{"slug":"LIT1637Homily","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT1637Homily","title":"Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","author":"Timothy","genre":"homily","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:52:57Z","cost_usd":0.008862},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT1637Homily","work_id":"LIT1637Homily","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"},"stats":{"passages":14,"english_words":3425,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":79,"commentary_kinds":8,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":27,"work_notes":4,"external_links":3,"timeline":5},"summary":{"work":"LIT1637Homily","abstract":"The Homily on the Archangel Michael, attributed to Timothy of Alexandria (d. 385), is a Geʿez text preserved in the Ethiopian homiletic collection for the month of Ḫǝdār, dedicated to Michael. The homily likely reached its present form through translation and redaction from Coptic or Arabic intermediaries. It is read during Michael’s feast in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition, emphasizing his role as intercessor and protector. The source edition (betmas) reproduces a manuscript tradition without critical apparatus, leaving questions of original language and textual variants unresolved.","historical_context":"The homily is traditionally attributed to Timothy of Alexandria, Coptic patriarch from 380 to 385 CE, but its present Geʿez form likely results from later translation and redaction, possibly via Coptic or Arabic intermediaries. The text is transmitted as part of the Ethiopian synaxarial cycle for Ḫǝdār, the month when the feast of the Archangel Michael is celebrated on the 12th. This placement underscores Michael’s role as intercessor and protector in Ethiopian Orthodox piety. The edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or collation of multiple manuscripts, leaving the homily’s original language (Coptic or Greek) and scribal emendations unaddressed. The work belongs to a broader tradition of angelological homilies in late antique and medieval Christianity, often associated with Egyptian monasticism.","significance":"This homily exemplifies the adaptation of a late antique Coptic text into the Ethiopian liturgical tradition, highlighting the transmission of angelological piety across linguistic and cultural boundaries. It also illustrates the role of the Archangel Michael as a central figure in Ethiopian Orthodox devotion, particularly during the Ḫǝdār feast.","timeline":[{"date":"4th c.","event":"Timothy of Alexandria serves as Coptic patriarch (380–385 CE), to whom the homily is traditionally attributed."},{"date":"4th–7th c.","event":"Possible composition of the original homily in Greek or Coptic, likely in an Egyptian monastic context."},{"date":"Medieval period","event":"Translation and redaction into Geʿez, possibly via Arabic intermediaries, for use in the Ethiopian Orthodox tradition."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Incorporation into the Ethiopian homiletic collection for the month of Ḫǝdār, dedicated to the Archangel Michael."},{"date":"Modern","event":"Publication of the Geʿez text in the betmas edition, without critical apparatus or manuscript collation."}],"relations":[{"work":"Homily on the Archangel Michael by Theodosius of Alexandria","relation":"Similar genre and attribution to a Coptic patriarch; both are part of the Ethiopian Ḫǝdār collection.","key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},{"work":"Homily on the Archangel Michael (Ethiopic, LIT1637Homily)","relation":"The same work as the present dossier; the betmas edition is the source.","key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"},{"work":"Homily on the Archangel Michael (Ethiopic, LIT1637Homily)","relation":"The same work; the edition key is ed:LIT1637Homily.","key":"ed:LIT1637Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"},{"work":"Homily on the Archangel Michael (Ethiopic, LIT1637Homily)","relation":"The same work; the hollis key refers to a related manuscript.","key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"}],"external_links":[{"key":"wikipedia:Timothy of Alexandria","label":"Timothy of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_of_Alexandria","reason":"Provides historical context for the attributed author."},{"key":"wikipedia:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","label":"Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church","reason":"Context for the liturgical use of the homily."},{"key":"wikipedia:Coptic literature","label":"Coptic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_literature","reason":"Relevant to the possible original language and transmission."}],"cautions":["The attribution to Timothy of Alexandria is traditional and not securely established.","The date of the original composition is unknown; the homily likely reached its Geʿez form through later translation and redaction.","The edition (betmas) lacks a critical apparatus, so variant readings and scribal emendations are unaddressed.","The original language (Greek or Coptic) and the number of intermediary translations remain uncertain."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000494,"generated":"2026-11-15T01:09:20Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT1637Homily","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":14,"translated":14,"commentary_passages":14,"commentary_units":79,"english_words":3425,"source_letters":8481,"commentary_kinds":8},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez text is transmitted as part of the Ethiopian homiletic collection for the month of Ḫǝdār, dedicated to the Archangel Michael. The source edition (betmas) reproduces this manuscript tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"Attribution to Timothy of Alexandria (d. 385) is traditional; the homily likely reached its present Geʿez form through later translation and redaction, possibly from Coptic or Arabic intermediaries.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This homily is read during the Ethiopian month of Ḫǝdār, when Michael’s feast is celebrated. Its inclusion in the synaxarial cycle underscores Michael’s role as intercessor and protector in Ethiopian Orthodox piety.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The edition (betmas) does not provide a critical apparatus or collation of multiple manuscripts. Variant readings, scribal emendations, and the homily’s original language (Coptic or Greek) remain unaddressed.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: homily in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 14 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":14},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT1637Homily":{"label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"},"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael":{"label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},"hollis:alma990022427940203941":{"label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"},"ed:LIT1637Homily":{"label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"After 19–27\n\n፩፤ አውሎግሶን፡ አውሎግሶን፡ አውልግሶን። ዐቢይ፡ በዓል፡ ለነ፡ ዮም፡ ኦ፡ ፍቁራንየ፡ ለንትጋባእ፡ ወንትፈሣሕ፡ ወይትሐሠይ፡ ልብነ፡ ወናዕርፍ፡ በዛቲ፡ ዕለት፡\nቅድስት። ፪፤ ወአነ፡ ርኢክዎ፡ ለዐቢይ፡ ወክቡር፡ ወኀያል፡ ወልዑል፡ ወመተንብል፡ ወኄር፡ ብፁዕ፡ ወቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ የሀበኒ፡ ቃለ፡ ጥዑመ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡\nበከመ፡ ይቤ፡ ዳዊት፡ በመዝሙር፡ እስመ፡ ለመላእክቲሁ፡ ይኤዝዞሙ፡ በእንቲ፡ ኣከ፡ ከመ፡ ይዕቀቡከ፡ በኵሉ፡ ፍናዊከ፡ ወበእደዊሆሙ፡ ያነሥኡከ፡ ለእመ፡ ወሀቡከ፡ መሥዋዕተ። ፫፤ መልአከ፤ እግዚአብሔር፡ የሐጽሮሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይፈርሁ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ወያወፅኦሙ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት። ፬፤ መኑ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዝ፡ መልአክ፡ ዘየሐጽሮሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይፈርህዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወያወፅአሙ፡ ለእለ፡ የአምኑ፡ ቦቱ፡ አኮኑ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ በዛቲ፡\nዕለት፡ ይስእል፡ ሎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ይምሐሮሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ፭፤ ወይጼሊ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወይቄድሶሙ፡ ወያነጽሓሙ፡ ወይመርሖሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ፍኖተ፡ ሕይወት፡ ወብርሃን። ፮፤ አኮ፡ በእንተ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ባሕቲቶሙ፡ አላ፡ ለኃጥኣንሂ፡ ይስእል፡ ሎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ይምሐሮሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ፯፤ ወለእመ፡ ወሀበ፡ ብእሲ፡ አሐደ፡ ኅብስተ፡ ለነዳይ፡ ኢይነውም፡ በእንቲኣሁ፡ ማር፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወለእመ፡ ወሀበ፡ ጽዋዐ፡ ማይ፡ ቈሪር፡ ኢይነውም፡\nበእንቲኣሁ።","english":"1. Hail, hail, hail! A great feast for us today. O my beloved ones, let us rejoice and be glad, and let our hearts be comforted, and let us celebrate on this holy day. 2. And I have seen the great, honorable, mighty, exalted, glorious, and good, blessed, and holy Michael, the chief of the angels, who gave me a sweet word of the Holy Spirit, as David said in the Psalm: \"For his angels, he commands them concerning you, that they may guard you on all your paths, and with their hands they will lift you up if you offer a sacrifice.\" 3. The angel of the Lord commands those who fear him and brings them out. Holy Michael, the chief of the angels! 4. Who is this angel who commands those who fear the Lord and brings out those who believe in him? Is it not holy Michael, the chief of the angels, who on this day asks for them that the Lord may forgive them? 5. And he prays to the Lord, and he sanctifies them, and purifies them, and guides them to the path of life and light. 6. Not only for the righteous, but also for sinners he asks that the Lord may forgive them. 7. And if a man gives one loaf of bread to a poor person, woe to him! For the sake of the Lord Michael, the chief of the angels, and if he gives a vessel of cold water, woe to him! For the sake of him.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a threefold greeting (፩፤ አውሎግሶን) and a call to rejoice, marking the beginning of the homily's narrative section.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አውሎግሶን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez አውሎግሶን (ʾawlogəson) is a transliteration of Greek ἀξιολογήσων, meaning 'hail' or 'worthy of praise,' used as a liturgical acclamation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዳዊት በመዝሙር","severity":"info","text":"The reference to David in the Psalm (ዳዊት በመዝሙር) echoes Psalm 91:11–12 (LXX), where angels guard and lift the faithful, though the wording is paraphrastic.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily is attributed to Timothy of Alexandria (Coptic patriarch, 380–385 CE) and is part of the Ethiopic tradition for the feast of the Archangel Michael on the 12th of Ḫǝdār.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይነውም","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase ኢይነውም (ʿuyyānawəm) in §7 is obscure; it may be a corruption or a rare term, and the English draft renders it as 'woe to him,' but the sense is uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'sweet word of the Holy Spirit' in §2 is unclear; it may refer to a specific revelation or a general inspiration.","The phrase 'woe to him' in §7 appears contradictory to the context of charity; the Geʿez may be corrupt or misread."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"ወለእመ፡ ሰመየ፡ ወልዶ፡ ወወለቶ፡ በስመ፡ ዚኣሁ፡ ለሚካኤል፡ ኢይነውም፡ በእንቲኣሆሙ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወለዘይውህብ፡ በስሙ፡ ለነዳይ፡ እስከ፡ ፍተአሐዱ፡\nኅብስት፡ ወጽዋዐ፡ ማይ፡ ኢይነውም፡ በእንቲአሁ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም። ፰፤ ወለእመ፡ ፈቀድክሙ፡ ታእምሩ፡ ወታዕርፉ፡ (፩) ወትስምዑ፡ ነገሮ፡ ለሚካኤል፡ ስምዐ፡ ኮንኩ፡ አነ፡ አቡክሙ፡ ደማቴዎስ፡ ወዐረጉ፡ ኢየሩሳሌም፡ ከመ፡ እስግድ፡\nለመስቀል፡ ክቡር፡ ወለመቃብረ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘተንሥአ፡ እሙታን። ፱፤ ይእቲኬ፡ ዘታነግፈነ፡ እምላሕነ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወእንተ፡ አንሶሰወ፡ ውስቴታ፡ እግዚእነ። ፲፤ ወቦእኩ፡ ቤተ፡ ማርያም፡ እሙ፡ ለዮሐንስ፡ ረድእ፡ ወንጌላዊ፡ ነጸርኩ፡ ወረከብኩ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ቅዱሰ፡ ዘጸሐፎ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ወንጌላዊ፡ ረድእ፡ ወይብል፡ ንባበ፡\nመጽሐፉ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘይረድአነ፡ ወያጸንዐነ። ፲፩፤ ወረከብኩ፡ ዘያሥተፌሥሐኒ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ወንጌላዊ፡ ወሰማዕት፡ ወይቤ፡ ሶበ፡ ቦእኩ፡ አነ፡ አንዘ፡ ሀሎ፡ በገባሁ፡ ጊዜ፡ የእግዚአብሔር፡ የሐውር፡\nወውእቱ፡ አርአየኒ፡ ኵሎ፡ መንክራተ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ታምራትና፡ ብዙኀ፡ ወአዕረገኒ፡ ወወሰደኒ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ ርኢ፡ ደይነ፡ መደንግፀ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ጥቀ።","english":"And if one names him, and his birth and his offspring in his name, for Michael, woe to them, because of them, holy Michael. And for one who gives in his name to the poor, even a single loaf of bread and a cup of water, woe to him, for ever and ever. 8. And if you wish to know and to understand (1) and to hear the story of Michael, listen: I, your father Timothy, was and went up to Jerusalem to worship the glorious Cross and the tomb of our Lord Jesus Christ, who rose from the dead. 9. That is what teaches us from the sanctuary of the church and about the one who was buried within it, our Lord. 10. And I entered the house of Mary, the mother of John the Evangelist, the companion; I looked and found a holy book that John the Evangelist, the companion, wrote, and it says, the speech of his book, this is what helps us and strengthens us. 11. And I found what gladdens me, as John the Evangelist and martyr said, and he said: When I entered, while I was in the time of the going of the Lord, and he showed me all the wonders that are within our miracles, many, and he made me ascend and took me and said to me: See, woe to me, the great marvel, very much.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a general warning about naming Michael to a first-person narrative of Timothy's pilgrimage to Jerusalem and discovery of a book by John the Evangelist.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ረድእ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term rädəʿ (ረድእ) is rendered 'companion' in the English draft; it can also mean 'disciple' or 'associate,' reflecting John's close relationship with Christ.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The reference to the 'house of Mary, the mother of John the Evangelist' reflects a tradition, found in some apocryphal texts, that Mary lived with John in Jerusalem after the resurrection.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft's 'woe to me' (ደይነ) in the final sentence is ambiguous; the Geʿez could be read as 'woe to me' or as an exclamation of awe, and the narrative context suggests the latter.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This homily, attributed to Timothy of Alexandria, is part of the Ethiopian tradition of Michaeline literature, often read on the 12th of each month (Ḫǝdār) in the liturgical calendar.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of 'John the Evangelist, the companion' (ዮሐንስ ወንጌላዊ ረድእ) is ambiguous: it may refer to John the son of Zebedee or to a different John associated with Mary in Jerusalem tradition.","The phrase 'woe to me' (ደይነ) in the final sentence is ambiguous between a lament and an exclamation of wonder; the context of ascending and seeing marvels favors the latter."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"፲፪፤ ወዝንቱ፡ ደይን፡ ይርሕብ፡ እምነ፡ ዐዘቅት፡ ታሕቲት፡ ወሰማዕኩ፡ ገዓረ፡ ዐቢየ፡ ከመ፡ ድምፀ፡ ማይ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ወዕቤሎ፡ ለመልአክ፡ ዘየሐውር፡ ምስሌየ፡ ንግረኒ፡\nእግዚእየ፡ ምንትኑ፡ ዝ፡ ግብር፡ ዘእሬኢ፡ አነ፡ ዘየዐርግ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ጢስ፡ ዘየዐርግ፡ እምላዕለ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ምእት፡ እምልዮን፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ግበ፡ እሳት፡ ዘኢይበጽሕዎ፡ በሠለስቱ፡\nምእት፡ ዕለት። ፲፫፤ ዓዲ፡ ይወፅኡ፡ አናብስተ፡ እሳት፡ ወአክይስተ፡ እሳት፡ እምሕንፉይ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ መሬተ፡ ደይን፡ ወእምሕንሲት፡ ዘውእቱ፡ መካነ፡ ሥቃይ፡ ወእምሕራንኮስ፡\nዘውእቱ፡ በርባሮስ፡ ወህየ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ዘኢይቈርር፡ እሳት፡ ወዘኢይነውሙ፡ ዕፄያት። ፲፬፤ ወኢይወፅኡ፡ ምዕረ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ነፍሳተ፡ ኃጥኣን፡ አእላፈ፡ አእላፋት፡ ወትእልፊተ፡ አእላፋት፡ ወኢይትሌዐሉ፡ ላዕለ፡ እምድር፡ ወይወርዱ፡ ውስተ፡ መትሕተ፡\nታሕቲት፡ ዘደይን። ፲፭፤ ወይቤለኒ፡ ውእቱ፡ መልአክ፡ ዘየሐውር፡ ምስሌየ፡ ኦ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ፍቁርየ፡ ወፍቁረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ርኢ፡ ዐቢየ፡ ደይነ፡ ዘያደነግፅ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ደይን። ፲፮፤ ወዕቤ፡ አሌ፡ ሎሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ኃጥአን፡ እለ፡ ይወድይዎሙ፡ ውስቴቱ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ ደይን። ፲፯፤ ወዝንቱ፡ የአኪ፡ እምኵሉ፡ ደይን፡ ዘርኢኩ፡ እንከ፡ ወራሕቡ፡ ይኪውን፡ መጠነ፡ ኵላ፡ ምድር፡ ወዕመቃቲሁ፡ ከመ፡ ዝ፡ ወአነ፡ እንግረከ፡ ኢይወፅእ፡ እምኔሁ፡\nኵሉ እኩይ። ፲፰፤ ወርኢኩ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኃጥኣን፡ ዘይወርድ፡ መቅሠፍተ፡ መከራ፡ ከመ፡ ክቡድ፡ ወጽኑዕ፡ ውእቱ፡ ላዕለ፡ እለ፡ ይነብሩ፡ ውስቴቱ።","english":"12. And this judgment extends from the lower abyss. And I heard a great noise, like the sound of many waters. And the angel who goes with me said to me, “Tell me, my Lord, what is this deed that I see? I am one who ascends from it, a great smoke that ascends above three hundred from the million that is the side of fire, which they do not reach in three hundred days.” 13. Again, lions of fire and bears of fire come forth from Ḥǝnfuy, which is the land of judgment, and from Ḥǝnsit, which is the place of torment, and from Ḥǝrankos, which is Barbaros. And there are those who do not cool the fire and do not sleep the plants. 14. And myriads upon myriads and thousands upon thousands of sinful souls do not come forth from it, and they do not ascend above the earth, and they descend into the lower part of the abyss of judgment. 15. And the angel who goes with me said to me, “O John, my beloved and beloved of God, see the great judgment that terrifies more than all judgment.” 16. And woe to them, to all the sinners who are cast into this judgment. 17. And this is more severe than all the judgment I have seen, and its breadth is the measure of the whole earth, and its depths are like this. And I will tell you, nothing evil comes forth from it. 18. And I saw above the sinners a heavy and severe punishment of torment that descends, and it is upon those who dwell in it.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage continues the first-person vision narrative introduced in the previous passage, with the angel addressing the narrator as 'John' (v. 15), a shift from the earlier homiletic address.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ደይን","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ደይን (däyn) is a loanword from Coptic ⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲛ (dikaion) or Greek δικαιον, meaning 'judgment' or 'place of judgment,' here referring to a specific infernal region.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The names Ḥǝnfuy, Ḥǝnsit, and Ḥǝrankos (v. 13) are Geʿez transliterations of Coptic toponyms for hellish regions, likely derived from the Apocalypse of Paul or related visionary literature.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"},{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of a vast judgment pit with fire, beasts, and unceasing torment (vv. 12–14) parallels the 'Valley of Hinnom' in Jewish and Christian apocalypses, such as 1 Enoch and the Apocalypse of Paul.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The angel addresses the narrator as 'John' (v. 15), identifying him with John the Evangelist, a common trope in Ethiopic visionary homilies that recontextualize biblical figures.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'three hundred from the million' (v. 12) is obscure; it may refer to a specific measurement or a textual corruption in the Geʿez transmission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'angel who goes with me' is not specified; it may be Michael or another angelic guide.","The phrase 'three hundred from the million' (v. 12) is ambiguous, possibly a numerical symbol or a scribal error.","The relationship between the three named hellish regions (Ḥǝnfuy, Ḥǝnsit, Ḥǝrankos) and the broader judgment is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"፲፱፤ ወያወርዶሙ፡ ድምፀ፡ መዓቱ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ታሕተ፡ ዕመቃቲሃ፡ ዘሑረታቲሃ፡ መጠነ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ምእት፡ ዕለት፡ ይከውን፡ እንዘ፡ ይወርድ፡ ሰብእ፡\nወኢይትሌዐል፡ በእመት። ወኵሎሙ፡ ኃጥኣን፡ እሱራን፡ እደዊሆሙ፡ ወእገሪሆሙ፡ ውስቴታ፡ ወመንገዶሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ኃጥኣን፡ ኀቤሃ። ፳፤ ወአነ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ሶበ፡ ርኢኩ፡ ዘይከውን፡ ላዕለ፡ እሉ፡ በከይኩ፡ ዐቢየ፡ ብካየ፡ በእንተ፡ ኵነኔሆሙ፡ ለኃጥኣን። ፳፩፤ ወይቤለኒ፡ ዝኩ፡ መልአክ፡ ኦ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ፍቁረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ኢትብኪ፡ በእንተ፡ ዝ፡ እስመ፡ ሀለወከ፡ ዮም፡ ትርአይ፡ ፍሥሓ፡ እምነ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡\nመላእክት፡ ዘላዕለ፡ ሰማይ፡ ንቡር፡ ዕበዩ፡ ወክብሩ። ፳፪፤ ወእንዘ፡ ይብለኒ፡ ከመ፡ ዝ፡ መጽአ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ እምሰማይ፡ ዘንቡር፡ ዲበ፡ ርእሱ፡ አክሊለ፡ ክብር፡ ወቅድሜሁ፡ ይሴብሑ፡ መላእክት፡\nቅዱሳን፡ ወጸድቃን፡ ወየሐውሩ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ነቢያት፡ ወሐዋርያት፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ወኤጲስ፡ ቆጶሳት፡ ወኵሎሙ፡ ሰማዕታት፡ ወይለብሱ፡ አልባሰ፡ ክብር፡ ዘኢይትከሀል፡ ለነጽሮ። ፳፫፤ ወውስተ፡ እደዊሆሙ፡ አዕጹቀ፡ ዘይት፡ ወበቀልት፡ ወዕፀ፡ መስቀል፡ ይሴብሑ፡ ወያነብቡ፡ ቅድሚሁ፡ እስከ፡ ይወርድ፡ ኀበ፡ ሰብአ፡ ደይን። ፳፬፤ ወሶበ፡ ወረደ፡ ወቦአ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ውስቴታ፡ ጠፍኡ፡ እሳትወጢስ፡ ዘይመልእ፡ ወአርመሙ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ አራዊት፡ እለ፡ ውስተ፡ ደይን፡\nወዘንተ፡ ርኢኩ፡ በይእቲ፡ ሰዓት።","english":"19. And the sound of the wrath of God descends upon them, beneath the depths of its abysses, to the measure of three hundred days, while man descends and does not ascend. And all the sinners are bound, their hands and their feet within it, and the path of all sinners is toward it. 20. And I, John, when I saw what would happen to these, I wept a great weeping on account of the judgment of the sinners. 21. And that angel said to me, “O John, beloved of God, do not weep on account of this, for you have today to see the joy from the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, who is enthroned above heaven, his greatness and his glory.” 22. And while he was speaking to me thus, the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, came from heaven where he is enthroned; upon his head a crown of glory, and before him the holy angels and the righteous praise him, and the prophets and apostles, bishops and archbishops, and all the martyrs walk with him, and they wear garments of glory which cannot be gazed upon. 23. And in their hands they hold branches of olive and palm and the wood of the cross, praising and reading before him until he descends to the men of judgment. 24. And when the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, descended and entered within it, the fire and flame that fill it were extinguished, and all the wild beasts that were within the judgment were tamed. And this I saw at that hour.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage (verses 19–24) forms the narrative climax of the homily, shifting from the description of hell to the intervention of Michael.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሊቀ መላእክት","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez title liqe mälaʾǝkt (chief of the angels) is a standard epithet for Michael, reflecting his primacy in angelic hierarchy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The vision of Michael descending with a crown, accompanied by saints and martyrs bearing olive, palm, and cross, echoes late antique and medieval apocryphal traditions of Michael as psychopomp and intercessor.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕፀ መስቀል","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'wood of the cross' (ʿǝḍa mäsqäl) alludes to the True Cross, a common motif in Ethiopic hagiography and homiletics, though not a direct biblical citation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is read in the Ethiopian tradition on the 12th of Ḫǝdār, the feast of Michael, emphasizing his role as judge and savior of souls.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወኢይትሌዐል","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'does not ascend' (wa-ʾiyyatläʿal) may be ambiguous: it could mean the condemned never leave hell, or that the descent itself is irreversible; the context supports the former.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'three hundred days' (ሠለስቱ ምእት ዕለት) may be symbolic rather than literal, indicating an immeasurable depth or duration.","The identity of 'that angel' (ዝኩ መልአክ) accompanying John is not specified; it may be a guide angel or Michael himself in disguise."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"፳፭፤ ወሶቤሃ፡ አውረደ፡ ክንፎ፡ ዘየማን፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ወልዑል፡ ወግሩም፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሚካኤል፡ ውስተ፡ ዕመቀ፡ ደይን፡ ወአውፅአ፡ እምህየ፡\nዘአልቦ፡ ኍልቍ፡ ምሉዓነ፡ እምጽንፈ፡ ክንፉ፡ ዘየማን፡ ወአውፅአሙ፡ ላዕለ፡ ምድር፡ እምደይን፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወከቡር፡ ወስቡሕ፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ሚካኤል። ፳፮፤ ወመልአ፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ወክልኤተ፡ ገራህተ፡ ዘይእቲ፡ ገነተ፡ ሀገረ፡ ዔዶም። ፳፯፤ ወካዕበ፡ አውረደ፡ ክንፎ፡ ዘፀጋም፡ ኀያል፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወአውፅአ፡ ዘይበዝኅ፡ እምቀዳሚ። ፳፰፤ ወሰአልዎ፡ ሱራፌል፡ ወኪሩቤል፡ እሳታውያን፡ ወጸድቃን፡ እለ፡ በአድባር፡ ወበኣታት፡ ወገዳም፡ ዘመጽኡ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ እምሰማይ፡ ለመልአክ፡ ያውርድ፡\nሥልሰ፡ ክንፎ፡ ዘምሉዕ፡ ምሕረተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕሌሁ። ፳፱፤ ወአውፅአ፡ ሥልሰ፡ ዘአልቦሙ፡ ኍልቍ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይክል፡ ኈልቆቶሙ፡ መኑሂ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወክቡር፡ ወፍቁር፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወሰኣሌ፡\nምሕረት፡ ለውሉደ፡ ሰብእ፡ እምኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ነገሥት፡ ወእግዚአ፡ አጋዕዝት፡ ዘይነብር፡ ዲበ፡ ኪሩቤል፡ ወሱራፌል፡ ወዲበ፡ አርባዕቱ፡ እንስሳ፡ ምሉዓነ፡\nአዕይንት። ፴፤ ወአልቦሙ፡ መስፈርት፡ ለእለ፡ ወፅኡ፡ እምውስተ፡ ደይን፡ ግሩም፡ ወእምሲኦል፡ መሪር፡ መካነ፡ ምንዳቤ፡ ውኀዘን፡ ወአኀዝዎሙ፡ መላእክት፡ ለጻድቃን፡\nወኀፀብዎሙ፡ በማየ፡ ሕይወት፡ መንጽሔ፡ ኀጢአት፡ ወሠራዬ፡ አበሳ፡ ወጌጋይ፡ ወቀብዕዎሙ፡ ቅብዐ፡ ቅዱሰ፡ በትፍሥሕት፡ ወበሐሤት፡ ወአምጽእዎሙ፡ ኀበ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወቡሩክ፡\nወስቡሕ፡ ወግሩም፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ትጉሃን።","english":"25. And then the holy, honored, exalted, and glorious chief of the angels, Michael, Michael, let down his right wing into the abyss of judgment and brought out from there those who have no number, filled from the tip of his right wing, and brought them up above the earth from the judgment of the holy, honored, and praiseworthy chief of the angels, Michael. 26. And he filled twelve thousand of that Garden, the city of Edom. 27. And again the holy Michael, chief of the angels, let down his left wing, mighty, and brought out more than the first. 28. And the Seraphim and Cherubim, fiery ones and righteous ones, who were in the mountains, deserts, and wilderness, who came with him from heaven for the angel, asked him to let down the third wing, which is filled with the mercy of God, upon them. 29. And he brought out a third, which has no number, and there is no one who can count them except the holy, honored, and beloved chief of the angels, Michael, and he asked for mercy for the children of men from God, King of kings and Lord of lords, who dwells upon the Cherubim and Seraphim and upon the four living creatures, filled with eyes. 30. And there is no measure for those who came out from the glorious judgment and from bitter Sheol, the place of suffering and sorrow, and the angels took the righteous and washed them with the water of life, the cleanser of sins, and the eraser of faults and transgressions, and anointed them with holy oil in joy and gladness, and brought them to the holy, blessed, praiseworthy, and glorious Michael, chief of the angels, the zealous one.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ክንፎ ዘየማን ... ክንፎ ዘፀጋም","severity":"info","text":"The passage describes a threefold descent of Michael's wings (right, left, third), each rescuing a group of sinners from the abyss. This tripartite structure is a narrative device emphasizing Michael's comprehensive mercy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥልሰ ክንፎ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'third wing' (ሥልሰ ክንፎ) is unique to this homily; it is not a standard angelological attribute. It likely symbolizes a special act of mercy beyond the usual two wings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"አርባዕቱ እንስሳ ምሉዓነ አዕይንት","severity":"info","text":"The 'four living creatures filled with eyes' (አርባዕቱ እንስሳ ምሉዓነ አዕይንት) echoes Ezekiel 1:18 and Revelation 4:6-8, where the four living creatures are associated with divine vision and throne imagery.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሀገረ ዔዶም","severity":"info","text":"The 'city of Edom' (ሀገረ ዔዶም) is a symbolic location in Ethiopic apocalyptic tradition, often representing a place of judgment or redemption. Its precise identification is uncertain but may derive from Jewish or Christian apocalyptic geography.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ማየ ሕይወት ... ቅብዐ ቅዱሰ","severity":"info","text":"The washing with 'water of life' and anointing with 'holy oil' (ማየ ሕይወት ... ቅብዐ ቅዱሰ) reflect baptismal and anointing rituals in Ethiopic Christianity, linking the narrative to liturgical practice.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘአልቦ ኍልቍ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'those who have no number' (ዘአልቦ ኍልቍ) appears twice (vv. 25, 29) and may be a rhetorical hyperbole or a textual corruption. The Coptic Vorlage might have had a specific number that was lost in transmission.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the 'city of Edom' (ሀገረ ዔዶም) is ambiguous; it may be a symbolic or corrupted toponym.","The phrase 'those who have no number' (ዘአልቦ ኍልቍ) could be hyperbolic or indicate a lacuna in the text.","The 'third wing' (ሥልሰ ክንፎ) is not a standard angelological feature; its meaning is unclear."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"፴፩፤ ወሶቤሃ፡ ነሥኦሙ፡ ወአብጽሖሙ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ሰርዌሆሙ፡ ለኃይላት፡ ሰማያውያን፡ ቅድመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ወሰገዱ፡\nሎቱ፡ ወአእኰትዎ፡ ለዘመሐሮሙ፡ በጸሎቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት። ፴፪፤ ወነዋ፡ ወፅአ፡ ቃል፡ በይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ወበይእቲ፡ ሰዓት፡ እምውስተ፡ መንጦላዕቱ፡ ለአብ፡ ዘይብል፡ በጸሎቱ፡ ወበስእለቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ መልአከ፡ ምክርየ፡\nወበእንተ፡ ቅድስት፡ ድንግል፡ ማርያም፡ እምየ፡ በእንተ፡ ጻድቃንየ፡ ወበእንተ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ሰማዕታት፡ ምስለ፡ እለ፡ ገብሩ፡ ፈቃዶ፡ ለአቡየ፡ እለ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ኃጥኣን፡ በዲበ፡\nምድር፡ ይድኅኑ፡ ወይበውኡ፡ ውስተ፡ ሕይወት፡ ዘለዓለም። ፴፫፤ ወሶቤሃ፡ ነሥኦሙ፡ ወአብኦሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ገነት፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት። ፴፬፤ ወአነ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ሶበ፡ ርኢኩ፡ ዘንተ፡ ኵሎ፡ ነገረ፡ እንዘ፡ ይወፅእ፡ እመንጦላዕቱ፡ ለአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ተፈሣሕኩ፡ በእንተ፡ ምሕረተ፡\nእግዚአብሔር፡ አስተብቋዕኩ፡ ወአእኰትክዎ፡ ለአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ በእንተ፡ ምሕረቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት። ፴፭፤ ወይቤለኒ፡ ዝኩ፡ መልአክ፡ አእምርኬ፡ ኦ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ ፍቁረ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ፍሉጥ፡ ዮም፡ ዕለተ፡ በዓሉ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ አመ፡\nዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ሰኔ፡ ቀዳማይ፡ በዓሉ፡ ወአመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ኅዳር፡ ደኃራይ፡ በዓሉ።","english":"31. And then the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, lifted them up and brought them before the Lord of all, and he arrayed the heavenly hosts, and they bowed down to him and gave thanks to him who had saved them through the prayer of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels. 32. And a voice came forth on that day and at that hour from the throne of the Father, saying, \"Through the prayer and supplication of the holy Michael, the angel of my counsel, and on account of the holy virgin Mary, my mother, on account of my righteous ones, and on account of all the holy martyrs, together with those who have done the will of my Father, those who were sinners upon the earth shall be saved and shall dwell in eternal life.\" 33. And then the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, lifted them up and brought them into paradise. 34. And I, John, when I saw all this matter as it came forth from the throne of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, rejoiced on account of the mercy of the Lord; I marvelled and gave thanks to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit on account of the mercy of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels. 35. And that angel said to me, \"Know, O John, beloved of God, that today, the day of the feast of the holy Michael, the chief of the angels, is the twelfth of the month of Senē, his first feast, and the twelfth of the month of Ḫǝdār, his second feast.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage (vv. 31–35) concludes the narrative of Michael's intercession, moving from rescue to divine decree and John's eyewitness testimony, then to a direct address specifying the feast dates.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መንጦላዕቱ","severity":"info","text":"መንጦላዕቱ (manḫǝlāʿtu) 'throne' here refers to the divine throne, not a royal seat; the Geʿez term is a loan from Aramaic via Syriac, common in liturgical contexts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The voice from the throne (v. 32) echoes the theophany of Revelation 4:1, where a voice from the throne addresses the seer, though the content here is distinctively intercessory.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"Verse 35 specifies Michael's feasts on the 12th of Senē (June) and the 12th of Ḫǝdār (November), aligning with the Ethiopic liturgical calendar; the second feast is the occasion for this homily.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"John's self-identification as eyewitness (v. 34) and the angel's direct address (v. 35) frame the homily as a revelation, a common trope in Ethiopic apocryphal homilies to authorize the narrative.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'angel of my counsel' (v. 32) is ambiguous: it may identify Michael as the Father's counselor or as the angel who advises John; the Geʿez መልአከ ምክርየ allows both readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity of the speaker in v. 32: the voice from the throne is attributed to the Father, but the phrase 'my mother' (referring to Mary) is theologically unusual for a Father-alone voice; it may be a conflation of the Trinity.","The phrase 'angel of my counsel' (v. 32) could mean Michael is the Father's counselor or the angel who counsels John; the Geʿez is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"፴፮፤ ወበውእቱ፡ ዕለት፡ ሤሞ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘሀሎ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማይ፡ በእንተ፡ ትሕትናሁ፡ ወተአዝዞቱ፡ ወበእንተ፡ ዘሞኦ፡ ለሰይጣን፡ ጸላኤ፡ ሠናያት፡\nዘአስተሐቀሮ፡ ለእግዚኡ።\n\nAfter 42–43 .\n\n፻፩፤ ወእለኒ፡ ታነብቡ፡ ኢታንትጉ፡ ገቢረ፡ ወኢትወስኩ፡ አላኩኑ፡ እስትርኩባነ፡ ከመ፡ ኢትወልጡ፡ እምእሉ፡ አስማት። ፻፪፤ በትዕግሥት፡ ወበህድአት፡ አንብቡ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይትገደፍ፡ እምዝንቱ፡ አሐዱ፡ ቃል፡ እስከ፡ ይትነበብ፡ ገድል፡ ወድርሳን፡ ይቀውሙ፡ ህየ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ መላእክት፡\nወጻድቃን፡ በዕለተ፡ ተዝካሮሙ፡ ወበዓሎሙ። ፻፫፤ ወሶበ፡ ይትነበብ፡ ገድሎሙ፡ ወድርሳኖሙ፡ እመ፡ ይትገደፍ፡ ቃል፡ እምአንባቢ፡ ይበክዩ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ መላእክት፡ ጻድቃን፡ ወሰማዕት፡ ነቢያት፡ ወሐዋርያት፡\nደናግል፡ ወመነኰሳት፡ ፍጹማን፡ በእንተ፡ ዘተገድፈ፡ አሐዱ፡ ቃል። ፻፬፤ ኢትኅድጉ፡ ለጌሠም፡ ሶበ፡ ይነውኅ፡ ምንባብ፡ እስመ፡ ኢይሴስሉ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ እስከ፡ ይትፌጸም፡ ገድሎሙ፡ ወድርሳኖሙ፡ በከመ፡ ጽሑፍ፡ ውስተ፡ ገድለ፡ አባ፡\nሲኖዳ፡ ወዐይነ፡ ኤርምያስ፡ ነቢይ፡ አንጠብጠበ፡ አንብፆ፡ ላዕለ፡ አሐዱ፡ ዘይብል፡ ዘንተ፡ አንባቢ፡ ሶበ፡ ይትገደፍ፡ አሐዱ፡ ቃል፡ እምቃላቲሁ፡ ወእምነገሩ። ፻፭፤ ወከማሁ፡ ሕዝቅኤልኒ፡ ወሚልክያስ፡ ብዙኀ፡ ቆሙ፡ ሶበ፡ ኖመ፡ አንባቢ። ፻፮፤ አንትሙኒ፡ አንባብያን፡ አንብቡ፡ በፍርሀት፡ ወበንቁህ፡ ልብ፡ ወለእመ፡ ኢተአምሩ፡ አንብቦ፡ መጻሕፍት፡ ጸውዑ፡ ዘየ፡ አምር፡ አንብቦ።","english":"96. And on that day the Lord of all, who is in heaven, named him because of his humility and his patience, and because he had overcome Satan, the enemy of good, who had rebelled against his Lord.\n\nAfter 42–43.\n\n101. And you who read and interpret, do the work, and do not omit a single letter from the recitation, as if you were to remove one from these names. 102. Read with patience and calmness, so that not a single word of this is omitted, until the hagiography and the homily are read; the holy angels and the righteous stand there on the day of their commemoration and their feast. 103. And when their hagiography and their homily are read, if a word is omitted by the reader, the holy angels, the righteous, the martyrs, the prophets, the apostles, the virgins, and the perfect monks weep because of the one word that was omitted. 104. Do not leave the reader when the reading is finished, for the saints do not depart until their hagiography and their homily are completed, as it is written in the hagiography of Abba Sinoda and in the Eye of Jeremiah the prophet, who dripped tears while reading over one who says this: the reader, when a single word is omitted from his words and from his narrative. 105. And likewise, Ezekiel and Melchias stood much when the reader slept. 106. And you, readers, read with fear and with humility of heart; and if you do not know how to read the books, summon one who knows how to read.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፴፮፤ ወበውእቱ፡ ዕለት፡ ሤሞ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘሀሎ፡ ውስተ፡ ሰማይ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez numbers 96 and 101–106 indicate a shift from narrative to a direct address to readers, a common homiletic device.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢታንትጉ፡ ገቢረ፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'ኢታንትጉ ገቢረ' (do the work) likely refers to the act of reading and interpreting the text, emphasizing the reader's duty.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ገድለ፡ አባ፡ ሲኖዳ፡","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'Abba Sinoda' (Shenoute) and the 'Eye of Jeremiah' points to monastic reading practices, where omission of a word is considered a serious fault.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"፻፩፤ ወእለኒ፡ ታነብቡ፡ ኢታንትጉ፡ ገቢረ፡","severity":"info","text":"This passage reflects the liturgical use of the homily, where readers are instructed to read with care, as saints are believed to be present during the reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትኅድጉ፡ ለጌሠም፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ኢትኅድጉ ለጌሠም' (do not leave the reader) is ambiguous; it may mean not to abandon the reader during the reading or not to skip the reader's part.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕዝቅኤልኒ፡ ወሚልክያስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The mention of Ezekiel and Melchias (Malachi) standing when the reader slept parallels other hagiographic accounts of saints vigilantly attending readings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez numbers 96 and 101–106 are present, but the English draft labels 'After 42–43' between them, suggesting a possible lacuna or misnumbering in the source.","The phrase 'ኢትኅድጉ ለጌሠም' could be interpreted as either 'do not leave the reader' or 'do not omit the reader,' affecting the understanding of the instruction."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"፻፯፤ ወጸልዩ፡ ላዕሌየ፡ ወላዕለ፡ ዘጸሐፎ፡ ወአጽሐፎ፡ ወዘአንበቦ፡ ወዘተርጐሞ፡ ወዘሰምዐ፡ ቃላቲሁ፡ ለዝንቱ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ይምሐረነ፡ እግዚአብሔር።\n\nPrayer against Satan and other enemies\nAfter 43–45 .\n\n፻፰፤ በጸሎታ፡ ለእግዝእትነ፡ ማርያም፡ ወላዲተ፡ አምላክ፡ ወበጸሎቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ወበስእለቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ገብርኤል፡ ዜናዊ፡ ትፍሥሕት፡\nወሐሤት፡ ወበጸሎቶሙ፡ ለዕሥራ፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ ካህናተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወበስእለቶሙ፡ ለአርባዕቱ፡ እንስሳ፡ ወበጸሎቶሙ፡ ለቅዱሳን፡ ወሰማዕት፡ ወኄራን፡ መላእክት፡ መንፈሳውያን፡\nወለነኒ፡ ይምሐረነ፡ ወይሣህለነ፡ ለኵልነ፡ ውሉደ፡ ጥምቀት፤ ወያድኅነነ፡ እመሣግሪሁ፡ ለሰይጣን። ፻፱፤ በረከተ፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወሀብተ፡ ረድኤቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። ፻፲፤ ኤኮስ፡ አስሌ፡ ኤፓ፡ ኤፓስ፡ ኤነከምካም፡ ኤቦካ፡ ኪሮም፡ ለካፍ፡ ፌኤ፡ ሎኬ፡ ወአርናኬ፡ ጓ፡ አብሶላ፡ አስቤክ፡ አበሳኩ፡ አሜዕ፡ አውጽ፡ ኤቃ፡ ኤጴ፡ ካብዕ፡\nሬው፡ አርሂሊ፡ አዮን፡ ያብሳት፡ ጸ። ፻፲፩ ፤ ለዘተአመነ፡ በጸሎቱ፡ ወበስእለቱ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡\nበትንብልናሃ፡ ወበአስተብቍዖታ፡ ለእግዝእትነ፡ ማርያም፡ ወላዲተ፡ አምላክ፡ ያድኅነነ፡ ወልዳ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም።","english":"107. And pray for me and for the one who wrote it and caused it to be written, and for the one who read it and translated it, and for the one who heard his words, this book; may the Lord forgive us all together.\n\nPrayer against Satan and other enemies.\n\n108. By the prayer of our Lady Mary, the Mother of God, and by the prayer of Saint Michael, the chief of the angels, and by the intercession of Saint Gabriel, the herald of joy and gladness, and by the prayers of the twenty-four priests of heaven, and by the intercession of the four living creatures, and by the prayers of the saints and martyrs and the good spiritual angels, may He have mercy on us and be gracious to all of us, the children of baptism, and may He save us from the snares of Satan.\n\n109. May the blessing of the prayer and the gift of the help of Saint Michael be with us forever and ever. Amen.\n\n110. Ekos Asle Epa Epas Enakemkam Eboka Kirom Lekaf Fe Loke Warnake Gua Absola Asbek Abesaku Ame Awts Eka Epe Kab Reu Arhili Ayon Yabsat Tse.\n\n111. For the one who believes in the prayer and intercession of Saint Michael, the chief of the angels, through the humility and supplication of our Lady Mary, the Mother of God, may He save us and her Son forever and ever.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፻፰፤ ... ወላዲተ አምላክ","severity":"info","text":"The passage shifts from a prayer for scribes and readers (107) to a litany of intercessors: Mary, Michael, Gabriel, the twenty-four priests, the four living creatures, saints, and angels.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ወላዲተ አምላክ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'Wālāditā ʾAmlāk' (Mother of God) is a standard Christological title for Mary, equivalent to the Greek Theotokos, and is used here in a prayer context.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕሥራ ወአርባዕቱ ካህናተ ሰማይ","severity":"info","text":"The 'twenty-four priests of heaven' likely refer to the twenty-four elders of the Apocalypse (Rev 4:4), a common motif in Ethiopic angelology and liturgy.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አርባዕቱ እንስሳ","severity":"info","text":"The 'four living creatures' (ʾArbaʿtu ʾƎnsāsa) are the tetramorphs of Ezekiel 1 and Revelation 4, often invoked in Ethiopic prayers as angelic beings.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"፻፲፤ ኤኮስ ... ጸ።","severity":"caution","text":"Section 110 contains a string of apparently non-Geʿez words (e.g., 'Ekos Asle Epa'), likely a corrupt or magical formula; its meaning and origin are uncertain.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፻፲፩፤ ለዘተአመነ ... ወልዳ ለዓለመ ዓለም","severity":"info","text":"Section 111 concludes the passage with a conditional blessing for believers in Michael's intercession, echoing the earlier prayer and forming an inclusio with the opening of the homily.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The identity and source of the magical-sounding words in section 110 are unclear; they may be corrupt Coptic or a glossolalic invocation.","The phrase 'ወልዳ ለዓለመ ዓለም' (her Son forever) could be read as referring to Christ, but the syntax is ambiguous."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"፻፲፪፤ አካዕ፡ ክስብኤል፡ ቤቃ፡ ጼቃ፡ ሴቃ፡ አልፋ፡ ወዖ፡ ቤጣ፡ የውጣ፡ ዮድ፡ አህያ፡ ሸራህያኤል፡ ሻዳይ፡ ጸባኦት፡ አዶናይ፡ ዐማኑኤል፡ እልመክኑን፡ ወእሎንተ፡\nአስማተ፡ ጸሐፈ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ላዕለ፡ አክናፊሁ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት። ወበእሉ፡ አስማት፡ ወድቀ፡ ዲያብሎስ፡ ምስለ፡ ሠራዊቱ፡ ተዐጺፎ፡ ጽልመተ፡ ሌሊት፡ ከማሁ፡ አውደቆሙ፡ ለፀርየ፡ ወጸላእትየ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። ፻፲፬፤ ኦ፡ እግዚእየ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወልደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያው፡ ወወልደ፡ ማርያም፡ ሥግው፡ በዝ፡ ቃል፡ ዕቀብ፡ ነፍስነ፡ ወሥጋነ፡ እምሀጕል፡ እንበይነ፡\nሥጋከ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወደምከ፡ ጥሉል። ፻፲፭፤ በእንተ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወገብርኤል፡ ወበእንተ፡ ሱራፌል፡ ወኪሩቤል፡ በእንተ፡ አፍኒን፡ ወሳቁኤል፡ በእንተ፡ ዑራኤል፡ ወሩፋኤል፡ ወፋኑኤል፡ ወበእንተ፡\nነቢያት፡ ወሐዋርያት፡ ወበእንተ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ወሰማዕታት፡ እለ፡ ተጸውዐ፡ ስሞሙ፡ ወእለ፡ ኢተጽውዓ፡ አስማቲሆሙ፡ ኅቡረ፡ ይምሐረነ፡ እግዚአብሔር። ፻፲፮፤ እንበይነ፡ ኪዳኑ፡ ለሚካኤል፡ መልአከ፡ ምክርከ፡ ወገብርኤል፡ አብሣሬ፡ ትስብእቱ፡ ለወልድከ፡ ሥረይ፡ ኀጢአትየ፡ ወኀጢአተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕዝብከ። ፻፲፯፤ እስመ፡ አንተ፡ ውእቱ፡ እግዚአ፡ ሕያዋን፡ ወሙታን፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን፡ ወአሜን፡ ለይኩን፡ ለይኩን።","english":"112. Akaʿ, Kəsbəʾel, Beqa, Ṣeqa, Seqā, ʾAlfa, waʿo, Beṭa, Yawṭa, Yod, ʾAḥyā, Šarāhyāʾel, Šāday, Ṣabāʿot, ʾAdonay, ʿAmmānūʾel, ʾəlmaknun, and these names which our Lord Jesus Christ wrote upon the wings of the holy Michael, the head of the angels. And by these names the devil fell with his armies, having been defeated, the darkness of night likewise; may they cast down my enemies and adversaries for ever and ever. Amen. 114. O my Lord Jesus Christ, living Son of God and incarnate Son of Mary, by this word guard our soul and our body from the abyss, by the intercession of your holy body and your precious blood. 115. By Michael and Gabriel, and by Sərafel and Kərubel, by ʾAfnin and Saqūʾel, by ʿUrāʾel and Rufāʾel and Fānūʾel, and by the prophets and apostles, and by the righteous and martyrs, those whose names are invoked and those whose names are not invoked, may the Lord have mercy on us together. 116. By the covenant of Michael, the angel of your counsel, and Gabriel, the announcer of the incarnation of your Son, forgive my sins and the sins of all your people. 117. For you are the Lord of the living and the dead, for ever and ever. Amen and amen. Let it be, let it be.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አካዕ፡ ክስብኤል፡ ቤቃ፡ ጼቃ፡ ሴቃ፡ አልፋ፡ ወዖ፡ ቤጣ፡ የውጣ፡ ዮድ፡ አህያ፡ ሸራህያኤል፡ ሻዳይ፡ ጸባኦት፡ አዶናይ፡ ዐማኑኤል፡ እልመክኑን","severity":"info","text":"This list of divine and angelic names (including Hebrew-derived epithets like Šāday, Ṣabāʿot, ʾAdonay, ʿAmmānūʾel) is a magical invocation, typical of protective prayers in Ethiopic tradition. The names are said to have been written by Christ on Michael's wings, a motif not found in canonical scripture.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ተዐጺፎ፡ ጽልመተ፡ ሌሊት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'the darkness of night likewise' echoes the Coptic Vorlage's imagery of Satan's defeat as a fall into darkness, common in late antique Egyptian homiletics. The Geʿez translator adapts this to local demonological concepts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፻፲፪፤ ... ፻፲፬፤ ... ፻፲፭፤ ... ፻፲፮፤ ... ፻፲፯፤","severity":"info","text":"The passage is a series of numbered prayer formulas (112, 114–117), each beginning with a numeral. The jump from 112 to 114 suggests a lacuna or scribal error in the manuscript tradition, possibly omitting a section numbered 113.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦ፡ እግዚእየ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወልደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያው፡ ወወልደ፡ ማርያም፡ ሥግው፡","severity":"info","text":"The invocation of Christ as 'living Son of God and incarnate Son of Mary' reflects the Chalcedonian Christology of the Coptic Orthodox tradition, which Timothy of Alexandria championed. This phrase was likely retained in the Geʿez translation to affirm orthodoxy.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1637Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"በእንተ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ወገብርኤል፡ ወበእንተ፡ ሱራፌል፡ ወኪሩቤል፡","severity":"info","text":"The list of angels (Michael, Gabriel, Sərafel, Kərubel, etc.) parallels the angelic hierarchies found in Ethiopic apocrypha like the Book of Enoch and the Geʿez 'Mashafa Səllāse', though the specific names ʾAfnin and Saqūʾel are rare.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እለ፡ ተጸውዐ፡ ስሞሙ፡ ወእለ፡ ኢተጽውዓ፡ አስማቲሆሙ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'those whose names are invoked and those whose names are not invoked' is ambiguous: it may refer to saints known and unknown, or to a liturgical distinction between named and unnamed intercessors. The Geʿez text does not clarify the intended referent.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The jump from section 112 to 114 suggests a missing section 113, possibly a scribal omission or a break in the manuscript.","The phrase 'those whose names are not invoked' is ambiguous: it could refer to anonymous saints or to beings not formally invoked in liturgy."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":10,"ref":"p10","source":"After 45–48 .\n\n፻፲፰፤ በስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሥሉስ፡ እምኀበ፡ ኢሀሎ፡ ለዓለም፡ አምጻኢሁ፡ ወለኵሉ፡ ፍጡር፡ ፈጣሪሁ፡ ለሰማይ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዐምድ፡ ሰዋቂሁ፡ ወለምድር፡\nበላዕለ፡ ዘባና፡ ለባሕር፡ ሣራሪሁ፡ ለፀሓይ፡ ወለወርኅ፡ ዘፈጠሮሙ፡ ከመ፡ ያብርሁ፡ ወለአብያዝ፡ ዘፈጠሮሙ፡ በበ፡ ኑባሬሁ። ፻፲፱፤ እስመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ይቤ፡ ወኮኑ፡ ወውእቱ፡ አዘዘ፡ ወተፈጥሩ። ወአቀሞሙ፡ ለዓለም፡ ወለዓለመ፡ ዓለም። ትእዛዘ፡ ወሀብሙ፡ ወኢኀለፉ። ፻፳፤ በበ፡ ጊዜሁ፡ ወበበ፡ ዕድሜሁ፡ ከመ፡ ይኩኑ፡ ሊቃነ፡ በመዓልት፡ ወበሌሊት፡ በከመ፡ ሠርዐ፡ ለሊሁ፡ እምኀበ፡ መላእክት፡ ወሰብእ፡ ምሉዕ፡ ስብሐቲሁ፡\nዘኢይነትግ፡ ወዘኢየኀልቅ፡ ብዕለ፡ ቅዳሴሁ። ፻፳፩፤ ስብሐቲሁ፡ ዘእምኀቤሁ፡ ወውዳሴሁ፡ እምዚኣሁ፡ ጽልመተ፡ በርባሮስ፡ ዘኢይሴውሮ፡ እምንጻሬሁ፡ ወዕመቀ፡ አብሕርት፡ ዘይገስስ፡ በእዴሁ፡ እንዘ፡ ሀሎ፡\nውስተ፡ አርያም፡ ጽርሑ፡ ዘኢይትነገር፡ በልሳነ፡ ሰብእ፡ ውዳሴሁ፡ ወኢይጤየቅ፡ አምሳሊሁ፡ ዘስዉር፡ እምሰብእ፡ እሳተ፡ መለኮቱ፡ ወእምፍጥረተ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ዘኢይትከሀል፡\nለነጊር፡ ጥንተ፡ ክዋኔሁ፡ ወዘኢይት፡ ዐደው፡ እምልበ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወእምኅሊና፡ መላእክት፡ ዕመቀ፡ ጥበቢሁ። ፻፳፪፤ ሎቱ፡ ክብር፡ ወስብሐት፡ ወአኰቴት፡ ለሰፋኒት፡ መለኮተ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን።","english":"118. In the name of God, Trinity, from whom there is no cessation for eternity, who brought forth and for every creature its creator, for the sky without pillar its supporter, and for the earth above the abyss its stabilizer, for the sun and the moon which he created so that they might give light, and for the clouds which he created each in its own function. 119. For it is he who spoke and they came to be, and it is he who commanded and they were created. And he established them for the world and for eternity, a command and he gave them, and they do not pass away. 120. In each its time and in each its season, so that they might be rulers by day and by night, according to the ordinance he himself established from among angels and men, full of his praise which does not cease and which cannot be diminished, the abundance of his sanctity. 121. His praise from him and his glorification from him, the darkness of barbarians which does not cover from his light, and the depth of the seas which he measures with his hand while he is in the heights of the firmament, which cannot be told by the tongue of man, his glorification, and his likeness cannot be depicted, which is hidden from man, the fire of his divinity, and from his creation which cannot be for a herald to tell the beginning of his existence, and which cannot be forgotten from the heart of man and from the thought of angels, the depth of his wisdom. 122. To him is glory, praise, and honor for the abundance of his divinity for eternity, Amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage (sections 118–122) is a doxological conclusion to the homily, shifting from narrative to praise. It echoes the opening invocation and frames the preceding angelic name list as a liturgical climax.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሥሉስ","severity":"info","text":"ሥሉስ (śǝllus) is the Geʿez term for 'Trinity', a standard theological term in Ethiopic Christianity, here invoking the triune God as the source of all creation.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The description of God as creator of sky without pillar and earth above the abyss reflects a common cosmological trope in Ethiopic homiletics, derived from patristic and biblical imagery (e.g., Job 26:11).","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This doxology, with its emphasis on ineffable praise and hidden divinity, is typical of Ethiopic liturgical texts and may have been used in the context of the feast of Michael (Ḫǝdār) as a congregational response.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text in section 121 contains a complex series of relative clauses that may be syntactically ambiguous; the translation 'which cannot be forgotten' (ዘኢይት፡ ዐደው፡) is one plausible reading, but the phrase could also be parsed as a negation of the verb 'to pass over'.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘኢይት፡ ዐደው፡' in section 121 is ambiguous: it could mean 'which cannot be forgotten' (from ዐደወ 'to forget') or 'which cannot be passed over' (from ዐደወ 'to pass over'). The context of praise suggests the former, but the latter is also possible."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":11,"ref":"p11","source":"፻፳፫፤ ንቀድም፡ በረድኤተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ልዑል፡ ጽሒፈ፡ ተአምራቲሁ፡ ወኀይሉ፡ ለመልክ፡ ክቡር፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ ሰርዌሆሙ፡ ለመላእክት፡ ትጉሃን፡ እለ፡\nሥዑላን፡ በነድ፡ ውዑይ፡ ትንብልናሁ፡ ወአስተብቍዖቱ፡ ያድኅነነ፡ እምዘመን፡ እኩይ፡ ከመ፡ ኢያስጥመነ፡ ዘባሕረ፡ ኀጢአት፡ ቀላይ፡ ለኵልነ፡ ውሉደ፡ ጥምቀት፡ ለዓለመ፡\nዓለም፡ አሜን። ፻፳፬፣ ይቤ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ውእቱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ስቡሕ፡ ወጥቀ፡ ልዑል፡ ዲበ፡ ኵሉ፡ ፍጥረት፡ ዘኢያገምሮ፡ ኅሊና፡ ለብእ፡ ወኢይክሉ፡ አዕይንት፡ ደፊረ፡ ነጽሮቱ፡\nለፈጣሪ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘነፍስ፡ በቃለ፡ ጥበብ። ፻፳፭፤ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ ዳዊት፡ በመዝሙር፡ ዐቢይ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወብዙኅ፡ አኰቴቱ፡ ወካዕበ፡ ይቤ፡ ዐቢይ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወዐቢይ፡ ኀይሉ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ኍልቍ፡\nለጥበቢሁ፡ ወካዕበ፡ ይቤ፡ ዳዊት፡ ጥቀ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ግብርከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ወኵሎ፡ በጥበብ ገበርከ። ፻፳፮፤ ወካዕበ፡ ይቤ፡ ዘይሬስዮሙ፡ ለመላእክቲሁ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ወለእለ፡ ይትለአክዎ፡ ነደ፡ እሳት። ፻፳፯፤ ዓዲ፡ ይቤ፡ ይትአየን፡ መልአከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ዐውዶሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይፈርህዎ፡ ወያድኅኖሙ። ፻፳፰፤ ዘገብረ፡ ኵሎ፡ ወዘፈጠረ፡ ኵሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡ ኀያላን፡ ዘይትዐጸፍ፡ ብርሃነ፡ ከመ፡ ልብስ፡ ዘእምቅድመ፡ ዓለም፡ ንጉሥ። ፻፳፱። ዐቢይ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወመንክር፡ ኪነ፡ ጥበቡ፡ ጥቀ፡ ዘፈጠሮሙ፡ ለመላእክት፡ እምእሳት፡ ወነፋስ፡ አሐዱ፡ ዘኢይትረአይ፡ ወአሐዱ፡ ዘኢይትገሰስ፡ ከመ፡\nይትለአክዎ፡ ወይስቡሑ፡ ለስሙ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ኵሎ፡ ጊዜ፡ ይእዜኒ፡ ወዘልፈኒ፡ ወለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። The following text is taken from","english":"123. Let us begin with the help of God Most High, through the writing of his miracles and his power, for the glorious image Michael, the commander of the host of the angels, the vigilant ones who are exalted in the fire of the burning furnace of his glory and his majesty. May he save us from the evil time, as he has immersed us in the sea of sin, a ford for all of us, the children of baptism, for ever and ever, amen.\n\n124. The great one is God, glorious and exceedingly high above all creation, whom the mind of man cannot comprehend, and the eyes cannot endure the sight of the creator of all that has a soul, by the word of wisdom.\n\n125. As David said in the Psalm: Great is God and abundant is his praise. And again he said: Great is God and great is his power, and there is no end to his wisdom. And again David said: Exceedingly great is your work, O Lord, and you have done all things with wisdom.\n\n126. And again he said: He who gives spirit to his angels and fire to those who serve him.\n\n127. Further, he said: The angel of God appears to those who fear him and saves them.\n\n128. He who has done all things and created all things, God, the God of the mighty, who is clothed in light as a garment, king from before the world.\n\n129. Great and wondrous is the skill of his wisdom, who created the angels from fire and wind, one that is not seen and one that is not touched, as they serve him and praise his holy name at all times, now and always, and for ever and ever, amen.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፻፳፫፤ … ፻፳፱።","severity":"info","text":"This passage comprises seven numbered sections (123–129), each introduced by a Geʿez numeral. The sequence moves from an opening invocation (123) through a series of doxological statements and scriptural citations (124–128) to a concluding reflection on angelic creation (129).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ሊቀ፡ ሰርዌሆሙ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'commander of the host' (liqa sarwehomu) is a standard Geʿez epithet for Michael, derived from the Coptic and Greek tradition of Michael as archistrategos, the chief general of the angelic army.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዳዊት፡ በመዝሙር፡","severity":"info","text":"Section 125 cites David in the Psalm, echoing Psalm 145:3 (LXX 144:3) 'Great is the Lord and most worthy of praise' and Psalm 145:5 (LXX 144:5) 'Great is the Lord and great his power'. The third citation, 'Exceedingly great is your work', is a paraphrase of Psalm 92:5 (LXX 91:5).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እምእሳት፡ ወነፋስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The description of angels created from fire and wind (129) reflects a common Christian angelological motif, found in early Egyptian monastic literature and in Coptic homilies, where angels are composed of a subtle, fiery substance.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘኢይትረአይ፡ ወአሐዱ፡ ዘኢይትገሰስ፡","severity":"info","text":"The assertion that angels are 'not seen' and 'not touched' (129) aligns with later Ethiopic theological discussions on angelic corporeality, which often drew on the homilies of Timothy of Alexandria to define the nature of angels as invisible yet material.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1637Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ከመ፡ ኢያስጥመነ፡ ዘባሕረ፡ ኀጢአት፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'as he has immersed us in the sea of sin' (123) is textually problematic: the Geʿez verb 'asṭama' normally means 'to immerse', but the context of Michael saving from evil time suggests a possible scribal error or a deliberate paradox, reading 'immersed' as a metaphor for purification or trial.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'as he has immersed us in the sea of sin' (123) is ambiguous: it may be a scribal corruption of a verb meaning 'to save' or 'to protect', or it may be a deliberate rhetorical paradox where immersion in sin is a prelude to salvation.","The identity of the 'burning furnace' (123) is unclear: it could refer to a specific biblical or apocryphal episode (e.g., the furnace of Daniel) or be a general symbol of divine glory."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":12,"ref":"p12","source":"15-34\n.\n\nበስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወምንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩፡ አምላክ፤\n\nዝንቱ፡ ድርሳን፡ ዘደረሰ፡ አባ፡ ደማቴዎስ፡ ሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ዘእለእስክንድርያ፡ ዘይትነበብ፡ በዕለተ፡ በዓሉ፡ ለዐቢይ፡ ወክቡር፡ ወቅዱስ፡ ሊቀ፡\nመላእክት፡ ሚካኤል፡ አመ፡ ዐሡሩ፡ ወሰኑዩ፡ ለወርኀ፡ ኅዳር።\n\nያርእየነ፡ ኀይለ፡ ወተአምረ፡ ወክብረ፡ ዘወሀቦ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እምኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ መላእክት። ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለም፡ ዓለም፤ አሜን።\n\nአውሎግሶን፡ አውሎግሶን፤ አውሎግሶን። ዐቢይ፡ በዓል፡ ለነ፡ ዮም፡ ኦ፡ ፍቁራንየ፡ ለንትጋባእ፥ ወንትፈሣሕ ፡ ወይትሐሠይ፡ ልብነ፥ ወናዕርፍ፡ በዛቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ቅድስት። ወአነ፡ ርኢክዎ፡ ለዐቢይ፡\nወክቡር፡ ወኀያል፡ ወልዑል፡ ወመተንብል፡ ወኄር፡ ብፁዕ፡ ወቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፤ የሀበኒ፡ ቃለ፡ ጥዑመ፡ ዘመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ በከመ፡ ይቤ፡ ዳዊት፡ በመዝሙር፡ እስመ፡ ለመላእክቲሁ ፡ ይኤዝዞሙ፡\nበእንቲኣከ፡ ከመ፡ ይዕቀቡከ፡ በኵሉ፡ ፍናዊከ፡ ወበእደዊሆሙ፡ ያነሥኡከ፤ ለእመ፡ ወሀብከ፡ መሥዋዕተ።","english":"In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God.\n\nThis is the homily which Abba Timothy, Archbishop of Alexandria, composed, which is read on the day of the feast of the great, glorious, and holy commander of the angels, Michael, on the tenth and the second of the month of Ḫǝdār.\n\nIt reveals the power, the miracle, and the glory which the Lord gave him above all the holy angels. May his prayer and blessing be with us forever and ever. Amen.\n\nAulogoson, aulogoson, aulogoson. Great is the feast for us today, O my beloved ones, that we may rejoice and be glad, and our heart may be delighted, and we may celebrate on this holy day. And I have seen the great, glorious, mighty, exalted, noble, good, blessed, and holy Michael, the commander of the angels. He gave me a sweet word of the Holy Spirit, as David said in the Psalm: \"For to his angels he gives command concerning you, that they may guard you on all your paths and raise you up with their hands, if you offer a sacrifice.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ዝንቱ ድርሳን","severity":"info","text":"The opening formula identifies the work as a homily (dǝrsān) composed by Timothy of Alexandria for the feast of Michael on 10-11 Ḫǝdār.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አውሎግሶን","severity":"info","text":"The triple invocation 'Aulogoson' is a Greek-derived liturgical acclamation (εὐλογήσωμεν, 'let us bless'), typical of Copto-Ethiopic festal openings.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዳዊት በመዝሙር","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'as David said in the Psalm' introduces a paraphrase of Psalm 91:11-12 (LXX 90), where angels guard the faithful on their paths.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሊቀ ጳጳሳት ዘእለእስክንድርያ","severity":"info","text":"Timothy of Alexandria (d. 385) is the attributed author; the homily survives only in Geʿez, likely translated from Coptic in the Aksumite or early Solomonic period.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1637Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022427940203941","label":"Saint Michael the archangel: three encomiums by Theodosius, archbishop of Alexandria, Severus, patriarch of Antioch, and Eustathius, bishop of Trake; the Coptic texts with extracts from Arabic and Ethiopic versions, edited with a translation","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022427940203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"በዕለተ በዓሉ ለዐቢይ ወክቡር ወቅዱስ ሊቀ መላእክት ሚካኤል","severity":"info","text":"The feast of Michael on 10-11 Ḫǝdār (November) is a major celebration in the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo tradition, marked by this homily's annual reading.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text at line 15-34 is fragmentary; the English draft supplies a continuous sense but the original may have lacunae or scribal expansions."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":13,"ref":"p13","source":"ኍልቍ፡ ለጥበቢሁ። ወካዕበ፡ ይቤ፡ ዳዊት፡ ጥቀ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ግብርከ፡ እግዚኦ፤ ወኵሎ፡ በጥበብ፡ ገበርከ። ወካዕበ፡ ይቤ፡ ዘይሬስዮሙ፡ ለመላእክቲሁ፡ መንፈሰ፡ ወለእለ፡ ይትለአክዎ፡ ነደ፡ እሳት። ዓዲ፡ ይቤ፡ ይትሀየን፡ መልአከ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አውዶሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ይፈርህዎ፡ ወያድኅኖሙ። ዘአብረ፡ ኵሎ፡ ወዘፈጠረ፡ ኵሎ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላከ፡ ኀያላን፡ ዘይትዐጸፍ፡\nብርሃነ፡ ከመ፡ ልብስ፥ ዘእምቅድመ፡ ዓለም፡ ንጉሥ። ዐቢይ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወመንክር፡ ኪነ፡ ጥበቡ፡ ጥቀ፤ ዘፈጠሮሙ፡ ለመላእክት፡ እምእሳት፡\nወነፋስ፡ አሐዱ፡ ዘኢይትረአይ፡ ወአሐዱ፡ ዘኢይትገሰስ፡ ከመ፡ ይትለአክዎ፡ ወይሰብሑ፡ ለስሙ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ኵሎ፡ ጊዜ፥ ይእዜኒ፡ ወዘልፈኒ፡ ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። Incipit and explicit of the homily are based on , which are different from those\nattested in . በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩አምላክ።","english":"All of them, for your wisdom, and again David said, \"Great is your work, O Lord, and you have done everything with wisdom.\" And again he said, \"He who gives his spirit to his angels, and to those who serve him, a flame of fire.\" Again he said, \"The angel of the Lord will be merciful, driving away those who fear him and saving them.\" He who created everything and fashioned everything, the Lord God of the mighty, who is clothed with light as with a garment, who from before the world was king. Great is he, and marvelous is the skill of his wisdom, exceedingly. He who created the angels from fire and wind, one invisible and one intangible, so that they might serve him and praise his holy name at all times, now and forever, for eternity. Amen. In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዳዊት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'Great is your work, O Lord' echoes Psalm 92:5 (LXX 91:5) but is not a direct quotation; it may be a paraphrase or a conflation of several verses.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መንፈሰ ወለእለ ይትለአክዎ ነደ እሳት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'spirit ... and a flame of fire' likely refers to the dual nature of angels as composed of fire and wind, a concept found in early Christian angelology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እምእሳት ወነፋስ","severity":"info","text":"The description of angels as created from fire and wind is a common motif in Ethiopic and Coptic homilies, reflecting a tradition that angels are incorporeal yet composed of subtle elements.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"This passage is a doxological conclusion, weaving together scriptural allusions and angelological themes to praise God and the angels, typical of homiletic endings.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The homily is read on the feast of Michael on the 10th and 2nd of Ḫǝdār, indicating its liturgical use in the Ethiopian tradition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The incipit and explicit of the homily are based on sources different from those attested in the edition, suggesting possible textual variation or corruption.","cites":[{"key":"ed:LIT1637Homily","label":"source edition: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘኢይትረአይ ወአሐዱ ዘኢይትገሰስ' is ambiguous: it could mean 'one invisible and one intangible' referring to two types of angels, or it could be a description of the same angelic nature."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":14,"ref":"p14","source":"ድርሳን፡ ወነገር፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ አ በ ባ ፡\nደማቲዎስ፡\nሊቀ፡ ጳጳሳት፡ ዘለእስክንድርያ፡ ትነበብ፡ በበዓለ፡ ቅዱሰ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፪ለህዳር፡ ኣርፋታኤል፡ አዘፋታኢል፡ ሕዝትናኤል፡ ምርሜል፡ ስመ፡ አምላክ፡ ኢየሱስ፡\nክርስቶስ፡ ቃል፡ ቀዳማዊ፡ ወልደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያው፡ ወወልደ፡ ማርያም፡ ሥግው፡ ያርኅቅ፡ እም ኒ ኔ ነ፡\nኃይለ፡ ሳይግናት፡ ገሙናነ፡ መንፈስ፡ ወያድክም፡ ሀይሎሙ፡ ለመናፍስት፡\nርኩሳን፡ ወያርእየነ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ክብረ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ዘወሀቦ፡ ለቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ እም ኩ ኵ ሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡\nመላእክተ፡ በረክተ፡ ረድኤቱ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስለ፡ ገብሩ፡\nለዓ፡ ዓሜን፡\nወኢታንብሮ፡ ውስተ፡ ቢት፡ እኩይ፡ ከመ፡ እይኩን፡ ስላቀ፡ ለ ስ ሳ ይጣን፡ ኢትዝርዎ፡ ለአብዳን፡ ዘአልቦሙ፡ አሚን፡ ወኢጥሙቃን፡ አላ፡ እቀቦ፡ በተአምኖቱ፡ ለመልአካ፡ ምሕረት፡ ብርሃን፡\nኦቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ባልሖ፡ እመከራ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወነፍስ፡ ለጸሐፌ፡ ዝንቱ፡\nድ ር ስ ሳ ን፡ ወለዘአጽሐፎ፡\nዓሜን፡ ወዓሜን፡ እይኩን፡ ለይኩ ን ፡","english":"Homily and Discourse of the Holy Abba Timothy, Archbishop of Alexandria, to be read on the Feast of the Holy Michael, Chief of the Angels, on the 12th of Ḫǝdār. Arfatael, Azzatael, Ḥǝznanael, Mirmel, the name of God, Jesus Christ, the First Word, Son of God, Living One, and Son of Mary, the Incarnate One, who removes from us the power of the demons, who subdues the forces of the unclean spirits, and who shows us God, the great glory which He gave to the Holy Michael from among all the holy angels. May the blessing of his help be with his servant forever. Amen.\n\nAnd do not cast [us] into an evil pit, that we may not become a snare for the destruction of those who have no faith and are not baptized. But I entrust [this] through the faith of the Angel of Mercy, Light. O Holy Michael, Chief of the Angels, be without affliction of body and soul for the scribe of this homily and for the one who caused it to be written. Amen and amen, may it be for you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"ድርሳን፡ ወነገር፡","severity":"info","text":"The opening formula 'Homily and Discourse' marks the end of the homily proper and the beginning of a scribal colophon or prayer, typical in Ethiopic manuscripts.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ቃል፡ ቀዳማዊ፡ ወልደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሕያው፡ ወወልደ፡ ማርያም፡ ሥግው፡","severity":"info","text":"This extended Christological title ('Jesus Christ, the First Word, Son of God, Living One, and Son of Mary, the Incarnate One') reflects the anti-Chalcedonian emphasis on the unity of Christ's divinity and humanity, typical of the Coptic tradition.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:coptic-theodosius-michael","label":"gap dossier: Encomium on Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/coptic-theodosius-michael"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢትዝርዎ፡ ለአብዳን፡ ዘአልቦሙ፡ አሚን፡ ወኢጥሙቃን፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'destruction of those who have no faith and are not baptized' reflects a concern for the unbaptized or heretics, possibly a scribal addition warning against misuse of the text.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"ኦቅዱስ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ሊቀ፡ መላእክት፡ ባልሖ፡ እመከራ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወነፍስ፡ ለጸሐፌ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ድርሳን፡","severity":"info","text":"The prayer for the scribe and the one who caused the homily to be written indicates the text's use in a monastic scriptorium, where copying was a devotional act.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1637Homily","label":"betmas: Homily on the Archangel Michael by Timothy of Alexandria (Ḫǝdār)","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1637Homily"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢታንብሮ፡ ውስተ፡ ቢት፡ እኩይ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'do not cast into an evil pit' is ambiguous; it may be a scribal plea for protection from error or damnation, but the syntax is unclear.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'do not cast into an evil pit' (ኢታንብሮ፡ ውስተ፡ ቢት፡ እኩይ፡) is syntactically unclear; it may be a prayer for the scribe or a warning to readers.","The list of angelic names (Arfatael, Azzatael, etc.) is not standard in known angelologies; their source or significance is uncertain."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}