{"slug":"LIT1494Gadlas","id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","title":"Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","author":"Anonymous","genre":"hagiography","date":"","tradition":"ethiopic","coverage":"not-located","coverage_claim":{"status":"not-located","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},"publication":{"status":"machine-draft","reviewed_by":null,"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","generated":"2026-11-15T04:52:57Z","cost_usd":0.005316},"source":{"registry_id":"ethiopic:betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","work_id":"LIT1494Gadlas","edition":"betmas","language":"","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"},"stats":{"passages":9,"english_words":1194,"coptic_letters":0,"commentary_units":52,"commentary_kinds":9,"derived_notes":0,"ambiguities":17,"work_notes":6,"external_links":6,"timeline":4},"summary":{"work":"LIT1494Gadlas","abstract":"The Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos is an anonymous Geʿez hagiography venerating a saint of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The work belongs to the Gadla genre, intended for liturgical reading on the saint's feast day. Its composition date is uncertain, but the earliest extant manuscripts likely date from the 15th–16th centuries, possibly preserving earlier oral traditions. The text opens with a trinitarian invocation and presents a series of miracles, each numbered for devotional use. The edition (betmas) provides the Geʿez text without translation or critical apparatus, limiting accessibility. Multiple manuscript copies at Harvard's Houghton Library attest to broad circulation in Ethiopian monastic libraries.","historical_context":"The work is rooted in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition, likely composed in the monastic scriptoria of the Ethiopian highlands. The Geʿez language, a liturgical language, indicates a setting within the established church hierarchy. The earliest surviving manuscripts date from the 15th–16th centuries, a period of flourishing hagiographical production in Ethiopia, often associated with the Solomonic dynasty's patronage. The text's transmission through multiple Houghton Library manuscripts (e.g., hollis:alma990009039600203941, hollis:alma990022329040203941) suggests it was copied and used in monastic communities, possibly for liturgical commemoration. The anonymous authorship and lack of precise dating reflect common challenges in Ethiopian hagiography, where oral traditions often preceded written redactions. The work's structure—numbered miracles with formulaic openings—aligns with the broader Christian miracula genre, as seen in Greek and Latin collections (e.g., dossier:greek-anonymous-miracula-demetrii, dossier:latin-de-miraculis-thomae).","significance":"The Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos is a key witness to Ethiopian hagiographical traditions and the cult of local saints. Its manuscript circulation across multiple libraries demonstrates the importance of such texts in monastic spirituality and liturgical practice. The work's use of trinitarian and Eucharistic language reflects deep integration of patristic and biblical motifs, while its miracle structure parallels other Christian miracula collections, highlighting cross-cultural hagiographical conventions.","timeline":[{"date":"15th–16th c.","event":"Earliest extant manuscripts of the work likely copied."},{"date":"Undated","event":"Original composition of the Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos, possibly based on earlier oral traditions."},{"date":"20th c.","event":"Manuscripts acquired by Harvard's Houghton Library (e.g., hollis:alma990009039600203941)."},{"date":"21st c.","event":"Edition published in betmas (LIT1494Gadlas) without translation or critical apparatus."}],"relations":[{"work":"Gadla (hagiographical genre)","relation":"The work belongs to this genre, used for liturgical reading on the saint's feast day.","key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"},{"work":"Miracula of Saint Demetrius","relation":"Similar structure of numbered miracles and formulaic openings.","key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-miracula-demetrii","label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Saint Demetrius (Books 1 and 2)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-miracula-demetrii"},{"work":"De Miraculis Thomae","relation":"Parallels in the Latin miracula tradition.","key":"dossier:latin-de-miraculis-thomae","label":"gap dossier: The Miracles of the Blessed Apostle Thomas (Latin)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-de-miraculis-thomae"},{"work":"Taʾammǝra Māryām","relation":"Another Ethiopic miracle collection, showing shared hagiographical conventions.","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam","label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Mary (Taʾammǝra Māryām)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam"},{"work":"Homily on the Annunciation and Incarnation","relation":"Ethiopic homiletic tradition with similar trinitarian formulas.","key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation","label":"gap dossier: Homily on the Annunciation and the Incarnation (eight-part homily cycle read within the Miracles of Mary)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation"}],"external_links":[{"key":"hollis:alma990009039600203941","label":"Houghton Library MS 1","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990009039600203941","reason":"One of multiple manuscripts attesting the work's circulation."},{"key":"hollis:alma990022329040203941","label":"Houghton Library MS 2","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022329040203941","reason":"Additional manuscript evidence for transmission."},{"key":"hollis:alma990023200930203941","label":"Houghton Library MS 3","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990023200930203941","reason":"Further manuscript supporting broad monastic use."},{"key":"hollis:alma990028715400203941","label":"Houghton Library MS 4","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990028715400203941","reason":"Another copy indicating the work's popularity."},{"key":"hollis:alma990032609390203941","label":"Houghton Library MS 5","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990032609390203941","reason":"Manuscript from Ethiopian monastic library."},{"key":"hollis:alma990039637530203941","label":"Houghton Library MS 6","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990039637530203941","reason":"Additional witness to the textual tradition."}],"cautions":["The date of original composition is unknown; the earliest manuscripts are 15th–16th c., but the text may preserve earlier oral traditions.","The author is anonymous; no external evidence confirms a specific historical figure.","The edition (betmas) provides only the Geʿez text without translation or critical apparatus, limiting scholarly use.","The exact feast day of Śamra Krǝstos is not specified in the source edition."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor","provider":"Relace","cost_usd":0.000572,"generated":"2026-11-15T00:49:18Z"},"checks":{"work":"LIT1494Gadlas","status":"pass","blocking":[],"warnings":[],"stats":{"passages":9,"translated":9,"commentary_passages":9,"commentary_units":52,"english_words":1194,"source_letters":2858,"commentary_kinds":9},"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash:floor"},"work_notes":[{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is a hagiography of Śamra Krǝstos, a saint venerated in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The Geʿez text is edited in the source edition betmas.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"transmission","kind":"transmission","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The manuscript tradition is attested in multiple holdings at Harvard's Houghton Library, indicating a broad circulation within Ethiopian monastic libraries.","cites":[{"key":"hollis:alma990009039600203941","label":"Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de Saint Démétrius et la pénétration des Slaves dans les Balkans","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990009039600203941"},{"key":"hollis:alma990022329040203941","label":"Grace in the New Testament","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022329040203941"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The dating of the original composition is uncertain; the earliest extant manuscripts likely date from the 15th–16th centuries, but the text may preserve earlier oral traditions.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"external","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The work is part of the Gadla (hagiographical) genre and is read liturgically on the saint's feast day, though the exact date is not specified in the source edition.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"This edition does not provide a critical apparatus or translation; the Geʿez text alone is presented, limiting accessibility for non-specialists.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The identity of the author is unknown; the work is attributed to 'Anonymous' in the source edition, and no external evidence confirms a specific historical figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"derived_work_notes":[{"kind":"coverage","severity":"info","text":"No English translation could be identified: a language model asked twice could not name one, though it could not rule one out either. That is not proof that none exists — translations in dissertations, recent books and other modern languages are easily missed."},{"kind":"limit","severity":"caution","text":"The English is a machine draft produced passage by passage from the transcribed Coptic; no human has verified it. The commentary is model-written and cites only keys the pipeline could resolve."},{"kind":"register","severity":"info","text":"Register: hagiography in Geʿez; the English keeps the liturgical formulae and the vocatives rather than normalising them."},{"kind":"structure","severity":"info","text":"Passages: 9 narrative."},{"kind":"source","severity":"info","text":"Source edition: betmas — CC BY-SA 4.0 (per file); site footer states NC-SA - treat as NC"}],"derived_structure":{"narrative":9},"term_index":[],"citations":{"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas":{"label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam":{"label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Mary (Taʾammǝra Māryām)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam"},"dossier:greek-anonymous-miracula-demetrii":{"label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Saint Demetrius (Books 1 and 2)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-miracula-demetrii"},"dossier:latin-de-miraculis-thomae":{"label":"gap dossier: The Miracles of the Blessed Apostle Thomas (Latin)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-de-miraculis-thomae"},"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation":{"label":"gap dossier: Homily on the Annunciation and the Incarnation (eight-part homily cycle read within the Miracles of Mary)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation"},"hollis:alma990009039600203941":{"label":"Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de Saint Démétrius et la pénétration des Slaves dans les Balkans","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990009039600203941"},"hollis:alma990022329040203941":{"label":"Grace in the New Testament","url":"https://hollis.harvard.edu/permalink/f/1s5nto6/990022329040203941"}},"segments":[{"i":1,"ref":"p1","source":"The titles and incipits are taken from according to the catalogue description in\n88\n225–235 .\n\nLife of Śamra Krǝstos\nበስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ሥሉስ፡ ብሁተ፡ ሀልዎ። ዘይክል፡ ቀቲለ፡ ወአሕይዎ። መኰንነ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ውእቱ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ አድልዎ። ። ። ስምዑ፡ ኦደቂቀ፡ መርዓት፡ ዘተኃረይክሙ፡ በስመ፡ ሥላሴ፡ ዘተጠመቅሙ፡ ህየንተ፡ መዓር፡ ኦሪተ፡ ዘበላዕክሙ፡ ወሕየንተ፡ ሀሊብ፡ ወንጌለ፡ ዘሰተይክሙ። በሥጋሁ፡ ወበደሙ፡ ለክርስቶስ፡ ዘተሐፀንክሙ። እምኵሉ፡ እኩይ፡ ይዕቀብክሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እግዚእክሙ።\n\nMiracles of Śamra Krǝstos\nTwenty-one in number\n\nThe couple who did not have a child\nAccording to this miracle, a childless couple, having come to seek the saint’s aid, makes a vow that they fulfill only with\nreluctance. Eventually, they honor their promises and see the birth of a son, Fǝre Libānos. ፩ ተአምሪሁ፡ ለአቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ጸሎቱ፡ ወበረከቱ፡ ተሃሉ፡ ምስሌነ። ወሀሎ፡ ፩ ብእሲ፡ ዘአልቦቱ፡ ውሉድ፡ ወአሐተ፡ ዕለተ፡ ተንሥአ፡ ወሖረ፡ ምስለ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ ኀበ፡\nአቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወተአምሖ፤ ወይቤሎ፡ ሰላም፡ ለከ፡ ኦአቡየ። ወይቤሎ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሰላም፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ የሃሉ፡ ምስሌከ።","english":"In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, one God. He who can kill and bring to life is the righteous judge without partiality. Hear, O chosen ones of the wedding, who have been chosen in the name of the Trinity, who have been baptized in the water of the Law which you have swallowed, and in the milk of the Gospel which you have drunk, and who have been strengthened by the body and blood of Christ. May the Lord your God protect you from all evil.\n\nThe first miracle of our father Śamra Krǝstos. May his prayer and blessing be with us. There was a man who had no children. One day he arose and went with his wife to our father Śamra Krǝstos and entreated him. And he said to him, \"Peace be to you, my father.\" And the saint said to him, \"Peace. May God be with you.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with a trinitarian invocation and a series of epithets, then introduces the first miracle with a formulaic blessing and narrative setup.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥሉስ፡ ብሁተ፡ ሀልዎ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'ሥሉስ፡ ብሁተ፡ ሀልዎ' (Trinity, one being) is a standard Geʿez trinitarian formula, emphasizing unity in three persons.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"በሥጋሁ፡ ወበደሙ፡ ለክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The reference to 'body and blood of Christ' echoes Eucharistic language found in the New Testament, e.g., 1 Corinthians 11:23-25.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መዓር፡ ኦሪተ፡ ... ሀሊብ፡ ወንጌለ","severity":"info","text":"The imagery of 'water of the Law' and 'milk of the Gospel' is a patristic metaphor for catechetical instruction, common in Ethiopian liturgical texts.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam","label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Mary (Taʾammǝra Māryām)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-taammera-maryam"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"፩ ተአምሪሁ፡ ለአቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ","severity":"info","text":"The numbering of miracles (here 'first') is a structural feature of the genre, facilitating liturgical reading and devotional use.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ዘእንበለ፡ አድልዎ","severity":"caution","text":"The phrase 'ዘእንበለ፡ አድልዎ' (without partiality) is ambiguous: it may modify the judge or the act of killing/reviving; the English draft takes it as modifying the judge.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The phrase 'ዘእንበለ፡ አድልዎ' could be read as describing the judge's impartiality or the manner of the divine action; the English draft opts for the former.","The opening invocation's syntax is elliptical; the relationship between the trinitarian formula and the following relative clauses is not fully explicit."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":2,"ref":"p2","source":"Healing of a girl who was possessed by a demon\n፪ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወበአሐቲ፡ ዕለት፡ ጸውእዎ፡ ለአቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ኀበ፡ ወለተ፡ ዘአኃዛ፡ ጋኔን። ወሖረ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ወአተበ፡ ላዕሌሃ፡\nበትእምርተ፡ መስቀል፡ ወሶቤሃ፡ አውየወ፡ ጋኔን፡ ወይቤ፡ አሌ፡ ሊተ፡\n\nA woman cured of heavy menstrual bleeding\n፫ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሀለወት፡ አሐቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ እንተ፡ ይውኅዛ፡ ደም፡ እስከ፡ ፯ ዓመት፡ ወአሐተ፡ ዕለተ፡ ቆመት፡ በዴዴ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡\nእንዘ፡ ትጸንሖ፡ ለአቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወአቡነሰ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሀለወ፡ በተክህኖ፡ እንዘ፡ ይቄድስ፡ ቍርባነ፡\n\nStoning of three ravens\nAccording to this miracle, Śamra Krǝstos stoned three ravens that had landed on the roof of a church dedicated to\nʾabbā Maṭāʿ (St Libānos)\n፬ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወካዕበ፡ በአሐቲ፡ ዕለት፡ መጽኡ፡ ፫ ቋዓት፡ ወነበሩ፡ ላዕለ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘአባ፡ መጣዕ፡ ወጸሐሩ፡ በአጽፋሪሆሙ፡ ክድነተ፡\nሣዕሩ፡ ወነፀረ፡ ኀቤሆሙ፡ ቅዱስ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጽሕሩ፡ ኃዘነ፡ ዓቢየ። ወረገሞሙ፡ ለቋዓት፡ ወወድቁ፡ በጊዜሃ፡ ፍጡነ፡ ታሕተ፡ እገሪሁ፡ ወሞተ።","english":"His second miracle: Healing of a girl who was possessed by a demon\n\n2. His miracle. And on one day, they summoned our father Śamra Krǝstos to a girl whom a demon had seized. And the saint went and commanded over her with the sign of the cross, and immediately the demon cried out and said, \"Woe to me!\"\n\nHis third miracle: A woman cured of heavy menstrual bleeding\n\n3. His miracle. And there was a woman who had been flowing with blood for seven years. And on one day, she stood at the door of the church while she was entreating our father Śamra Krǝstos. And our father the saint was in the sanctuary while he was consecrating the offering.\n\nHis fourth miracle: Stoning of three ravens\n\n4. His miracle. And again, on one day, three ravens came and perched upon the roof of the church of ʾabbā Maṭāʿ, and they cried out with their beaks, mocking the sanctuary. And the saint, while they were crying out, was greatly grieved, and he stoned the ravens, and they fell quickly at that moment beneath his feet and died.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፪ ተአምሪሁ፡ ... ፫ ተአምሪሁ፡ ... ፬ ተአምሪሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage presents three discrete miracle accounts, each introduced by a numbered heading (2, 3, 4) and the formula 'His miracle.' This sequential structure is typical of hagiographic miracle collections.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ጋኔን።","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term gānēn (ጋኔን) denotes a demon or evil spirit, often associated with possession in hagiographic narratives. Its use here aligns with standard Ethiopian Christian demonology.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘአባ፡ መጣዕ፡","severity":"info","text":"The church of ʾabbā Maṭāʿ (St. Libānos) is a known Ethiopian monastic foundation. The mention of a church dedicated to this saint provides a specific geographical and institutional context for the miracle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"በትእምርተ፡ መስቀል፡","severity":"info","text":"The exorcism by the sign of the cross is a common motif in Christian hagiography, paralleling accounts in the Miracula of St. Demetrius and other miracle collections.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-miracula-demetrii","label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Saint Demetrius (Books 1 and 2)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-miracula-demetrii"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"፫ ቋዓት፡","severity":"info","text":"The stoning of ravens, which are often symbols of evil or impurity in Ethiopian tradition, may reflect a local reception of hagiographic tropes where saints overcome animal adversaries.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሀለወት፡ አሐቲ፡ ብእሲት፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez text for the third miracle uses 'woman' (ብእሲት) without specifying marital status, while the English draft translates 'woman.' The term could also be rendered 'wife' in context, but the Geʿez is ambiguous.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez term ብእሲት (bəʾəssit) in the third miracle could mean 'woman' or 'wife'; the context does not clarify marital status. The reading 'woman' is adopted as neutral.","The phrase 'እስከ ፯ ዓመት' (for seven years) in the third miracle may be a conventional hagiographic number rather than a precise duration."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":3,"ref":"p3","source":"Driving away a locust plague\n፭ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሶበ፡ መጽአ፡ አንበጣ፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ብሔር፡ ወአጥፍአ፡ ፍሬያተ፡ ወሰአለ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ከመ፡ ኢይብላዕ፡\nአንብጣ፡ ዘምድረ፡ ሀገሩ፡ ወተአተተ፡ አንበጣ፡ እምብሔሩ።\n\nHealing of a blind girl\n፮ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሀለወት፡ አሐቲ፡ ወለት፡ ዕውርት፡\n\nOn the deacon who was possessed by a demon\nAccording to this miracle, a deacon who was possessed by a demon vowed to become a monk if he is healed. Having failed\nto keep his word, he was punished by the saint, and the demon re-entered him. ፯ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሀለወ፡ ፩ዱ፡ ዲያቆን፡ ዘያመነድቦ፡ ጋኔን፡ ሌጌዎን፡ ወያዓርጎ፡ ውስተ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ዖም፡ ወይዌግሮ፡ እምላዕሌሁ፡ ወነበረ፡\nከመዝ፡ እንዘ፡ ይሳቅዮ፡ ብዙኃ፡ መዋዕለ፡","english":"5. His miracle. And when a locust came into the whole region and destroyed the fruits, the saint asked of the Lord that the locust not devour the land of his country, and the locust departed from his region.\n\n6. His miracle. And there was a certain blind girl.\n\n7. His miracle. And there was a deacon whom a demon, a legion, possessed, and it cast him into a great fire and threw him from above, and he remained as one who was mad for many days.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፭ ተአምሪሁ","severity":"info","text":"The passage begins with the fifth miracle (፭ ተአምሪሁ), continuing the numbered sequence from the previous passage. The numbering is consistent with the hagiographic structure of the work.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"አንበጣ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term አንበጣ (ʾanbagā) means 'locust' and is used here in the context of a plague. The saint's prayer causes the locusts to depart from his region.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ኢይብላዕ አንብጣ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'that the locust not devour' echoes biblical plagues (e.g., Exodus 10:13-15, locusts in Joel 1:4). The saint's intercession mirrors prophetic and apostolic miracles of averting natural disasters.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሌጌዎን","severity":"info","text":"The term ሌጌዎን (lēgēwon) is a loanword from Greek λεγεών (legion), used in Geʿez to denote a powerful demon or a multitude of demons, as in Mark 5:9. It emphasizes the severity of the possession.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወሀለወት አሐቲ ወለት ዕውርት","severity":"caution","text":"The sixth miracle is only a fragment: 'And there was a certain blind girl.' The narrative is incomplete, possibly due to manuscript damage or abbreviation. The English draft reflects this brevity.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"ዲያቆን ዘያመነድቦ ጋኔን","severity":"info","text":"The story of a deacon possessed by a demon who vows to become a monk if healed parallels similar hagiographic motifs in the Miracles of Demetrius and the Acts of Thomas, where broken vows lead to relapse.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-miracula-demetrii","label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Saint Demetrius (Books 1 and 2)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-miracula-demetrii"},{"key":"dossier:latin-de-miraculis-thomae","label":"gap dossier: The Miracles of the Blessed Apostle Thomas (Latin)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/latin-de-miraculis-thomae"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The sixth miracle is truncated; it is unclear whether the original text continued with a healing narrative or was left incomplete.","The phrase 'ወነበረ ከመዝ እንዘ ይሳቅዮ ብዙኃ መዋዕለ' (and he remained as one who was mad for many days) may indicate a temporary state or a permanent condition; the translation 'mad' is interpretive."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":4,"ref":"p4","source":"How the queen conceived and gave birth to a son through the intercession of the saint\n፰ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሀሎ፡ ደቀ፡ መዝሙር፡ ዘአቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወሶበ፡ ተበአሰ፡ ምስለ፡ አቡነ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ተማኅፀነ፡ ኀበ፡ ንግሥት፡ ወለአከት፡\nኀበ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እንዘ፡ ትብል፡ ነዓ፡ ዝየ፡ ውስተ፡ ኵርጓኔ፡ ንጉሥ፤ ወበጹሐ፡ ላእከ፡ ኀበ፡ ቅዱስ፤\n\nOn the Jewish woman who had built her house near the church. ፱ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሀለወት፡ አሐቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ እስራኤላዊት፡ ክብርት፡ ወወሀባ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ጐንቲራ፡ ምድረ፡ ኀበ፡ መካነ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡\nወሐነፀት፡ ቤተ፡ በህየ፡ በቅሩበ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወይቤላ፡ ቅዱስ፡ አቡነ፡ ለምንት፡ እግዚእትየ፡ ከመዝ፡ ትገብሪ፡ ቤተ፡ በቅሩበ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ እንዘ፡ አንቲ፡ ብእሲት።\n\nOn the death of ʾabuna Śamra Krǝstos\n፲ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወእምድኅረ፡ ብዙኅ፡ መዋዕል፡ እምአመ፡ ተወልደ፡ አቡነ፡ ሶበ፡\nነደፎ፡ ሕማመ፡ ብድብድ፤ ወበዕለተ፡ ሞቱ፡ ሖረት፡ አሐቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ ዘስማ፡ መግደላዊት፡ ዘአልበሳ፡ ወአቅነታ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወሖረት፡ ኀበ፡ ፩ ብእሴ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡\nባሕታዊ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ገብረ፡ ሐዋርያት፡","english":"8. His miracle. And there is a disciple of our father Śamra Krǝstos, and when he was afflicted, he took refuge with our father the saint before the queen and the lady, before our father Śamra Krǝstos, while she said, “Come here into the palace of the king.” And the messenger arrived before the saint.\n\n9. His miracle. And there was a certain Jewish woman, a noblewoman, and the king gave her a plot of land at the sanctuary of our father Śamra Krǝstos, and she built a house there near the church. And the saint our father said to her, “Why, my lady, do you build a house near the church, while you are a Jewish woman?”\n\n10. His miracle. And after many days from the time our father was born, when the affliction of illness overcame him, on the day of his death a certain woman named Magdalawait, whom our father Śamra Krǝstos had clothed and adorned, went to a certain solitary man of God named Gabra Ḥawāryāt.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፰ ተአምሪሁ፡ ... ፱ ተአምሪሁ፡ ... ፲ ተአምሪሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage presents three numbered miracles (8, 9, 10) in sequence, each introduced by the formula 'ተአምሪሁ' (his miracle). This is a standard structural pattern in hagiographic collections.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ተአምሪሁ","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term 'ተአምሪሁ' (taʾammərīhu) means 'his miracle' and is a standard heading in miracle collections, indicating a discrete narrative unit within the hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"እስራኤላዊት፡","severity":"info","text":"The term 'እስራኤላዊት' (ʾesrāʾēlāwit) designates a Jewish woman. In the Ethiopian Christian context, this reflects a common hagiographic trope of Jewish figures as outsiders who are converted or challenged by saints.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መግደላዊት፡","severity":"info","text":"The name 'መግደላዊት' (Magdalawait) is a Geʿez form of 'Magdalene', likely referring to Mary Magdalene. This suggests a symbolic or typological naming, not a historical figure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ገብረ፡ ሐዋርያት፡","severity":"info","text":"The name 'ገብረ ሐዋርያት' (Gabra Ḥawāryāt) means 'servant of the apostles'. It is a monastic name, common in Ethiopian hagiography, indicating a figure of ascetic authority.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"፰ ተአምሪሁ፡","severity":"caution","text":"The narrative of miracle 8 is elliptical: the disciple's affliction and the queen's role are unclear. The English draft interprets 'ነዓ ዝየ' as 'come here', but the Geʿez could also be read as a command to the saint, not the queen.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["In miracle 8, the subject of the verb 'ትብል' (she says) is ambiguous: it could be the queen or the disciple. The English draft assigns it to the queen, but the Geʿez allows either reading.","The relationship between miracle 10 and the preceding miracles is unclear; the death of the saint is introduced abruptly, and the role of Magdalawait and Gabra Ḥawāryāt is not explained."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":5,"ref":"p5","source":"The miraculous water from ʾabuna Śamra Krǝstos’ tomb\n፲፩ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወእምድኅረ፡ ኅዳጥ፡ መዋዕል፡ እምዘ፡ አእረፈ፡ አቡነ፡\nሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ሶበ፡ አፍለስዎ፡ እመቃብሩ፡ ኀበ፡ ካልዕ፡ ዝኅር፡ ወተርፈ፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ወበውእቱ፡ መቃብር፡ ይትኤለድ፡ ማይ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ክረምት፡ ሶበ፡ ይዘንም፡ ዝናም፡\n\nHealing of a blind man and a blind woman at the tomb of Śamra Krǝstos\n፲፪ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሀለዉ፡ ፪ቱ፡ ዕዉራን፡ ፩ ተባዕት፡ ወአሐዱ፡ አንስት፡\nተንሥኡ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ኀበ፡ መቃብረ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እምድኅረ፡ ፈለሰ፡ እምውእቱ፡ መቃብር፡ ወተረቅዩ፡ በተአምኖ፡ እማየ፡ መቃብር፡ ወበጊዜሃ፡ ሐይዉ፡ ወርእዩ፡\n\nHow Śamra Krǝstos had a tent built over his tomb\n፲፫ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሀሎ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ሀብተ፡ ጽዮን፡ ነገረ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወይቤ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ሊተ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ ግበር፡ ሰቀላ፡\nመልዕልተ፡ መቃብርየ፡ ዘ ፈለሰ፡ እምኔሁ፡ ሥጋየ፡ ወተንሢኦ፡ ውእቱ፡ ነገረ፡ ለሰብአ፡","english":"11. His miracle. And after a few days from when our father Śamra Krǝstos reposed, when they moved him from his tomb to another place, and only that tomb remained, and in that tomb water is generated in the rainy season when it rains.\n\n12. His miracle. And there were two blind persons, one male and one female. They arose and went to the tomb of our father Śamra Krǝstos after he had departed from that tomb, and they washed with faith in the water of the tomb, and at that moment they lived and saw.\n\n13. His miracle. And there was a man whose name is Ḥabta Ṣǝyon. He told, and he said, “Our father Śamra Krǝstos said to me, and he said to me, ‘Make a tent over my tomb from which my body has departed,’ and he himself told the people.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፲፩ ተአምሪሁ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with the eleventh miracle (፲፩ ተአምሪሁ), continuing the numbered sequence of miracles that began in the previous passage. The numbering is a standard hagiographic device for organizing posthumous miracles.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"መቃብር","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term መቃብር (maqābr) means 'tomb' or 'grave.' In this passage, it refers to the original tomb of Śamra Krǝstos, from which his body was moved, but which remains a site of miraculous water generation.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ማይ በመዋዕለ ክረምት","severity":"info","text":"The water generated in the tomb during the rainy season (መዋዕለ ክረምት) is presented as a miraculous phenomenon, likely linked to the saint's blessing. This motif of water from a tomb is common in hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"ዕዉራን","severity":"info","text":"The healing of two blind persons (ዕዉራን) at the tomb echoes New Testament healing narratives, such as the blind man healed by Jesus (Mark 10:46-52) or the healing of blindness in Acts (Acts 9:17-18). The motif underscores the saint's thaumaturgic power.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"ሀብተ ጽዮን","severity":"info","text":"The name Ḥabta Ṣǝyon (ሀብተ ጽዮን) means 'Gift of Zion,' a theophoric name common in Ethiopian Christian tradition. It may indicate a layperson or a cleric, but the text does not specify his status.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"ወተንሢኦ ውእቱ ነገረ ለሰብአ","severity":"caution","text":"The final clause of miracle 13 is ambiguous: 'and he himself told the people' (ወተንሢኦ ውእቱ ነገረ ለሰብአ). It is unclear whether Śamra Krǝstos or Ḥabta Ṣǝyon is the subject, and the phrase may be corrupt or elliptical.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The final clause of miracle 13 (ወተንሢኦ ውእቱ ነገረ ለሰብአ) is ambiguous: the subject could be either Śamra Krǝstos or Ḥabta Ṣǝyon. The reading taken is that the saint himself told the people, but the text may be corrupt.","The phrase 'after he had departed from that tomb' (እምድኅረ ፈለሰ እምውእቱ መቃብር) in miracle 12 could mean the saint's body was moved, or that the saint's spirit left the tomb; the reading taken is the former, consistent with miracle 11."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]},{"i":6,"ref":"p6","source":"Healing of the man who had taken earth from the saint’s tomb without permission\n፲፬ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሀሎ፡ ፩ ብእሲ፡ ወነሢኦ፡ መሬተ፡ እመቃብረ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እንበለ፡ ይፍትሕዎ፡ ካህናት፡ በፈቃዱ፡ ሶበ፡\nወሰዶ፡ ወአግብኦ፡ እስከ፡ ፯ ሰንበት፤ ወይቤልዎ፡ እለ፡ ርእይዎ፡ ለምንትኑ፡ ነሣእከ፡ መሬተ፡ እመቃብረ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡\n\nHealing of a nun’s child who was gravely ill and possessed by a demon\n፲፭ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሀሎ፡ ፩ ሕፃን፡ ወእሙኒ፡ መነኮሳዪት፡ ፈራሂተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወሐመ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወልድ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ሕማመ፡ ወሕማሙኒ፡\nእምኀበ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ውእቱ፡ ወበከየት፡ እሙ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ብካየ፡ ወወሰደቶ፡ ወአብጽሐቶ፡ ኀበ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡\n\nHealing of a priest’s child afflicted with the plague\n፲፮ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወእምድኅረ፡ ኅዳጥ፡ መዋዕል፡ እምዘ፡ ሞተ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወሀሎ፡ ወልድ፡ ወልደ፡ ፩ዱ፡ ቀሲስ፡ ኀበ፡ መካነ፡\nአቡነ፡ ወነደፎ፡ ብድብድ፤ ወሐመ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ሕማመ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ ለሞት፡","english":"14. His miracle. And there was a man who took earth from the tomb of our father Śamra Krǝstos without the priests opening it by his permission. When he took it and brought it in, up to seven weeks, and those who saw him said to him, “Why did you take earth from the tomb of our father Śamra Krǝstos?”\n\n15. His miracle. And there was a child, and his mother was a nun, a God-fearing woman, and he was ill, and the child was afflicted with a great sickness, and his illness was from Satan, and his mother wept greatly and took him and brought him to our father Śamra Krǝstos.\n\n16. His miracle. And after a few days from when our father Śamra Krǝstos died, there was a child, the son of a certain priest, at the place of our father, and he was struck with plague, and he was afflicted with a great sickness, and he drew near to death.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፲፬ ተአምሪሁ፡ ... ፲፮ ተአምሪሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage presents three numbered miracles (14–16), each introduced by the formulaic phrase 'His miracle' (ተአምሪሁ). This numbering continues the sequence from the previous passage (miracles 11–12).","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ብድብድ","severity":"info","text":"The term 'ብድብድ' (badbad) in miracle 16 is translated as 'plague' in the English draft. It likely refers to a severe epidemic disease, possibly bubonic plague, though the exact pathology is unspecified.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መሬተ፡ እመቃብረ፡","severity":"info","text":"Taking earth from a saint's tomb without permission (miracle 14) reflects a common hagiographic motif: unauthorized removal of sacred material often leads to divine punishment or illness, resolved by the saint's intercession.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"እስከ፡ ፯ ሰንበት፤","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'up to seven weeks' (እስከ ፯ ሰንበት) in miracle 14 indicates a period of seven Sabbaths (i.e., 49 days), a typical duration for illness or penance in hagiographic narratives.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"sense","kind":"sense","basis":"text","lemma":"ሕማሙኒ፡ እምኀበ፡ ሰይጣን፡","severity":"info","text":"In miracle 15, the child's illness is explicitly attributed to Satan (ሰይጣን), indicating a demonic possession or affliction, which the saint's intercession is expected to cure.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"dating","kind":"chronology","basis":"text","lemma":"እምድኅረ፡ ኅዳጥ፡ መዋዕል፡ እምዘ፡ ሞተ፡","severity":"info","text":"Miracle 16 is set 'after a few days from when our father Śamra Krǝstos died,' placing it posthumously, unlike miracles 14–15 which are not explicitly dated relative to the saint's death.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text of miracle 14 does not specify the outcome of the man's illness or whether he was healed; the narrative breaks off after the question. The English draft implies a healing, but the Geʿez is incomplete.","In miracle 16, the phrase 'በጽሐ፡ ለሞት፡' (he drew near to death) leaves ambiguous whether the child actually died or was saved by the saint's intervention; the narrative is truncated."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":7,"ref":"p7","source":"The deacon who was healed and fell ill again\nMiracle of the healing of a deacon who sang at the church of Śamra Krǝstos. To obtain the help of ʾabbā Matāʾ and ʾabuna\nŚamra Krǝstos, he vowed not to leave the church for two and a half years. Having broken his word, the deacon left the premises,\nfell ill again, and died. ፲፯ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሀሎ፡ ፩ ዲያቆን፡ ዘየሐሊ፡ ማሕሌተ፡ በቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘአቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወደወየ፡ ደዌ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ወእምብዝኃ፡\nደዌሁ፡ ሰአለ፡ ኀበ፡ መቃብረ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወይቤ፡ ኦአቡየ፡ ፈውሰኒ፡ በጸሎትከ፤\n\nThe cow that found the tree of Śamra Krǝstos\nMiracle on a cow that found the tree in which Śamra Krǝstos had placed his cup during his lifetime. After the cow\nlicked the tree, it died on the spot and was miraculously brought back to life. ፲፰ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወሀሎ፡ ዕፅ፡ ዘያነብር፡ ቦቱ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ጻሕለ፡ ጸብሕ፡ ወእምድኅረ፡ ሞተ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ በብዙኅ፡\nመዋዕል፡ መጽአት፡ አሐቲ፡ ላሕም፡ ዘአሐዱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ወለሐሰት፡ ውእተ፡ ዕፀ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጥዕማ፡","english":"17. His miracle. And there was a deacon who sang the hymn at the church of our father Śamra Krǝstos, and a great disease afflicted him. And because of the severity of his disease, he asked at the tomb of our father Śamra Krǝstos, and said, “O my father, heal me by your prayer.”\n\n18. His miracle. And there is a tree in which our father Śamra Krǝstos used to place the cup of the offering. And after the death of our father Śamra Krǝstos, after many days, a cow belonging to a certain man came and licked that tree while it was grazing.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፲፯ ተአምሪሁ፡","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with miracle 17 (፲፯) and miracle 18 (፲፰), continuing the numbered sequence from the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ዲያቆን፡","severity":"info","text":"The Geʿez term ዲያቆን (dǝyāqon) is a loan from Greek διάκονος, meaning 'deacon', a liturgical office.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"glossary","lemma":"ጻሕለ፡ ጸብሕ፡","severity":"info","text":"The phrase ጻሕለ ጸብሕ (ṣaḥla ṣabḥ) refers to the 'cup of the offering', i.e., the Eucharistic chalice.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"background","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The vow to remain in a church for a set period is a known ascetic practice in Ethiopian monasticism, often linked to healing requests.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation","label":"gap dossier: Homily on the Annunciation and the Incarnation (eight-part homily cycle read within the Miracles of Mary)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/ethiopic-anonymous-homily-annunciation-incarnation"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"parallel","kind":"parallel","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"info","text":"The motif of a cow licking a sacred object and dying or being revived appears in other hagiographies, e.g., the Miracles of Demetrius.","cites":[{"key":"dossier:greek-anonymous-miracula-demetrii","label":"gap dossier: Miracles of Saint Demetrius (Books 1 and 2)","url":"https://naxiai.com/christian/gaps/greek-anonymous-miracula-demetrii"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"","severity":"caution","text":"The English draft omits the deacon's vow and death, which are present in the Geʿez summary. The translation may be incomplete.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez summary for miracle 17 mentions a vow of two and a half years and the deacon's death, but the English draft only records the prayer for healing. The relationship between the summary and the full narrative is unclear.","The Geʿez for miracle 18 states the cow died after licking the tree and was revived, but the English draft breaks off before that outcome."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":8,"ref":"p8","source":"The three hermits from Waldǝbbā\nMiracle concerning three hermits from Waldǝbbā who came to the tomb of Śamra Krǝstos to take away a little earth that\nwould work many miracles. ፲፱ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወእምድኅረ፡ ብዙኅ፡ መዋዕል፡ እምዘ፡ ሞተ፡ አቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ መጽኡ፡ ፫ መነኮሳት፡ ገዳማውያን፡ እምገዳመ፡\nዋልድባ፡ እለ፡ ይሴሰዩ፡ ሥርው፡ ስዳ፤ ሳዳ፤ ወሰጕርደ፤\nወኢይጥዕሙ፡ እክለ፤ ወበጽሑ፡ ኀበ፡ መቃብሩ፡ ለአቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወተአምኁ፡ መቃብሮ፡ ወሶበ፡ ርእይዎሙ፡ ሰብአ፡ ሀገር፡ ይቤልዎሙ፡\n\nExhortation containing praises of Śamra Krǝstos\n፳ ተአምሪሁ፡ ስምዑ፡ ኦአበውየ፡ ወአኃውየ፡ ተአምረ፡ ወመንክረ፡ ዘአርአየ፡ እሙነ፡ ዝንቱ፡ አቡነ። በሀሊበ፡ መርዓት፡ ዘተኃፅነ፡ ዝንቱ፡ አቡነ፡ ጽጌ፡ ቅድስና፡ ዘተከድነ። ለምግባረ፡ ጽድቅ፡ ማኅደረ፡ ዘኮነ። ዝንቱ፡ አቡነ፡ ዘይፌውስ፡ ዲያነ፡ ነሢኦ፡ ሥልጣነ፡\nእምክርስቶስ፡ መድኃኒነ።","english":"19. His miracle. And after many days from the death of our father Śamra Krǝstos, three monks, hermits from the desert of Waldǝbbā, came, who eat roots, herbs, and wild vegetables, and they do not eat grain. And they arrived at the tomb of our father Śamra Krǝstos and marvelled at his tomb. And when the people of the town saw them, they said to them:\n\n20. His miracle. Listen, O my fathers and my brothers, to the miracle and wonder that this our father showed. In the honey of the myrrh that was mixed, this our father is a flower of holiness that was crowned. He became a dwelling for the works of righteousness. This our father, who judges judgment for us, has authority from Christ our Saviour.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፲፱ ተአምሪሁ","severity":"info","text":"The passage opens with the nineteenth miracle (፲፱ ተአምሪሁ), continuing the numbered miracle sequence from the previous passage.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"Waldǝbbā","severity":"info","text":"Waldǝbbā is a historically significant monastic region in northern Ethiopia, known for its ascetic hermits. The mention of hermits from Waldǝbbā underscores the reputation of Śamra Krǝstos's tomb as a pilgrimage site.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ሥርው፡ ስዳ፤ ሳዳ፤ ወሰጕርደ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'roots, herbs, and wild vegetables' describes the extreme ascetic diet of the hermits, emphasizing their renunciation of grain and alignment with desert monastic traditions.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፳ ተአምሪሁ","severity":"info","text":"The passage transitions to the twentieth miracle (፳ ተአምሪሁ), which shifts from narrative to an exhortation containing praises of Śamra Krǝstos.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"reception","kind":"reception","basis":"text","lemma":"በሀሊበ፡ መርዓት","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'honey of the myrrh' (በሀሊበ፡ መርዓት) likely alludes to liturgical or medicinal preparations, reflecting the hagiographic tradition of attributing miraculous properties to substances associated with the saint.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"scripture","kind":"scripture","basis":"text","lemma":"እምክርስቶስ፡ መድኃኒነ","severity":"info","text":"The phrase 'authority from Christ our Saviour' echoes New Testament themes of Christ as savior and source of spiritual authority, common in hagiographic doxologies.","cites":[{"key":"betmas:LIT1494Gadlas","label":"betmas: Life and Miracles of Śamra Krǝstos","url":"https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1494Gadlas"}],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The Geʿez text of the twentieth miracle (፳ ተአምሪሁ) is fragmentary; the English draft supplies a coherent exhortation, but the original may have lacunae or variant readings."],"confidence":"high","notes":[]},{"i":9,"ref":"p9","source":"Three monks from Dāmot\nThe story of the three monks from Dāmot who came to the tomb of Śamra Krǝstos and read the saint’s gadl. ፳፩ ተአምሪሁ፡ ወመጽኡ፡ ፫ መነኮሳት፡ እምድረ፡ ዳሞት፡ ኀበ፡ አጸደ፡ ዝህሩ፡ ለአቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወእምዝ፡ አሐተ፡ ዕለተ፡ መጽአት፡\nአሐቲ፡ ብእሲት፡ እምቅሩበ፡ መካኑ፡ ለአቡነ፡ ሠምረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወበጺሐ፡ ህየ፡ ረከበቶሙ፡ ለእሙንቱ፡ መነኮሳት፡","english":"21. His miracle. And three monks came from the land of Dāmot to the field of Zǝhru of our father Śamra Krǝstos. And after that, on one day of the arrival, a certain woman from the vicinity of the place of our father Śamra Krǝstos came and, having arrived there, found those monks.","structure":"narrative","commentary":[{"unit":"term","kind":"term","basis":"text","lemma":"ዳሞት","severity":"info","text":"Dāmot is a historical region in the Ethiopian highlands, often associated with the medieval kingdom of Damot, located southwest of the Lake Tana region.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"background","kind":"background","basis":"text","lemma":"መነኮሳት","severity":"info","text":"The three monks are described as coming from Dāmot, a region known for its monastic communities. Their arrival at the saint's tomb continues the pattern of pilgrimage to holy sites in Ethiopian hagiography.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"structure","kind":"structure","basis":"text","lemma":"፳፩ ተአምሪሁ","severity":"info","text":"The passage is numbered as the 21st miracle (፳፩ = 21) in the collection, following the previous miracle (20) in the sequence.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]},{"unit":"caution","kind":"caution","basis":"text","lemma":"እምድረ፡ ዳሞት፡","severity":"caution","text":"The Geʿez phrase 'from the land of Dāmot' is rendered in the English draft as 'from the land of Dāmot', but the previous passage (p8) mentions monks from Waldǝbbā. The shift in geographic origin may reflect a textual variant or a different source for this miracle.","cites":[],"named_sources":[],"dropped_cites":[]}],"ambiguities":["The relationship between the three monks from Dāmot and the earlier mention of monks from Waldǝbbā is unclear; they may be the same group or a different one.","The phrase 'field of Zǝhru' (አጸደ፡ ዝህሩ) is not explained; it may be a toponym or a descriptive term."],"confidence":"medium","notes":[]}]}