሥ፡ አኮኑ፡ ዘጽኑዕ፡ ኃይሉ።\n\nወለመኑ፡ ታየድዕ፡ ነገረ፡ መንፈስ፡ ወመኑ፡ መንፈስ፡ ዘይወፅእ፡ እምኔከ።\n\nእለ፡ ያርብኅኑ፡ ገፍዑኒ፡ ማይ፡ ዘመተሕቱ፡ ወዘውስቴቱ፡ እኮኑ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nክሡት፡ ሲኦል፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ምንትኒ፡ ዘይሤወሮ።\n\nዘሰፍሖ፡ ለሰማይ፡ ዲበ፡ ወኢምንት፡ ወሰቀላ፡ ለምድር፡ ዲበ፡ ዕራቁ።\n\nወየጫቊሮ፡ ለማይ፡ ዲበ፡ ደመና፡ ወኢይሠጠጥ፡ ደመናሁ፡ በታግቴሁ።","english":"And how can a righteous one be pure before the Lord, and who is it that can cleanse himself, who is born of woman?\n\nAnd the moon is hidden and does not shine, and the stars likewise—are they pure before Him? Leave aside men of death and trees and the son of the living in vain.\n\nChapter 26\n\nThen Job answered and said:\n\nWhom do you help, and whom do you wish to assist before Him? Is not His power great and His terror great?\n\nAnd for whom do you advise? Is it not He who has wisdom? And for whom do you consider? Is not His power firm?\n\nAnd for whom do you recount the matter of the spirit? And what spirit is it that goes forth from you?\n\nThose who increase the floods of the waters beneath and within—is it not the Lord?\n\nHell is covered before Him, and there is nothing that can hide from Him.\n\nHe who spread out the sky above—and nothing—and suspended the earth upon nothing.\n\nAnd He presses the water upon the cloud, and His cloud does not drip from its garment.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 26","severity":"info","text":"The chapter heading marks a new speech by Job, introduced by the formula 'Then Job answered and said'. This is a standard narrative cue in the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጻድቅ፡ ንጹሐ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'righteous one be pure' pairs ጻድቅ (ṣadq, righteous) with ንጹሐ (nəṣuḥa, pure). The Geʿez emphasizes a moral and ritual purity that is unattainable for humans, contrasting with divine purity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወርኅኒ፡ ይትኀባእኑ፡ ወኢያበርህኑ፡","severity":"info","text":"The moon hiding and not shining echoes Job 25:5 in the Geʿez tradition, where celestial bodies are used to illustrate human insignificance before God's purity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ክሡት፡ ሲኦል፡","severity":"info","text":"Hell (ሲኦል, si'ol) is described as 'covered' before God, reflecting a Geʿez cosmological view that the underworld is hidden from human sight but fully exposed to divine knowledge.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘሰፍሖ፡ ለሰማይ፡ ዲበ፡ ወኢምንት፡","severity":"info","text":"The image of the sky spread out over nothing and the earth suspended on nothing parallels Job 26:7 in the Masoretic text, emphasizing God's creative power over the void.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወየጫቊሮ፡ ለማይ፡ ዲበ፡ ደመና፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'presses the water upon the cloud' is ambiguous: it may mean God compresses water into clouds or presses clouds to release rain. The Geʿez verb የጫቊሮ (yəč̣aḫiro) allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the son of the living' (ወእጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡) is unclear; it may refer to a specific figure or be a generic phrase for humanity.","The phrase 'and nothing' (ወኢምንት፡) in the description of the sky and earth may be a textual corruption or an intentional rhetorical pause."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":57,"ref":"p57","source":"ዘውእቱ፡ ብውሕ፡ ሎቱ፡ ይብበር፡ ዲበ፡ መንበሩ፡ ወይሠይም፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ግብተ፡ ለለሰዓቱ።\n\nወሐፀሮ፡ ሰማይ፡ በትእዛዙ፡ ወእስከ፡ አመ፡ የኃልቅ፡ ይትባረይ፡ ብርሃን፡ ምስለ፡ ሰድልመት።\n\nወሣረረ፡ አዕማደ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወኢድኅፀ፡ እምተእዛዙ፡ ወይገነግፁ፡ እምተግሣፁ።\n\nወበኃይሉ፡ እኅድአ፡ ለባሕር፡ ወነጽሖ፡ ለአንበሪ፡ በተግሣፁ።\n\nመዓፀውተ፡ ሲኦልኒ፡ አድረዉ፡ ሎቱ፡ ወቀተሎ፡ ለከይሲ፡ ዓላዊ፡ በተግሣፁ።\n\nናሁ፡ ዝ፡ መክፈልተ፡ ፍኖቱ፡ ወናጸምእ፡ ነገራቶሂ፡ እለ፡ ተርፉ፡ ወድምፀ፡ ፀዓዑ፡ መኑ፡ የአምር፡ ጊዜ፡ ይገብር።\n\nChapter 27\n\nወዓዲ፡ ደገነመ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nሕያው፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኰነነኒ፡ ከመዝ፡ ወዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ዘአምረራ፡ ለነፍስየ።\n\nሶበሁ፡ ሀለወት፡ ነፍስየ፡ ወዓዲ፡ መንፈሰ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘያስተናግረኒ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይንብብ፡ አፉየ፡ ዓመፃ፡ ወኢትትመሀር፡ ነፍስየ፡ ኃጢአተ።\n\nእትሐዘብሰ፡ እምአርአይኩክሙ፡ ጽድቀ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እሙት፡ እስመ፡ ኢየኃድጋ፡ ለሕይወትየ።","english":"He who is great sits upon his throne and casts his net at every hour.\n\nThe heavens are pure by his command, and until the end, light is mingled with darkness.\n\nHe uprooted the pillars of the sky and did not remove them from his command, and they tremble at his rebuke.\n\nBy his power he dried up the sea and cleansed the phoenix by his rebuke.\n\nThe depths of Sheol also he set for him, and he slew the unjust Cain by his rebuke.\n\nBehold, this is the reward of his path, and we have exhausted his words which remain, and the voice of the righteous has ceased; who knows when he will act?\n\nChapter 27\n\nAnd again Job added and said:\n\nThe living Lord who judged me thus, and who rules all, who embittered my soul.\n\nWhen my soul existed, and again the spirit of the Lord who speaks with me, so that my mouth does not utter iniquity, and my soul does not learn sin.\n\nI have shown you righteousness without death, for I have not abandoned my life.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 27","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with the heading 'Chapter 27', marking a new section in the Geʿez text. This structural division is consistent with the Coptic-based chapter numbering used in the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"አንበሪ (ʾanbarī)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'አንበሪ' (ʾanbarī) is translated as 'phoenix' in the English draft. In Ethiopic tradition, this word often refers to a mythical bird, possibly the phoenix, symbolizing renewal or purity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ከይሲ ዓላዊ (kayəsī ʿalāwī)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ከይሲ ዓላዊ' (kayəsī ʿalāwī) refers to 'Cain the unjust', echoing the biblical figure Cain from Genesis. This is a direct scriptural reference, unique to the Ethiopic version of Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሲኦል (səʾol)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez 'ሲኦል' (səʾol) translates to 'Sheol', the Hebrew term for the underworld or realm of the dead. Its use here reflects the influence of Hebrew biblical concepts on the Ethiopic translation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኵሎ ይመልክ (zakʷəllo yəmalək)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ዘኵሎ ይመልክ' (zakʷəllo yəmalək), meaning 'who rules all', emphasizes divine sovereignty. This reflects the Ethiopic Christian reception of Job as a theodicy, highlighting God's absolute power.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወናጸምእ ነገራቶሂ (wa-nāṣaməʿ nāgārātohī)","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ወናጸምእ ነገራቶሂ' (wa-nāṣaməʿ nāgārātohī) is translated as 'we have exhausted his words which remain', but the Geʿez is ambiguous: 'ናጸምእ' could mean 'we have finished' or 'we have collected'. The reading 'exhausted' is interpretive.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወናጸምእ ነገራቶሂ' (wa-nāṣaməʿ nāgārātohī) is ambiguous: 'ናጸምእ' may mean 'we have finished' or 'we have collected', affecting the sense of whether Job's words are exhausted or gathered.","The identity of 'አንበሪ' (ʾanbarī) as 'phoenix' is uncertain; it could also refer to a specific bird in Ethiopic lore, not necessarily the classical phoenix."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":58,"ref":"p58","source":"እንዘሰ፡ ጽድቀ፡ እገብር፡ ኢይትሐጐል፡ እስመ፡ ኢይትዓወቀኒ፡ ዘገበርኩ፡ እኩይ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ሶበ፡ ኮኑ፡ ጸላእትየከመ፡ ድቀተ፡ ኃጥአን፡ ወአለሂ፡ ይትነሥኡ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ከመ፡ ሞተ፡ ዓማፅያን።\n\nወለምንት፡ ይጸንሕ፡ ኃጥአ፡ ከመ፡ ይሴፎ፡ ሐይወ፡ ወዘኢተወከለ፡ በእግዚአብሔር፡ ይድኅንኑ፡ እንጋ።\n\nወይሰምዖኑ፡ ጸሎቶ፡ ወእመሂ፡ መጽአ፡ ምንዳቤ፡ ይረክብኑ፡ እንጋ፡ ገጸ፡ በኀቤሁ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ ጸውዖ፡ ይሠጠዎኑ፡ ወያወሥኦኑ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ እነግረክሙ፡ ምንት፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘውስተ፡ እደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወኢይሔሱ፡ ዘሀሎ፡ በኅበ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nተአምሩ፡ ኵልክሙ፡ ከመ፡ እኪት፡ ለእኩያን፡ ትመጽኦሙ።\n\nዝ፡ ውእቱ፡ መክፈልቱ፡ ለብእሲ፡ ኃጥእ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይበጽሖ፡ ንዋየ፡ ዓበይት፡ ኀቤሁ፡ እምኀበ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ በዝኁ፡ ደቂቁ፡ ይከውኑ፡ ለሙስና፡ ወእመሂ፡ ጸንዑ፡ ያስተፍእሙ።\n\nወአልቦ፡ ዘይእምሮን፡ ለዕቤራቲሆሙ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ አስተጋብኦ፡ ከመ፡ መሬት፡ ለብሩር፡ ወከመ፡ ዕቡር፡ ዘገበ፡ ወርቀ።","english":"While I do righteousness, it is not revealed, for what evil I have done is not known. And only when my enemies were like the fall of sinners, and they rose up against me like the death of the violent. And why does the sinner wait, as if he hopes for life, and he who trusted in the Lord, does he perish? And does he hear his prayer, and if affliction comes, does he find mercy before him? And if he calls, does he answer him and grant him? But I will tell you what is in the hand of the Lord, and he who has everything does not lack. Marvel, all of you, that evil comes to the wicked. This is the reward of a sinful man from the Lord, and great wealth reaches him from him who owns everything. And if many of his children are for destruction, and if they are strong, they are scattered. And there is none who knows their number. And if he gathers like the earth for silver, and like a heap of gold.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"እንዘሰ፡ ጽድቀ፡ እገብር፡","severity":"info","text":"The speaker contrasts his own righteous acts with the hiddenness of his evil deeds, expressing frustration at divine inscrutability.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢይትሐጐል፡","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'it is not revealed' (ኢይትሐጐል፡) underscores the theme of hidden divine judgment, a key motif in the Ethiopic Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he who owns everything' echoes the divine sovereignty language found in Job 1:21 and 41:11, emphasizing God's absolute control.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ተአምሩ፡","severity":"info","text":"The exhortation 'Marvel, all of you' reflects a homiletic style common in Ethiopic biblical commentaries, possibly indicating liturgical use.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወባሕቱ፡","severity":"info","text":"The repeated use of 'and only' (ወባሕቱ፡) marks a rhetorical shift from lament to didactic explanation, structuring the passage as a theological reflection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እንጋ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The term 'እንጋ፡' (perish?) is ambiguous; it may be a variant of 'እንገ' (if) or a scribal error, affecting the interpretation of the conditional clause.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has several uncertain readings: 'እንጋ፡' may be a scribal error for 'እንገ' (if) or a distinct term; the phrase 'ዘኢተወከለ' (he who trusted) is unclear in its exact referent; the final simile about gathering silver and gold is incomplete in the English draft."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":59,"ref":"p59","source":"ዘኵሎ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ይበሥአዎ፡ ወይረክብዎ፡ ለንዋዩ፡ ራትዓን።\n\nወይከውን፡ ቤቱ፡ ከመ፡ መሬት፡ ወከመ፡ ብላዐ፡ ቊንቊኔ።\n\nኖመ፡ ባዕል፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘያነቅሖወይከሥት፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ ወያነክር።\n\nወይጠብቆ፡ ሕማም፡ ከመ፡ ማይ፡ ወይነሥኦ፡ ዓውሎ።\n\nወይመስጦ፡ ሐሩር፡ ወየኃልፍ፡ ወይልሕሶ፡ እምነ፡ ምንባሩ።\n\nወይመጽእ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ዘኢየአምር፡ ወኢይምሕኮ፡ ወኢያመሥጥ፡ እምዴሁ፡ ወየኃልፍ።\n\nወይጠፍሕ፡ እዴሁ፡ በላዕሌ፡ ወይልሕሶ፡ እምነ፡ ቤቱ።\n\nChapter 28\n\nቦ፡ ብሔር፡ እምኀበ፡ ይወፅአ፡ ብሩር፡ ለወርቅኒ፡ ቦ፡ ብሔር፡ እምኀበ፡ የአርርዎ።\n\nሐፂንሂ፡ እምውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ይትገበር፡ ለብርትኒ፡ ከመ፡ እብን፡ ይፈጽሕዎ።\n\nለጽልመትኒ፡ አዘዘ፡ ዕድሜሁ፡ ወለኵሉ፡ ውእቱ፡ የሐትቶ፡ እብነ፡ ጽልመት፡ ወጽላሎተ፡ ሞት።\n\nከመ፡ ስጥቀተ፡ ፈለግ፡ ውስተ፡ መሬት፡ እለ፡ ይረስዕዋ፡ ለፍኖተ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ደክሙ፡ በኃጢአቶሙ።\n\nለምድርኒ፡ ይወፅእ፡ እምኔሃ፡ እክል፡ በመትሕቴሃኒ፡ ጠብለላ፡ በእሳት።","english":"All the righteous seek him and find their reward, the fat ones.\n\nAnd his house becomes like a desert and like a devouring of ants.\n\nHe sleeps like a beast, and there is none who awakens him; his eyes are closed, and he is estranged.\n\nAnd sickness guards him like water, and a storm lifts him up.\n\nAnd fever burns him and passes, and he flees from his dwelling.\n\nAnd something unknown comes upon him, and does not pity him, and does not depart from him, and passes.\n\nAnd his hand is struck against him, and he flees from his house.\n\nChapter 28\n\nThere is a land from which silver comes; for gold, there is a land from which it is refined.\n\nAnd bronze is made from within the earth; like stone they fashion it.\n\nAnd for iron, he set its time, and for all, he himself smelts the stone of iron and the shadow of death.\n\nLike the course of a river in the earth, those who walk the path of righteousness have grown weak in their sins.\n\nAnd from the earth comes forth food, and beneath it is wrapped in fire.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 28","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into two sections: the first (lines 1–7) continues the lament of the previous passage, and the second (lines 8–12) begins a new chapter (28) with a series of statements about metals and the earth.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ራትዓን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ራትዓን (rātʿān) is a plural form meaning 'fat ones' or 'rich ones,' likely referring to the prosperous or the self-indulgent, in contrast to the righteous who seek them.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጽልመት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word ጽልመት (ṣəlmat) means 'iron' (as a metal) but also carries the sense of 'darkness' or 'shadow,' creating a double meaning in the context of smelting and the 'shadow of death.'","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Chapter 28","severity":"info","text":"Chapter 28 in the Geʿez version of Job corresponds to a section that in the Hebrew Bible (Job 28) describes mining and metallurgy as metaphors for hidden wisdom or divine order, but here it is adapted to a lament about human suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይጠፍሕ እዴሁ በላዕሌ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'his hand is struck against him' is ambiguous: it may mean he is struck by his own hand (self-harm) or that his hand is struck by an external force. The English draft takes the latter, but the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ስጥቀተ ፈለግ ውስተ መሬት","severity":"info","text":"The image of a river's course in the earth parallels Job 28:10 in the Hebrew Bible, where veins of metal are compared to watercourses, but here it is applied to the weakening of the righteous in their sins.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'him' in the first section (the righteous man or the sinner) is ambiguous; the English draft assumes the righteous man, but the Geʿez could refer to the sinner from the previous passage.","The phrase 'his hand is struck against him' (ወይጠፍሕ እዴሁ በላዕሌ) is ambiguous as to agency."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":60,"ref":"p60","source":"ቦ፡ ብሔር፡ ዘአብነ፡ ሰንፔር፡ ወወርቃኒ፡ ከመ፡ መሬት።\n\nፍኖት፡ ዘኢርአያ፡ ዖፍ፡ ወዘኢነጸራ፡ ዓይን፡ ንስር።\n\nወኢኬድዋ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ዝኁራን፡ በእግር፡ ወኢኃለፈ፡ አንበሳ፡ ውስቴታ።\n\nወአንሥአ፡ እዴሁ፡ በእዝኅ፡ ወአጥፍኦሙ፡ ለአድባር፡ እመሠረቶሙ፡ ወእምሥርዎሙ።\n\nወሰጠቀ፡ አንቅዕተ፡ አፍላግ፡ ወርእየ፡ ዓይንየ፡ ኵሎ፡ ክቡራተ።\n\nወሰጠቀ፡ ቀላያተ፡ ዘአፍላግ፡ ወአርአየኃይሎ፡ በውስተ፡ ብርሃን።\n\nወእምአይቴ፡ ተረክበት፡ ጥበብ፡ ወአይቴ፡ ብሔር፡ ለጥበብ።\n\nወኢየአምራ፡ መዋቲ፡ ለፍኖታ፡ ወኢሀለወት፡ ኀበ፡ እጓለ፡ እመሕያው።\n\nቀላይኒ፡ ትቤ፡ ኢህለወት፡ ኀቤየሰ፡ ወባሕርኒ፡ ትቤ፡ ኢነበረት፡ ምስሌየሰ።\n\nወአልቦ፡ ዘተረክበ፡ ዘክማሓ፡ ወኢይደልዋ፡ ብሩር፡ ተውላጣ።\n\nወኢትሠየጥ፡ በወርቀ፡ አፌር፡ ወኢ፡ በባላቅ፡ ቅድው፡ ወበ፡ ሰንፔር።\n\nወኢትማሰላ፡ ወርቅ፡ ወማኅው፡ ወቤዛሃኒ፡ ንዋየ፡ ወርቅ።\n\nዝሉፍ፡ ወእንቡዝ፡ ኢይዜክርዋ፡ ወሰሐባ፡ ለጥበብ፡ እምአፅናቊ፡ በአምጣነ፡ ኃይልከ፡፡ 19፡ ወኢይርዔረያ፡ ተንከራ፡ ዘኢትዮጲያ፡ ወኢትሠየጥ፡ በወርቅ፡ ጽሩይ።","english":"There is a land of precious stone, sapphire and gold, like the earth.\n\nA path which the eye of a bird has not seen, and which the eye of an eagle has not beheld.\n\nAnd the children of the hyena do not tread it with their foot, and the lion has not passed within it.\n\nAnd he raised his hand with the ear, and destroyed the mountains from their foundations and from their roots.\n\nAnd he dug the channels of the rivers, and my eyes saw all the precious things.\n\nAnd he dug the pools of the rivers, and showed the rest within the light.\n\nAnd from where is wisdom found, and where is the land of wisdom?\n\nAnd the dead do not pass on its path, and it does not exist where the son of the living is.\n\nThe pool says, \"It exists with me,\" and the sea says, \"It was with me.\"\n\nAnd there is none who has found its equal, and pure silver does not equal it.\n\nAnd it is not bought with gold of Ophir, nor with balak, precious stone, and sapphire.\n\nAnd gold and silver are not like it, and its buyers are treasures of gold.\n\nBase and cheap things do not remember it, and wisdom is hidden from the strong by the measure of your strength. 19. And the horn of Ethiopia does not know it, and it is not bought with pure gold.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰንፔር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሰንፔር (sapphire) appears in the first line alongside gold, establishing a motif of precious materials that recurs throughout the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወርቃኒ","severity":"info","text":"The mention of gold of Ophir (ወርቀ፡ አፌር) reflects a known biblical source of fine gold, used here to emphasize wisdom's incomparable value.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢየአምራ፡ መዋቲ፡ ለፍኖታ","severity":"info","text":"The line 'the dead do not pass on its path' echoes Job 28:13, where wisdom is hidden from the dead, reinforcing the theme of wisdom's inaccessibility.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትሠየጥ፡ በወርቅ፡ ጽሩይ","severity":"info","text":"The passage concludes with a series of negations (not bought, not equaled) that structurally mirror the opening assertions of precious materials, framing wisdom as beyond material valuation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ተንከራ፡ ዘኢትዮጲያ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the 'horn of Ethiopia' (ተንከራ፡ ዘኢትዮጲያ) localizes the text within an Ethiopic Christian context, possibly alluding to regional traditions of wisdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአንሥአ፡ እዴሁ፡ በእዝኅ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he raised his hand with the ear' is obscure; it may be a corruption or a metaphor for listening or action, but the intended sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the subject in 'he raised his hand' is unclear—possibly Job or a divine figure.","The phrase 'the pool says' and 'the sea says' may be personifications of natural features, but their exact referent is ambiguous."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":61,"ref":"p61","source":"ወጥበብ፡ በአይቴ፡ ተረክበት፡ ወአይቴ፡ ውእቱ፡ ብሔር፡ ለምክር።\n\nእስመ፡ ተረስዓት፡ እምኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወተኃብአት፡ ዓዲ፡ እምአዕዋፈ፡ ሰማይ።\n\nሞትሂ፡ ወሲኦል፡ ይቤሉ፡ ሰማዕነ፡ ድምፃ።\n\nወእግዚአብሔር፡ አሠነየ፡ ፍታ፡ ወውእቱ፡ ለሊሁ፡ የአምር፡ ብሔራ።\n\nወውእቱ፡ ይሬኢ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወየአምር፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ምድር።\n\nዘለሊሁ፡ ገብረ፡ ነፋሳተ፡ በመዳልው፡ ወማየሂ፡ በመስፈርት።\n\nአመ፡ ፈጠረ፡ ከመዝ፡ አእሚሮ፡ ኈለቃ፡ አመ፡ ገብረ፡ ለዝናም፡ ሥርዓተ፡ ወበፍኖት፡ ያሜክርዎ፡ ለቃል።\n\nወርአያ፡ አሜሁ፡ ወኈለቃ፡ ወአስተዳለዋ፡ ወአክበራ፡ ወሰሐባ።\n\nወይቤሎ፡ ለእጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡ ናሁ፡ ፈሪሃ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ውእቱ፡ ጥበብ፡ ወተግኅሦ፡ እምኵሉ፡ እኩይ፡ አእምሮ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nChapter 29\n\nወደገመ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nመኑ፡ እምአግብአኒ፡ ውስተ፡ መዋዕለ፡ አውራኅየ፡ ዘትካት፡ ከመ፡ አመ፡ ዓቀበኒ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወከመ፡ ይበርህ፡ ማኅቶት፡ በትርአስየ፡ ወአመ፡ አሐውር፡ በብርሃኑ፡ ውስተ፡ ጽልመት።","english":"And wisdom—where is it found, and where is the land of counsel?\n\nFor it is hidden from every man and concealed even from the birds of the sky.\n\nDeath and Sheol say, \"We have heard its voice.\"\n\nAnd the Lord has appointed a time, and He alone knows the land.\n\nAnd He sees all that is in heaven and knows all that is in the earth.\n\nHe alone made the winds with a balance and the waters with a measure.\n\nWhen He created, He set the boundaries; when He made the ordinance for rain, and by way He makes the word sweet.\n\nAnd He saw the mother and the boundaries, and He prepared them, and honored them, and drew them.\n\nAnd He said to the son of the living, \"Behold, the fear of the Lord is wisdom, and turning away from every evil thought is it.\"\n\nChapter 29\n\nAnd Job added and said:\n\nWho brought me into the days of my months that are past, as when the Lord guarded me?\n\nAnd as the light shines in my dawn, and when I walk in His light in the darkness.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ብሔር ለምክር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'land of counsel' (ብሔር ለምክር) parallels the earlier 'land of precious stone' and 'sapphire and gold' in the previous passage, continuing a motif of an inaccessible, ideal realm.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሲኦል","severity":"info","text":"ሲኦል (Sheol) is the Geʿez rendering of the Hebrew term for the underworld or grave, here personified alongside Death as a witness to wisdom's voice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር አሠነየ ፍታ","severity":"info","text":"The statement 'the Lord has appointed a time' (እግዚአብሔር አሠነየ ፍታ) echoes the biblical theme of divine sovereignty over hidden knowledge, reminiscent of Job 28:24 in the canonical book.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 29","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided by a chapter heading (Chapter 29), marking a transition from a hymnic reflection on wisdom to Job's direct speech, introduced by 'And Job added and said'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወርአያ አሜሁ ወኈለቃ","severity":"info","text":"The description of God seeing, preparing, and drawing boundaries (ወርአያ አሜሁ ወኈለቃ) reflects the Geʿez cosmological tradition of a creator who establishes order through measurement and delimitation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘለሊሁ ገብረ ነፋሳተ በመዳልው","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'He alone made the winds with a balance' (ዘለሊሁ ገብረ ነፋሳተ በመዳልው) is textually uncertain; the Geʿez word መዳልው may mean 'balance' or 'scale,' but the exact sense in this context is debated.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the son of the living' (እጓለ እመሕያው) is ambiguous; it may refer to a specific figure (e.g., Job himself) or be a generic epithet for humanity.","The phrase 'the days of my months that are past' (መዋዕለ አውራኅየ ዘትካት) is syntactically unclear; it could mean 'the days of my past months' or 'the days of my months that are behind.'"],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":62,"ref":"p62","source":"ወአመ፡ ሀሎኩ፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ በረከት፡ ወአመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይሄውጽ፡ ቤትየ።\n\nወአመ፡ ጽፉቅ፡ ንዋይየ፡ ወበዓውድየ፡ አግብርትየ።\n\nወአመ፡ ይውኅዝ፡ ቅብዕ፡ ውስተ፡ ፍናውየ፡ ወአመ፡ ይትከዓው፡ ሐሊብ፡ ውስተ፡ አድባርየ።\n\nወአመ፡ እገይሥ፡ በግርማ፡ ሀገርየ፡ ወአነብር፡ መንበርየ፡ ውሰተ፡ መርኅብ።\n\nይሬዩኒ፡ ወራዙት፡ ወይትኀብኡኒ፡ ወይጸንሑኒ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ሊዋውንት።\n\nወኃያልንሂ፡ ይትፈፀሙ፡ ወኢይነብቡ፡ ወያጠውቁ፡ አፉ፡ ሆሙ፡ በእደዊሆሙ።\n\nወያስተበፅዑኒ፡ እለ፡ ሰንዑኒ፡ ወይጠግዕ፡ ልሳኖሙ፡ በጕርዔሆሙ።\n\nወዕዝን፡ እንተ፡ ሰማዓተኒ፡ ታስተበፅዓኒ፡ ወዓይን፡ እንተ፡ ርእየተኒ፡ ትትሬሠየኒ።\n\nእስመ፡ ቸድኃንኩ፡ ነዳየ፡ እምእደ፡ ዘይትዔገሎ፡ ወረዳእኩ፡ እጓለ፡ ማውታ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ረዳኢ።\n\nወደኃረኒ፡ ይመውት፡ ወባረከኒ፡ አፈ፡ ዕቤራት።\n\nወለበስክዋ፡ ለጽድቅ፡ ወተረሠይኩ፡ ርትዐ፡ ከመ፡ ዓጽፍ፡ ወተቀጸልክዋ፡ ለፍትሕ።\n\nወኮንክዎሙ፡ ዓይነ፡ ለዕውራን፡ ወእግረ፡ ለስቡራን።","english":"And when I was in all blessing, and when the Lord was building my house;\n\nAnd when my possessions were abundant, and my servants and handmaidens were many;\n\nAnd when the milk flowed in my paths, and when honey was spread in my mountains;\n\nAnd when I walked in the majesty of my land, and sat on my throne in the sanctuary—\n\nThey see me and flee, and they hide from me and avoid me, all the nobles;\n\nAnd the mighty also are afraid, and they do not speak, and they cover their mouths with their hands;\n\nAnd those who knew me mock me, and their tongues are sharp in their throats;\n\nAnd the ear that heard me mocks me, and the eye that saw me denies me;\n\nFor I have become poorer than the one who begs from hand to hand, and I have known the child of death who has no helper;\n\nAnd death has pursued me, and the mouth of the abyss has blessed me;\n\nAnd I have put on righteousness as a garment, and I have been clothed in truth like a garment, and I have girded myself with justice;\n\nAnd I have become eyes for the blind, and feet for the lame.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአመ፡ ሀሎኩ፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ በረከት፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a series of parallel clauses introduced by ወአመ፡ (wa-ʾama, “and when”), contrasting Job’s former prosperity with his present suffering. This rhetorical structure is typical of Geʿez lament poetry.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መርኅብ","severity":"info","text":"መርኅብ (marḫab) is glossed as “sanctuary” in the English draft, but the Geʿez term can also mean “shrine” or “holy place.” The context of Job’s throne suggests a royal or cultic setting, not necessarily a temple.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮንክዎሙ፡ ዓይነ፡ ለዕውራን፡ ወእግረ፡ ለስቡራን።","severity":"info","text":"The final line echoes a common biblical trope of serving as eyes for the blind and feet for the lame, found in Job 29:15 (LXX) and similar ethical injunctions in the New Testament (e.g., Matthew 15:30–31).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"አፈ፡ ዕቤራት","severity":"info","text":"አፈ፡ ዕቤራት (ʾafa ʿəberat, “mouth of the abyss”) evokes the Geʿez cosmological concept of the abyss (ʿəberat) as a realm of death or chaos, paralleling the Hebrew תְּהוֹם (tehom) in Job 28:14.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለበስክዋ፡ ለጽድቅ፡","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of clothing oneself in righteousness (ጽድቅ, ṣǝdǝq) and girding with justice (ፍትሕ, fǝtḥ) is a recurring motif in Ethiopic monastic literature, where Job is often read as a model of patient virtue.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአመ፡ ይውኅዝ፡ ቅብዕ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ይውኅዝ፡ ቅብዕ፡ (yǝwḫǝz qǝbʿ, “milk flowed”) is ambiguous: ቅብዕ (qǝbʿ) can mean “milk” or “cream,” and the verb may imply abundance or ritual libation. The English draft takes a literal reading, but a symbolic interpretation (e.g., prosperity) is possible.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker shifts between first-person lament and third-person description; the Geʿez does not clearly mark whether Job or a narrator speaks in the final lines.","The phrase ወአመ፡ እገይሥ፡ በግርማ፡ ሀገርየ፡ (“when I walked in the majesty of my land”) could be read as a royal or priestly claim, but the Geʿez ግርማ (gǝrma) also means “glory” or “splendor,” leaving the exact status ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":63,"ref":"p63","source":"አነ፡ ውእቱ፡ አበ፡ ምስኪናን፡ ወተኃሠሥኩ፡ ለዘኢየአምር፡ ቅስተ።\n\nወሰበርኩ፡ ስነኒሆሙ፡ ለዓማዕያን፡ ወአንገፍክዎሙ፡ እማእከለ፡ ጥረሲሆሙ፡ ዘመሰጡ።\n\nወተሐዘብኩሰ፡ እልኃቅ፡ ወእርሳዕ፡ ወእሕየው፡ ጕንዱየ፡ ዓመታተ፡ ከመ፡ ነዋኅ፡ በቀልተ፡ ተመርት፡ ወከመ፡ ኆፃ፡ አበዝኅ፡ መዋዕለ።\n\nወይትከዓው፡ ማይለሥርውየ፡ ወይወርድ፡ ጠል፡ ውስተ፡ ማአረርየ።\n\nወክብርየ፡ ሐዲስ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ወአሐውር፡ እንዘ፡ ቀስትየ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴየ።\n\nኪያየ፡ ያረምኡኒ፡ ወይሰምዑኒ፡ ወያረምሙ፡ በምክረ፡ ዚአየ።\n\nወኢይደግሙ፡ ነገረ፡ በዲበ፡ ነገርየ፡ ወይትኃሠዩ፡ ሶበ፡ እትናገሮሙ።\n\nከመ፡ ምድር፡ ጽምአት፡ እንተ፡ ትሴፎ፡ ዝናመ፡ ከማሁ፡ እሙንቱሂ፡ ለነገር።\n\nወኢይትአመኑ፡ አመ፡ ሰሐቁ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ወኢወድቀ፡ ብርሃነ፡ ገጽየ።\n\nኃሢሥየ፡ ፍኖቶሙ፡ ነበርኩ፡ እንዘ፡ እኴንኖሙ፡ ወነበርኩ፡ ከመ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ባሕቲትየ፡ ወሶበ፡ ይላህዉ፡ ይትናዘዙ፡ ብየ።\n\nChapter 30\n\nወይእዜሰ፡ ትሑታን፡ ይስሕቁኒ፡ ዮምሰ፡ ባሕቲቶሙ፡ ይምዕዱኒ፡ እለ፡ መነንክዎሙ፡ ለአበዎሆሙ፡ ወእለ፡ ኢሐሰብክዎሙ፡ ወኢከመ፡ ከለባተ፡ መራዕይየ።","english":"I am the father of the poor, and I grieved for him who knew not the bow.\n\nAnd I broke the teeth of the wild beasts, and I drove them away from the midst of their lairs where they had hidden.\n\nAnd I thought to reach, to anoint, and to preserve my old age, years like the dew of the morning of the harvest, and like the dust of the multitude of days.\n\nAnd the dew would be renewed for my thirst, and the dew would fall into my vineyard.\n\nAnd my glory was new with me, and I would go forth while my bow was in my hand.\n\nThey would love me and hear me, and they would have compassion on my counsel.\n\nAnd they would not repeat a word upon my word, and they would be silent when I spoke to them.\n\nLike the earth that thirsts, which longs for rain, so they were for speech.\n\nAnd they would not believe when I laughed with them, and the light of my face did not fall.\n\nI was the guide of their path, judging them, and I was like a king in my solitude, and when they were afraid, they would be disciplined by me.\n\nChapter 30\n\nBut now the lowly mock me, and now in their solitude they reproach me, those whose fathers I had appointed and those I had counted, and not like dogs of my pasture.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"አነ፡ ውእቱ፡ አበ፡ ምስኪናን፡","severity":"info","text":"Job declares himself 'father of the poor,' a self-identification that frames his former prosperity as a period of benevolent patronage, contrasting with his current humiliation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ቅስተ።","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ቅስተ። (qasta) means 'bow,' here symbolizing martial skill or hunting; Job's grief for 'him who knew not the bow' suggests pity for the defenseless or unskilled.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 30","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided by a chapter heading (Chapter 30), marking a shift from Job's retrospective account of his former glory to a lament over his present degradation by the lowly.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ምድር፡ ጽምአት፡","severity":"info","text":"The simile 'like the earth that thirsts, which longs for rain' echoes biblical imagery of drought and longing (e.g., Job 30:3-4), reinforcing Job's sense of abandonment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopic tradition, Job's self-description as 'father of the poor' aligns with his portrayal as a model of patience and charity, influencing later hagiographic and homiletic literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢሐሰብክዎሙ፡' (I had counted) may imply either enumeration or esteem; the translation opts for 'counted' in a social sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":64,"ref":"p64","source":"ወለምንት፡ ሊተ፡ ኀይለ፡ እዴሆሙ፡ ወይምጻእ፡ ሞት፡ ላዕሌሆሙ።\n\nወያስተፍእሙ፡ እምረኃብ፡ እንዘ፡ ይልሕሱ፡ እለ፡ ያመስጡ፡ እምእደ፡ በድው፡ ትማልማ፡ በሥራኅ፡ ወበኃሣር።\n\nእለ፡ ይዋሕዩ፡ ወይሰእሉ፡ ወያስተፍእሙ፡ እለ፡ በተታሕሎ፡ የሐይዉ፡ ኅሡራን፡ ወዓማፅያን፡ ወዕኑሳን፡ እምኵሉ፡ ሠናያት፡ እለ፡ ሥርወ፡ ዕፅ፡ ይሜዕሩ፡ እምዐቢይ፡ ረኃብ።\n\nተንሥኡ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ሰረቅት፡ እለ፡ አብያቲሆሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ግበበ፡ ኰኵሕ።\n\nወይዌውዑ፡ ማእከለ፡ መጽአሞ፡ ወይትኃኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ሣዕረ፡ ገዳም።\n\nዓብድ፡ ውሉድ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ስም፡ እስመ፡ ጥፉአን፡ እምድር፡ ወጥበብ፡ እንተ፡ ጠፍአት፡ እምድር።\n\nወይእዜሰ፡ መሰንቆ፡ ኮንክዎሙ፡ ወአነ፡ መኃድምቶሙ።\n\nወያስቈርሩኒ፡ ወይርኅቁ፡ እምኔየ፡ ወኢይትሀከዩ፡ ወሪቀምራቅ፡ ውሰተ፡ ገጽየ።\n\nወከሠተ፡ ምጕንጳሁ፡ ወቀተለኒ፡ ወፈነወልጓመ፡ ውስተ፡ ገጽየ፡ ኃያል።\n\nወተንሥአ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ በየማነ፡ ኃይል፡ ወሰፍሐ፡ እገሩሁ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ወገብረ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ሞት፡ ላዕሌየ።","english":"And why is the strength of my hands for them, and does death come upon them?\n\nAnd they are saved from hunger while they lick, those who steal from the hand of the poor, the widow, the orphan, and the prisoner.\n\nThose who beg and ask and are saved, those who live in deceit, the wicked, the oppressors, and the violent, from all good things, those who uproot trees, from great hunger.\n\nThieves have risen up against me, whose houses are in the cleft of the rock.\n\nAnd they roam in the midst of the desert and dwell in the grass of the wilderness.\n\nA slave, a son, and without name, for they are lost from the earth, and wisdom that is lost from the earth.\n\nAnd now the lyre has become their mockery, and I am their destroyer.\n\nAnd they mock me and flee from me, and they do not approach, and they spit in my face.\n\nAnd he uncovered his shield and killed me, and sent a spear into my face, a strong one.\n\nAnd he rose up against me with the right hand of strength, and spread his foot against me, and made a path of death against me.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a first-person lament to a series of vignettes depicting social injustice and personal attack, culminating in a violent confrontation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰረቅት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሰረቅት (säraḳt) means 'thieves' or 'robbers,' emphasizing the moral and social disorder described in the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'lyre' (መሰንቆ) as mockery reflects a cultural trope where musical instruments symbolize derision or humiliation in Geʿez literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'a slave, a son, and without name' is ambiguous; it may refer to the thieves' lowly status or to the speaker's own loss of identity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of thieves rising from rocky clefts and roaming the desert parallels similar descriptions of outlaws in other Geʿez wisdom texts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the final violent scene is unclear: whether Job himself or a symbolic figure.","The phrase 'a slave, a son, and without name' could refer to the thieves or to the speaker's own state."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":65,"ref":"p65","source":"ወደምሰሰ፡ አሠርየ፡ ወሰለበኒ፡ አልባስየ፡ ወደጐፀኒ፡ በአሕፃሁ።\n\nወረሰየኒ፡ ዘከመ፡ ፈቀደ፡ ወአአይስ፡ በሕማም።\n\nውቱረ፡ ይዋህየኒ፡ ነጾራር፡ ወትፍሕቅ፡ ነፍስየ፡ በላዕሌየ፡ ወትልሕስ፡ ወኃለፈት፡ ሕይወትየ፡ ከመ፡ ደመና፡ ዘትነጽሕ።\n\nወይእዜሰ፡ ተክዕወት፡ ነፍስየ፡ በላዕሌየ፡ ወመልአ፡ በላዕሌየ፡ ፃዕር።\n\nወኵሎ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ይነድዱ፡ አፅዕምትየ፡ ወይትመሰዉ፡ አሥራውየ።\n\nእምዓቢይ፡ ኃይል፡ አትሜጠዎ፡ ለልብስየ፡ ወሐነቀኒ፡ አፈ፡ መልበስየ፡ ወኅባኔኒ፡ ፀፈረ፡ ውስተ፡ ክሣድየ።\n\nወኬዱኒ፡ ከመ፡ ፅቡር፡ መሬት፡ ወሐመድ፡ ኮኑ፡ መክፈልትየ።\n\nገዓርኩ፡ ኀቤከ፡ ወኢሰማዕከኒ፡ ወቀዊምየ፡ ኢጠየቀኒ፡ ደበዩኒ፡ እለ፡ አልቦሙ፡ ምሕረት፡ ወጸንዓተረ፡ እድ፡ እንተ፡ ቀሠፈተኒ።\n\nኃደገኒ፡ ውስተ፡ ናእክ፡ ወአርኃቀኒ፡ እምሕይወትየ።\n\nአእምር፡ ከሰመ፡ ሞት፡ ይቀጠቅጠኒ፡ ወማኅደሩሰ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ዘሞተ፡ ምድር።\n\nእምፈተውኩ፡ ለልየ፡ እትጐረአይ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ አስተበቊዕ፡ ባዕድ፡ ይግበር፡ ሊተ፡ ከማሁ።","english":"And he destroyed my form, and he stripped my garments, and he struck me with his fist.\n\nAnd he appointed for me as he wished, and I am afflicted with pain.\n\nHe gives me gall to drink, and my soul is troubled over me, and it is crushed, and my life has passed away like a cloud that vanishes.\n\nAnd now my soul is troubled over me, and bitterness has filled me over me.\n\nAnd all night my bones burn, and my sinews are consumed.\n\nFrom great strength I have not shaken my garment, and he has strangled the opening of my garment, and my collar has become tight around my neck.\n\nAnd they have cast me down like broken ground, and my joints have become dust.\n\nI cried out to you, and you did not hear me, and my standing has been hindered; they have beaten me, those who have no mercy, and the strength of the hand that struck me has prevailed.\n\nHe has left me in filth and has separated me from my life.\n\nI know that death will seize me, and the abode of all who have died is the earth.\n\nIf I wished to be buried, and if not, let another do for me likewise.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወደምሰሰ፡ አሠርየ፡ ወሰለበኒ፡ አልባስየ፡ ወደጐፀኒ፡ በአሕፃሁ።","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez describes physical assault: destruction of form, stripping of garments, and striking with a fist, intensifying Job's lament.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ውቱረ፡ ይዋህየኒ፡ ነጾራር፡","severity":"info","text":"‘Gall’ (ነጾራር) is a bitter substance, symbolizing extreme suffering; the verb ‘gives me to drink’ (ይዋህየኒ) is a metaphor for forced endurance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይእዜሰ፡ ተክዕወት፡ ነፍስየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from past narrative to present tense (‘And now my soul is troubled’), marking a structural pivot to immediate anguish.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"እምዓቢይ፡ ኃይል፡ አትሜጠዎ፡ ለልብስየ፡","severity":"info","text":"The image of a garment that cannot be shaken off despite great strength echoes ancient Near Eastern motifs of divine or demonic constraint, common in Ethiopic lament traditions.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አእምር፡ ከሰመ፡ ሞት፡ ይቀጠቅጠኒ፡ ወማኅደሩሰ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ዘሞተ፡ ምድር።","severity":"info","text":"The statement that death seizes and the abode of the dead is earth recalls Job 3:19 and common biblical wisdom on mortality, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እምፈተውኩ፡ ለልየ፡ እትጐረአይ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ አስተበቊዕ፡ ባዕድ፡ ይግበር፡ ሊተ፡ ከማሁ።","severity":"caution","text":"The final conditional sentence is ambiguous: it may express Job's resignation to burial or a curse that another should suffer likewise; the Geʿez allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The final clause (እምፈተውኩ፡ … ከማሁ) is ambiguous: it could mean ‘if I wished to be buried, and if not, let another do for me likewise’ or ‘if I wished to be buried, and if not, let another suffer likewise.’ The English draft takes the burial reading, but the Geʿez allows a curse interpretation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":66,"ref":"p66","source":"አንሰ፡ በእንተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ምንዱብ፡ እበኪ፡ ወአነብፅእመ፡ ርኢኩ፡ ሰብእ፡ ሕሙመ።\n\nአንሰ፡ አጽናዕክዋ፡ ለሠናይት፡ ናሁ፡ ተራከባኒ፡ መዋዕል፡ እኩያት፡ ወተሰፎኩ፡ ብርሃነ፡ ወመጽአኒ፡ ጽልመት።\n\nትፈልሕ፡ ከርሥየ፡ ወኢታረምም፡ ወበጽሐኒ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ተፅናሰ።\n\nወበእኩ፡ ውስተ፡ መጽብብ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘያስተግኅሦ፡ ሊተ፡ ኃጣእኩ፡ ወቆምኩ፡ ማእከለ፡ ብዙኃን፡ ወአወዩ።\n\nወኮንኩ፡ እኅዋሆሙ፡ ለጽግነት፡ ወቢጾን፡ ለአዕዋፍ።\n\nወያዝኀዝኀኒ፡ በሕቁ፡ ማእስየ፡ ተቀሎኩ፡ ወተሐርፃ፡ አዕፅምትየ።\n\nወመሰንቆ፡ ኮነኒ፡ ሕማምየ፡ ወኮነኒ፡ መዝሙረ፡ አንብዕየ።\n\nChapter 31\n\nሥርዓተ፡ ገበርኩ፡ ለአዕይንትየ፡ ወኢነጸርክዋ፡ ለድንግል።\n\nወዓዲ፡ ክፍለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኢበላዕኩ፡ ወርስቶሂ፡ ለኃያል፡ እምአርያም።\n\nአሌ፡ ሎ፡ ለሞተ፡ ዓመፂ፡ ወተናክሮቶሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይገብርዋ፡ ለኃጢአት።\n\nአኮኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ይርእያ፡ ለፍኖትየ፡ ወኈለቈ፡ ኵሎ፡ ሥግረትየ።\n\nሶበዑ፡ ሖርኩ፡ ምስለ፡ መስተሣልቃን፡ ወሶበሁ፡ ተግኅሠት፡ እግርየ፡ እምፍኖቱ።","english":"I, for all, am afflicted, I weep, and I have seen a sick man.\n\nI have strengthened the good; now evil days have overtaken me, and I have been deprived of light, and darkness has come upon me.\n\nMy belly trembles and does not rest, and the day of strength has come upon me.\n\nAnd I have fallen into a pit, and there is none who can rescue me; I have sinned and stood among many, and they have accused me.\n\nAnd I have become a hiding place for thorns and a dwelling for birds.\n\nAnd he has seized me by the truth of my food; I have been consumed, and my bones have been crushed.\n\nAnd my pain has become a lyre, and my lamentation has become a psalm.\n\nChapter 31\n\nI have established a rule for my eyes, and I have not looked upon a virgin.\n\nAnd again I have devoured the portion of the Lord and the inheritance of the mighty from the heights.\n\nWoe to the death of iniquity and to the cunning of those who commit sins.\n\nIs it not he who sees my path and counts all my steps?\n\nWhen I went with those who mock, and when my foot slipped from his path.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 31","severity":"info","text":"The passage is divided into two sections: the first part (lines 1–7) continues the lament of Job, and the second part begins with 'Chapter 31', introducing a new thematic unit focused on Job's righteousness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መሰንቆ (masenqo)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'መሰንቆ' (masenqo) refers to a one-stringed bowed lyre, a traditional Ethiopian instrument. Its use here metaphorically compares Job's pain to music, a unique cultural image.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢነጸርክዋ ለድንግል (wa-ʾanäṣärkəwwa la-dəngəl)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I have not looked upon a virgin' echoes the biblical theme of Job's chastity and self-restraint, paralleling Job 31:1 in the canonical Book of Job where Job declares his purity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥርዓተ ገበርኩ ለአዕይንትየ (śərʿatä gäbärku la-ʾaʿəyntəyä)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text introduces a 'rule for my eyes', reflecting the ascetic tradition in Ethiopian Christianity that emphasizes guarding one's gaze against temptation, a common theme in monastic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኮነኒ መዝሙረ አንብዕየ (wa-konäni mäzmurä ʾanbəʿəyä)","severity":"info","text":"The line 'my lamentation has become a psalm' parallels the biblical tradition of the Psalms as expressions of suffering turned into prayer, reminiscent of the penitential psalms.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበእኩ ውስተ መጽብብ (wa-baʾəku wəstä mäṣbəb)","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'I have fallen into a pit' is ambiguous: it may refer to a literal pit or a metaphorical state of despair. The Geʿez 'መጽብብ' (mäṣbəb) can mean 'pit' or 'abyss', and the context does not clarify which is intended.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ወበእኩ ውስተ መጽብብ' (I have fallen into a pit) is ambiguous between literal and metaphorical meanings.","The identity of 'he' in 'he has seized me by the truth of my food' is unclear; it may refer to God, Satan, or an unspecified adversary."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":67,"ref":"p67","source":"ወቆምኩ፡ በዳልወ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ወየአምር፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ የዋሃትየ።\n\nተግኅሠት፡ እግርየ፡ እምፍኖቱ፡ ወለእመሂ፡ ተለወ፡ ልብየ፡ ድኅረ፡ ዓይንየ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ተመጠውኩ፡ ሕልያነ፡ በእዴየ፡ ዘዘራእኩ፡ ባዕድ፡ ይብልዎ።\n\nወዘእንበለ፡ ሥርው፡ ለእኩን፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ወእመሂ፡ ተለወ፡ ልብየ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ወሐይኩ፡ ኆኅተ፡ ቤታ።\n\nብእሲትየ፡ ትአድሞ፡ ለካልእ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወደቂቅየ፡ ለይኅሠሩ፡ በመቅሠፍተ፡ መዓቱ፡ ዘይእኅዝ።\n\nእስመ፡ አርኵሶ፡ ብእሲተ፡ ብእሲ፡ እሳተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይነድድ፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ መለያልይ፡ ሃበ፡ ቦአ፡ ይሤሩ፡ እምሥርው።\n\nወለእመ፡ አመዕኩ፡ ፍትሐ፡ ገብርየ፡ ወአመትየ፡ ሶበ፡ ይትዋቀሡ፡ በኀቤየ።\n\nወምንተ፡ እሬሲ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እመ፡ ገብረ፡ ሐተታየ፡ ወእመኒቦ፡ ዘሐወጸኒ፡ እትዋሣእኑ፡ ቅድሜሁ።\n\nአኮኑ፡ በከመ፡ ተፈጠርኩ፡ አነ፡ በውስተ፡ ከርሠ፡ እምየ፡ እሙንቱሂ፡ ከማሁ፡ ኮኑ፡ ወነበርነ፡ ውስተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ከርሥ።\n\nወትካትሰ፡ ግብረ፡ አደምዕ፡ ዘፈቀድኩ፡ ወኢመሰውኩ፡ ዓይነ፡ ፅቤር።","english":"I stood in the path of righteousness, and I do not know the Lord’s ways.\n\nMy feet slipped from his path, and if my heart changed after my eyes, and if I grasped the sick in my hands, what I sowed another would eat.\n\nAnd without root I would be upon the earth, and if my heart changed toward a man’s wife, and if I lived in the hollow of a house.\n\nMy wife would serve another man, and my children would be beaten with the rod of his wrath that seizes.\n\nFor taking a man’s wife is fire that burns in all the joints; where it enters, they flee from the root.\n\nAnd if I had loosed the bond of my servant and my maidservant when they quarreled before me.\n\nAnd what shall I ask of the Lord if my servant has sinned against me, and if the one who hid from me, I shall accuse him before him?\n\nWas it not as I was formed in my mother’s womb? They also were like that, and we dwelt in that same womb.\n\nAnd I have repeated the deeds of Adam, which I desired, and I have not seen the eye of the blind.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the first-person lament of Job, shifting from physical affliction to moral and social anxieties, including marital fidelity and servitude.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"በዳልወ፡ ጽድቅ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'path of righteousness' (በዳልወ፡ ጽድቅ) echoes a common Geʿez idiom for moral rectitude, possibly alluding to Proverbs or Psalms.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ግብረ፡ አደምዕ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'deeds of Adam' (ግብረ፡ አደምዕ) alludes to the fall of Adam, a typological motif in Ethiopic exegesis linking Job's suffering to original sin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of a wife serving another man and children beaten with a rod reflects legal and social norms in Aksumite Ethiopia, where household order was tied to patriarchal authority.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"እሳተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይነድድ","severity":"info","text":"The image of adultery as 'fire that burns in all the joints' parallels similar metaphors in Proverbs 6:27-28 and in Ethiopic wisdom literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢመሰውኩ፡ ዓይነ፡ ፅቤር","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'I have not seen the eye of the blind' is obscure; it may be a textual corruption or a proverbial expression for moral blindness.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'eye of the blind' (ዓይነ፡ ፅቤር) is ambiguous: it could refer to a literal blind person or metaphorically to spiritual blindness.","The sequence of conditional clauses (e.g., 'if my heart changed') leaves unclear whether Job is confessing hypothetical sins or actual ones."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":68,"ref":"p68","source":"ሶበሁ፡ ባሕቲትየ፡ በላዕኩ፡ እክልየ፡ ወኢወሀብኩ፡ ለእጓለ፡ ማውታ፡ እምኔሁ።\n\nወአሐፅኖ፡ እምንእሱ፡ ከመ፡ አቡሁ፡ ወአልኅቆ፡ እምከርሠ፡ እሙ፡ እምአመ፡ ተወልደ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ ርኢኩ፡ ዕሩቀ፡ ወኢያልበስኩ፡ እንዘ፡ ይመውት፡ በቊር።\n\nወይድኅሩኒ፡ ስኡናን፡ ወእምጸምረ፡ አባዕግየ፡ ሞቀ፡ ዘባና፡ ቲሆሙ።\n\nአመ፡ አንሣእኩ፡ እዴየ፡ ዲበ፡ እጓለ፡ ማውታ፡ ተአሚንየ፡ ከመ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ረድኤት፡ ብየ፡ ይትመተር፡ መዝራዕትየ፡ እመታ፡ ክፍትየ፡ ወይትቀጥቀጥ፡ እዴየ፡ እምኵርባዕየ።\n\nእስመ፡ ግርማ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አኃዘኒ፡ ወኢያመስጥ፡ እምኢኂዞቱ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ ደፈንኩ፡ ወርቅየ፡ ውስተ፡ መሬት፡ ወአመ፡ ተአመንኩ፡ በዕንቊ፡ ዘብዙኅ፡ ሤጡ።\n\nወእመ፡ ተፈሣሕኩ፡ በብዙኅ፡ ብዕልየ፡ ወእመ፡ ወደይኩ፡ እዴየ፡ ዲበ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ኍልቁ።\n\nወኢይሬእይኑ፡ ፀሐየ፡ ዘያበርህ፡ ወይጠፍእ፡ ወወርኅኒ፡ ትበኪ፡ እስመ፡ ኢትኴንን፡ ርእሳ።\n\nወአልቦ፡ ዘአስሐቶ፡ ለልብየ፡ በጽሚት፡ ወእመ፡ ወደይኩ፡ እዴየ፡ ዲበ፡ አፉየ፡ ወእመ፡ ሰሚዐ፡ ሰማዕኩ፡ ወተጸመምኩ።","english":"I ate my own grain alone, and I did not give any to the son of death from it.\n\nAnd I withheld it from the little one, as his father, and I snatched it from the womb of his mother, from the time he was born.\n\nAnd if I saw the naked and did not clothe them while they died of cold,\n\nAnd the poor reproach me, and from the thirst of my well, the water of my cistern was hot for them.\n\nWhen I raised my hand over the son of death, they trusted me, as if great help were in me; my seed would be cut off when my portion was divided, and my hand would be shaken from my fist.\n\nFor the majesty of the Lord seized me, and I do not escape from his grasp.\n\nAnd if I buried my gold in the earth, and when I trusted in a stone of great price,\n\nAnd if I rejoiced in my great wealth, and if I laid my hand upon what has no value,\n\nAnd the sun that shines and sets does not see me, and the moon weeps because it is not judged by itself.\n\nAnd there is none who silences my heart with silence; and if I laid my hand upon my mouth, and if I heard what was heard and was silent.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"እጓለ ማውታ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'son of death' (እጓለ ማውታ) is a Geʿez idiom for a mortal or a person destined to die, possibly referring to a specific individual in Job's context, such as a dying child or a condemned man.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እመሂ ርኢኩ ዕሩቀ ወኢያልበስኩ","severity":"info","text":"The line 'if I saw the naked and did not clothe them' echoes Job 31:19-20, where Job denies neglecting the poor. This passage reflects the biblical theme of charity and judgment.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወርቅየ ውስተ መሬት","severity":"info","text":"Burying gold in the earth (ወርቅየ ውስተ መሬት) was a common practice in antiquity for safekeeping, but here it symbolizes misplaced trust in material wealth, contrasting with spiritual values.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"እስመ ግርማ እግዚአብሔር አኃዘኒ","severity":"info","text":"This verse marks a structural shift from a series of hypothetical self-accusations to a declaration of divine constraint, emphasizing Job's powerlessness before God's majesty.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይሬእይኑ ፀሐየ","severity":"info","text":"The sun not seeing Job and the moon weeping (ወኢይሬእይኑ ፀሐየ ... ወርኅኒ ትበኪ) parallels cosmic mourning in Job 14:12 and other ancient Near Eastern laments, where nature reflects human suffering.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመ ወደይኩ እዴየ ዲበ አፉየ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'laid my hand upon my mouth' is ambiguous: it may mean self-censorship or a gesture of silence, but the Geʿez could also imply a physical act of covering the mouth, leaving the exact nuance uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'son of death' (እጓለ ማውታ) is unclear—whether a specific person or a generic mortal.","The phrase 'laid my hand upon my mouth' may be metaphorical or literal, affecting interpretation of Job's silence."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":69,"ref":"p69","source":"ወዝኒ፡ ይኩነኒ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ኃጢአተ፡ እመ፡ ሐሰውኩ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ልዑል።\n\nወእመ፡ ተፈሣሕኩ፡ በድቀተ፡ ጸላእትየ፡ ወእመ፡ እቤ፡ በልብየ፡ እንቋዕ።\n\nለትስማዕ፡ ዕዝንየ፡ እኩየ፡ ወይጻእሊተ፡ ስም፡ እኩይ፡ በውስተ፡ ሕዝብየ።\n\nወይቤሉ፡ ነባርየ፡ መኑ፡ እምወህበነ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ንብላዕ፡ እንዘ፡ ጥቀ፡ እምሕሮሙ።\n\nወበአፍእ፡ ኢኃደረ፡ ነግድ፡ ወለኵሉ፡ ዘነጽአ፡ ርኅው፡ ቤትየ፡ ወእመ፡ አበስኩ፡ ወከባትኩ፡ ይኩነኒ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ጌጋየ።\n\nወኃፈርኩ፡ እምብዙኅ፡ ሰብእ፡ ተናሕዮ፡ በኀቤሆሙ፡ ወለእመ፡ ምስኪን፡ ይወፅእ፡ እምኆኅትየ፡ እንዘ፡ ዕራቁ።\n\nመኑ፡ እምወሀበኒ፡ ዘያጸምእኒ፡ ወእመ፡ ኢፈራህኩ፡ እደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወእመ፡ ብየ፡ መጽሐሰ፡ ዕዳ፡ ዘይፈድየኒ፡ እፀውር፡ ዲበ፡ መታክፍትየ፡ ወእነብባ፡ በኀበ፡ ብዙኀን።\n\nወእሰጥጣ፡ ወእገብእ፡ እንዘ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘእነሥእ፡ እምኀበ፡ ዘይፈድየኒ።\n\nወለእመ፡ አግዓርክዋ፡ ለምድር፡ ወእመ፡ በከየ፡ ትለሚሃ።\n\nወእመ፡ በላዕኩ፡ እክልየ፡ ናሕቲትየ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ሤጥ፡ ወእመ፡ ሰደድክዎ፡ ለበዓለ፡ ምድር፡ ወአሕመምኩ፡ ነፍሶ።","english":"And if this is a great sin for me, that I lied before the Lord Most High; and if I rejoiced at the downfall of my enemies; and if I said in my heart, \"Curse!\" for my ear to hear evil, and an evil name went out among my people; and they said, \"Our neighbor, who gave us his flesh to eat while it was still raw from his hunger?\" And if I brought a merchant into my house, and to everyone who came, I gave a gift; and if I spoiled and wasted, let it be a great fault for me. And I was ashamed before many people, being solitary among them; and if a poor man went out from my door naked. Who gave me what makes me thirsty? And if I feared the hand of the Lord, and if I had a book of debt that would condemn me, I would turn it upon my shoulders and read it before many. And I would scatter and bring in, having nothing to take from what condemns me. And if I cultivated the land, and if the tiller wept; and if I ate my grain alone, without price; and if I drove away the owner of the land and afflicted his soul.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The speaker lists hypothetical sins, each introduced by 'if' (እመ፡), forming a series of self-accusations that mirror the preceding passage's confessions of withholding charity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እንቋዕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word እንቋዕ (ʾənqwaʿ) means 'curse' or 'imprecation,' here spoken in the heart, indicating an internal wish for harm against enemies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መጽሐሰ ዕዳ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase መጽሐሰ ዕዳ (mäṣḥafä ʿəda) means 'book of debt,' likely a ledger of moral or financial obligations that could condemn the speaker.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'giving his flesh to eat while raw' echoes a motif of extreme hunger and self-sacrifice, possibly alluding to famine narratives in Ethiopic hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage is structured as a series of conditional clauses (እመ፡...ወእመ፡) that list potential sins, each followed by a hypothetical judgment, building to a climax of self-condemnation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'who gave me what makes me thirsty' is ambiguous: it may mean the speaker blames others for his own greed, or it is a rhetorical question about divine provision.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the tiller' (ትለሚሃ) who weeps is unclear—possibly a tenant farmer or a personification of the land.","The phrase 'book of debt' could be literal (a financial record) or metaphorical (a record of sins)."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":70,"ref":"p70","source":"ህየንተ፡ ሥርናይ፡ ክርዳድ፡ ይብቊለኒ፡ ወህየንተ፡ ሰገምሕንጽዋል፡ ይብቊለኒ፡ ወኃደገ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ነገረ።\n\nChapter 32\n\nወአርመሙ፡ እሉ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ አዕርክቲሁ፡ ወኢያውሥእዎ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ እንከ፡ እስመ፡ ይጼደቅ፡ ኢዮብ፡ በቅድሜሁ።\n\nወተምዐ፡ ኤልዩስ፡ ወልደ፡ ብርክያል፡ ዘቡዝ፡ ዘሕዝበ፡ አራም፡ ዘብሔረ፡ አውስጢድ፡ ወተምዖ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ በሕቁ፡ እስመ፡ ይጼደቅ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወተምዖሙ፡ ጥቀ፡ ለሠለስቱ፡ አዕርክቲሁ፡ እስመ፡ ስእኑ፡ አውሥኦቶ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ዘይትማሰላ፡ ለቃሉ፡ ለእንተ፡ ነበበ፡ ወረሰይዎ፡ ከመ፡ ዘኃጥእ።\n\nወጸንሖሙ፡ ኤልዩስ፡ ያውሥእዎ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ እስመ፡ ይልህቅዎ፡ በዋዕሊሆሙ።\n\nወርእዮ፡ ኤልዩስ፡ ከመ፡ አልቦ፡ ነገር፡ ውስተ፡ አፈ፡ ሠለስቲቲሆሙ፡ እደው፡ ወተምዖሙ፡ በመዓቱ።\n\nወተሰጥወ፡ ኤልዩስ፡ ወልደ፡ ብርክያል፡ ዘቡዝ፡ ወይቤ፡ ንኡስ፡ አነ፡ በመዋዕልየ፡ ወአንትሙሰ፡ ልሂቃን፡ ወሊቃውንት፡ ወበእንተዝ፡ አርመምኩ፡ ፈሪህየ፡ ከመ፡ እንግርክሙ፡ ዘእሔሊ።","english":"peoples, and the thorn of the curse of the people, it pierces me; and the people of the assembly of the council, it pierces me. And Job ceased speaking.\n\nChapter 32\n\nAnd these three of his friends were silent, and they did not answer Job, for Job was righteous before him.\n\nAnd Elihu, son of Barakiel, of the Buzites, of the people of Aram, of the land of Ausitis, was angry, and he was angry for Job in his truth, for he was righteous before the Lord.\n\nAnd he was very angry with his three friends, for they had sinned in answering Job, who was to be compared to his word, which he had spoken, and they had judged him as a sinner.\n\nAnd Elihu was enraged that they should answer Job, for they would provoke him with their words.\n\nAnd Elihu saw that there was no word in the mouths of the three of them, and he was angry with them in his wrath.\n\nAnd Elihu, son of Barakiel, of the Buzites, was kindled, and he said, \"I am young in my days, and you are elders and wise men; and because of this, I was silent, fearing that I might speak to you of my own accord.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኃደገ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ነገረ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'And Job ceased speaking' marks the end of Job's speech and the beginning of a new narrative section, introducing chapter 32.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልዩስ፡ ወልደ፡ ብርክያል፡ ዘቡዝ፡ ዘሕዝበ፡ አራም፡ ዘብሔረ፡ አውስጢድ፡","severity":"info","text":"Elihu is identified as son of Barakiel, a Buzite from Aram and the land of Ausitis. This genealogy aligns with the biblical tradition (Job 32:2) and situates him within the broader narrative geography.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አርመሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb 'ʾarmamu' (they were silent) is a key term indicating the friends' inability to respond, contrasting with Elihu's subsequent anger and speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተምዐ፡ ኤልዩስ፡","severity":"info","text":"Elihu's anger (tamʿa) is described twice in this passage, mirroring the biblical account where Elihu is introduced as angry at Job's friends (Job 32:2-5).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ንኡስ፡ አነ፡ በመዋዕልየ፡","severity":"info","text":"Elihu's self-description as 'young in my days' reflects a humility topos in Ethiopic exegesis, where youth is contrasted with the wisdom of elders, yet he claims authority to speak.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text does not specify whether Elihu's anger is directed solely at the friends or also at Job; the translation takes it as primarily against the friends.","The phrase 'they had judged him as a sinner' (ከመ፡ ዘኃጥእ።) could imply a formal judgment or a personal opinion; the reading assumes the former."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":71,"ref":"p71","source":"ወእቤ፡ ባሕቱ፡ አኮ፡ ዓመታት፡ ዘያስተባግራ፡ ዘብዝኀሂ፡ ክራማተ፡ ኢየአምራ፡ ለጥበብ፡፡ 8፡ ዳዕሙ፡ መንፈስ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘላዕለ፡ መዋቲ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ውእቱ፡ ይምህር።\n\nአኮ፡ እለ፡ አብዝኁክራማተ፡ ጠቢባን፡ ሊቃውንትኒ፡ ኢየአምርዋ፡ ለፍትሕ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ስምዑኒ፡ እንግርክሙ፡ ዘአአምር፡ ወአጽምኡኒ፡ ነገርየ።\n\nወለክሙ፡ አየድዓክሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ትሰምዑኒ፡ እስከ፡ ትረክቡ፡ ዘትነግሩ።\n\nወናሁ፡ ተኃጥአ፡ ዘይጌሥዖ፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ወዘያወሥኦ፡ ቃከ፡ መእንተ፡ ነበበ፡ እምኔክሙ፡ ከመ፡ ኢትበሉ፡ ረከብነ፡ ጥበበ፡ እም፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወአፈድፈድነ።\n\nወአባሕክምዎ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ይንብብ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ነገረ።\n\nወፈራህክሙ፡ ወኢያውሣእክሙ፡ ወበልየ፡ ነገር፡ እምአፉክሙ።\n\nጸናሕኪክሙ፡ ወኢነበብክሙ፡ እስመ፡ አርመምክሙ፡ ወኢያውሣክሙ።\n\nኀበ፡ ተናገረ፡ ኤልዩስ፡ አውሥአ፡ ወይቤ፡ ስማዕ፡ ዘአነግረከ፡ ካዕበ።\n\nምሉእ፡ ነገር፡ ኀቤጠ፡ ወይቀትለኒ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ከሥርየ።\n\nወተአሥረት፡ ከርሥየ፡ ከመ፡ ዝቀ፡ ወይን፡ ወትልሕው፡ ዑየ፡ ወከመ፡ ምብኳሐ፡ ነሀቢ፡ ስጡቅ።","english":"And I say, not only the years that are long, and the many honors, do I know for wisdom. 8. The spirit of the air is what is above the dead, and the spirit that rules all is what teaches.\n\nNot only those who have many honors, the wise and the learned, do I know for judgment.\n\nBut only listen to me, let me tell you what I know, and hear my words.\n\nAnd for you, I will make you know, while you listen to me, until you find what to say.\n\nAnd now, behold, he has sinned who would reproach Job and who would rebuke him, because he spoke from among you as if you said, \"We have found wisdom from God, and we have multiplied.\"\n\nAnd you have made a man speak such a word.\n\nAnd you feared and did not answer him, and you swallowed the word from your mouth.\n\nYou were silent and did not speak, because you were silent and did not answer him.\n\nWhen Elihu spoke, he answered and said, \"Listen to what I tell you again.\"\n\nFull of words, my belly, and it would kill me, the spirit within me.\n\nAnd my belly is bound like a skin of wine, and it boils like a cauldron of new wine.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The speaker distinguishes between wisdom gained through long years and honors, and a deeper wisdom taught by the spirit that rules all.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መንፈስ ዘላዕለ መዋቲ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'spirit of the air' (መንፈስ ዘላዕለ መዋቲ) likely refers to a spiritual or elemental force, distinct from the spirit that rules all, possibly echoing Stoic or Alexandrian pneumatology.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of Elihu's speech (ch. 32–37), which interrupts the dialogue between Job and his three friends. The Geʿez text marks a shift with 'When Elihu spoke, he answered and said'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Elihu is introduced as 'son of Barakiel, of the Buzites, of the people of Aram, of the land of Ausitis' — details that align with the Septuagint and Ethiopic traditions, emphasizing his non-Israelite origin.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopic exegesis, Elihu is often seen as a type of the righteous intercessor or prophetic figure, and his speeches are treated as a theological climax before God's response.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'my belly is bound like a skin of wine' is a vivid metaphor for internal pressure, but the exact referent of 'spirit within me' (መንፈሰ ከሥርየ) is ambiguous — it may denote divine inspiration or a physical/emotional state.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'spirit of the air' vs. 'spirit that rules all' is not fully clarified in the Geʿez text; the reading taken treats them as distinct entities.","The phrase 'you swallowed the word from your mouth' may be idiomatic for suppressing speech, but its exact nuance is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":72,"ref":"p72","source":"አነብብ፡ ከመ፡ አፅናፍ፡ ወእከሥት፡ ከናፍርየ።\n\nአስመ፡ ኢየኀፍር፡ እምእጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡ ወኢይጌግፅ፡ እመዋቲ።\n\nወኢየአምር፡ አድልዎ፡ ለገጽ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ቦ፡ ዘየኀፍር፡ እምሰብእ።\n\nChapter 33\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ስምዐኒ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ቃልየ፡ ወአጽምአኒ፡ ነገርየ።\n\nወናሁ፡ አፉየ፡ ከሠትኩ፡ ወነበበ፡ ልሳንየ።\n\nወንጹሐ፡ ይሔሊ፡ ልብየ፡ ወጥበበ፡ ከናፍርየ፡ ወንጹሐ፡ ይመክር።\n\nእግዚአብሔር፡ ፈጠርኒ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ይሜህረኒ።\n\nእመ፡ ትክል፡ ታውሥአኒ፡ በዝ፡ ነገር፡ ተዓገሠኒ፡ አነኒ፡ እነግረከ፡ አንተሂ፡ አውሥአኒ።\n\nእምጽቡር፡ ብኅባኄከ፡ ከማየ፡ ወእምኔሁ፡ ቅሣሜነ።\n\nወኢያኅዝንከ፡ ወኢትትሐዘበኒ፡ ወእዴየ፡ ኢያከብድ፡ ላዕሌከ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ እነግረከ፡ ግፍዓከ፡ ወሰማዕኩ፡ ነገረከ፡ ወግፍዓከኒ።\n\nስምዓኒ፡ ቃለ፡ ነገርየ፡ እስመ፡ ትቤ፡ ንጹሕ፡ አነ፡ ወኢአበስኩ፡ ወጻድቅ፡ አነ፡ ወኢገበርኩ፡ ኃጠአተ።\n\nወረሰይኩ፡ ሎቱ፡ ዘይነግር፡ ወረሰየኒ፡ ከመ፡ ጸላኢ።","english":"I speak as the nostrils and the lips of my mouth.\n\nFor I am not ashamed of the children of the living, and I am not disgraced by the dead.\n\nAnd I do not know the face of the judge, and whether there is one who is ashamed of man.\n\nChapter 33\n\nBut only hear me, Job, my word, and listen to my speech.\n\nAnd now I have opened my mouth, and my tongue has spoken.\n\nAnd my heart shall be pure, and my lips wise, and it shall counsel purely.\n\nThe Lord created me, and the spirit that rules all shall teach me.\n\nIf you ask me by means of a parable, restrain me in this matter; I myself shall tell you, and you also ask me.\n\nFrom the multitude of your wisdom like me, and from it my smallness.\n\nAnd I shall not sadden you, and you shall not be angry with me, and my hand shall not be heavy upon you.\n\nBut only I shall tell you your deed, and I have heard your word and your deed.\n\nHear the word of my speech, for you say, \"I am pure and I have not defiled myself, and I am righteous and I have not committed sin.\"\n\nAnd I have appointed for him who speaks, and he has appointed me as an enemy.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"አነብብ፡ ከመ፡ አፅናፍ፡ ወእከሥት፡ ከናፍርየ","severity":"info","text":"The opening line 'I speak as the nostrils and the lips of my mouth' uses bodily imagery to describe speech, likely emphasizing the physical act of utterance as a metaphor for direct, unmediated expression.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየኀፍር","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'ኢየኀፍር' (I am not ashamed) is a negated form of the root 'ኀፈረ' (to be ashamed), a key term in Job's dialogues about honor and disgrace before God and community.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 33","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins a new chapter (Chapter 33), marked in the Geʿez text, shifting from the previous speaker's discourse to a direct address to Job, with a more dialogic and instructional tone.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር፡ ፈጠርኒ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ይሜህረኒ","severity":"info","text":"The line 'The Lord created me, and the spirit that rules all shall teach me' echoes the creation theology of Genesis and the wisdom tradition of Proverbs, where the spirit (መንፈስ) is a source of divine instruction.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"እምጽቡር፡ ብኅባኄከ፡ ከማየ፡ ወእምኔሁ፡ ቅሣሜነ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'From the multitude of your wisdom like me, and from it my smallness' parallels the humility topos found in other biblical dialogues (e.g., Job 38–39), where human smallness is contrasted with divine or superior wisdom.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወረሰይኩ፡ ሎቱ፡ ዘይነግር፡ ወረሰየኒ፡ ከመ፡ ጸላኢ","severity":"caution","text":"The final line 'I have appointed for him who speaks, and he has appointed me as an enemy' is ambiguous: it may refer to a mutual adversarial relationship between the speaker and Job, or to a third party; the Geʿez verb 'ረሰየ' (appoint) can imply designation or ordainment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in this passage is not explicitly named; it may be Elihu or another interlocutor, but the text does not clarify.","The phrase 'I have appointed for him who speaks' (ወረሰይኩ፡ ሎቱ፡ ዘይነግር) could refer to a specific person or be a general statement about appointing a spokesperson.","The relationship between 'the spirit that rules all' and the Lord is left implicit; it may be a hypostatic or functional distinction."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":73,"ref":"p73","source":"ወአቀሞ፡ ዲበ፡ ዳህዕ፡ ለአገርየ፡ ወአቀመ፡ ኵሎ፡ ፍናውየ።\n\nእፎ፡ ትብል፡ ጻድቅ፡ አነ፡ ወኢይሰምዓኒ፡ ቃልየ፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘላዕለ፡ መዋቲ።\n\nእፎ፡ ትብል፡ ኢይሰምዓኒ፡ ኵሎ፡ ጽድቅየ።\n\nእምከመ፡ ምዕረ፡ ነገረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በነቢያት፡ ወዳህመ፡ በሕልም፡ ወአመ፡ አኮ፡ በነገረ፡ ሌሊት።\n\nወያመጽአ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ድንጋፄላዕለ፡ ሰብእ፡ እንዘ፡ ይሰጅብ፡ ዲበ፡ ምስካቡ።\n\nወሶቤሃ፡ ይከሥት፡ ልቦ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ከመ፡ ይርአይ፡ ግርማ፡ ወይፍራህ።\n\nወረመይጦ፡ ለሰብእ፡ እምኃጢአቱ፡ ወያድኅኖ፡ ለሥጋሁ፡ እምድቀቱ።\n\nይምህክ፡ ነፍሶ፡ እሞት፡ ከመ፡ ኢይደቅ፡ ውስተ፡ ቀትል።\n\nወካዕበ፡ ይጌሥዖ፡ በደዌ፡ በውስተ፡ ምስካቡ፡ ወይቌቊዑ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ አዕፅምቱሁ።\n\nወኢይክል፡ ጥዒመ፡ ኵሎ፡ መብልዐ፡ እክል፡ ወትፈቱ፡ ነፍሱ፡ ትብላዕ፡ እክለ።\n\nእስከ፡ የኃልቅ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ወያስተርኢ፡ አዕፅምቲሁ፡ ዕራቆ።\n\nወአልጻቀት፡ ነፍሱ፡ ለመዊት፡ ወሕይወቱሂ፡ ለሲኦል።\n\nለእመ፡ ኮኑ፡ ዓሠርቱ፡ ምእት፡ መላእክተ፡ ሞት፡ አሐዱ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ኢይቀትሎ፡ ለእመ፡ ሐለየ፡ በልቡ፡ ይትመየጥ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ይብግሮ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ኃጢአቶ፡ ወያርእዮ፡ ጌጋዮ፡ ወይትዓቀብ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይደቅ፡ ውስተ፡ ሞት።","english":"And he placed the sun over my land, and he placed all my paths.\n\nWhy do you say, \"I am righteous,\" and my voice is not heard? It is the eternal one who is above the dead.\n\nWhy do you say, \"My righteousness is not heard at all\"?\n\nAs the word of the Lord came through the prophets, and was understood in a dream, and not in the speech of the night.\n\nAnd a great stone falls upon a person while he sleeps on his bed.\n\nAnd then the heart of the person is opened, so that he sees the majesty and is afraid.\n\nAnd the person is cast down from his sin, and his body is saved from its burial.\n\nHe rebukes his soul from death, so that it does not fall into slaughter.\n\nAnd again he is afflicted with disease in his bed, and all his bones are broken.\n\nAnd he is unable to taste any food of grain, and his soul desires to eat grain.\n\nUntil his body wastes away and his bones become visible, dry.\n\nAnd his soul longs for death, and his life for Sheol.\n\nIf there were ten hundred angels of death, not one of them would kill him, if he pleaded in his heart, contending with the Lord, so that he might announce to the person his sin and show him his error, and he might be kept so that he does not fall into death.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the speech of Elihu (or a divine interlocutor) from the previous passage, marked by the Coptic cue 'narrative' and the chapter break at Chapter 33. The Geʿez text presents a series of conditional or rhetorical statements about divine judgment and human suffering.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዳህዕ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez word 'ዳህዕ' (dāḥəʿ) means 'sun' or 'daylight,' here used metaphorically for divine illumination or favor, contrasting with the 'speech of the night' later in the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምከመ ምዕረ ነገረ እግዚአብሔር በነቢያት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as the word of the Lord came through the prophets' echoes prophetic traditions in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, such as Jeremiah or Isaiah, where divine revelation is mediated through prophets and dreams.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'ten hundred angels of death' (ዓሠርቱ ምእት መላእክተ ሞት) reflects a developed angelology in Ethiopic Christianity, where angels of death are agents of divine punishment, possibly influenced by the Book of Enoch or other pseudepigrapha.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage's emphasis on repentance and divine mercy (the person 'pleads in his heart, contending with the Lord') aligns with later Ethiopic monastic traditions that stress personal prayer and confession as means of salvation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text contains ambiguous phrasing in the line 'ወኢይክል ጥዒመ ኵሎ መብልዐ እክል' ('he is unable to taste any food of grain'), which may be a scribal error or a deliberate metaphor for extreme suffering; the English draft renders it literally.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (Elihu or a divine figure) is not explicitly stated in this passage, though the previous passage attributes the speech to a character addressing Job.","The phrase 'ወኢይክል ጥዒመ ኵሎ መብልዐ እክል' may be a textual corruption or a metaphorical expression for total deprivation."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":74,"ref":"p74","source":"ይሔድሳ፡ ለነፍሱ፡ ከመ፡ ምርገ፡ አረፍት፡ ዘአዕፅምቱሁ፡ ይመልኡ፡ አንጕዐ።\n\nወያደክሞ፡ ለሥጋሁ፡ ከመ፡ ሥጋ፡ ሕፃን፡ ወይሬስዮ፡ ጽኑዐ፡ እምሰብእ።\n\nወዘጸለየሂ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይትዌከፎ፡ ወይባውአ፡ በንጹሕ፡ ገጹ፡ እንዘ፡ ይነግር፡ ወይፈድዮ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ጽድቆ።\n\nወሶቤሃ፡ የኀይስ፡ ሰብእ፡ ርእሶ፡ ወለሊሁ፡ ይብል፡ ምንተ፡ ገበርኩ፡ ወኢመጠንየ፡ ዘረከበኒ፡ በጌጋይየ።\n\nወአድኅና፡ ለነፍስየ፡ ከመ፡ ኢትሑር፡ ውስተ፡ ሙስና፡ ወትርአይ፡ ብርሃነ፡ ሕይወትየ።\n\nዘኵሎ፡ ይገብር፡ ናሁ፡ ኃያል፡ ወሠለስቱ፡ ፍናዊሁ፡ ለሰብእ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ አድኅና፡ ለነፍስየ፡ እሞት፡ ከመ፡ ትሰባሕ፡ ሕይወትየ፡ በውስተ፡ ብርሃን።\n\nወአጽምአኒ፡ ቦ፡ ዘትብል፡ በል፡ ንግር፡ ወእፈቅድ፡ ህየ፡ ከመ፡ ትጽደቅ።\n\nወእመሰ፡ ቦ፡ ዘትብል፡ በል፡ ንግር፡ ወእፈቅድ፡ ህየ፡ ከመ፡ ትጽደቅ።\n\nወእመ፡ እኮሰ፡ አንተ፡ ትሰምዓኒ፡ ወአርምም፡ እምሀርከ፡ ጥበበ።\n\nChapter 34\n\nወደገመ፡ ኤልዩስ፡ ወይቤ።","english":"He destroys his soul like a choice of rest, whose bones are filled with worms.\n\nAnd he weakens his flesh like the flesh of an infant, and he makes it firmer than a man.\n\nAnd he who prays to the Lord is strengthened, and he enters with a pure face while he speaks and declares his righteousness to man.\n\nAnd when a man is ashamed of himself, he says to himself, \"What have I done? And what I have not measured has found me in my error.\"\n\nAnd he saves my soul like a swift one from corruption, and my life's light is seen.\n\nHe who does all this is now mighty, and the three paths of man.\n\nAnd only he saves my soul from death, so that my life may be praised in the light.\n\nAnd he has made me silent: if there is something you say, speak, tell, and I will consent there, so that you may be justified.\n\nAnd if there is something you say, speak, tell, and I will consent there, so that you may be justified.\n\nAnd if indeed you hear me, and I am merciful, from you I have learned wisdom.\n\nChapter 34\n\nAnd Elihu began and said:","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ይሔድሳ፡ ለነፍሱ፡ ከመ፡ ምርገ፡ አረፍት፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening clause describes self-destruction of the soul, using 'choice of rest' (ምርገ፡ አረፍት) as a simile for decay, possibly alluding to a state of moral or spiritual corruption.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢትሑር፡","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ኢትሑር' (swift one) is rare in Geʿez; here it likely denotes a swift-moving creature or a metaphor for salvation escaping corruption, consistent with the context of saving the soul.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 34","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with a chapter heading and the introduction of Elihu's speech, marking a structural transition in the Geʿez version of Job, though the chapter division may not align with the Hebrew or Greek traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአድኅና፡ ለነፍስየ፡ ከመ፡ ኢትሑር፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'saves my soul like a swift one' echoes Psalm 56:1 (LXX 55:1) in the Geʿez Psalter, where salvation is likened to swift deliverance, though the exact wording differs.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopic tradition, Elihu is often seen as a prophetic figure who prefigures Christian teachings on righteousness and divine judgment, influencing the interpretation of this passage as a moral exhortation.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመሰ፡ ቦ፡ ዘትብል፡ በል፡ ንግር፡","severity":"caution","text":"The repeated conditional clause 'if there is something you say, speak, tell' appears twice in the Geʿez, possibly indicating a textual duplication or scribal emphasis; the English draft conflates them.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ምርገ፡ አረፍት' (choice of rest) is ambiguous: it may refer to a chosen burial place or a state of repose, affecting the interpretation of self-destruction.","The identity of the speaker shifts between first-person ('my soul') and third-person ('he destroys his soul'), leaving unclear whether the text is a monologue or dialogue."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":75,"ref":"p75","source":"ስምዑኒ፡ ጠቢባን፡ ወአጽምኡኒ፡ ሠናየ፡ ማእምራን።\n\nእስመ፡ ዕዝን፡ ነገረ፡ ይፈልጥ፡ ወጕርዔኒ፡ አክለ፡ ይጥዕም።\n\nደይነ፡ ንነሥእ፡ ለርእስነ፡ ወነአምር፡ ምንተ፡ ይኄይስ፡ በማእከሌነ።\n\nእስመ፡ ይቤ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ጻድቅ፡ አነ፡ ወሠለጠ፡ ሊተ፡ ኵነኔ፡ ፍትሕየ፡ ወአሐምም፡ በግፍዕ፡ ዘአልብየ፡ አበሳ።\n\nመኑ፡ ሰብእ፡ ከመ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ዘይሰትያ፡ ለትዕግሥት፡ ከመ፡ ማይ።\n\nኢአበሰ፡ ወኢጌገየ፡ ግሙራ፡ ወኢተሳተፈ፡ ምስለ፡ ገበርተ፡ ዓመፃ፡ ወኢሖረ፡ ምስለ፡ ኃጥአን።\n\nወይቤ፡ ኢይዋህይዎ፡ ለሰብእ፡ በሩዐቱ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ ስምዑኒ፡ ጠቢባነልብ፡ ወኢትፍቅዱ፡ ተአብሱ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሄር፡ ወኢትሁክዎ፡ ለጻድቅ፡ በቅድመ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nወይፈድዮ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ በከመ፡ ምግባሩ፡ ወይረክቦ፡ ለሰብእ፡ በከመ፡ ፍኖቱ።\n\nትሬስዮኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ይገፍዕ፡ ወዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ከመ፡ ይዌልጥ፡ ፍትሐ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ፈጠራ፡ ለምድር።\n\nመኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ዘታሕተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘውስቴታ።","english":"Hear me, O wise ones, and let me be instructed by the good sages. For the ear discerns speech, and the palate tastes food. We bear our own burden and know what is good among us. For Job the Righteous said, \"I am the one who has borne judgment, my justice, and I have been afflicted unjustly, though I have no sin.\" Who is the man like Job who drinks patience like water? He did not sin, nor did he commit a complete transgression, nor did he associate with the workers of iniquity, nor did he walk with sinners. And he said, \"I will not betray a man in his righteousness before the Lord.\" And now hear me, O wise-hearted ones, and do not cease to be ashamed before the Lord, nor mock the righteous before Him who rules all. He rewards every man according to his deeds, and He finds every man according to his path. Trust in the Lord, for He is just, and He who rules all judges rightly, for He is the creator of the earth. Who is He who has done what is under heaven and all that is within it?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ስምዑኒ፡ ጠቢባን፡ ወአጽምኡኒ፡ ሠናየ፡ ማእምራን።","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a direct address to the wise, framing the following discourse as a lesson or admonition, typical of the narrative sections in the Ethiopic Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮብ፡ ጻድቅ፡ አነ፡ ወሠለጠ፡ ሊተ፡ ኵነኔ፡ ፍትሕየ፡ ወአሐምም፡ በግፍዕ፡ ዘአልብየ፡ አበሳ።","severity":"info","text":"Job's claim of righteousness and unjust suffering echoes the biblical Job's protests (e.g., Job 9:20-21, 10:2), though the phrasing is adapted to the Ethiopic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ትዕግሥት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ትዕግሥት (təʿəggəśt) means 'patience' or 'endurance,' a key virtue in the Ethiopic Job narrative, often linked to the theme of suffering and divine justice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይቤ፡ ኢይዋህይዎ፡ ለሰብእ፡ በሩዐቱ፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'I will not betray a man in his righteousness before the Lord' reflects a communal ethic of loyalty and truth-telling, possibly tied to monastic or legal contexts in Ethiopian Christianity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይፈድዮ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ በከመ፡ ምግባሩ፡ ወይረክቦ፡ ለሰብእ፡ በከመ፡ ፍኖቱ።","severity":"info","text":"The idea that God rewards each according to deeds and path parallels Proverbs 24:12 and Psalms 62:12, common in Ethiopic wisdom literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ትሬስዮኑ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ይገፍዕ፡ ወዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ከመ፡ ይዌልጥ፡ ፍትሐ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ፈጠራ፡ ለምድር።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'Trust in the Lord, for He is just' may be a later gloss or interpolation, as it shifts from Job's personal testimony to a general exhortation, possibly reflecting scribal addition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'wise ones' addressed is unspecified; they may be Job's companions or a generic audience.","The phrase 'He who has done what is under heaven' could refer to God or to a human agent; the text leaves this ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":76,"ref":"p76","source":"ወለእመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ፈቀደ፡ ያጸንዕ፡ ወይእኅዝ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ዘኀቤሁ።\n\nወይመውት፡ ኵሊ፡ ዘሥጋ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ኵሉ፡ መዋቲ፡ ወውስተ፡ መሬት፡ ይገብእ፡ እምኀበ፡ ተፈጥረ።\n\nወእመአኮሰ፡ ተገሠዕ፡ ወስማዕ፡ ዘንተ፡ ነገረ፡ ወአጽእ፡ ቃለ፡ በገርየ፡ አንተ።\n\nዝኩ፡ ዘይጸልእ፡ ዓመፃ፡ ወዘያጠፍኦሙ፡ ለእኩያን፡ ዘለዓለም፡ ጻድቅ።\n\nጽሩፍ፡ ዘይብሎ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ አበስከ፡ ወእኩይ፡ ብሂል፡ ለመላእክተ።\n\nዘኢየኃፍር፡ ገጸ፡ ክቡር፡ ወዘኢየአምር፡ አክብሮ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ወዘኢይጌግፅ፡ እምገጾሙ።\n\nከንቱ፡ ይረክቦ፡ ለዘይጽርሕ፡ ወኢያጸምኦ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ወገብረ፡ እኩየ፡ ዲበ፡ ምስኪናን።\n\nወለሊሁ፡ ይሬኢ፡ ምግባሮ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ምንትኒ፡ ዘይትኃባእ፡ እምኔሁ።\n\nአልቦ፡ ብሔር፡ ኀበ፡ ይትኃብእዎ፡ ገበርተ፡ ዓመፃ፡ እስመ፡ ኢያምሠጡ፡ እንከ፡ እምእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይሬኢ።\n\nወዘየአምር፡ ዘአልቦ፡ አሠር፡ ክቡራተ፡ ወመንክራተ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ኍልቊ።\n\nወዘየአምር፡ ምግባሮሙ፡ ወያገብእ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ወየሐም፡ ሞሙ።","english":"And if he wishes to strengthen and seize the spirit of his companion, then all that is flesh dies together; all that is dead enters into the earth from where it was created. But if you are clothed and hear this matter, and strengthen the word in your own person, remember the one who hates iniquity and who destroys the wicked forever—the righteous one. The one who speaks to the king, \"You have done evil and wickedness,\" is called a messenger. The one who does not fear the face of the honorable, and who does not know how to honor the great, and who does not shrink from their faces—truth will find the one who strives and does not weary for humanity, and who does evil deeds upon the poor. And for himself, he sees the deeds of humanity, and there is nothing that is hidden from him. There is no place where the doers of iniquity can hide, for they cannot conceal themselves even from the Lord, who sees all. And the one who knows what has no trace—honorable and wondrous things that have no limit—and the one who knows their deeds, and brings night, and heats their poison.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወለእመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ፈቀደ፡ ያጸንዕ፡ ወይእኅዝ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ዘኀቤሁ።","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a conditional statement about strengthening and seizing a companion's spirit, likely a metaphor for moral influence or spiritual guidance.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጻድቅ።","severity":"info","text":"The term ጻድቅ (ṣādeq) means 'righteous one' and is a key epithet for Job in this tradition, emphasizing his role as a model of patience and justice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዘየአምር፡ ዘአልቦ፡ አሠር፡ ክቡራተ፡ ወመንክራተ፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ኍልቊ።","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the one who knows what has no trace' echoes biblical wisdom themes about divine omniscience, reminiscent of Job 28:24 where God sees all things.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይመውት፡ ኵሊ፡ ዘሥጋ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ኵሉ፡ መዋቲ፡ ወውስተ፡ መሬት፡ ይገብእ፡ እምኀበ፡ ተፈጥረ።","severity":"info","text":"The reflection on flesh dying and returning to earth reflects a Geʿez Christian anthropology that views the body as mortal and the spirit as enduring, consistent with ascetic teachings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእመአኮሰ፡ ተገሠዕ፡ ወስማዕ፡ ዘንተ፡ ነገረ፡ ወአጽእ፡ ቃለ፡ በገርየ፡ አንተ።","severity":"info","text":"The shift from third-person narrative to direct address ('if you are clothed and hear') marks a rhetorical turn, engaging the reader as a moral agent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዘየአምር፡ ምግባሮሙ፡ ወያገብእ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ወየሐም፡ ሞሙ።","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'brings night and heats their poison' is obscure; it may refer to divine retribution or a metaphor for hidden knowledge, but the exact sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the one who knows' in the final lines is ambiguous—could be God or a righteous person.","The phrase 'heats their poison' is unclear; it may be a corruption or a rare idiom."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":77,"ref":"p77","source":"ወያጠፍኦሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ ጻድቃንሰ፡ ቅድሙሁ፡ እሙንቱ።\n\nወእለሰ፡ ተግኅሡ፡ እምሕግ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኢየአምሩ፡ ኵነኔሁ፡ ከመ፡ ያግብእ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ አውጣተ፡ ነዳያን፡ ወይሰምዕ፡ ገዓረ፡ ምስኪናን።\n\nወውእቱ፡ ይሁቦሙ፡ ዕረፍተ፡ ወመኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይኴንን፡ ወየሀብእ፡ ገጾ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይሬእዮ፡ ለለሕዝቡ፡ ወለለሰብኡ፡ ኅቡረ።\n\nወያነግሥ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ብእሴ፡ መደልወ፡ በእንተ፡ እከየ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ዘይብሎ፡ ለኃያል፡ ነሣእኩ፡ ወአልብየ፡ አኅዝ።\n\nአነሂ፡ ለልየ፡ እሬኢ፡ ወእንተኒ፡ አርእየኒ፡ እመ፡ ዐመፃ፡ ገብርኩ፡ ወእመ፡ ተናገርኩ፡ ሐሰተ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይድግም፡ ተናገሮ።\n\nቦኑ፡ እምኀቤከ፡ ነሣእክዋ፡ ከመ፡ ትርኀቀኒ፡ አንተ፡ እስመ፡ አንተ፡ ተኃሪ፡ ወአኮ፡ አነ።\n\nወእመቦ፡ ዘተአምር፡ ንግር፡ እስመ፡ ጠቢባነ፡ ልብ፡ ከመዝ፡ ይብሉ፡ ወብእሲ፡ ጠቢብ፡ ይሰምዓኒ፡ ቃልየ።\n\nወኢዮብሰ፡ አኮ፡ ከመ፡ ጠቢብ፡ ዘይትናገር፡ ወነገሩኒ፡ ኢኮነ፡ ከመ፡ ምሁር።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ተመሀር፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወኢተዘውሥእ፡ እንከ፡ ከመ፡ ዓብዳን።","english":"And he destroys the sinners, but the righteous are before him.\n\nAnd those who have transgressed the law of God, they have not seen his judgment, how he brings upon them the afflictions of the poor, and he hears the cry of the wretched.\n\nAnd he gives them rest, and who is he who judges and hides his face, and there is none who sees him for his people and for his men together?\n\nAnd God rules over a man of strength on account of the evil of a people who say to the mighty, \"I have taken and I have not increased; take.\"\n\nI myself see for myself, and what have I shown myself? If I have done wrong, and if I have spoken falsehood, I will not speak again.\n\nIs it from you that I have taken it, that you might remove it from me? For you are the one who is angry, and I am not.\n\nAnd where is the one who knows the matter? For the wise of heart say thus, and a wise man will hear my voice.\n\nAnd Job is not like a wise man who speaks, and they told me that he is not like a scholar.\n\nBut only Job learned, and he did not err, like a servant.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወያጠፍኦሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ ጻድቃንሰ፡ ቅድሙሁ፡ እሙንቱ","severity":"info","text":"The clause contrasts the destruction of sinners with the righteous standing before God, emphasizing divine justice as a central theme in the Ethiopic Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢየአምሩ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'they have not seen' (ኢየአምሩ) carries a sense of ignorance of divine judgment, a key concept in theodicy discussions in this tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ወይሰምዕ፡ ገዓረ፡ ምስኪናን","severity":"info","text":"The motif of God hearing the cry of the poor aligns with broader Ethiopic Christian emphasis on divine compassion for the marginalized, as seen in hagiographic and homiletic literature.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢዮብሰ፡ አኮ፡ ከመ፡ ጠቢብ፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from general divine judgment to a self-referential statement about Job, distinguishing him from conventional wise men and scholars, marking a structural turn.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ከመ፡ ዓብዳን","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of Job to a 'servant' (ዓብዳን) reflects a reception in Ethiopic monastic circles where humility and obedience are prized over intellectual wisdom.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ኢየአምሩ ኵነኔሁ' could be read as either 'they have not seen his judgment' or 'they do not understand his judgment'; the translation opts for the former.","The identity of 'the one who knows the matter' (ዘተአምር ንግር) is ambiguous—possibly a divine figure or a human sage; the context suggests a rhetorical question."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":78,"ref":"p78","source":"ከመ፡ ኢትወስክ፡ ዕበደ፡ በዲበ፡ ኃጣውኢከ፡ ወይከውነከ፡ ጌጋየ፡ ነቢበ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ነገር፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nChapter 35\n\nወአውሥአ፡ ኤልዩስ፡ ወጥቤ።\n\nምንተ፡ ትብል፡ ተዋቂሠከ፡ አንተ፡ ወምንትኑ፡ አንተ፡ ከመ፡ ትበል፡ ጻድቅ፡ አነ፡ በቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወትብል፡ ምንተ፡ እሬሲ፡ እመ፡ አበስኩ፡ አነ።\n\nአወሥአከ፡ ለከ፡ ወለሠለስቱ፡ አዕርክቲከ።\n\nነጽር፡ ሰማየ፡ ወርኢ፡ ወአእምር፡ ሚመጠን፡ ርኁቅ፡ እምኔከ፡ ደመና።\n\nአመሂ፡ አበስከ፡ ምንተ፡ ትሬሲ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ጌገይከ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ምንተ፡ ትክል፡ ገቢረ።\n\nእመ፡ ጻድቅ፡ አንተ፡ ምንተ፡ ወሀብኮ፡ ወምንተ፡ ነሥአ፡ እምኀቤከ።\n\nለሰብእ፡ ዘከማከ፡ ኃጢአትከ፡ ወለእጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡ ጽድቅከ።\n\nእምብዝኆሙ፡ ለመስተዓግላን፡ የአወይዉ፡ ወይግዕሩ፡ እመዝራዕተ፡ ብዙኃን።\n\nወኢይቤ፡ አይቴ፡ ውእቱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዘፈጠረኒ፡ ወኢይኤዝዝ፡ ንዋመ፡ ሌሊተ፡ ዘያኄይሰኒ፡ እምእንስሳ፡ ምድር፡ ወእምአዕዋፈ፡ ሰማይ።","english":"As he has brought the destruction of sinners upon them, and he reveals the transgression of the multitude of words before the Lord.\n\nChapter 35\n\nAnd Elihu answered and said:\n\nWhat do you say, you who are wise, and who are you that you say, \"I am righteous before the Lord\"?\n\nAnd you say, \"What have I sinned if I have done evil?\"\n\nI will answer you and your three companions.\n\nLook at the sky and see, and understand how far the cloud is from you.\n\nIf you have done evil, what do you sin against him? And if you have transgressed much, what can you do?\n\nIf you are righteous, what has been given to you, and what has been taken from you?\n\nFor a man like you, your sins are for the beasts, and your righteousness for the living creatures.\n\nFrom the multitude of the mockers, they cry out and roar from the multitude of seeds.\n\nAnd he does not say, \"Where is the Lord who created me?\" And he does not command the sleep of the night that troubles me from the beasts of the earth and from the birds of the sky.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens a new chapter (35) with Elihu's speech, continuing the narrative pattern of the dialogue between Job and his interlocutors.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኤልዩስ","severity":"info","text":"Elihu (ኤልዩስ) is a younger interlocutor who appears only in the Elihu speeches (Job 32–37), a distinct section in the book's structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Elihu challenges Job's self-righteousness, questioning the basis of his claim to be righteous before God, and relativizes human sin and virtue in cosmic perspective.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'the multitude of the mockers' and 'the multitude of seeds' may allude to the chaotic noise of nature or human society, contrasting with divine order.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft renders 'ኢትወስክ' as 'he has brought' but the Geʿez could also be read as a passive or impersonal construction; the precise subject is ambiguous.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the opening line (whether Elihu or a narrative voice) is not fully explicit in the Geʿez.","The phrase 'from the multitude of seeds' (እመዝራዕተ ብዙኃን) is obscure; it may refer to a crowd of people or to agricultural imagery."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":79,"ref":"p79","source":"በህየ፡ ይጸርሑ፡ ወኢይሰምዖሙ፡ እምድእለተ፡ እኩያን።\n\nእስመ፡ ኢይፈቅድ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይርአይ፡ እኩየ፡ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ፡ ማእምር፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወኢይሰምዖሙ፡ ለገበርተ፡ ዐመፃ፡ ተዋቀሥ፡ እስኩ፡ አንተ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ እመ፡ ትክል፡ ሰብሖቶ፡ ከመ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ እስመ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘየአምር፡ ጊዜ፡ መዓቱ፡ ወኢይትሔዘባ፡ ለኃጢአቱ፡ ዓባይ፡፡ 15፡ ወኢዮብሰ፡ በከንቱ፡ ይነብብ፡ ወይከሥት፡ አፉሁ፡ ወበኢያእምሮ፡ ያከብድ፡ ነገሮ።\n\nChapter 36\n\nኀበ፡ ተናገረ፡ ኤልዩ፡ አውሥአ፡ ወይቤ።\n\nተዓገሠኒ፡ ዓዲ፡ ኅዳጠ፡ ወእሜህረከ፡ ዓዲ፡ ብየ፡ ነገር፡ ኀቤየ።\n\nእትሜጠዋ፡ ለነገርየ፡ እምኁቅ፡ ምግባርየሰ፡ ጻድቅ፡ እበል።\n\nእሙን፡ ነገርየ፡ ዘኢኮነ፡ ሐሰተ፡ ወዓመፃ፡ ኢይሰምዕ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nአእምር፡ ባሕቱ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይገድፎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለየዋህ፡ ኃያል፡ ወጽኑዕ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወኢያሐይዎ፡ ለልበ፡ ኃጥእ፡ ወይሁብ፡ ፍትሐ፡ ለነዳያን።\n\nወኢያአትት፡ አዕይንቲሁ፡ እምጻድቅ፡ ወየሐትቶ፡ ለጻድቅወይነብሮ፡ ውስተ፡ መናብርት፡ ምስለ፡ ነገሥት፡ ወያነብሮሙ፡ በዕልገቶሙ፡ መልዕልተ፡ ወይከብሩ።","english":"In vain do they cry out, and he does not hear them, because of the wickedness of the evil ones.\n\nFor the Lord does not wish to see evil, for he is the one who rules all, and he is wise.\n\nAnd he does not hear the doers of iniquity; you have been rebuked before him if you trust in your own strength as he is.\n\nAnd now, because there is no one who knows the time of his wrath, and he is not troubled by his great sin. 15. And Job speaks in vain and opens his mouth, and without knowledge he makes his speech heavy.\n\nChapter 36\n\nWhen Elihu had spoken, he added and said:\n\nListen to me a little more, and I will teach you more words from me.\n\nI will draw out my words from the depth of my deeds, for I am righteous, I say.\n\nBelieve my words, which are not falsehood and iniquity; the Lord does not hear them.\n\nKnow only that the Lord does not reject the gentle; he is strong and firm.\n\nAnd he does not let the heart of the sinner live, and he gives judgment to the poor.\n\nAnd he does not turn his eyes from the righteous, and he exalts the righteous and makes him dwell in dwellings with kings, and he makes them dwell in their high places, and they are honored.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 36","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with the heading 'Chapter 36' and Elihu's speech continues, marking a new chapter division in the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢይሰምዖሙ","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'does not hear' (ኢይሰምዖሙ) is repeated in the Geʿez, emphasizing divine refusal to listen to the wicked, a key theme in Elihu's speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢያሐይዎ ለልበ ኃጥእ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he does not let the heart of the sinner live' likely means God does not sustain or preserve the sinner's life, reflecting divine judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"Elihu","severity":"info","text":"Elihu is a younger interlocutor in the Book of Job who speaks after Job's three friends, offering a perspective on divine justice. His speeches are unique to the biblical book and are not found in other ancient Near Eastern parallels.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወያነብሮሙ በዕልገቶሙ መልዕልተ","severity":"info","text":"The image of the righteous dwelling in high places with kings echoes Psalm 113 (LXX 112) and other wisdom texts, though no direct citation is marked.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"15","severity":"caution","text":"The number '15' appears mid-sentence in the Geʿez, possibly a verse number or scribal insertion; its placement is ambiguous and may not correspond to standard chapter-verse divisions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The number '15' in the Geʿez text may be a verse marker or a scribal note; its function is unclear.","The phrase 'he does not let the heart of the sinner live' could be interpreted metaphorically or literally; the Geʿez allows both readings."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":80,"ref":"p80","source":"ወእለሂ፡ ሙቁሐን፡ እደዊሆሙ፡ በሰናስል፡ ይትአኀዙ፡ በሐብለ፡ ንዴት።\n\nወይነግሮሙ፡ ምግባሮሙ፡ ወጌጋዮሙሂ፡ እስመ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወዳእሙ፡ ለጻድቃን፡ ይሰምዖሙ፡ ወይቤ፡ ይትመየጡ፡ እምኃጢአቶሙ።\n\nለእመ፡ ሰምዑ፡ ወይትቀመዩ፡ ወይፌጽሙ፡ መዋዕሊሆሙ፡ በሠናይ፡ ወዓመታቲሆሙ፡ በተድላ።\n\nወለኃጥአንሰ፡ ኢይሰምዖሙ፡ ወኢያድኅኖሙ፡ እስመ፡ ኢይፈቅዱ፡ ይርአይዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወእንዘ፡ ይጌሥዖሙ፡ ኢይሰምዑ።\n\nወደልዋን፡ ይኤድምዎ፡ ለልቦሙ፡ ለመዓት፡ ወየአወይዉ፡ አመ፡ አኅሠሮሙ።\n\nወትትመሰው፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ በንእሶሙ፡ ወያሴርኅዋ፡ ለሕይወቶሙ፡ መላእክት።\n\nእስመ፡ አመንደቡ፡ ነዳየ፡ ወምስኪነ፡ ወሜጡ፡ ህትሐ፡ የዋሃን።\n\nወተሣለቁ፡ ላዕሌከ፡ በአፈ፡ ጸላእትከ፡ ቀላይ፡ ይትከዓው፡ በታሕቴከ፡ ወትወርድ፡ ማእድከ፡ እንዘ፡ ምሉእ፡ ወጥሉል።\n\nወመዓቱ፡ ላዕለ፡ ተሣዓን፡ ትመጽእ፡ ዘነሥኡ፡ ሕልያነ፡ ከመ፡ የዓምዑ፡ ወኢይትረሣእከ፡ ዘቀዳሚ፡ ጌጋይከ።\n\nኢያስሕትከ፡ ሥላቅ፡ ወስላተ፡ ስኡናን፡ በምንዳቤሆሙ።","english":"And those who are dead, their hands are bound with chains of iron in fetters.\n\nAnd he tells them their deeds and their sins, for he is great.\n\nAnd he hears the righteous, and he says, \"They will repent from their sins.\"\n\nIf they hear and stand and complete their days in goodness and their years in joy.\n\nBut for sinners, he does not hear them, and he does not save them, for they do not wish to see the Lord, and while he chastises them, they do not hear.\n\nAnd the wicked harden their hearts for wrath, and they groan when he restrains them.\n\nAnd their souls are likened to themselves, and angels shorten their lives.\n\nFor they have despised the poor and needy, and they have rejected the gift of the simple.\n\nAnd they have mocked you with the mouth of your enemy; a liar will be set beneath you, and your table will descend while it is full and overflowing.\n\nAnd his wrath comes upon the proud who have taken life, as if they were eternal, and you will not be forgiven for your former sin.\n\nDo not remove the garment and the clothing of the poor in their affliction.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእለሂ፡ ሙቁሐን፡ እደዊሆሙ፡ በሰናስል፡ ይትአኀዙ፡ በሐብለ፡ ንዴት።","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a general statement about divine inaction to a specific description of the fate of the dead, marked by the initial conjunction and the thematic focus on punishment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰናስል","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሰናስል (sanasəl) is a loanword from Greek σέλλα (sella) or Latin sella, meaning 'chain' or 'fetter,' here used metaphorically for binding in punishment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይነግሮሙ፡ ምግባሮሙ፡ ወጌጋዮሙሂ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'he tells them their deeds and their sins' echoes the judgment motif in Job 36:9 (LXX), where God recounts human actions, though not a direct quotation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ወዳእሙ፡ ለጻድቃን፡ ይሰምዖሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The distinction between God hearing the righteous but not sinners reflects a common theme in Ethiopic Christian exegesis, where divine justice is selective based on moral worth.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትትመሰው፡ ነፍሶሙ፡ በንእሶሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The idea that 'their souls are likened to themselves' parallels the concept in Job 33:23 (LXX) where the soul is judged by its own nature, though the phrasing is unique to this passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢያስሕትከ፡ ሥላቅ፡ ወስላተ፡ ስኡናን፡","severity":"caution","text":"The final line's injunction 'Do not remove the garment and the clothing of the poor' is ambiguous: it may be a direct moral command or a metaphorical warning against stripping the vulnerable, with the Geʿez allowing both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the dead' in the first line is unclear—whether they are the damned or all deceased—and the Geʿez does not specify. The reading taken assumes they are the wicked, given the context of punishment.","The phrase 'angels shorten their lives' (ያሴርኅዋ፡ ለሕይወቶሙ፡ መላእክት) is ambiguous: it could mean angels actively curtail lifespan or that they record deeds leading to divine shortening; the translation opts for the former."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":81,"ref":"p81","source":"ባሕቱ፡ ተዓቀብ፡ ወግበር፡ ሠናየ፡ ወኢትግበር፡ እኩየ፡ ወበእንተዝ፡ ትድኅን፡ እምንዴት።\n\nናሁ፡ ጋያል፡ ያጸንዕ፡ በኃይሉ፡ ወመኑ፡ ዘይክል፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ተኃይሎ።\n\nወመኑ፡ ዘየሐትት፡ ምግባሮ፡ ወመኑ፡ ዘይብሎ፡ ምንተ፡ ገበርከ።\n\nወተዘከር፡ ከመ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ግብሩ።\n\nእደው፡ እለ፡ ኰነኑ፡ ወእለ፡ ተኰነኑ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ ይሄሊ፡ ለሊሁ፡ ከመ፡ ምውታን፡ እሙንቱ፡ ኃጥአን።\n\nናሁ፡ ኃያል፡ ወዓቢይ፡ ወኢይትረአይ፡ ኍልቈ፡ ፍናዊሁ፡ ወኢይትአወቅ።\n\nወኢትኌለቊ፡ ነጠብጣበ፡ ዝንማ፡ ዘይትከዓው፡ እም፡ ውስተ፡ ደመና።\n\nወያሠርዕ፡ ዘበልየ፡ ወይከድን፡ ደመና፡ ዲበ፡ መዋቲ፡ ወይትከዓው፡ ዝናም፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ኍልቊ።\n\nወየአምር፡ ራኅበ፡ ደመናት፡ በአምጣነ፡ ጽላሎቱ።\n\nናሁ፡ ይሰፍሕ፡ አእምሮ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ወይደፍኖ፡ ለማዕበለ፡ ባሕር።\n\nእስመ፡ ቦሙ፡ ይኴንን፡ አሕዛበ፡ ወይሁቦ፡ ሲሳዮ፡ ለጽኑስ።\n\nወለእንተ፡ ትንእስ፡ ይከድና፡ ብርሃነ፡ ወአዘዘ፡ ላቲ፡ ዘይዳደቃ።\n\nወይነግር፡ በእንቲአሁ፡ ዐርኩ፡ እንተ፡ ረከበቶ፡ በዓመጻሁ።","english":"Only if you do good deeds and do not do evil deeds, and because of this you will be saved from punishment.\n\nBehold, the strong one acts with his power, and who can contend with him?\n\nAnd who can recount his deeds, and who can say to him, \"What have you done?\"\n\nAnd remember that his deed is great.\n\nThe hands of those who judged and those who were judged—all people are like the dead, for they are sinners.\n\nBehold, he is strong and great, and the number of his ways is not seen and is not known.\n\nAnd the raindrop that falls from the cloud is not diminished.\n\nAnd he makes the dew fall and covers the cloud over the waters, and the rain that has no number falls.\n\nAnd he knows the breadth of the clouds by the measure of his shadow.\n\nBehold, he spreads understanding over himself and covers the wave of the sea.\n\nFor there he judges the peoples and gives sustenance to the strong.\n\nAnd to the small one he covers the light and commands her what is fitting.\n\nAnd he tells about him the sign that she found in his iniquity.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from a general moral exhortation (first line) to a series of rhetorical questions and declarations about a powerful, unseen being, likely God or a divine agent, emphasizing his inscrutability and judgment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጋያል","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ጋያል (gāyāl) is rendered 'strong one' in the English draft. It may denote a powerful being, possibly a divine or angelic figure, but its precise referent is ambiguous in context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይነግር፡ በእንቲአሁ፡ ዐርኩ፡ እንተ፡ ረከበቶ፡ በዓመጻሁ","severity":"info","text":"The final line echoes themes of judgment and revelation of sin found in Job 34:21-22, where God's omniscience uncovers hidden iniquity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of rain, clouds, and the sea in this passage reflects the Geʿez Christian tradition's use of natural phenomena to illustrate divine power and inscrutability, common in Ethiopian monastic literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትኌለቊ፡ ነጠብጣበ፡ ዝንማ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the raindrop that falls from the cloud is not diminished' is syntactically ambiguous: it may mean the raindrop itself is not lessened, or that the process of falling does not diminish the cloud. The English draft opts for the former.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the strong one' (ጋያል) is not specified—could be God, an angel, or a personification of divine power.","The referent of 'her' in the final lines (e.g., 'commands her what is fitting') is unclear; possibly a personified entity or a specific figure from the broader narrative."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":82,"ref":"p82","source":"Chapter 37\n\nወበእንተዝ፡ ደንገፀተኒ፡ ልብየ፡ ወወድቀት፡ እመካና።\n\nስማዕኬ፡ ድምፀ፡ መቅሠፍት፡ መዓቱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወዘይወጽእ፡ ነገረ፡ እምአፉሁ።\n\nይዌርዎ፡ ታሕተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰማያት፡ ወብርሃኑ፡ ዲበ፡ ከንፈረ፡ ምድር።\n\nወበድኅሬሁ፡ ቃለ፡ ይቀጽእ፡ ወያንጐደጕድ፡ በቃለ፡ መዓቱ፡ ወይሣሃሎሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ይሰምዕ፡ ቃሎሙ።\n\nወያንጐደጕድ፡ በፀዓዕ፡ መደንግፅ፡ ወይሬሲ፡ ለእንስሳ፡ በበጊዜሁ፡ ወየአምር፡ ጊዜ፡ ይሰክቡ፡ ወበዝ፡ ኵሉ፡ ኢይደንግፅከ፡ ልብከ፡ ወኢይትወለጥ፡ ልብከ፡ እምነ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ወገብረ፡ ዓቢያተ፡ ዘኢነአምር።\n\nወይኤዝዝ፡ በረደ፡ ይረድ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ወዝናመ፡ ክረምት፡ በኃይሉ።\n\nወየዓቅብ፡ እደ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ ከመ፡ ያእምር፡ ኵሉ፡ እጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡ ድካሞ።\n\nወቦኡ፡ አራዊት፡ ታሕተ፡ ጠፈር፡ ወአዕረፉ፡ ውስተ፡ ምስካቦሙ።\n\nወእምረኀብ፡ ይመጽኦሙ፡ ሕማም፡ ወባማኅደሪሆሙ፡ ይቈርሩ።\n\nወእምነፋሰ፡ ኃያል፡ ይመጽእ፡ አስሐትያ፡ ወይከፍሎ፡ ለማይ፡ ዘከመ፡ ፈቀደ።","english":"Chapter 37\n\nAnd because of this, my heart trembled and fell from its place.\n\nHear the sound of the punishment, the wrath of the Lord, and the word that goes forth from his mouth.\n\nHe sends it down beneath all the heavens, and its light upon the face of the earth.\n\nAnd after it, a voice thunders, and he shakes with the voice of his wrath, and he makes them hear while he hears their voices.\n\nAnd he shakes with a terrible roar, and he terrifies the beasts each in its time, and he knows the time when they will be silent. And in all this, your heart will not tremble, and your heart will not be separated from his flesh, and he does works that we do not know.\n\nAnd he commands hail to fall upon the earth, and the rain of winter by his power.\n\nAnd he restrains the hand of every man, so that every child of the living knows his weakness.\n\nAnd the wild beasts hide under the foliage, and their dens are in their lairs.\n\nAnd from hunger, sickness comes upon them, and in their dwellings they grow cold.\n\nAnd from the breath of the strong one comes disease, and he covers the water as he wills.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 37","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the first part of Chapter 37 in the Geʿez Book of Job, continuing the divine speech from the whirlwind. The chapter break is editorial, not original to the text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መቅሠፍት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መቅሠፍት (maqśəft) means 'punishment' or 'scourge,' here linked to divine wrath. It echoes the root for 'strike' or 'afflict,' consistent with the theodicy theme in Job.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይኤዝዝ በረደ ይረድ","severity":"info","text":"The description of God commanding hail and rain (lines 6-7) recalls Job 38:22-23, where God speaks of hail and snow as his arsenal. The Geʿez expands the meteorological imagery.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"አራዊት","severity":"info","text":"The mention of wild beasts hiding (lines 8-9) reflects the Ethiopian highland context, where such imagery of animal behavior under divine power would resonate with local audiences.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይሣሃሎሙ እንዘ ይሰምዕ ቃሎሙ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'he makes them hear while he hears their voices' (line 4) is ambiguous: it may mean God hears the beasts' cries or the thunder's echo. The Geʿez syntax allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"ልብከ እምነ ሥጋሁ","severity":"info","text":"The line 'your heart will not be separated from his flesh' (line 5) has been interpreted in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition as an allusion to the incarnation, though the immediate context is theophanic.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'he makes them hear while he hears their voices' (line 4) is syntactically ambiguous: it could refer to God hearing the beasts or the thunder.","The reference to 'his flesh' (ሥጋሁ) in line 5 is unclear—whether it refers to God's own body or to human flesh in a mystical sense."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":83,"ref":"p83","source":"ወይሤውር፡ ኅሩያነ፡ በደመና፡ ወይዘርዎ፡ ለደመና፡ በብርሃኑ፡ ወውእቱ፡ ይመይጦ፡ በዓውዱ፡ አሐዱ፡ ምክሩ፡ በምግባሩ፡ በኵሉ፡ ዘአዘዞሙ፡ ከመዝ፡ ሥርዓት፡ ዘእምኀቤሁ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር።\n\nእመሂ፡ ለዘውስተ፡ ገዳም፡ ወለዘሂ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ወለዘሂ፡ በሠናይ፡ ይረክቦ።\n\nአጽምእ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ዘንተ፡ ወተገሠፅ፡ ወቁም፡ በኃይለ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nነአምር፡ ከመ፡ ሠርዐ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ተግባሮ፡ ወገብረ፡ ብርሃነ፡ እምጽልመት።\n\nቦኑ፡ ተአምር፡ ፈሊጦቶ፡ ለደመና፡ ግሩም፡ ድቀቶሙ፡ ለኃጥአን።\n\nወለከሰ፡ ምውቅ፡ አልባሲከ፡ ወአርምም፡ እንከ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር።\n\nወእምአዜብኑ፡ ታጸንዕ፡ ተጋድሎ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ግሩም፡ ራእዩ፡ በዲበ፡ ብዙኃን።\n\nበእንተ፡ ምንት፡ ንግረኒ፡ ወምንተ፡ ንብሎ፡ ወናርምም፡ እነከ፡ ወእንተኒ፡ ኢትንብብ፡ ብዙኀ።\n\nቦኑ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ወጸሐፊ፡ ሎቱ፡ ከመ፡ አርምም፡ እንዘ፡ ይቀውም፡ ብእሲ፡ ኀቤየ።\n\nወአኮ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ዘይትአወቆ፡ ብርሃን፡ ወብርሃን፡ ውእቱ፡ ውስተ፡ ዘይበሊ፡ ከመ፡ ዘእምኀቤሁ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ደመና፡ ነስዕብሩህ።","english":"And he sends the chosen ones through the cloud, and he scatters the cloud with his light, and he himself measures it in his time; one of his counsels is in his action, in all that he commanded them, like an ordinance from him upon the earth.\n\nBut for the one in the desert and for the one on the earth and for the one in goodness, he finds it.\n\nListen, Job, to this, and be strengthened and stand in the power of the Lord.\n\nWe know how the Lord has done his work and made light from darkness.\n\nThere is a wonder: the separation of the cloud, the great fall of the sinners.\n\nAnd for you, there is no knowledge of your garments, and be silent now upon the earth.\n\nAnd if not, will you endure the struggle with him? Great is his vision upon many.\n\nConcerning what shall I tell you, and what shall I say, and shall I be silent now, and shall I also read much?\n\nThere is a book and its writer, that he may be silent while a man stands before me.\n\nAnd not for all that is known: light, and light itself is in what is consumed, like that from him which is in the cloud; let us be silent.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from Elihu's speech (ch. 37) to a direct address to Job, marked by 'Listen, Job' (አጽምእ ኢዮብ), and includes a series of reflective and imperative statements.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኅሩያነ","severity":"info","text":"ኅሩያነ (chosen ones) likely refers to angels or elect beings, a term with theological weight in Geʿez tradition, distinct from ordinary messengers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይሤውር፡ ኅሩያነ፡ በደመና፡","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of sending chosen ones through clouds and scattering clouds with light echoes theophanic language in Job 37–38, particularly God's control of weather as a sign of power.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'great fall of the sinners' (ግሩም ድቀቶሙ ለኃጥአን) reflects a Geʿez homiletic tradition linking Job's trials to the fate of the wicked, not present in the Hebrew or Greek versions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The repeated call to silence (አርምም, ናርምም) and the mention of a 'book and its writer' suggest a scribal or liturgical context, where the text is read aloud and the audience is urged to listen.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘይበሊ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'light itself is in what is consumed' (ብርሃን ውእቱ ውስተ ዘይበሊ) is obscure; ዘይበሊ may mean 'what is eaten' or 'what is consumed,' possibly a metaphor for divine mystery, but the sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the chosen ones' (ኅሩያነ) is ambiguous: angels, prophets, or a specific group in Geʿez tradition.","The phrase 'light itself is in what is consumed' (ብርሃን ውእቱ ውስተ ዘይበሊ) is textually and semantically unclear; the reading taken treats it as a theological paradox.","The reference to 'a book and its writer' (ቦኑ መጽሐፍ ወጸሐፊ) may be a self-referential gloss or a metaphor for divine authority, but its exact referent is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":84,"ref":"p84","source":"ቦኑ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ስብሐት፡ ወክብር፡ በኀበ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይመልክ።\n\nኢንረክ፡ ዘከመ፡ ኃይሊ፡ ካልእ፡ ዘጽድቀ፡ ይኴንን፡ ወኢይፈቅድ፡ ይስምዖ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ ይፈርሆ፡ እጓለ፡ እመሕያው፡ ወይፈርህዎ፡ ጠቢባነ፡ ልብሂ።\n\nወእምድኅሬሁሰ፡ ኀደገ፡ በገረ፡ ኤልዩስ።\n\nChapter 38\n\nወእምዝ፡ ተሰአሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዮብ፡ በደመና፡ ወበዓውሎ።\n\nወይቤ፡ መኑ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዘየኀብእ፡ ምክረ፡ እምኔየ፡ ወይከብት፡ ነገረ፡ ውስተ፡ ልቡ፡ እምኔየሁ፡ ይሤወር።\n\nቅንት፡ ሐቌከ፡ ከመ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወእሴአለከ፡ ወእንተኒ፡ አውሥአኒ።\n\nአይቴ፡ ሀሎከ፡ አመ፡ ሣረርክዋ፡ ለምድር፡ ንግረኒ፡ እመ፡ ጠቢብ፡ አንተ።\n\nመኑ፡ ሠርዐ፡ አምጣኒሃ፡ እመ፡ ተአምር፡ ወመኑ፡ አዖደ፡ አኀባለ፡ ዲቤሃ።\n\nወዲበ፡ ምንት፡ ስቁል፡ ሕላቃቲሃ፡ ወመኑ፡ ዘአስተኀደረ፡ መዓዝኒሃ።\n\nእመ፡ ተፈጥሩ፡ ከዋክብት፡ ሰብሑኒ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ መላእክትየ፡ በዓቢይ፡ ቃል።\n\nወሐፀርክዋ፡ ለባሕር፡ በአናቅጽአመ፡ ወጽአት፡ እምከርሠ፡ እማ።","english":"There is one who is like him, great in praise and glory, in the hand of him who rules all.\n\nThere is another who is like power, a second who judges righteousness and does not permit that he be heard.\n\nAnd only the son of the living fears him, and the wise of heart fear him.\n\nAnd after that, he left in the field of Elias.\n\nChapter 38\n\nAnd after that, the Lord questioned Job in the cloud and in the storm.\n\nAnd he said: Who is the man who hides counsel from me and conceals a matter in his heart from me? He will be confounded.\n\nGird your loins like a man, and I will ask you, and you shall answer me.\n\nWhere were you when I sowed the earth? Tell me, if you are wise.\n\nWho established its measures? If you know, and who placed the yoke upon it?\n\nAnd upon what are its foundations fixed? And who set its pillars?\n\nIf the stars were created, all my angels praised me with a great voice.\n\nAnd I restrained the sea with its shores, and it came forth from the womb of the mother.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ቦኑ፡ ዘከመዝ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ስብሐት፡ ወክብር፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a series of three parallel statements (lines 1–3) contrasting a supreme being with a secondary power, before a narrative transition (line 4) introduces the Lord’s speech from the cloud in chapter 38.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢንረክ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ኢንረክ፡ (ʾənrak) is a rare form meaning 'another' or 'second', here modifying the description of a power that judges but is not heard, possibly reflecting a dualistic or angelic hierarchy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምዝ፡ ተሰአሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዮብ፡ በደመና፡ ወበዓውሎ።","severity":"info","text":"The Lord’s questioning of Job from the cloud and storm echoes Job 38:1–3, where God speaks from the whirlwind, challenging Job’s knowledge of creation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልዩስ።","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'the field of Elias' (Elisha or Elijah) is a non-biblical insertion, likely reflecting a Geʿez tradition that associates Job’s trials with prophetic figures or a local geographical setting.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሐፀርክዋ፡ ለባሕር፡ በአናቅጽአመ፡ ወጽአት፡ እምከርሠ፡ እማ።","severity":"info","text":"The image of restraining the sea with shores and its emergence from the 'womb of the mother' parallels Job 38:8–11, where God describes the sea’s boundaries and the cosmic order.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእምድኅሬሁሰ፡ ኀደገ፡ በገረ፡ ኤልዩስ።","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'after that, he left in the field of Elias' is ambiguous: it may indicate a narrative break or a textual corruption, as the subject is unclear and the reference to Elias is not found in the biblical Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'the one who is like him' and 'another who is like power' is unclear; they may refer to God and a subordinate angel or a dualistic figure.","The phrase 'he left in the field of Elias' lacks a clear subject and may be a scribal insertion or a narrative transition marker.","The Geʿez text's chapter 38 heading may not align with the biblical chapter division."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":85,"ref":"p85","source":"ወረሰይኩ፡ ላቲ፡ ደመና፡ ልብሳ፡ ወበጊሜ፡ ጠብለልክዋ።\n\nወገዘርኩ፡ ላቲ፡ ወሰነ፡ ወሤምኩ፡ ውስቴታ፡ መዓዑተ፡ ወመናሥግተ።\n\nወእቤላ፡ እስከ፡ ዝየ፡ ብጽሒ፡ ወኢትትዓደዊ፡ እምወሰንኪ፡ ዳዕሙ፡ በማእከሌኪ፡ ይትከወስ፡ ማዕበልኪ።\n\nወበላዕሌከኑ፡ ተሠርዐ፡ ጎሐ፡ ጽባሕ፡ ወኮከበ፡ ጽባሕኒ፡ አእመረ፡ ትእዛዘ።\n\nወይትመየት፡ በክንፈ፡ ምድር፡ ከመ፡ ይንጽሖሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ እምኔሃ።\n\nአንተኑ፡ ነሣእከ፡ ፅቡረ፡ እምድር፡ ወፈጠርከ፡ ዘሕያው፡ ወረሰይኮ፡ ከመ፡ ይትናገር፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር።\n\nአእተትከሁ፡ ብርሃኖሙ፡ ለኃጥአን፡ ወቀጥቀጥከሁ፡ መዝራዕቶሙ፡ ለዕቡያን።\n\nወበጻሕከኑ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድረ፡ ባሕር፡ ወአንሶሰውከኑ፡ ውስተ፡ አሠረ፡ ቀላይ።\n\nወይትረኀውኑ፡ ለከ፡ አንቀጻ፡ ሞት፡ እምግርማከ፡ ወዓፀውተ፡ ሲኦልኒ፡ ይደነግፁኑ፡ እምከመ፡ ርእዩከ።\n\nወተአምርኑ፡ ራኅበ፡ ዘታሕተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ንግረኒ፡ እስኩሚ፡ መጠኝ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወአይቴ፡ ማኅደሩ፡ ለብርሃን፡ ወአይቴ፡ ውእቱ፡ መካኑ፡ ለጽልመት።","english":"I have taken a cloud as her garment and wrapped her in a covering. I have sown for her a garment and placed within her a covering and a veil. And I said to her, \"Until here you shall come, and you shall not pass beyond your boundary. The deep shall be stirred up in your midst, and your waves shall be tossed about. And above you, the dawn has been spread, and the morning star has known the command. And it shall be carried on the wing of the earth, as it looks upon the sinners from her. You have taken up a broken one from the earth and created a living one, and I have taken her so that she may speak upon the earth. You have extinguished the light of the sinners and shattered the seed of the proud. And you have entered into the land of the sea and set her within the boundary of the abyss. And the arrows of death shall be loosed for you from your wrath, and the depths of Sheol shall tremble as if they have seen you. And you know the expanse beneath the sky; tell me how great it is. And where is the dwelling of light, and where is the place of darkness?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Lord describes wrapping a cloud as a garment and setting boundaries for it, a metaphor for divine control over natural phenomena.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ረሰይኩ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ረሰይኩ (first person singular perfect) means 'I have taken' or 'I have appointed,' here used in the sense of taking a cloud as a garment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of God speaking from a cloud and storm echoes Job 38:1, where the Lord answers Job out of the whirlwind, a key theophanic scene.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez Book of Job is part of the broader Ethiopic biblical tradition, often transmitted with commentary and liturgical use, distinct from the Masoretic or Septuagint versions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a divine speech in the narrative section following Job's complaints, marked by rhetorical questions and imperatives that assert God's authority over creation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'the arrows of death shall be loosed for you from your wrath' is ambiguous: it may refer to God's power over death or to a specific mythological motif not fully preserved in the Geʿez text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'her' (the cloud or a personified entity) is unclear; the text may personify the cloud as a female figure.","The phrase 'the deep shall be stirred up in your midst' could refer to the sea or to a cosmic abyss, with uncertain mythological referents."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":86,"ref":"p86","source":"ሰደኒ፡ እስኩ፡ ውስተ፡ ደወሎሙ።\n\nወለእመ፡ ተአምር፡ ፍኖቶሙ፡ ተአምር፡ እንከሰ፡ ከመ፡ አሜሁ፡ ተወለድከ፡ ወብዙኅ፡ ኍልቈ፡ ኣመታቲከ።\n\nበጻሕከኑ፡ ኀበ፡ መዝገበ፡ በረድ፡ ወርኢከኑ፡ ምሥያመ፡ አስሐትያ።\n\nወይትዐቀብኑ፡ ለከ፡ ለጊዜ፡ ፀርከ፡ በዕለተ፡ ጸብእ፡ ወቀትል።\n\nእምአይቴ፡ ይመጽእ፡ ሐመዳ፡ ወይትመየጥ፡ አዜብ፡ ዘታሕተ፡ ሰማይ።\n\nመኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘያጸንዖ፡ ለኃያል፡ ዝናም፡ በውስተ፡ ፍኖተ፡ በድው።\n\nከመ፡ ይዝንም፡ ብሔረ፡ በድው፡ ኀበ፡ አልቦ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወኀበ፡ ኢይነብር፡ እጓለ፡ እመሕያው።\n\nወከመ፡ ያጽግብ፡ ኀበ፡ አልቦ፡ ዕፅ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይነብር፡ ከመ፡ ያብቊል፡ ሣዕረ፡ በውስተ፡ ገዳም።\n\nመኑ፡ አቡሁ፡ ለዝናም፡ ወመኑ፡ ይወልዶ፡ ለሕንባባተ፡ ነጠብጣብ።\n\nወእምከርሠ፡ መኑ፡ ይወጽእ፡ በረድ፡ ወመኑ፡ ይወልዶ፡ ለሐመዳ፡ በሰማይ፡ ወይወርድ።\n\nወውስተ፡ አእባን፡ ይትኃብኡ፡ ማያት፡ ወከመ፡ ማይ፡ ይውኅዝ፡ ወመኑ፡ አኅሠረ፡ ገሮ፡ ለኃጥአን።\n\nወተአምርሁ፡ ማዕሠሮሙ፡ ለብዙኃን፡ ወዐቀብከኑ፡ ሙኀዘማይ፡ ወታርኁ፡ ክረምት፡ በበዓመት፡ ወታመጽኦኑ፡ ለሐጋይ፡ ድኅረ፡ በዕድሜሁ።","english":"I pursued them into their midst.\n\nAnd if you know their path, you know that you were born like them, and many are the number of your years.\n\nYou have arrived at the storehouse of hail, and you have seen the evening of the shadows.\n\nAnd it is kept for you for the time of your enemy, on the day of battle and slaughter.\n\nFrom whence does the heat come, and how is the wonder beneath the sky stirred up?\n\nWho is it that restrains the force of the rain in the path of the desert?\n\nHow does it rain in the desert region where there is no man, and where no child of the living dwells?\n\nAnd how does it make green where there is no tree, and where nothing lives, so that it causes grass to sprout in the wilderness?\n\nWho is the father of the rain, and who begets the droplets of the dew?\n\nAnd from whose womb does the hail come forth, and who begets the heat in the sky, and it descends?\n\nAnd within the stones, waters are hidden, and like water it flows; and who has gathered the anger of the sinners?\n\nAnd you know the prisons of the many, and you have kept the floodwaters, and you count the winter in each year, and you bring the summer after its season.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage shifts from the preceding divine speech about the cloud-garment to a series of rhetorical questions about natural phenomena, typical of theophanic dialogues in the Book of Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሰደኒ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ሰደኒ (sadanni) is a first-person singular perfect with enclitic pronoun, meaning 'I pursued them'. The English draft renders it as 'I pursued them into their midst', reflecting the direct object suffix.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዝናም፡","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical questions about rain, hail, and dew echo Job 38:25-30, where God challenges Job's understanding of meteorological phenomena. The Geʿez text closely follows the Septuagint tradition of Job's divine speeches.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መዝገበ፡ በረድ፡","severity":"info","text":"The 'storehouse of hail' (መዝገበ በረድ) reflects an ancient Near Eastern concept of celestial storehouses for weather phenomena, also found in the Book of Enoch and other Second Temple Jewish literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሐጋይ፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'summer' (ሐጋይ) and 'winter' (ክረምት) as seasons brought by divine agency parallels the cosmic order described in Job 38:31-33, where God controls the seasonal cycle.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"አኅሠረ፡ ገሮ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'who has gathered the anger of the sinners' (አኅሠረ ገሮ ለኃጥአን) is ambiguous: it may refer to divine punishment or to the containment of natural forces. The English draft interprets it as a rhetorical question about the origin of heat.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the first line ('I pursued them') is unclear: it may be God or Job. The phrase 'you know their path' could refer to the paths of the clouds or of the enemies mentioned earlier. The 'anger of the sinners' (ኃጥአን) may be a metaphor for natural disasters or a reference to human sin."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":87,"ref":"p87","source":"ተአምርሁ፡ ግእዞ፡ ለሰማይ፡ ወእመ፡ አኮ፡ ዘይከውን፡ በመትሕተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ኅቡረ።\n\nትክልኑ፡ ተአኃዛ፡ ለትርያ፡ ከመ፡ ኢትሑር፡ ወርኢከኑ፡ ፍኖቶ፡ ለደብራን፡ ወሙፃኦ፡፡ 34፡ ተአምርኑ፡ ጊዜሃ፡ ለብልአተናሽ፡ ወሕዋፄሃ።\n\nትጼውዖኑ፡ ለደመና፡ በቃልከ፡ ወያውሥአከኑ፡ ማይ፡ ብዙኅ፡ እንዘ፡ ይርዕድ።\n\nወትፌኑሁ፡ ፀዓዐ፡ ወየሐውር፡ ወይብለከ፡ ምንት፡ ውስቱ።\n\nወመኑ፡ ወሀቦን፡ ለእንስሳት፡ ጥበበ፡ ከመ፡ ይእንማ፡ ወአአኢ፡ አሁ፡ ትምህርተ።\n\nመኑ፡ ኈለቆ፡ ለደመና፡ በጥበቡ፡ ወአጽነኖ፡ ለሰማይ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር።\n\nወተክዕወ፡ ላዕለ፡ ምድር፡ ወአስተጣበቅዎ፡ ከመ፡ እብነ፡ ኰኵሕ።\n\nወነዐውከኑ፡ አናብስተ፡ መስዕ፡ ወታጸምምኑ፡ ነፍሰ፡ አክይስት።\n\nወቦኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ግበቢሆሙ፡ ወይነብሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ኦም፡ ወያስተሐይጹ።\n\nወመኑ፡ ዘያስተዳሉ፡ ሲሳየ፡ ለቋዓት፡ ወየአወይዉ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሐየር፡ እጐሊሆሙ፡ ወየኃሥሡ፡ ዘይበልዑ።\n\nChapter 39\n\nተአምርሁ፡ ጊዜ፡ ይትወለድ፡ ኃየል፡ ወዐቀብኮኑ፡ በውስተ፡ ማሕምም።","english":"Do you know its course, the course of the sky? And if not, what can exist beneath the sky together?\n\nDo you know the taking of the rainbow, like a traveler? And have you seen its path, the path of the clouds, and their exit? 34. Do you know the time of the she-wolf and her whelps?\n\nDo you command the clouds with your voice, and do they pour down much water for you while it thunders?\n\nAnd do you send the storm, and does it go, and does it tell you what is within it?\n\nAnd who gave to the beasts wisdom, that they know and understand? Ah, now, instruction!\n\nWho counted the clouds with his wisdom, and suspended the sky above the earth?\n\nAnd it was established upon the earth, and they fixed it like a stone of hail.\n\nAnd do you know the lions of the forest, and do you silence the soul of the serpents?\n\nAnd they entered into their dens, and they dwell in the cave, and they hide.\n\nAnd who distributes food for the partridges, and they go down to the Lord of the House, their young, and they seek what they will eat?\n\nChapter 39\n\nDo you know the time when the wild goat is born, and have you kept watch in the thicket?","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 39","severity":"info","text":"The passage ends with a chapter heading, 'Chapter 39', which marks a structural division in the Geʿez text. The preceding passage (p87) is classified as narrative, but the content is a series of rhetorical questions, typical of the divine speeches in Job.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ተአምርሁ (taʾammar-šā)","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ተአምርሁ' (taʾammar-šā) is a 2nd person singular interrogative form meaning 'do you know?'. It recurs throughout the passage, emphasizing human ignorance of divine creation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ትርያ (ṭəryā)","severity":"info","text":"The word 'ትርያ' (ṭəryā) is translated as 'rainbow' in the English draft. In Geʿez, it can also mean 'arc' or 'bow', and its use here evokes the natural phenomenon as a sign of divine power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ብልአተናሽ (bəlʿat-ənašər)","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ብልአተናሽ' (bəlʿat-ənašər) is translated as 'she-wolf'. In the Ethiopic tradition, wolves and other wild animals often symbolize untamed nature, and the reference to the she-wolf and her whelps underscores the theme of hidden natural processes.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወመኑ ዘያስተዳሉ ሲሳየ ለቋዓት (wa-mannu za-yastaddālu səssāya la-qwāʿāt)","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question 'Who distributes food for the partridges?' echoes the divine speeches in the Book of Job (e.g., Job 38–39), where God questions Job about the natural world to demonstrate human ignorance. This passage is a Geʿez adaptation of that theme.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወነዐውከኑ አናብስተ መስዕ (wa-naʿawka-nu ʾanābsəta masʿ)","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ወነዐውከኑ አናብስተ መስዕ' (wa-naʿawka-nu ʾanābsəta masʿ) is translated as 'do you know the lions of the forest?'. The Geʿez word 'ነዐውከኑ' is a variant spelling of 'ተአምርኑ' (taʾammar-nu), and the text may have a scribal error or orthographic variation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text has several variant spellings (e.g., 'ነዐውከኑ' for 'ተአምርኑ'), which may indicate scribal inconsistency or dialectal variation.","The phrase 'ኅቡረ' (ḫəbura) in line 1 is ambiguous: it could mean 'together' (as in the English draft) or 'in union', affecting the interpretation of the rhetorical question."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":88,"ref":"p88","source":"ወኈለቈኑ፡ አውራኂሁ፡ ማእዜ፡ ይትወለድ፡ ወፈታሕ፡ ኮኑ፡ እምሕማም።\n\nወሰሰይኮሙኑ፡ ለደቂቁ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ፍርሃት፡ ወታአትትኑ፡ ሕማሞሙ።\n\nወያመሥጡ፡ እጐሊሆሙ፡ ወትዝኁ፡ ወይትዋለዱ፡ ወይወጽኡ፡ ወኢይገብኡ፡ ኀቤሆሙ።\n\nወመኑ፡ ዘአግአዞ፡ ለሐልስትዮ፡ ወመኑ፡ ፈትሐ፡ ማእሠሮ።\n\nወረሰየ፡ ሎቱ፡ ገዳመ፡ ንብረቶ፡ ወማኅደሮሂ፡ ውስተ፡ ፄው።\n\nወይስሕቆሙ፡ ለበረዙኀን፡ አሕዛብ፡ ወኢይሰምዕ፡ ድምፀ፡ ዘይጌርሞ።\n\nወየዓይል፡ ውስተ፡ ገዳም፡ ይትረዐይ፡ ወኀበ፡ ሐመልማል፡ ይዴግን።\n\nወይፈቅድኑ፡ ይትቀነይ፡ ለከ፡ አርዌ፡ ሐሪስ፡ ወይበይት፡ ውስተ፡ ቤትከ።\n\nወተአዕሮኑ፡ በመዕመድ፡ ወትወዲ፡ አርዑተ፡ ውስተ፡ ክሣዱ፡ ወጠሐርስ፡ ለከ፡ ትልመ፡ ገራውሂከ።\n\nወትተፊ፡ ከላዕሌሁ፡ እስመ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ኃይሉ፡ ወተኀድግ፡ ዲቤሁ፡ ተግባረከ።\n\nወትትአመኖ፡ ከመ፡ ያእቱ፡ ለከ፡ ተግባረ፡ ማእረርከ፡ ወያመጽእ፡ ለከ፡ እክለከ።\n\nሰገኖ፡ ዘታዘልፍ፡ ወትነብር፡ ወእምከመ፡ ፀንሰት፡ ትፈቅድ፡ ትብላዕ፡ ወታፀምእ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ዕዘኒሃ።","english":"And its young, its foals, when are they born? And are they released from pain?\n\nAnd have you hidden the little ones without fear? And do you know their pain?\n\nAnd they play in their fields, and they are strong, and they are born, and they go out, and they do not enter their homes.\n\nAnd who brought the wild ass? And who loosened its rope?\n\nAnd he set for it a desert as its dwelling, and its lair in the thicket.\n\nAnd it laughs at the swift peoples, and it does not hear the sound of one who pursues it.\n\nAnd it goes up into the desert, it is seen, and it grazes on the grass.\n\nAnd do you desire to be clothed for yourself, O wild beast of the field, and to dwell in your house?\n\nAnd it is taught with a bridle, and it carries a load on its back, and it plows for you, and it threshes your grain.\n\nAnd it bears behind it, for its strength is great, and it abandons your work upon it.\n\nAnd it trusts that it will come to you, the work of your plowing, and it will bring you your food.\n\nIts offspring that you pass by, and it lives; and like a pregnant woman, it desires to eat, and it thirsts in the earth, its ear.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሰሰይኮሙኑ ለደቂቁ ዘእንበለ ፍርሃት","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from interrogatives about wild animals to a series of declarative statements describing their behavior, marking a structural transition in the divine speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሐልስትዮ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ሐልስትዮ (ḥalstyo) is a hapax legomenon in this context, likely referring to a 'wild ass' or 'onager,' as rendered in the English draft.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ወይስሕቆሙ ለበረዙኀን አሕዛብ","severity":"info","text":"The description of the wild ass laughing at swift peoples reflects a common trope in ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature, emphasizing the untamed nature of wild animals.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወትተፊ ከላዕሌሁ","severity":"info","text":"The image of the domesticated animal bearing loads and plowing parallels similar themes in Job 39:9-12, where the wild ass is contrasted with the domesticated ox.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወታፀምእ ውስተ ምድር ዕዘኒሃ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause 'and it thirsts in the earth, its ear' is obscure; the Geʿez may be corrupt or elliptical, and the English draft's rendering is tentative.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ወይፈቅድኑ ይትቀነይ ለከ አርዌ ሐሪስ","severity":"info","text":"The rhetorical question about the wild beast desiring to be clothed and dwell in a house is interpreted in Ethiopic commentary as a critique of human presumption, a theme echoed in later monastic literature.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of ሐልስትዮ (ḥalstyo) is uncertain; it may be a specific species of wild ass or a generic term for a wild equine.","The final clause about the offspring's ear and thirst is syntactically unclear; the Geʿez may be damaged or the reading conjectural."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":89,"ref":"p89","source":"ወተኀዕን፡ ውስተ፡ መሬት፡ እጐሊሃ፡ ወታኀድጎሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ወለደት፡ ወትከይድ፡ አራዊት።\n\nወታልህቅ፡ ደቂቃ፡ ወተኃድህ፡ ህየ፡ ወበከንቱ፡ ትፃሙ፡ ወተሐምም፡ ወአልባቲ፡ ፍርሀት።\n\nእስመ፡ ወሀባ፡ ላቲ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ጥበበ፡ ወከፈላ፡ ምክረ፡ ወጥበበ።\n\nወበዓመቱ፡ ታቸውኅ፡ ወታልኅቅ፡ ወትስሕቅ፡ ዲበ፡ ፈረስ፡ ወዘይፄዓኖ።\n\nወአንተኑ፡ ወሀብኮ፡ ኃይለለፈረስ፡ ወአልቦስኮ፡ ግርማ፡ ዲበ፡ ክሳዱ።\n\nወአስተረደይኮኑ፡ ለቀትል፡ በንዋየ፡ ሐቅል።\n\nወበግርማ፡ እንግድዓሁ፡ እንዘ፡ ይረውጽ፡ ያዐምቅ፡ ምድረ፡ በእግሩ፡ ወይመጽአ፡ ገዳመ፡ በኃይሉ።\n\nወይስሕቆ፡ ለሐዕ፡ ዘይትቤቀሎ፡ ወኢይትመየጥ፡ እም፡ ሐፅ፡፡ 22፡ ወበላዕሌሁ፡ ይጸንዕ፡ ቀስተ፡ ወመጥባሕት፡ ወኲናት።\n\nወበመዓቱ፡ ያማስን፡ ምድረ፡ ወኢይትአመን፡ እንከ፡ እስከ፡ ሶበ፡ ይትነፋሕ፡ ቀርን።\n\nወእምከመ፡ ተነፍሐ፡ ቀርን፡ ይብል፡ እንቋፅእምርኁቅ፡ ወያፄንዎ፡ ለቀትል።\n\nወበጥበበከኑ፡ ይቀውም፡ ሆባይ፡ ሰፊሖ፡ ከነፊሁ፡ ወኢይትሐወስ፡ ተመይጦ፡ መንገለ፡ ደም።","english":"And she hides them in the earth, her foals, and she abandons them where she gave birth, and she conceals them from the wild beasts.\n\nAnd she suckles the little ones, and she hides them there, and in vain do they seek them and suffer, and they have no fear.\n\nFor the Lord has given her wisdom and has bestowed upon her counsel and wisdom.\n\nAnd in her year she conceives and suckles and laughs upon the horse and its rider.\n\nAnd you have given strength to the horse, and you have placed a mane upon its neck.\n\nAnd you have taught it to kill with the weapons of the field.\n\nAnd with its mane, like a lion, while it runs, it tramples the earth with its foot, and it comes to the wilderness with its strength.\n\nAnd it laughs at the arrow that is shot at it, and it is not wounded by the arrow. 22. And above it, the bow and arrow and spears are strong.\n\nAnd in its anger it tramples the earth, and it is not trusted until the horn is blown.\n\nAnd when the horn is blown, it says, \"I am the swift one,\" and it goes forth to kill.\n\nAnd by your wisdom, my beloved, it stands, spreading its wings, and it is not disturbed, having turned the course of blood.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተኀዕን","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'takhāʿana' (hide) governs the clause: the wild ass hides her foals in the earth, a protective act contrasted with domestic animals.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"እግዚአብሔር","severity":"info","text":"The divine name 'Egziʾabəḥer' (Lord) appears as the source of wisdom and counsel given to the wild ass, emphasizing divine providence in nature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ፈረስ","severity":"info","text":"The horse (faras) is depicted as a war animal, trained to kill with weapons, reflecting the Ethiopic military context where horses were central to cavalry.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"22","severity":"info","text":"The number 22 marks a verse division in the Geʿez text, likely corresponding to a chapter or stichometric unit in the Ethiopic Job tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወበጥበበከኑ","severity":"info","text":"The final line addresses 'my beloved' (hobay), a direct address to God or a human interlocutor, paralleling similar apostrophes in Job's dialogues.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ሰፊሖ ከነፊሁ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'spreading its wings' is ambiguous: it may refer to a bird (perhaps an eagle) or be a metaphorical extension of the horse imagery; the text shifts abruptly.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the subject in the final lines (horse, bird, or another animal) is unclear; the text may conflate multiple creatures.","The phrase 'turning the course of blood' (ተመይጦ መንገለ ደም) is obscure, possibly a medical or sacrificial reference."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":90,"ref":"p90","source":"ወባትእዛዝከኑ፡ ይትሌዓል፡ ንስር፡ ወአውስትኒ፡ ሐቂፎ፡ እጐሉሁ፡ ይበይት።\n\nወውስተ፡ በዓታተ፡ ኰኵሕ፡ የኀድር፡ ወየኃብእ፡ ህየ፡ እጐሊሁ።\n\nወአንቢሮ፡ ይረውጹ፡ ኀበ፡ ደም፡ ወኀበ፡ ቦ፡ በድን፡ ይባጽሑ፡ ሶቤሃ።\n\nChapter 40\n\nወተሰጥዎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ወይቤሎ።\n\nምስለ፡ ቢጽከኑ፡ ዘትትዋቀሥ፡ አንተ፡ ከመ፡ ትትዋሣእ፡ እንዘ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ይዘልፈከ።\n\nወተሰጥዎ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤሎ።\n\nምንት፡ ብየ፡ ዘአወሥእ፡ እንዘ፡ ትሜህረኒ፡ ወምንትኑ፡ አነ፡ ከመ፡ እትዋቀሥ፡ ምስለ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እነዘ፡ ዘንተ፡ አሰምዕ፡ ወምንትኑ፡ ዘአወሥአ፡ አነ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዘእወዲ፡ እዴየ፡ ዲበ፡ አፉየ።\n\nምዕረ፡ ነበብኩ፡ ወኢይደግም፡ እንከ።\n\nወዓዲ፡ ተሠጥዎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዮብ፡ እምደመና፡ ወይቤሎ።\n\nዳዕሙ፡ ቅንት፡ ሐቌከ፡ ከመ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወእሴአለከ፡ ወአንተ፡ አውሥአኒ።\n\nወአመ፡ አኮ፡ ኅደግ፡ ፍትሕየ፡ ይመስለከኑ፡ ካልእ፡ ዘይኴንነከ፡ ዳዕሙ፡ ከመ፡ ታስተርኢ፡ ጽድቀከ።","english":"And the eagle commands, and the vulture ascends, and it hides its young in the hollows. And in the caves of the rocks it dwells, and it conceals its young there. And the young ones run to blood and to a corpse, and they hasten there.\n\nChapter 40\n\nAnd the Lord answered Job and said to him: \"With my strength, with which you contend, you, as you contend, while the Lord mocks you.\"\n\nAnd Job answered the Lord and said to him: \"What have I accomplished, while you teach me? And what am I, that I should contend with the Lord, that I have heard this? And what have I accomplished, I, without my hand upon my mouth? I have spoken once, and I will not repeat again.\"\n\nAnd again the Lord answered Job from the cloud and said to him: \"Gird your loins like a man, and I will ask you, and you answer me. And if not, let my judgment be upon you. Does it seem to you another who will judge you? Gird yourself so that you may show your righteousness.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a description of animal behavior (eagle and vulture) to a dialogue between God and Job, marked by the chapter heading 'Chapter 40' in the English draft.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ወባትእዛዝከኑ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb 'ወባትእዛዝከኑ፡' (wa-bātiʾazzāz-kannu) is a form of 'to command' or 'to give orders,' here rendered as 'commands' for the eagle, though the subject is ambiguous in the Geʿez.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተሰጥዎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዮብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'And the Lord answered Job' echoes the biblical pattern of divine speeches in Job 38–41, though the specific wording here is a Geʿez paraphrase rather than a direct translation of the Hebrew.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text includes a unique addition where Job says 'I have spoken once, and I will not repeat again,' which is not found in the Hebrew or Greek versions of Job, reflecting a local interpretive tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft translates 'ወአንተ፡ አውሥአኒ።' as 'and you answer me,' but the Geʿez verb 'አውሥአኒ።' (ʾawṣiʾani) could also mean 'and you cause me to answer,' introducing ambiguity about who initiates the response.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of vultures and eagles hiding young in caves and running to blood and corpses reflects naturalistic imagery common in Ethiopic exegetical expansions of the Job narrative, possibly drawing on local fauna.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez verb 'ወባትእዛዝከኑ፡' may be read as a singular or plural command; the English takes it as singular ('commands').","The phrase 'ወአንተ፡ አውሥአኒ።' is ambiguous between 'and you answer me' and 'and you cause me to answer'; the English draft chooses the former."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":91,"ref":"p91","source":"መዝራፅትከኑ፡ ከመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወቃልከኑ፡ ከመ፡ ነጐድጓድ።\n\nልበስ፡ እስኩ፡ ኃይለ፡ ዘእምአርያም፡ ወተረሠይ፡ በክብር፡ ወበስብሐት።\n\nወፈኑ፡ መላእክተ፡ ሞት፡ ወአኅሥሮ፡ ለጸላኢከ።\n\nወአጥፍኦሙ፡ ለዕቡያን፡ ወበጊዜሃ፡ ድፍኖሙ፡ ለረሲዓን፡ ወአብልዮሙ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ በአፍኣ።\n\nወምላእ፡ ውስተ፡ ገጾሙ፡ ኀሣረ፡ ወኅብኦሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ምድር፡ በአፍኣ።\n\nወአነሂ፡ አአምነከ፡ ከመ፡ ትክል፡ የማንከ፡ አድኅኖ።\n\nወናሁ፡ አራዊትኒ፡ በኀቤከ፡ ከመ፡ እንስሳ፡ ይትረዐይ፡ ሣዕረ።\n\nወናሁ፡ ኃይሉ፡ ውስተ፡ ሐቌሁ፡ ወጽንዑ፡ ውስተ፡ ኅንብርተ፡ ከርሡ።\n\nወአቀመ፡ ዘባኖ፡ (ዘነቦ)፡ ከመ፡ ዕፀቄጵርስስ፡ ወሥረዊሁኒ፡ ጽፉር።\n\nወአፅዕምተ፡ ገበዋቲሁኒ፡ ዘብርት፡ ወአፅዕምተ፡ ዘባኑሂ፡ ዘሐፂን፡ ስብኮ።\n\nዝ፡ ውእቱ፡ ቀዳሜ፡ ተግባሩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወተገቢሮሂ፡ ሰሐቅዎ፡ መላእክቲሁ።\n\nወሖረ፡ ውስተ፡ ደብር፡ ነዋኅ፡ ወገበወረ፡ ብሔረ፡ ለእንስሳሁ፡ በውስተ፡ ቊር።","english":"Your righteousness is like the Lord, and your voice is like thunder.\n\nClothe yourself with the power from above, and be adorned with glory and praise.\n\nAnd send forth the angels of death, and destroy your enemy.\n\nAnd annihilate the proud, and in her time crush the wicked, and swallow them together into the earth in the abyss.\n\nAnd fill their faces with shame, and hide them in the earth in the abyss.\n\nAnd I also believe in you, that you will save the right hand of the one who trusts.\n\nAnd behold, the wild beasts also before you, like an animal, graze the grass.\n\nAnd behold, his strength is in his loins, and his firmness is in the sinews of his belly.\n\nAnd he set up his tail like a cedar, and his mane is rough.\n\nAnd the points of his horns are of iron, and the point of his tail is of bronze, its sting.\n\nThis is the first deed of the Lord, and his angels have hidden his work.\n\nAnd he went into the mountain of rest, and he provided a place for his animals in the desert.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"መዝራፅትከኑ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መዝራፅትከኑ (mazrāṣtəka-nu) is a second-person singular possessive form of መዝራፅት (mazrāṣt, 'righteousness'), with the enclitic -nu. It reflects the Ethiopic rendering of the Hebrew concept of righteousness in Job's speech.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"መላእክተ ሞት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'angels of death' (መላእክተ ሞት) echoes the Old Testament concept of destroying angels, as in Exodus 12:23 or 2 Samuel 24:16, but is not a direct quotation. It reflects the Ethiopic tradition's elaboration of divine agents.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ዘብርት","severity":"info","text":"The term ዘብርት (zabrt, 'iron') and ዘሐፂን (zaḥāqīn, 'bronze') indicate the use of metal imagery for the animal's horns and tail, common in ancient Near Eastern descriptions of mythical beasts, possibly influenced by the Behemoth and Leviathan passages in Job 40.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዝ ውእቱ ቀዳሜ ተግባሩ","severity":"info","text":"The line 'This is the first deed of the Lord' (ዝ ውእቱ ቀዳሜ ተግባሩ) marks a structural break, summarizing the preceding description of divine power and introducing a new narrative segment about the Lord's work and the angels' concealment.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"ወሖረ ውስተ ደብር ነዋኅ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'went into the mountain of rest' (ደብር ነዋኅ) may reflect the Ethiopic Christian tradition of associating divine retreat with a sacred mountain, possibly alluding to Mount Sinai or a local Ethiopian tradition of a resting place for God.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘነቦ","severity":"caution","text":"The word ዘነቦ (zanāto) in parentheses is a textual variant or gloss; the base text reads ዘባኖ (zabāno, 'his tail'). The parenthetical insertion may indicate a scribal correction or alternative reading, but its source is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in the first half (vv. 1-6) is ambiguous: it could be Job addressing God, or God addressing Job, as the previous passage ends with God speaking. The draft translation assumes Job speaking, but the Geʿez does not clarify.","The phrase 'her time' (በጊዜሃ) in line 4 is ambiguous: it may refer to a feminine entity (e.g., the earth or a personified time) or be a scribal error for a masculine form."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":92,"ref":"p92","source":"ወይሰክብ፡ ታሕተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዕፅ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰት፡ ወሰማዝ፡ ወብርዕ።\n\nወይጼልሎ፡ አመ፡ ዳዕሮ፡ ወአብትረ፡ ልብኔ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ መጽአ፡ ማይ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ኢያነክሮ፡ ወይትአመን፡ ከመ፡ ይትሜጠዎ፡ ለዮርዳኖስ፡ በአፉሁ።\n\nወይትዌከፎ፡ በዓይኑ፡ ወይትየመጥ፡ ወየዓቅብ፡ አንፎ።\n\nወታመጽኦኑ፡ ለከይሲ፡ በመሥገርት፡ ወትወዲ፡ ሎቱ፡ ዝማማተ፡ ውስተ፡ አንፉ።\n\nወተአስር፡ ሎቱ፡ ኀልቀተ፡ ውስተ፡ ሕልበቱ፡ ወትሰቊር፡ አንፎ፡ በኅርወት።\n\nወያመሥአከ፡ ለከ፡ እንዘ፡ ይትጋነይ፡ ወይዬውሃከ።\n\nወይትካየድኑ፡ ምስሌከ፡ ኪዳነ፡ ወትነሥኦ፡ ለከ፡ ምስሌከ፡ ይኩንከ፡ ገብረ፡ ዘለዓለም።\n\nወተአስሮኑ፡ ከመ፡ ዖፈ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ወትትዋነዮ፡ ከመ፡ ዖፍ።\n\nወአሕዛብኒ፡ ይትጋነዩ፡ ሎቱ፡ ወይትዌከፍዎ፡ ሕዝበ፡ ፊንቆን።\n\nወአመ፡ ኵሉ፡ አዕዋፍ፡ ተጋብኡ፡ ኢያመጽኡ፡ አሐተ፡ እማእሰ፡ ዘባኑ፡ ወኢመሠግራን፡ በአሕማር፡ ርእሶ።\n\nወትወዲ፡ እዴከ፡ ሎቱ፡ ለገሢሦቱ፡ ተዘከር፡ ዘፀብዓከ፡ በሥጋከ፡ ወኢትድግም፡ እንከ፡፡ 33፡ ወርኢከሂ፡ ነገሮ፡ ወኢፈራህከ፡ ወኢያንከርከ፡ እስመ፡ ሊተ፡ አስተዳለውከ።","english":"And it shall lie under every tree in the field and in the thicket and the cold.\n\nAnd it shall be shaded when the plow is driven and the heart is broken.\n\nAnd if much water comes, it shall be scorched, and it shall be believed that it will swallow the Jordan with its mouth.\n\nAnd it shall be adorned in its eye, and it shall be made ready, and it shall wait for its face.\n\nAnd you shall bring it to the potter with a bridle, and you shall put a muzzle into its face.\n\nAnd you shall bind a halter around its neck, and you shall close its face with a seal.\n\nAnd it shall bring you to you while it plays and rejoices you.\n\nAnd it shall make a covenant with you, and you shall take it for yourself, and it shall be with you as your servant forever.\n\nAnd you shall bind it like a bird of the children, and you shall tame it like a bird.\n\nAnd the peoples shall play for it, and the people of Phoenicia shall adorn it.\n\nAnd when all the birds gather, they shall bring one from among its flock, and they shall not bridle it with a donkey's head.\n\nAnd you shall put your hand to it for its shearing; remember your hunt in your flesh, and do not forget yourself. 33. And your companion told it, and you did not fear, and you did not deny, for I have prepared you for myself.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይሰክብ","severity":"info","text":"The opening verb 'and it shall lie' likely refers to a beast or object of the preceding discourse, continuing the theme of subjugation or domestication.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ወይትአመን","severity":"info","text":"The verb 'it shall be believed' (ወይትአመን) is a passive of the root 'to believe/trust', but here it may carry an ironic or hyperbolic sense, as the image of swallowing the Jordan is fantastical.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"ዮርዳኖስ","severity":"info","text":"The Jordan River (ዮርዳኖስ) is a prominent geographical and symbolic feature in biblical and Ethiopic tradition, often representing a boundary or source of life.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢትድግም","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'do not forget yourself' (ወኢትድግም እንከ) echoes wisdom admonitions in Job and Proverbs about self-awareness and humility.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"33","severity":"info","text":"The number 33 appears in the Geʿez text, likely a verse or section marker, indicating a scribal or editorial division within the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወይትዌከፎ","severity":"caution","text":"The verb 'it shall be adorned' (ወይትዌከፎ) is ambiguous; it could also mean 'it shall be watched' or 'it shall be prepared', depending on the root (ወከፈ vs. ወከፈ with different vocalization).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The subject of the passage is unclear—whether a beast, a personified entity, or a metaphorical object—and the sequence of actions (binding, adorning, covenant) may be allegorical or literal.","The phrase 'people of Phoenicia' (ሕዝበ ፊንቆን) is a rare geographical reference in Geʿez Job, possibly a scribal addition or cultural gloss."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":93,"ref":"p93","source":"Chapter 41\n\nመኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘጥትቃወመኒ።\n\nወመኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይትዋሥአኒ፡ ወየሐዩ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘታሕተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ዚአየ፡ ውእቱ።\n\nወኢያረምም፡ በእንቲአሁ፡ ወቃለ፡ ኃይል፡ ይሣሃሎ፡ ለዘከማሁ።\n\nወመኑ፡ ዘይቀፍጽ፡ ግልባቤ፡ ገጹ፡ ወመኑ፡ ይበእው፡ ውስተ፡ ማኅበርተ፡ እብግድዓሁ።\n\nወመኑ፡ ያርኁ፡ መዓፁተ፡ ዘቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ ወዖዶ፡ ለሥነኒሁ፡ ግርማ።\n\nወአማዑቲሂኒ፡ አራዊት፡ ዘብርት፡ ወቊጽረቱኒ፡ ከመ፡ እብነ፡ ኰኵሕ።\n\nወአሐዱ፡ ምስለ፡ ካልኡ፡ ተጣበቀ፡ ወመንፈስሂ፡ ኢይበርሮ።\n\nወያስተላክዕ፡ ብእሴ፡ ምስለ፡ እኁሁ፡ ይጣበቁ፡ ወኢይትፋትሑ።\n\nወበዕጠሱ፡ ይበርቅ፡ ብርሃነ፡ ወአዕይንቲሁ፡ ከመ፡ ኮከበ፡ ጽባሕ።\n\nወእምአፉሁ፡ ይወጽአ፡ መኃትው፡ ዘይነድድ፡ ወይዌሩ፡ አፍሐመ።\n\nወእምአንፉ፡ ይወጽእ፡ ጢስ፡ ከመ፡ እቶን፡ ዘይነድድ፡ በአፍሐመ፡ እሳት።\n\nነፍሱሂ፡ ፍሕም፡ ይእቲ፡ ወነበልባል፡ ይወጽእ፡ እምአፉሁ፡፡ 13፡ ወውስተ፡ ክሳዱ፡ ኃደረ፡ ኃይል፡ ወወዓለ፡ ሞት፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ለዘይሬእዮ።","english":"Chapter 41\n\nWho is it that can shoot at me with an arrow?\n\nAnd who is it that can approach me and live? And everything under the sky is mine.\n\nAnd he does not grieve for me, and the voice of power helps him who is like me.\n\nAnd who can turn back the appearance of his face? And who can enter into the midst of his jaws?\n\nAnd who can count the scales before his face? And the greatness of his teeth is set.\n\nAnd his limbs are like iron, and his hardness is like a stone of flint.\n\nAnd one is joined to another, and his spirit does not pass through.\n\nAnd a man sends forth with his brother; they are joined and are not separated.\n\nAnd in his eyes, light flashes, and his eyes are like the morning star.\n\nAnd from his mouth comes forth a fire that burns and kindles a flame.\n\nAnd from his nose comes forth smoke like a burning furnace in a flame of fire.\n\nHis soul is a flame, and a spark comes forth from his mouth. 13. And in his neck dwells power, and the face of death is before him who sees him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 41","severity":"info","text":"This passage is the opening of chapter 41 in the Geʿez text, continuing the divine speech from the whirlwind with a series of rhetorical questions about a powerful creature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጥትቃወመኒ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez verb ጥትቃወመኒ (ṭətqawamäni) means 'shoot at me with an arrow,' reflecting the hunting imagery of the passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"እብነ ኰኵሕ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'stone of flint' (እብነ ኰኵሕ) evokes the Ethiopian highland landscape where flint is common, grounding the description in local material culture.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ ኮከበ ጽባሕ","severity":"info","text":"The comparison of eyes to the 'morning star' (ኮከበ ጽባሕ) parallels similar imagery in other ancient Near Eastern descriptions of divine or monstrous beings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Chapter 41","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, this chapter is often interpreted as describing the Leviathan, a sea monster symbolizing chaos overcome by divine power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢየሐዩ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'and he does not grieve for me' (ወኢየሐዩ) is ambiguous; it may mean the creature feels no pity or that the speaker is not mourned.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker (God or Job) is not explicit in the Geʿez; the rhetorical questions could be God's challenge or Job's lament.","The phrase 'and he does not grieve for me' (ወኢየሐዩ) is syntactically ambiguous: the subject could be the creature or an unspecified third party."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":94,"ref":"p94","source":"ሥጋ፡ ነፍስቱ፡ ጥቡቅ፡ ወእመሂ፡ ሦጡ፡ እብነ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ኢይትሐወስ።\n\nወልቡሂ፡ ጽኑዕ፡ እብነ፡ ጾላዕ፡ ወይቀውም፡ ከመ፡ ወሬዛ፡ ንኡስ።\n\nወእመሂ፡ ተመይጠ፡ ይሜምዑ፡ ኵሊ፡ አራዊተ፡ ገዳም፡ ወእንስሳ፡ ወዘይትሐወስ፡ ዲበ፡ ምድር።\n\nወእመሂ፡ ጠበቆ፡ ኵያንው፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይሬስዮ።\n\nረምሕ፡ ወልብሰ፡ ሐፂም፡ ከመ፡ ኃሠር፡ እሙንቱ፡ በቅድሜሁ፡ ወብርትኒ፡ ከመ፡ ዕፅ፡ ብኍቡኍ።\n\nወኢይሰቊሮ፡ ቀስተ፡ ብርት፡ ወእብንኒ፡ ከመ፡ ኃሠር፡ ወይመስሎ፡ ብርዐ፡ መፍጽሕ፡ ወይሰብክ፡ ላዕለ፡ እብን፡ ዓቢይ።\n\nወምስካቡሂ፡ ሐውልት፡ ዓቢይ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ወርቀ፡ ባሕር፡ በኀቤሁ፡ ከመ፡ ጽቡር፡ ዘአልቦ፡ ኍልቊ።\n\nወያንሰአስኣ፡ ለሲኦል፡ ከመ፡ ጽሕርት፡ ወባሕርኒ፡ በድወ፡ ይመስሎ።\n\nወቊረ፡ ሲኦልኒ፡ ከመ፡ ፄው፡ ወረሰያ፡ ለሲኦል፡ ከመ፡ ኀበ፡ ያንሶሱ።\n\nወአልቦ፡ በዲበ፡ ምድር፡ ወኢምንትኒ፡ ዘከማሁ፡ ወተፈጢሮ፡ ሰሐቁ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ መላእክቲሁ።\n\nወይሬኢ፡ ኵሎ፡ ነዋኀ፡ ወውእቱ፡ ምጉሦሙ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ሰማይ።","english":"His flesh is solid, and if a stone is thrown upon him, it does not break.\n\nAnd his heart is hard, like a stone of hail, and it stands like a low wall.\n\nAnd if he is wounded, all the wild beasts and domestic animals of the desert are troubled, and those who move upon the earth.\n\nAnd if he is struck, there is no one who can wound him.\n\nA spear and a garment of iron are like grass before him, and a sword is like a piece of wood in his hand.\n\nAnd a bow of iron does not bend him, and stones are like grass, and he considers a sharp arrow as a joke, and he shatters a great stone.\n\nAnd his dwelling is a great vault, and all the gold of the sea is with him like a broken thing that has no value.\n\nAnd he swallows up Sheol like a small cup, and the sea is like a drop to him.\n\nAnd the heat of Sheol is like a fire, and he has appointed Sheol as a place where he swallows.\n\nAnd there is none upon the earth, nor anything like him, and his angels have spread their wings over him.\n\nAnd he sees all the prophets, and he is the destroyer of all that is in the sky.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of the beast's invulnerability and cosmic power continues the hyperbolic style of the previous passage, emphasizing its divine or demonic nature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሲኦል","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'siʾol' (Sheol) is used here as a personified underworld entity, swallowed like a cup, reflecting a blending of Hebrew and Ethiopic cosmological imagery.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The image of the beast swallowing Sheol and the sea echoes ancient Near Eastern chaos monster myths, adapted in Ethiopic tradition to illustrate Job's theme of divine power beyond human comprehension.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is part of a longer divine speech in Job, using repetitive rhetorical questions and hyperbole to assert the creature's supremacy, typical of the book's poetic structure.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"In Ethiopic Christian exegesis, this passage is often interpreted allegorically as representing the power of God or the futility of human pride, though the literal reading remains prominent.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1688Job","label":"source edition: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the beast is ambiguous: it may be a mythical creature, a symbol of divine power, or a reference to the Leviathan from earlier chapters."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":95,"ref":"p95","source":"Chapter 42\n\nወተሠጥዎ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቤ።\n\nአእምሮ፡ አአምር፡ ከመ፡ ኵሎ፡ ትክል፡ ወኵሉ፡ ይትከሀለከ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይሰአነከ።\n\nመኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘየህብአከ፡ ምክረ፡ ወዘይምህከ፡ ነገር፡ ውስተ፡ ልቡ፡ ወእምኔጀኑ፡ ዘይሤውር፡ ይመስሎ፡ ወመኑ፡ ይነግረኒ፡ ዘኢየአምር፡ ዓቢያተ፡ መንክራት፡ ዘኢርኢኩ።\n\nስምዐኒ፡ እንግርከ፡ እግዚእየ፡ አነ፡ እሴእለከ፡ ወአንተ፡ መሀረኒ።\n\nሰሚዐሰ፡ ሰማዕኩ፡ ቅድመ፡ በዕዝንየ፡ ወይእዜሰ፡ ርኢኩከ፡ በአዕይንትየ።\n\nወባሕቱ፡ በዘተዛለፍኩ፡ ተመሰውኩ፡ አአምር፡ አነ፡ ከመ፡ መሬት፡ ወሐመድ፡ ርእስየ።\n\nወእምድኅረ፡ ተናገሮ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ዘንተ፡ ነገረ፡ ይቤሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኤልፋዝ፡ ቴሜናዊ፡ አበስክሙ፡ አንተ፡ ወክልኤቱ፡ አዕርክቲከ፡ እስመ፡ ኢተናገርክሙ፡ ጽድቀ፡ በቅድሜየ፡ ከመ፡ ቊልዔየ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወኢአሐተኒ።\n\nወይእዜኒ፡ ንሥኡ፡ ሰብዓተ፡ አልሕምተ፡ ወሰብዓተ፡ አባግዐ፡ ወሑሩ፡ ኀበ፡ ቊልዔየ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወይግበር፡ መሥዋዕተ፡ ወኢዮብ፡ ቊልዔየ፡ ይጸሊ፡ በእንቲአክሙ፡ እምገጸዚአሁ፡ እነሥአ፡ ወሶበ፡ አኮ፡ በእንቲአሁ፡ እምቀተልኩክሙ፡ እስመ፡ ኢነበብክሙ፡ ርትዐ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቊልዔየ፡ ኢዮብ።","english":"Chapter 42\n\nAnd Job answered the Lord and said:\n\nI know that I know all things, and all things are planted in you, and there is none who can question you.\n\nWho is it that hides counsel from you, and who places a word in his heart, and from the demons who wander, he thinks? And who will tell me what I do not know—the great wonders that I have not seen?\n\nHear me, let me tell you, my Lord: I ask you, and you teach me.\n\nI heard with my ears before, and now I have seen you with my eyes.\n\nBut only in that I have erred have I been confounded; I know that earth and ashes are my head.\n\nAnd after the Lord spoke this word to Job, the Lord said to Eliphaz the Temanite: “You and your two companions have sinned, because you spoke righteousness before me like my servant Job, and you did not please me.\n\nAnd now take seven bulls and seven rams, and go to my servant Job, and he shall make a sacrifice; and Job, my servant, shall pray for you before his Lord. And if not, I would have killed you for his sake, because you spoke rightly against my servant Job.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"Chapter 42","severity":"info","text":"This passage marks the conclusion of the dialogue between Job and God, transitioning into a narrative epilogue where God addresses Eliphaz.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኢዮብ (Job)","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez spelling ኢዮብ (ʾIyob) reflects the Ethiopic tradition, distinct from the Hebrew ʾIyyôḇ.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ኤልፋዝ፡ ቴሜናዊ (Eliphaz the Temanite)","severity":"info","text":"Eliphaz is identified by his gentilic ቴሜናዊ (Temanite), linking him to the Edomite clan of Teman, as in the biblical text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"sacrifice of seven bulls and seven rams","severity":"info","text":"The prescribed sacrifice of seven bulls and seven rams echoes Old Testament ritual practice, particularly Numbers 23:1–4, and underscores the cultic context of the epilogue.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"Job's confession of ignorance","severity":"info","text":"Job's admission that he knows only that he knows nothing (v. 3) resonates with the apophatic tradition in Ethiopic monasticism, where humility before divine mystery is emphasized.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢአሐተኒ (and you did not please me)","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez verb ኢአሐተኒ (ʾaʿḥatanī) is ambiguous; it may mean 'you did not please me' or 'you did not find favor with me.' The translation follows the former, but the latter is possible.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase ወኢአሐተኒ could be read as 'you did not please me' or 'you did not find favor with me,' affecting the tone of God's rebuke to Eliphaz.","The identity of the 'demons' (እምኔጀኑ) in Job's speech is unclear; they may be literal demons or a metaphor for deceptive thoughts."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":96,"ref":"p96","source":"ወሖሩ፡ ኤልፋዝ፡ ቴሜናዊ፡ ወበልዳዶስ፡ አውኬናዊ፡ ወሳፍር፡ አሜናዊ፡ ወገብሩ፡ በከመ፡ አዘዞሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሠረየ፡ ሎሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡ በእንተ፡ ኢዮብ።\n\nወአሕየዎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ወጸለየ፡ በእንተ፡ አዕርክቲሁ፡ ወኀደግ፡ ሎሙ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡ ወወሀቦ፡ ኵሎ፡ ንዋዮ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ካዕበተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ንዋዩ፡ እምዘቀዲሙ፡ ወአመክዓበ፡ ሎቱ።\n\nወሰምዑ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ አኀዊሁ፡ ወአኃቲሁ፡ ዘረከቦ፡ ወመጽኡ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ የአምርዎ፡ ቀዲሙ፡ ወበልዑ፡ ወሰትዩ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ወአስተፈሥሕዎ፡ ወአንከሩ፡ በእንተ፡ ኵኩ፡ ዘአምጽአ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ወወህቦሙ፡ ለለአሐዱ፡ ጽምደ፡ አልሕምት፡ ወርቀ፡ ወብሩረ፡ በመድሎት፡ ዘዲድርክሜ፡ አርባዕተ።\n\nወባረከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዮብ፡ ደኀሪቶ፡ እምቀዲሙ፡ ወእንስሳሁኒ፡ እልፍ፡ ወአርባዓ፡ ምእት፡ ወአባግዒሁኒ፡ ስሳምእት፡ ጽምደ፡ አልሕምቱሁኒ፡ ዓሠርቱ፡ ምእት፡ ወአእዱ፡ ጊሁኒ፡ አእኑስ፡ ዓሠርቱ፡ ምእት፡ ወአግማሊሁኒ፡ ዓሠርቱ፡ ምእት።","english":"And Eliphaz the Temanite, and Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite went, and they did as the Lord commanded them, and the Lord forgave them their sin concerning Job.\n\nAnd the Lord restored Job to life, and he prayed on behalf of his friends, and he forgave them their sin, and the Lord gave to Job all his possessions, twice all his property from before, and he multiplied it for him.\n\nAnd all his brothers and sisters who had found him heard, and all who had known him before came to him, and they ate and drank with him, and they made him rejoice, and they marveled at the affliction that the Lord had brought upon him, and he gave to each one a garment of gold and silver, and a talent of electrum, and four of worked gold.\n\nAnd the Lord blessed Job, doubling his cattle from before, and his beasts, one thousand four hundred, and his sheep, six hundred, and his garments, ten thousand, and his hands, ten thousand oxen, and his camels, ten thousand.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሖሩ፡ ኤልፋዝ፡ ቴሜናዊ፡ ወበልዳዶስ፡ አውኬናዊ፡ ወሳፍር፡ አሜናዊ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a narrative formula listing Job’s three friends by name and epithet, marking a shift from dialogue to narrative resolution.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ካዕበተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ንዋዩ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'twice all his property' indicates a doubling of Job’s former wealth, a motif of restoration and divine compensation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"ጽምደ፡ አልሕምት፡ ወርቀ፡ ወብሩረ፡ በመድሎት፡ ዘዲድርክሜ፡","severity":"info","text":"The gifts of garments of gold and silver, a talent of electrum, and worked gold reflect the Ethiopic tradition’s elaboration of Job’s wealth and generosity, not found in the Hebrew or Greek versions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአሕየዎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኢዮብ፡","severity":"info","text":"The statement that the Lord restored Job to life is unique to the Ethiopic tradition, where Job dies and is resurrected, diverging from the canonical biblical account.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሰምዑ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ አኀዊሁ፡ ወአኃቲሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The gathering of Job’s brothers and sisters echoes the communal reconciliation scene in the Testament of Job, where family and friends reunite after his trials.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወአእዱ፡ ጊሁኒ፡ አእኑስ፡ ዓሠርቱ፡ ምእት፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'his hands, ten thousand oxen' is syntactically ambiguous; 'hands' may be a scribal error or a metonym for livestock, and the numbers are likely symbolic rather than literal.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'አእዱ ጊሁኒ አእኑስ' (his hands, ten thousand oxen) is unclear; 'hands' may be a corruption or a figure of speech for possessions.","The doubling of Job’s property and the specific numbers (e.g., ten thousand garments) may be symbolic of complete restoration rather than precise accounting."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":97,"ref":"p97","source":"ወተወልዱ፡ ሎቱ፡ ሰባዓቱ፡ ደቂቀ፡ ወሠላስ፡ አዋልድ።\n\nወሰመያ፡ ለቀዳሚት፡ ዕለት፡ (ፀሐይ)፡ ወለካልእታ፡ ቃስያስ፡ ወለሣልስታ፡ አሜልትያስቂራስ።\n\nወኢተረክባ፡ ሠናያተ፡ በታሕተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ከመ፡ አዋልደ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወወሀቦን፡ አቦሖን፡ ርስቶን፡ ምስለ፡ አኃዊሆን።\n\nወሐይወ፡ ኢዮብ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ቅሥፈቱ፡ ምእተ፡ ወሰብዐ፡ ክረምተ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ዘሐይወ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ምእት፡ አርባዓ፡ ወሰመንቱ፡ ዓመት፡ ወርእየ፡ ደቆቆ፡ ወደቂቁ፡ ደቂቁ፡ እስከ፡ ራብዕ፡ ትውልድ።\n\nወሞተ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ልሂቆ፡ ወፈጺሞ፡ መዋዕሊሁ።\n\nወጽሐፍ፡ ከመ፡ ይትነሣእ፡ ካዕበ፡ ምስለ፡ እለ፡ ያነሥኦሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nወከመዝ፡ ትርጓሜሁ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ሶርያ፡ ወብሔሩሰ፡ ኀበ፡ ይነብር፡ አውስጢድ፡ ዘደወለ፡ ኤዶምያስ፡ ዘዓረብ።\n\nወሰመይዎ፡ ሰሞ፡ ኢዮባብ፡ ወአውሰበ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዓረባዊተ፡ ወወለደት፡ ሎቱ፡ ወልደ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ኄኖን፡ ወውእቱ፡ ኢዮብ፡ አቡሁ፡ ዛራ፡ ወእሙ፡ ባሱራስ፡ ወኃምስ፡ ውእቱ፡ እምአብሃም።","english":"And she bore him seven sons and three daughters.\n\nAnd he named the first day (Sun), and the second Qasyas, and the third Ameltiyaskiras.\n\nAnd there were not found good things under heaven like the children of Job, and he gave them their father’s inheritance with their brothers.\n\nAnd Job lived after his affliction one hundred and seventy years, and all that he lived was two hundred and forty-eight years, and he saw his grandchildren and his great-grandchildren up to the fourth generation.\n\nAnd Job died old, having completed his days.\n\nAnd it is written that he will rise again with those whom the Lord will raise.\n\nAnd thus is its interpretation: the book of Syria, and in the land of Bēḥērūs, where dwells Awsṭāḍ, whom Edomias of Arabia summoned.\n\nAnd they named him Jobab, and an Arabian woman married him, and she bore him a son whose name was Ḥenon, and he is Job, his father Zara, and his mother Basuras, and he is the fifth from Abraham.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the Ethiopic Book of Job with a narrative epilogue detailing Job's restored family, long life, death, and a note on his resurrection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Job is said to have lived 170 years after his affliction, totaling 248 years, and to have seen descendants to the fourth generation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮባብ","severity":"info","text":"The name 'Jobab' (ኢዮባብ) is given as an alternate name for Job, linking him to the Edomite king list in Genesis 36:33.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The mention of 'the book of Syria' and 'Bēḥērūs' where Awsṭāḍ dwells reflects a tradition that Job's story was preserved in Syriac and associated with a location in Arabia.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The epilogue states Job will rise again with those raised by the Lord, reflecting a Christian eschatological interpretation of Job's resurrection.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The names of Job's daughters (Sun, Qasyas, Ameltiyaskiras) and the son Ḥenon are not found in the biblical text and likely derive from later tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the names 'Jobab' and 'Job' is unclear; the text may conflate two figures.","The source of the names for Job's children and the son Ḥenon is uncertain, possibly from pseudepigraphal or hagiographic traditions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":98,"ref":"p98","source":"ወእሉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ነገሥታት፡ እለ፡ ነግሡ፡ በኤዶም።\n\nወውእቱ፡ ጐነነ፡ በሐውርተ፡ ቃዳሚ፡ ባላቅ፡ ወልደ፡ ቢዖር፡ ወስመ፡ ሀገሩ፡ ዲናብ።\n\nወእድኅረ፡ ባላቅ፡ ኢዮባብ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ኢዮብ፡ ወእምድኅሬሁ፡ አሦም፡ ዘነግሠ፡ ለብሔረ፡ ቴማን፡ 24፡ ወእምድኅሬሁ፡ አዳድ፡ ወልዳ፡ በራድ፡ ዘቀተሎሙ፡ ለምድያም፡ በሕቅለ፡ ሞዓብ፡ ወስመ፡ ሀገሩ፡ ጌቴም።\n\nወእለሂ፡ መጽኡ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ አዕርክቲሁ፡ ኤልፋዝ፡ ዘእምደቂቀ፡ ኤሳው፡ ንጉሠ፡ ቴሜኖን፡ ወበልዳዶስ፡ መስፍነ፡ አውኬኔዎን፡ ወሳፍር፡ ንጉሠ፡ አሜኔዎን።","english":"And these are the kings who ruled in Edom.\n\nAnd he encamped on the road of Qadimi, Balaq son of Ṣiʿor, and he named his city Dinab.\n\nAnd after Balaq, ʿIyobab, whose name is Job, and after him, Asom, who reigned over the land of Teman, 24. And after him, Hadad son of Barad, who slew the Midianites in the plain of Moab, and he named his city Getem.\n\nAnd those who came to him, his friends: Eliphaz, from the sons of Esau, king of Temenon; and Bildad, prince of Awkenewon; and Sophar, king of Ameneon.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእሉ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ነገሥታት፡ እለ፡ ነግሡ፡ በኤዶም።","severity":"info","text":"This passage concludes the book with a king-list appendix, shifting from narrative to a genealogical register of Edomite rulers.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቢዖር","severity":"info","text":"Balaq son of Ṣiʿor (ቢዖር) echoes the Moabite king Balak son of Zippor from Numbers 22–24, but here placed in Edom, reflecting a conflation of traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢዮባብ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ኢዮብ።","severity":"info","text":"The name ʿIyobab (ኢዮባብ) is given as an alternate for Job (ኢዮብ), linking Job to the Edomite king list, a tradition not found in the biblical book.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ኤልፋዝ፡ ዘእምደቂቀ፡ ኤሳው፡ ንጉሠ፡ ቴሜኖን።","severity":"info","text":"Eliphaz is here a king descended from Esau, paralleling the biblical Eliphaz the Temanite (Job 2:1) but with a royal title, expanding his role.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ወእለሂ፡ መጽኡ፡ ኀቤሁ፡ አዕርክቲሁ።","severity":"info","text":"The naming of Job’s friends as kings of fictional kingdoms (Temenon, Awkenewon, Ameneon) reflects a Geʿez tradition that elevates them to royalty, absent from the biblical text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"24፡","severity":"caution","text":"The number 24 after Asom’s reign is ambiguous; it may indicate a regnal year count or a textual corruption, as the syntax is unclear.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1688Job","label":"betmas: Book of Job","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1688Job"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The number 24 after Asom’s reign may be a regnal year or a scribal error; the reading taken is as a regnal duration.","The relationship of the Edomite king list to the preceding narrative is unclear; it is treated as an appendix."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]}]}